Jonah 1:15

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

וישאו וַיִּשְׂאוּ

and they are lifting up

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נשא

nâsâʼ

Definition

to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative

Root

or נסה; (Psalm 4:6 (H7 (אבד))), a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or נסה; (Psalm 4:6 (אבד)), a primitive root; to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative; accept, advance, arise, (able to, (armor), suffer to) bear(-er, up), bring (forth), burn, carry (away), cast, contain, desire, ease, exact, exalt (self), extol, fetch, forgive, furnish, further, give, go on, help, high, hold up, honorable ([phrase] man), lade, lay, lift (self) up, lofty, marry, magnify, [idiom] needs, obtain, pardon, raise (up), receive, regard, respect, set (up), spare, stir up, [phrase] swear, take (away, up), [idiom] utterly, wear, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5375

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 755

to lift, carry; give

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 991

To stretch up, to raise up, to make ascend. Intr. to extend upward, to rise high, to grow, to be projecting, prominent, stretched out. Hence: 1. to raise the feet for walking; to lift up the hand in swearing; to entreat, pray; to lift up the head; to rise in repute, riches, dignity; to lift up the countenance, i.e. to walk along with face raised; to lift up the eyes, i.e. to look at, to behold.

נָשָׂא

verb qal • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 994

IV. (Kal unused) tr. same as נָשָׁה III. to extend, to stretch out, to widen.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָשָׂא

verb • Page 458

1. To lift or raise up (Gen. 7:17). (1.) To lift up the eyes (Gen. 13:10). (2.) To lift up the hand, as an oath (Ex. 6:8) or against someone (2 Sam. 20:21). (3.) To raise one's heart to long for something (Deut. 24:15). (4.) To lift up the head of anyone, to exalt or release from prison (2 K. 25:27). (5.) To lift up the voice, as in weeping or rejoicing (Gen. 27:38, Is. 24:14). (6.) To utter, speak (Ex. 20:7). (7.) To begin.

נְשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

Chald. 1. to take. Ezra 5: 15. 2. to take or carry away, spoken of the wind. Dan. 2: 35.

נִשָּׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 459

1. To rise, to be raised up, to be elevated (Ezek. 1:19—21, Is. 2:2). 2. To be borne (Ex. 25:28), or to be carried away (2 K. 20:17).

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 459

To lift up, bear, or take. Meanings on this page include: (8) one's heart raises or excites him (Ex. 35:21); (9) to put or set on anything (Gen. 31:17); (10) to raise oneself, to rise (Ps. 89:10). (2) To bear fruit (Ezek. 17:8), to bear away (1 Sam. 17:34), to suffer (Is. 1:14), to bear guilt or sin (Lev. 5:1, 17), or to bring (as wind, 1 K. 10:11). (3) To take (Gen. 27:3), to accept/be gracious to a person (Gen. 32:21), to take away (Dan. 1:16), to take the number or sum (Ex. 30:12), or to receive (Ps. 24:5).

נָשָׁא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

I. in Kal not used; perhaps to err, wander (kindred with נָשָׁה to forget.) Hiph. הִשִּׁיא to lead astray; hence 1. to deceive; 2 K. 18 : 29. 2. to seduce. Gen. 3: 13. Jer. 49: 16. Niph. to be deceived. Is. 19: 13.

נָשָׁא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

II. i. q. נָשָׁה no. II. to lend on usury, Neh. 5: 7. Hiph. to press, spoken of a creditor. Ps. 89: 23.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5375

Aramaic

I. נְשָׂא (compare Biblical Hebrew; rare in Aramaic; see נְסִי, נְסָא¹) verb — lift, take, carry.

1. Pe`al
   • Perfect 3 masculine singular נְשָׂא Daniel 2:35 carry away (of wind, with accusative of thing)
   • Imperative masculine singular שֵׂא Ezra 5:15 take (accusative vessels)
2. Hithpa.
   • make a rising, an insurrection: Participle feminine singular מִתְנַשְּׂאָה Ezra 4:19, עַל person

נְשֵׁיהוֺן see [נָשִׁין] below II. אנשׁ.

¹ Jacob Levy, Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Targumim (1867) (ChWB); Neuhebräisches und Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Talmudim und Midraschim (1876–89) (NHWB).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: λήμψεται αἴρων λήμψονται ἔλαβεν λαβὲ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5375:

λήμψεται 20× (3.0%)

αἴρων 20× (2.6%)

λήμψονται 17× (2.4%)

ἔλαβεν 16× (2.4%)

λαβὲ 16× (2.5%)

ἦρα 16× (2.4%)

ἔλαβον 16× (2.2%)

αἴροντεσ 16× (2.4%)

ἦραν 15× (2.1%)

ἀναβλέψασ 14× (2.0%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

יונה יוֹנָה

Dove ("Jonah")

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יונה

Yôwnâh

Definition

Jonah, an Israelite

Root

the same as H3123 (יונה);

Exhaustive

xlit Yônâh corrected to Yôwnâh; the same as יונה; Jonah, an Israelite; Jonah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3124

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹנָה

noun / feminine • Root יוה • Strongs / High • Page 597

A dove.

יוֹנָה

noun • Strongs / High • Page 598

A tender, mild bird, the dove. It is an emblem of purity, innocence, loveliness, and mildness, and is also used symbolically for the timid, fugitive Jewish people.

יוֹנָה

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 598

A proper name of a prophet; Jonah.

יוֹנָה

noun feminine • Root ינה ינן • Strongs / High • Page 598

Violence, a trampling down, oppression.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹנָה

f. plur. יוֹנִים • Page 279

1. a dove. Gen. 8:8 ff. Used as a word of endearment. 2. proper name of a celebrated prophet. Jon. 1:1.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3124

II. יוֹנָה proper name, masculine — prophet.

According to 2 Kings 14:25 he was הַנָּבִיא son of אֲמִתַּי, from גַּת הַחֵפֶר and predicted the recovery of Israel's territory which Jeroboam II effected; he is also the principal figure of the Book of Jonah: Jonah 1:1 (בֶּן־אֲמִתַּי), Jonah 1:3, Jonah 1:5, Jonah 1:7, Jonah 1:15; Jonah 2:1 (twice in verse); Jonah 2:2, Jonah 2:11; Jonah 3:1, Jonah 3:3, Jonah 3:4; Jonah 4:1, Jonah 4:5, Jonah 4:6 (twice in verse); Jonah 4:8, Jonah 4:9.

