Jeremiah 23:1

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

הוי הוֹי

woe/alas

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

הוי

hôwy

Definition

oh!

Root

a prolonged form of H1930 (הו) (akin to H188 (אוי));

Exhaustive

a prolonged form of הו (akin to אוי); oh!; ah, alas, ho, O, woe.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1945

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הוֹי

interjection • Strongs / High • Page 394

Interjection, same as אוֹי; an exclamation of threatening, grief, or exhortation.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הוֹי

interjection • Page 183

1. of threatening, wo! alas! (Is. 1:4). 2. of grief, ah! alas! (1 K. 13:30). 3. of exhorting, come on! ho! (Zech. 2:10; Is. 55:1).