III. הַיּוֹנָה see יָנָה Participle.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: ιωνασ ιωναν ιωνα

LXX Usage Statistics

H3124:

ιωνασ 8× (43.8%)

ιωναν 8× (40.5%)

ιωνα 3× (15.6%)

ויטלהו וַיְטִלֻהוּ

and he is hurling Himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

טול

ṭûwl

Definition

to pitch over or reel; hence (transitively) to cast down or out

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to pitch over or reel; hence (transitively) to cast down or out; carry away, (utterly) cast (down, forth, out), send out.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2904

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

טוּל

verb • Root טלל • Strongs / High • Page 557

I. (not used) intransitive verb, to totter, to reel, to move, to stir, to move forward, of persons walking.

טוּל

verb • Root טל • Strongs / High • Page 558

II. (not used) 1. to heave (on high), to lift up, to remove, to bear. 2. Metaph. to rock, to be weighty, heavy.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

טוּל

verb • Root טול • Page 262

In Kal not used. Hiph. הֵטִיל to extend along, to throw, to cast (1 Sam. 18: 11; Jon. 1: 5, 12). Hoph. to be cast (Prov. 16: 33). Pilp. טִלְטֵל to throw or cast away (Is. 22: 17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2904

[טוּל] verb — hurl, cast.

Cognates:

• Arabic طال be extended, elongated (Hom^{NS 87})
• Assyrian tâlu
• Aramaic טַיֵּל walk about
• Ethiopic ጠለ hang loosely, expand

Pilpel

Participle מְטַלְטֶלְךָ טַלְטֵלָה גָ֫בֶר Isaiah 22:17 hurleth thee violently.

Hiph`il

— Perfect הֵטִיל Jonah 1:4; וְהֵטַלְתִּ֫י Jeremiah 16:13, Jeremiah 22:26; Imperfect וַיָּ֫טֶל 1 Samuel 18:11 (but see below), 1 Samuel 20:33; אֲטִילֶ֑ךָ Ezekiel 32:4 (ᵐ5¹ Co² omitted), וַיָּטִ֫לוּ Jonah 1:5; וַיְטִלֻהוּ Jonah 1:15; — cast, cast out:

• Of casting a javelin (חֲנִית) 1 Samuel 18:11 (but read here וַיִּטֹל, √ נטל, and took up, so ᵐ5 ᵑ7³ Th We Kp Kit, see also Dr⁴); 1 Samuel 20:33 followed by על person aimed at.
• Jonah into the sea אֶלהַֿיָּם Jonah 1:12, Jonah 1:15.
• The cargo כֵּלִים Jonah 1:5.
• figurative of Yahweh casting Pharaoh על־פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה Ezekiel 32:4 (Co strike out, see above; parallel with וּנְטַשְׁתִּיךָ בָאָרֶץ).
• hurl (send violently), of Yahweh sending furious wind Jonah 1:4.
• figurative of hurling king of Judah, etc. into exile Jeremiah 16:3 followed by accusative + מֵעַל of land from which, and עַל of that to which; Jeremiah 22:26 with accusative + עַל of land to which.

Hoph`al

— Perfect הוּטֲלוּ Jeremiah 22:28; Imperfect יוּטַל Proverbs 16:33; יוּטָ֑ל Psalm 37:24; יֻטָֿ֑ל Job 41:1.

1. be hurled

• Into exile Jeremiah 22:28 (parallel with הֻשְׁלְכוּ).
• Hurled down, headlong, כִּי יִמֹּל לֹא יוּטָ֑ל Psalm 37:24 when he falls he shall not be hurled headlong (figurative of a good man).
• יֻטָֿ֑ל Job 41:1 be overwhelmed, at sight of the crocodile.

2. of inanimate thing

be cast, thrown, the lot בַּחֵיק יוּטַל אֶתהַֿגּוֺרָל Proverbs 16:33.

¹ ᵐ5 Septuagint.

² Carl Heinrich Cornill.

³ ᵑ7 Targum.

⁴ Th. (Thenius), We. (Wellhausen), Kp. (Kirkpatrick), Kit. (Kittel), Dr. (S. R. Driver).

conjunctive, Verb Hiphil sequential imperfect third person masculine plural, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀπορρίψω

LXX Usage Statistics

H2904:

ἀπορρίψω 2× (11.8%)

אל אֶל־

toward

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H413

אֵל (nearly always followed by maqqeph), in poetry אֱלֵי (compare עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (1 Samuel 3:22; 1 Samuel 5:26; 1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 29:19), with suffix אֱלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֱלֶיךְ, etc. אֱלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 times) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often); once אֱלֵימוֹ Psalm 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Exodus 1:19 (Assyrian ilî, Arabic عربي), preposition denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).

Cognates:

• Assyrian ilî
• Arabic عربي

1. Motion to or unto a person or place

• Genesis 2:19, Genesis 2:22; Genesis 3:19; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 14:22; Genesis 16:9 etc.
• After every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though לְ is here more common) Genesis 21:14; Genesis 35:4; Deuteronomy 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Deuteronomy 37:36, etc.
• Metaphorical Jeremiah 2:19 וְלֹא פַּחַדְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (compare Job 31:23).
• Peculiarly Genesis 6:16 אֵל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc.
• And metaphor in the phrase אֵל (אֱלֵי) גִּיל unto exultation Hosea 9:11; Job 3:22.
• Once, exceptionally (si vera 1.) = even: Job 5:5 וְאֵל מִצִּגִּים יִקָּחֶהָ and even out of thorns he taketh it.
• Sometimes pregnant, as Isaiah 66:17; Jeremiah 41:7 זָנָה אֵל commit whoredom (by going) to Numbers 25:1; Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29; דָּרַשׁ אֵל seek (by resorting) to Deuteronomy 18:11; Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 11:10 +; חָבַר אֵל join together (& come) unto Genesis 14:3; הִשְׁכִּימוּ אֵל rise early (and go) to Genesis 19:27; Genesis 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֵל made to kneel down at; Genesis 47:18 תַּם אֵל i.e. has been made over to; מָחַד אֵל to come in fear to Hosea 3:5; Micah 7:17.
• Opposite is מִן, as מִן הַקָּצֶה אֵל הַקָּצֶה from end to end Exodus 26:28; מֵה אֵל מֵה Ezra 9:11 (synonym 2 Kings 21:16 מֵה לָפֶה).
• And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֵל עֵת 1 Chronicles 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֵל יוֹם Numbers 30:15 (P) 1 Chronicles 16:23 (in the Psalm 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).

2. Where the limit is actually entered, into

• Genesis 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark Genesis 7:1; Genesis 19:3; Genesis 41:21; Genesis 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting Genesis 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיכוּ) Genesis 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֵל בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Exodus 28:30 (Leviticus 8:8) Deuteronomy 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Genesis 49:29; שָׁחַט to squeeze Genesis 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Numbers 5:23, etc.; metaphor Genesis 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׁם אֵל לֵב, הָשִׁיב to place, bring into ( = lay to ) heart Deuteronomy 4:39; 2 Samuel 19:20 and elsewhere In connection with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 Samuel 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֵל הַכְּלִים in among the baggage, Jeremiah 4:3 sow not אֵל קֹצִים in among thorns.

3. Of direction towards anything

• (a) Of physical acts or states, as Genesis 30:40 נָתַן מִנִּי הַצֹּאן אֵל, Genesis 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֵל, Exodus 25:20; Numbers 6:26, נָשָׂא פָּנָיו אֵל (2 Kings 9:32 differently), 2 Kings 24:1 שָׁת מִנִּיו אֵל, Joshua 8:18; Psalm 28:2; 1 Kings 8:29, 1 Kings 8:30 (to pray towards) 1 Kings 8:38; pregnantly חָרַד אֵל to tremble (turning) to Genesis 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֵל to wonder (turning) towards Genesis 43:33; Isaiah 13:8, מָחַד אֵל Jeremiah 36:16: without a verb מֵנִּים אֵל מֵנִּים face to face Genesis 32:31 +; מֵה אֵל מֵה Numbers 12:8; כִּאֲיִנֵּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).
• (b) With words such as אָמַר to say to Genesis 3:1 + often, דִּבֵּר Genesis 8:15 + often, קָרָא Genesis 19:5, הִגִּיד Genesis 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to Genesis 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to Genesis 12:15 (compare Ezekiel 13:19 חִלֵּל אֵל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר Ezekiel 40:14.
• (c) With words expressing the direction of the mind, as קָוָה to wait Psalm 27:14 +; יָחַל to hope Isaiah 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֵל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; שָׁם לֵב אֵל, שִׁית to set the heart (mind) to Exodus 9:21 and elsewhere; לָמַד אֵל to accustom oneself to Jeremiah 10:2; חָרַד אֵל to shew fear towards 2 Kings 4:13; Genesis 43:30; Deuteronomy 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).

4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, against

• Genesis 4:8 אֵל הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 Samuel 24:8) 1 Samuel 22:12; Exodus 14:5; Numbers 32:14; with נִקַּם Joshua 10:6, הָלַךְ Judges 1:10; Judges 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Genesis 42:21; Judges 9:57; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Kings 14:10 +; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֵלִי Isaiah 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֵל) Hosea 7:15 (compare Nahum 1:9) Hosea 12:5 וַיָּשַׁר אֵל מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in particular the phrase הִנְנִי אֵל Behold I am against (thee, you, etc.) Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Jeremiah 21:13 (Jeremiah 23:30-32 עַל) Jeremiah 50:31; Jeremiah 51:25; Ezekiel 13:8, Ezekiel 13:20; Ezekiel 21:8; Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:22; Ezekiel 34:10; Ezekiel 35:3; Ezekiel 38:3; Ezekiel 39:1 (Ezekiel 5:8; Ezekiel 26:3; Ezekiel 28:22; Ezekiel 29:3 עַל: on Ezekiel 36:9 see above)

5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

• As Leviticus 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֵל אֲחֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Joshua 13:22 (Numbers 31:8 עַל); 1 Samuel 14:34 at eat אֵל הַחֹם together with the blood (1 Samuel 14:32 & Generally עַל); 1 Kings 10:7 הוֹסַף אֵל (generally עַל); Jeremiah 25:26; Ezekiel 7:26 שְׁמֻעָה אֵל שְׁמֻעָה (עַל); Ezekiel 44:7; Lamentations 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֵל כַּפֵּינוּ our hearts together with the hands (compare Arabic عربي, Qor 4:2; W AG ii. § 51 c).

6. Metaphor in regard to, concerning, on account of

• Thus הִתְאַבֵּל אֵל to mourn concerning 1 Samuel 15:35; הִנָּחֵם אֵל to repent as regards 2 Samuel 24:16; הִתְפַּלֵּל אֵל to pray with regard to 1 Samuel 1:27; 2 Kings 19:20; צָעַק אֵל to cry 2 Kings 8:3 (2 Kings 8:5 עַל); נֶעֱצַב אֵל be pained 1 Samuel 20:34; נִחַם אֵל to comfort 2 Samuel 10:2; more Generally 1 Kings 16:13; 1 Kings 21:22; אֵל נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one's life 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 7:7 (Genesis 19:17 עַל). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר אֵל Genesis 20:2; Isaiah 29:22; Isaiah 37:21, Isaiah 37:33 +; דִּבֵּר אֵל 2 Samuel 7:19; Jeremiah 40:16 b; סִמֵּר אֵל Psalm 2:7; Psalm 69:27; צָוָה אֵל Isaiah 23:11; שָׁמַע אֵל Ezekiel 19:4; הַשְׁמֻעָה אֵל the report regarding . . . 1 Samuel 4:19. (Not frequently, ext. in the case of אָמַר.)

7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare)

• אֵל מִצְוָה according to the command of, Joshua 15:13; Joshua 17:4; Joshua 21:3 (generally עַל מִצְוָה); אֵל נָבוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4 (see Dr); perhaps Psalm 5:1; Psalm 80:1 (Psalm 45:1 עַל).

8. Expressing presence at a spot, against; at, by

• Not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (compare 1), as Joshua 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֵל מֵי מְרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 Samuel 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 Samuel 2:23 and elsewhere and smote him אֵל הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Deuteronomy 33:28; Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7; but also in other cases, as Joshua 5:3 and he circumcised the Israelites אֵל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלִים at the hill of the foreskins, Joshua 22:11 have built an altar אֵל גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Judges 12:6; 2 Samuel 3:32, 2 Samuel 14:30 & 2 Samuel 18:4 אֵל יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 Kings 13:20 as they were sitting אֵל הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 Kings 11:14 אֵל הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Jeremiah 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., Jeremiah 46:10 אֵל נְהַר מְרָתַיִם by the Euphrates, Ezekiel 3:15; Ezekiel 11:11; Ezekiel 17:8; Ezekiel 31:7; Ezekiel 40:18; Ezekiel 43:3; Ezekiel 47:7; Ezekiel 48:12.

9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

• Thus אֵל אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18, 2 Kings 9:19 סֹב אֵל אַחֲרֵי turn to behind me, Zechariah 6:5 (where אֵל is pleonastic, probably due to clerical error; note יָצָא אֵל before & after); אֵל בֵּין in between Ezekiel 31:10, Ezekiel 31:14; אֱל בֵּינֹת similarly Ezekiel 10:2; אֵל בֵּית to (the part) within (see below בַּיִת), in within Leviticus 16:15; 2 Kings 11:15 have her forth in within the ranks; אֵל מוּל see מוּל; אֵל מִנֶּגֶב to the south of Joshua 15:3; אֵל מִחוּץ to the outside of Leviticus 4:12, Leviticus 4:21 +; אֵל נֹכַח to the front of Numbers 19:4; אֵל תַּחַת Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6 and elsewhere (see below תַּחַת).

Note I. — In Genesis 20:13 אֵל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה וְג׳; Numbers 33:54 אֵל אֲשֶׁר וְג׳; Proverbs 17:8 (compare Deuteronomy 16:6); — אֵל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֵל to be used instead of בְּ. In Deuteronomy 31:14 אֱלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אֵל III or IV (q. v.); if the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

Note 2. — There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Joshua 5:14 וַיִּמָּל אֵל מָנָיִו; 1 Samuel 13:13 אַתְּמַמְלֵאתָּ אֵלִי שְׂרָאֵל; 1 Samuel 14:34 (see below 5); 1 Samuel 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֵל הָהָר (contracted עַל הָהָר Deuteronomy 11:29); Deuteronomy 19:16; 2 Samuel 6:3; 2 Samuel 20:23 (contracted 2 Samuel 8:16) 1 Kings 13:29; 1 Kings 18:46 (contracted 2 Kings 3:15 עַל) Jeremiah 35:15; Ezekiel 7:18. (b) Judges 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, Judges 6:39 let there be dryness on (אֵל) the fleece; 1 Samuel 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, 1 Samuel 14:12 come up אֱלֵינוּ; 1 Samuel 16:23 & 1 Samuel 16:16 & 1 Samuel 18:10 צָלַח אֵל, 1 Samuel 10:6 and elsewhere צָלַח עַל; 1 Samuel 25:17 evil is determined אֵל אֲדֹנִינוּ וְעַל כָּל בֵּיתוֹ; 1 Samuel 25:25; 1 Samuel 27:10; 2 Samuel 2:9 וַיַּמְלֵךְ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳; 2 Samuel 3:29 יָחֻל עַל וְאֵל; 2 Kings 8:3 & 2 Kings 8:5; Jeremiah 19:15; Jeremiah 25:2; Jeremiah 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֵל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; Jeremiah 27:19; Jeremiah 28:8; Jeremiah 33:14; Jeremiah 34:7; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 37:13, Jeremiah 37:14; Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11 & Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 21:12 etc. Psalm 79:6 (Jeremiah 10:25 עַל twice). It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל, as 1 Samuel 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (1 Samuel 1:26 אֵל); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 25:25 אֵל עַל; 1 Kings 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל בֵּיתוֹ (1 Kings 21:4 אֵל); Isaiah 22:15; Jeremiah 11:2; Jeremiah 23:35; Jeremiah 31:12. compare Dr Sm i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

¹ If the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

² There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences.

³ It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers.

⁴ Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל.

⁵ Compare Driver, Samuel, i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

Preposition

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

הים הַיָּם

the Sea

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ים

yâm

Definition

a sea (as breaking in noisy surf) or large body of water; specifically (with the article), the Mediterranean Sea; sometimes a large river, or an artifical basin; locally, the west, or (rarely) the south

Root

from an unused root meaning to roar;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to roar; a sea (as breaking in noisy surf) or large body of water; specifically (with the article), the Mediterranean Sea; sometimes a large river, or an artifical basin; locally, the west, or (rarely) the south; sea ([idiom] -faring man, (-shore)), south, west (-ern, side, -ward).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3220

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 613

A heap, conflux, or collection of water; a sea. The plural form יַמִּים is also used poetically for the singular. Figuratively, it can refer to a 'sea of clouds' or great rivers such as the Nile and the Euphrates. The construct state is יַם.

יָם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 614

Sea, lake; specifically used for bodies of water like the Red Sea, the Jordan, the Mediterranean, and the Dead Sea. Also refers to the west, a large basin (the brazen sea), streams, and figuratively, a mass of people or an army.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָם

m. prim. • Page 284

A sea, an inland sea, or a lake. Specifically: the sea of Chinnereth (Num. 34:11), the Salt sea (Gen. 14:3), the Dead sea (Deut. 3:17), the sea of Reeds/Red sea (Ex. 15:4), and the Great sea/Mediterranean.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3220

I. יָם (approximate number of occurrences: 390)¹ noun masculine — sea.

Cognates:

• Phoenician ים
• Arabic يمّ
• Palmyrene בימא
• Assyrian iâmu, (îmu)²

— יָם absolute 1 Samuel 13:5 +; יָ֫מָּה Genesis 28:14 +; construct יָם Genesis 14:3 (23 times), also יָ֫מָּה סוּף Exodus 10:19, but always יַם־סוּף Exodus 13:18 (22 times); suffix יַמָּהּ Jeremiah 51:36; plural יַמִּים Judges 5:17 (29 times).

1. The Mediterranean Sea

• Numbers 13:29 (Elohist Source)
• Numbers 34:5 (Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 1:7
• Joshua 5:1
• 1 Kings 5:23
• Jonah 1:4

a. Other names for the Mediterranean

• הַיָּם הַגָּדוֺל (The Great Sea): Numbers 34:6, 7; Joshua 15:12, 47; Ezekiel 48:28 +; compare (+ וּרְחַב יָדַיִם גּ הַיּ) Psalm 104:25
• מְבוֺא הַיָּם חַגּ הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ: Joshua 1:4; Joshua 23:4 (Assyrian name tiamtu rabitu ša sulmu šamši)³
• הַיָּם הַגּ אֶל־מול הַלְּבָנוֺן: Joshua 9:1
• הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֺן (The hinder sea): Deuteronomy 11:24; Deuteronomy 34:2; Zechariah 14:8; Joel 2:20 (opposed to Eastern Sea)
• יָם מְּלִשְׁתִּים (Sea of Philistines): Exodus 23:31 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• יָם יָפוֺ or יָפוֺא: 2 Chronicles 2:15; Ezra 3:7

2. The Red Sea

יַם־סוּף (see סוּף):

• Exodus 13:18 (compare Exodus 10:19)
• Exodus 15:4
• Numbers 14:25
• Deuteronomy 1:40
• Joshua 2:10
• Judges 11:16 + often
• Simply הַיָּם: Exodus 14:2; Exodus 14:9; Isaiah 51:10; Isaiah 63:11
• יָם מִצְרַיִם: Isaiah 11:15
• Of the Elanitic Gulf: 1 Kings 9:26 (compare 2 Chronicles 8:17)

3. The Dead Sea

• יָם מֶלַח (Sea of Salt): Genesis 14:3; Numbers 34:3, 12; Deuteronomy 3:17; Joshua 3:16; Joshua 12:3; Joshua 15:2, 5; Joshua 18:19
• יָם הָעֲרָבָה: Deuteronomy 3:17; Deuteronomy 4:49; Joshua 3:16; Joshua 12:3; 2 Kings 14:25
• הַיּ הַקַּדְמֹנִי (Eastern Sea): Ezekiel 47:18; Zechariah 14:8; Joel 2:29
• Simply יָם: Isaiah 16:8; Jeremiah 48:32

4. Sea of Galilee

• יָם כִּנֶּרֶת: Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27
• יָם כִּנְּרוֺת: Joshua 12:3
• Simply יָם: Deuteronomy 33:23

5. Generally sea

Opposed to earth and/or sky:

• Genesis 1:26, 28; Genesis 9:2 (Priests' Code)
• Exodus 20:11 (Elohist Source)
• Haggai 2:6; Job; Psalms; Isaiah, etc.
• As under the earth: Psalm 24:2 (compare Genesis 1:10; Exodus 20:5)
• figurative of a flood of invaders: Jeremiah 51:42

6. Of a mighty river

• Of the Nile: Nahum 3:8; Isaiah 19:5; Isaiah 27:1; Ezekiel 32:2
• Of the Euphrates: Isaiah 21:1; Jeremiah 51:36

7. The great basin in temple-court

Called the sea:

• וַיַּעַשׂ אֶת־הַיָּם מוּצָק: 1 Kings 7:23; 2 Chronicles 4:2
• יָם הַנְּחשֶׁת: 2 Kings 25:13; 1 Chronicles 18:8; Jeremiah 52:17
• Simply הַיָּם: 1 Kings 7:24, 25; Jeremiah 52:20

8. Combinations

a. Shore of sea, sea-shore

• שְׂפַת הַיָּם: Joshua 11:4; 1 Kings 5:9; Genesis 22:17
• חוֺף הַיּ: Joshua 9:1; Ezekiel 25:16
• חוֺף יַמִּים: Genesis 49:13; Judges 5:17
• חֶבֶל הַיָּם (Region by the sea): Zephaniah 2:5, 6

b. Sand of the sea (shore)

• חוֺל הַיָּם: Genesis 32:13; Genesis 41:49; Hosea 2:1; Isaiah 10:22
• חוֺל גְּבוּל לַיָּם: Jeremiah 5:22

c. Tongue (arm or gulf) of sea

• לְשׁוֺן הַיָּם: Joshua 15:5; Joshua 18:19; Isaiah 11:15

d. From sea to sea

• מִיָּם עַד־יָם: Amos 8:12; Zechariah 9:10; Psalm 72:8; Micah 7:12; Zechariah 14:8; Joel 2:20

9. West, westward

(Originally sea-ward from the position of the Mediterranean):

• With other points of compass: Genesis 13:14; Genesis 28:14 (Jehovist Source); Numbers 2:18; Numbers 35:5; Ezekiel 42:19; Daniel 8:4; Psalm 107:3 (read perhaps וּמִיָּמִן from the south)
• רוּהַ יָם (West wind): Exodus 10:19 (Jehovist Source)
• יָ֫מָּה (Westward): Exodus 26:22; Numbers 3:23; Joshua 15:8
• דֶּרֶךְ הַיָּם (Westward): Ezekiel 41:12
• גְּבוּל יָם (Western border): Numbers 34:6; Joshua 15:2
• מְּאַת־יָם (West side): Exodus 27:12; Numbers 35:5; Joshua 18:14

Aramaic

[יַם] noun masculine sea (Targum, Syriac; see Hebrew יָם).

1. emphatic sea
   • יַמָּא Daniel 7:2, Daniel 7:3

¹ Masculine usage confirmed in Exodus 14:27.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB 307); Muss-Arnolt, Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language (M-A CD 52); Haupt, Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (BAS i. 171 n).

³ Eberhard Schrader, Die Namen der Meere in den assyrischen Inschriften (Schr 171 ff.).

⁴ In Jeremiah 48:32 יָם יַעְזֵר is likely a textual error; see Graf, Grätz, Cheyne, and Giesebrecht.

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: θάλασσαν θαλάσσησ θάλασσα θαλάσσῃ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H3220:

θάλασσαν 144× (32.9%)

θαλάσσησ 126× (29.8%)

θάλασσα 39× (9.2%)

θαλάσσῃ 19× (4.2%)

'' 8× (1.9%)

θαλασσῶν 6× (1.6%)

--- 6× (1.6%)

ὕδωρ 6× (1.5%)

ἐρυθρὰν 5× (1.1%)

pεἰσ 4× (1.1%)

ויעמד וַיַּעֲמֹד

And he is standing by

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עמד

ʻâmad

Definition

to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive); abide (behind), appoint, arise, cease, confirm, continue, dwell, be employed, endure, establish, leave, make, ordain, be (over), place, (be) present (self), raise up, remain, repair, [phrase] serve, set (forth, over, -tle, up), (make to, make to be at a, with-) stand (by, fast, firm, still, up), (be at a) stay (up), tarry.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5975

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1102

(Intransitive) To stand upright, be set up (of a pillar); to stand still, stop; to stand before (in service), serve, wait upon; to assist, protect. (Figurative) To stand firm, endure, persist, persevere; to hold good; to continue to live.

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1103

To stand, stand up, stand still, stop, endure, continue, abide, be calm, stay, remain (Kal); To be established, preserved, set (Niph.); To be placed, continue to stand upright (Hoph.); To set up, to erect, place, make firm, appoint, constitute, establish, impart, set forth for a law, to make stand (Hif.).

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1103

Intransitive: to waver (Kal not used); causative (Hif. הֶעֱמִיר): to make waver, to cause to shake; to make rigid, to lame. (Transposed from עָמַק.)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עִמָּד

preposition • Root עם • Page 513

Equivalent to עִם; a preposition found only with the suffix עִמָּדִי, meaning 'with'.

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Page 513

I. 1. To stand, stay (1 Sam. 20:38); to stand before someone as a servant (Gen. 41:46). 2. To stand firm, to abide (Ps. 33:11, 102:27). 3. To continue, stay (Ex. 9:28, Lev. 13:5). 4. To keep (a covenant) (Ezek. 17:14); to stand up, arise (Dan. 12:1, 8:23). 5. Passive of Hiphil: to be set, placed, appointed (Ezra 10:14).

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Page 513

Found only in Hiphil (Ezek. 29:7), by transposition for הַמְעַדְתָּ meaning 'thou causedst their loins to shake.'

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5975

I. עָמַד (approximate number of occurrences: 520) — take one’s stand, stand.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Phoenician עמד
• Assyrian emêdu stand, set up
• Arabic عمد prop up, support
• Ethiopic ዐመደ pillar
• Targum עַמּוּדָא pillar
• Syriac ܥܡܘܕܐ
• Palmyrene עמודא
• Sabean עמד pillar¹, plural אעמדן²

— עָמַד Perfect Genesis 19:27 +; 3 feminine singular עָֽמְדָה 2 Kings 13:6 +; Imperfect יַעֲמֹד Exodus 21:21, יַעֲמוֺד Nahum 1:6 +, יַעֲמָדֿ 1 Samuel 16:22 +; 1 singular אֶעֱמֹ֑דָה Habakkuk 2:1, וָאֶעֱמֹד 2 Samuel 1:10; 3 masculine plural יַעַמְדוּ Jeremiah 32:14 +, יַעֲמֹ֑דוּ Ezekiel 1:21 +, 2 masculine plural וַתַּעַמְדוּן Deuteronomy 4:11; Imperative עֲמֹד 1 Samuel 9:27 +, עֲמָדֿ 2 Samuel 1:9; feminine singular עִמְדִי Isaiah 47:12, Jeremiah 48:19; Infinitive absolute עָמֹד Esther 9:16; construct עֲמֹד Exodus 18:23 +, suffix עָמְדִי Jeremiah 18:20, עֲמָדְךָ Obadiah 11; Participle עֹמֵד Isaiah 3:13 +, feminine עֹמֶ֫דֶת Haggai 2:5 +.

Qal

1. a. take one’s stand, and (especially participle) stand, be in a standing attitude

• with עַל by, 1 Samuel 26:13; 2 Samuel 2:25; 2 Kings 2:7; participle Genesis 18:8 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 41:1, 17 (Elohist Source)
• with עַל on, Exodus 3:5 (Elohist Source), Deuteronomy 27:12
• with ב location, Exodus 32:26; Numbers 22:24, 26 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)
• with אֶל location, 1 Kings 20:38 (+ לְ person), Jeremiah 48:19; Ezekiel 21:26; Ezekiel 27:29
• with אֶל person, 1 Samuel 17:51; 2 Kings 5:25
• with אֵצֶל, Genesis 41:3 (Elohist Source), Ezekiel 9:2; Ezekiel 10:6; Nehemiah 8:4
• with לִפְנֵי, Genesis 18:22; 1 Kings 3:16; 1 Kings 8:22
• before Yahweh, for intercession, Genesis 19:27 (Jehovist Source), Deuteronomy 4:10; Jeremiah 15:1; Jeremiah 18:20
• take one's stand and do a thing, 1 Samuel 17:8; 1 Kings 8:55; 2 Kings 18:28 = Isaiah 36:13

b. stand forth (to speak, etc.)

• 2 Kings 10:9

c. take a stand against (עַל), in opposition to

• Judges 6:31; Ezra 10:15 (but stand over, = have charge of³); Leviticus 19:16 (Holiness Code) עַל־דַּֿם against the blood of, i.e. seek one's blood; with יָ֑חַד Isaiah 50:8 together, i.e. against each other

d. present oneself before (לִפְנֵי)

• Genesis 43:15 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 9:10 (Elohist Source), Numbers 27:2, 21 (Priests' Code), 1 Samuel 16:21; before Yahweh (in sanctuary) Deuteronomy 19:17; Jeremiah 7:10; Leviticus 9:5 (Priests' Code); in heaven 1 Kings 22:21

e. attend upon, be(come) servant of

• with לִפְנֵי, 1 Samuel 16:22 (see Driver), 1 Kings 1:2; servant of Yahweh 1 Kings 17:1; Jeremiah 15:19; priests לִפְנֵי י׳ (לְשָֽׁרְתוֺׅ Deuteronomy 10:8; Judges 20:28; Ezekiel 44:15; of Levites, stand before congregation for menial duties Ezekiel 44:11; Numbers 16:9 (Priests' Code)

f. stand afar

• מֵרָחוֺק Exodus 20:18, 21 (Elohist Source), Isaiah 59:14; Psalm 38:12, בְּר׳ Psalm 10:1; stand aloof מִנֶֹּגֶד Obadiah 11

g. stand (silent)

• Job 32:16

h. stand (appealingly)

• Job 30:20 (but read עָמַדְתָּ, of God)

i. stand, subject רֶגֶל

• Zechariah 14:4 (on עַל); Psalm 122:2 (in ב); Psalm 26:12 (figurative)

j. stand, of water

• עַל־הָֿרִים Psalm 104:6

2. a. stand still, stop, cease moving

• of moon Joshua 10:13 (Jehovist/Elohist Source), sun Joshua 10:13, both Habakkuk 3:11; of person 1 Samuel 9:27; stop flowing (oil) 2 Kings 4:6; of eruption in skin = remain unchanged Leviticus 13:23, 28 (Priests' Code)

b. be inactive

• 2 Chronicles 20:17 (opposed to לְהִלָּחֵם)

c. be attentive

• Job 37:14

d. stop, cease doing a thing

• 2 Kings 13:18; with מִן, Genesis 29:35, Genesis 30:9 (Jehovist Source)

3. a. tarry, delay

• Genesis 45:9 (Elohist Source), Joshua 10:19 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)

b. remain

• with ב location, 2 Kings 15:20; Deuteronomy 10:10; with עִמָּדִי Deuteronomy 5:28

c. continue, abide

• Jeremiah 32:14; Isaiah 66:22; Psalm 102:27; dwell Exodus 8:18 (Jehovist Source); לָעַד Psalm 19:10; Ecclesiastes 1:4; of plan = be established Psalm 33:11; maintain itself Ecclesiastes 2:9

d. endure

• Exodus 18:23 (Elohist Source), Ezekiel 22:14

e. be steadfast

• Deuteronomy 25:8; Ruth 2:7

4. make a stand, hold one's ground

• Amos 2:15; 2 Kings 10:4; with לִפְנֵי, Judges 2:14; with עַל for one's life, Esther 8:11

5. a. remain upright

• 2 Kings 13:6; of house (endurance) Job 8:15; Proverbs 12:7

b. stand up (opposed to sit or prostrate)

• Nehemiah 8:5; Job 29:8; Ezekiel 2:1 (עַל־רַגְלֶיךָ); of revival after death Daniel 12:13

c. stand up, rise (water)

• Joshua 3:13 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)

d. be erect, upright (of boards)

• Exodus 26:15; Exodus 36:20 (Priests' Code)

6. a. arise, appear, come on the scene

• Ezra 2:63 = Nehemiah 7:65; Daniel 8:22; Daniel 11:2; of war 1 Chronicles 20:4

b. stand forth, appear = come into being

• Isaiah 48:13; Psalm 33:9

c. rise up as foe

• with עַל against, 1 Chronicles 21:1; Daniel 8:25; Daniel 11:14

Hiphil

— הֶעֱמִיד Perfect 1 Kings 12:32 +; 2 masculine singular הֶעֱמַדְתָּה Psalm 30:8, וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ֫ Numbers 3:6 +; Imperfect יַעֲמִיד Proverbs 29:4 +, וַיַּעֲמֵד 2 Kings 8:1; Imperative הַעֲמֵד Isaiah 21:6; Infinitive construct הַעֲמִיד 1 Kings 15:4.

1. station, set

• Judges 16:25 (with בֵּין); for duty Numbers 11:24 (Elohist Source); Nehemiah 13:11; with עַל against Nehemiah 4:3

2. cause to stand firm, maintain

• Psalm 18:34; Exodus 9:16 (Jehovist Source); 1 Kings 15:4

3. cause to stand up, set up, erect

• with עַל־רַגְלַי Ezekiel 2:2; temple Ezra 2:68; doors Nehemiah 3:1

4. present before (לִפְנֵי)

• Genesis 47:7 (Priests' Code); in sanctuary Leviticus 14:11 (Priests' Code); (goat) Leviticus 16:7

5. appoint, ordain, establish

• Nehemiah 7:3; with עַל over Nehemiah 13:9; establish covenant Psalm 105:10; fulfill vision Daniel 11:14

Hophal

— Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָעֳמַדֿ Leviticus 16:10 be presented; Participle הָיָה מָעֳמָד 1 Kings 22:35 he was propped up in his chariot.

¹ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS), iv. 91.

² D. H. Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Abessinien, 80.

³ Abraham Kuenen, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Kue Ges. Abh.), 247 f.

⁴ S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔστη ἔστησαν εἱστήκει στήσεται στήσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H5975:

ἔστη 65× (11.6%)

ἔστησαν 56× (10.2%)

εἱστήκει 21× (4.2%)

στήσεται 18× (3.5%)

στήσονται 14× (2.7%)

ἔστησεν 14× (2.5%)

στῆθι 12× (2.4%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

στήσει 9× (1.6%)

στῆναι 9× (1.7%)

הים הַיָּם

the Sea

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ים

yâm

Definition

a sea (as breaking in noisy surf) or large body of water; specifically (with the article), the Mediterranean Sea; sometimes a large river, or an artifical basin; locally, the west, or (rarely) the south

Root

from an unused root meaning to roar;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to roar; a sea (as breaking in noisy surf) or large body of water; specifically (with the article), the Mediterranean Sea; sometimes a large river, or an artifical basin; locally, the west, or (rarely) the south; sea ([idiom] -faring man, (-shore)), south, west (-ern, side, -ward).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3220

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 613

A heap, conflux, or collection of water; a sea. The plural form יַמִּים is also used poetically for the singular. Figuratively, it can refer to a 'sea of clouds' or great rivers such as the Nile and the Euphrates. The construct state is יַם.

יָם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 614

Sea, lake; specifically used for bodies of water like the Red Sea, the Jordan, the Mediterranean, and the Dead Sea. Also refers to the west, a large basin (the brazen sea), streams, and figuratively, a mass of people or an army.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָם

m. prim. • Page 284

A sea, an inland sea, or a lake. Specifically: the sea of Chinnereth (Num. 34:11), the Salt sea (Gen. 14:3), the Dead sea (Deut. 3:17), the sea of Reeds/Red sea (Ex. 15:4), and the Great sea/Mediterranean.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3220

I. יָם (approximate number of occurrences: 390)¹ noun masculine — sea.

Cognates:

• Phoenician ים
• Arabic يمّ
• Palmyrene בימא
• Assyrian iâmu, (îmu)²

— יָם absolute 1 Samuel 13:5 +; יָ֫מָּה Genesis 28:14 +; construct יָם Genesis 14:3 (23 times), also יָ֫מָּה סוּף Exodus 10:19, but always יַם־סוּף Exodus 13:18 (22 times); suffix יַמָּהּ Jeremiah 51:36; plural יַמִּים Judges 5:17 (29 times).

1. The Mediterranean Sea

• Numbers 13:29 (Elohist Source)
• Numbers 34:5 (Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 1:7
• Joshua 5:1
• 1 Kings 5:23
• Jonah 1:4

a. Other names for the Mediterranean

• הַיָּם הַגָּדוֺל (The Great Sea): Numbers 34:6, 7; Joshua 15:12, 47; Ezekiel 48:28 +; compare (+ וּרְחַב יָדַיִם גּ הַיּ) Psalm 104:25
• מְבוֺא הַיָּם חַגּ הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ: Joshua 1:4; Joshua 23:4 (Assyrian name tiamtu rabitu ša sulmu šamši)³
• הַיָּם הַגּ אֶל־מול הַלְּבָנוֺן: Joshua 9:1
• הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֺן (The hinder sea): Deuteronomy 11:24; Deuteronomy 34:2; Zechariah 14:8; Joel 2:20 (opposed to Eastern Sea)
• יָם מְּלִשְׁתִּים (Sea of Philistines): Exodus 23:31 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• יָם יָפוֺ or יָפוֺא: 2 Chronicles 2:15; Ezra 3:7

2. The Red Sea

יַם־סוּף (see סוּף):

• Exodus 13:18 (compare Exodus 10:19)
• Exodus 15:4
• Numbers 14:25
• Deuteronomy 1:40
• Joshua 2:10
• Judges 11:16 + often
• Simply הַיָּם: Exodus 14:2; Exodus 14:9; Isaiah 51:10; Isaiah 63:11
• יָם מִצְרַיִם: Isaiah 11:15
• Of the Elanitic Gulf: 1 Kings 9:26 (compare 2 Chronicles 8:17)

3. The Dead Sea

• יָם מֶלַח (Sea of Salt): Genesis 14:3; Numbers 34:3, 12; Deuteronomy 3:17; Joshua 3:16; Joshua 12:3; Joshua 15:2, 5; Joshua 18:19
• יָם הָעֲרָבָה: Deuteronomy 3:17; Deuteronomy 4:49; Joshua 3:16; Joshua 12:3; 2 Kings 14:25
• הַיּ הַקַּדְמֹנִי (Eastern Sea): Ezekiel 47:18; Zechariah 14:8; Joel 2:29
• Simply יָם: Isaiah 16:8; Jeremiah 48:32

4. Sea of Galilee

• יָם כִּנֶּרֶת: Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27
• יָם כִּנְּרוֺת: Joshua 12:3
• Simply יָם: Deuteronomy 33:23

5. Generally sea

Opposed to earth and/or sky:

• Genesis 1:26, 28; Genesis 9:2 (Priests' Code)
• Exodus 20:11 (Elohist Source)
• Haggai 2:6; Job; Psalms; Isaiah, etc.
• As under the earth: Psalm 24:2 (compare Genesis 1:10; Exodus 20:5)
• figurative of a flood of invaders: Jeremiah 51:42

6. Of a mighty river

• Of the Nile: Nahum 3:8; Isaiah 19:5; Isaiah 27:1; Ezekiel 32:2
• Of the Euphrates: Isaiah 21:1; Jeremiah 51:36

7. The great basin in temple-court

Called the sea:

• וַיַּעַשׂ אֶת־הַיָּם מוּצָק: 1 Kings 7:23; 2 Chronicles 4:2
• יָם הַנְּחשֶׁת: 2 Kings 25:13; 1 Chronicles 18:8; Jeremiah 52:17
• Simply הַיָּם: 1 Kings 7:24, 25; Jeremiah 52:20

8. Combinations

a. Shore of sea, sea-shore

• שְׂפַת הַיָּם: Joshua 11:4; 1 Kings 5:9; Genesis 22:17
• חוֺף הַיּ: Joshua 9:1; Ezekiel 25:16
• חוֺף יַמִּים: Genesis 49:13; Judges 5:17
• חֶבֶל הַיָּם (Region by the sea): Zephaniah 2:5, 6

b. Sand of the sea (shore)

• חוֺל הַיָּם: Genesis 32:13; Genesis 41:49; Hosea 2:1; Isaiah 10:22
• חוֺל גְּבוּל לַיָּם: Jeremiah 5:22

c. Tongue (arm or gulf) of sea

• לְשׁוֺן הַיָּם: Joshua 15:5; Joshua 18:19; Isaiah 11:15

d. From sea to sea

• מִיָּם עַד־יָם: Amos 8:12; Zechariah 9:10; Psalm 72:8; Micah 7:12; Zechariah 14:8; Joel 2:20

9. West, westward

(Originally sea-ward from the position of the Mediterranean):

• With other points of compass: Genesis 13:14; Genesis 28:14 (Jehovist Source); Numbers 2:18; Numbers 35:5; Ezekiel 42:19; Daniel 8:4; Psalm 107:3 (read perhaps וּמִיָּמִן from the south)
• רוּהַ יָם (West wind): Exodus 10:19 (Jehovist Source)
• יָ֫מָּה (Westward): Exodus 26:22; Numbers 3:23; Joshua 15:8
• דֶּרֶךְ הַיָּם (Westward): Ezekiel 41:12
• גְּבוּל יָם (Western border): Numbers 34:6; Joshua 15:2
• מְּאַת־יָם (West side): Exodus 27:12; Numbers 35:5; Joshua 18:14

Aramaic

[יַם] noun masculine sea (Targum, Syriac; see Hebrew יָם).

1. emphatic sea
   • יַמָּא Daniel 7:2, Daniel 7:3

¹ Masculine usage confirmed in Exodus 14:27.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB 307); Muss-Arnolt, Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language (M-A CD 52); Haupt, Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (BAS i. 171 n).

³ Eberhard Schrader, Die Namen der Meere in den assyrischen Inschriften (Schr 171 ff.).

⁴ In Jeremiah 48:32 יָם יַעְזֵר is likely a textual error; see Graf, Grätz, Cheyne, and Giesebrecht.

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: θάλασσαν θαλάσσησ θάλασσα θαλάσσῃ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H3220:

θάλασσαν 144× (32.9%)

θαλάσσησ 126× (29.8%)

θάλασσα 39× (9.2%)

θαλάσσῃ 19× (4.2%)

'' 8× (1.9%)

θαλασσῶν 6× (1.6%)

--- 6× (1.6%)

ὕδωρ 6× (1.5%)

ἐρυθρὰν 5× (1.1%)

pεἰσ 4× (1.1%)

מזעפו מִזַּעְפּוֹ׃

from the rage of himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

זעף

zaʻaph

Definition

anger

Root

from H2196 (זעף);

Exhaustive

from זעף; anger; indignation, rage(-ing), wrath.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2197

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זַעַף

noun / masculine • Root זעף • Strongs / High • Page 440

Anger, rage, violence, judicial anger (of God). Figuratively, violent roaring (of the sea).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

זַעַף

m. verbal • Root זעף • Page 207

anger, rage (2 Chr. 16:10, 28:9); agitation, as of the sea (Jon. 1:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2197

I. זַ֫עַף (in poetry and late) noun masculine — storming, raging, rage.

— זַ֫עַף absolute 2 Chronicles 16:10, 2 Chronicles 28:9; construct Isaiah 30:30 (2 times); suffix זַעְפּוֹ Jonah 1:15.

1. Rage

a. Rage of king, leading to violence

• Proverbs 19:12 (parallel נַהַם כַּכְּפִיר)
• 2 Chronicles 16:10 (בְּזַ֫עַף עִמּוֹ עַל־זֹאת; parallel כעס)
• 2 Chronicles 28:9

b. Raging of anger (of God)

• Isaiah 30:30 (זַ֫עַף אַף)
• Micah 7:9

2. Raging of sea

• Jonah 1:15

Prep-M, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H2197:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

and they are lifting up את-self eternal Dove ("Jonah") and he is hurling Himself toward the Sea And he is standing by the Sea from the rage of himself

RBT Paraphrase:

"The Raging Sea, He is no More"

And they are lifting up self eternal Dove ("Jonah"), and he is hurling Himself toward the Sea, and the Sea is standing by, from out of the rage of himself.

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And they will lift up Jonah and cast him down into the sea: and the sea will stand from its foam.

LITV Translation:
And they lifted up and threw him into the sea. And the sea ceased from its raging.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
So they took Jonah, and cast him out into the sea: and the sea ceased from its raging.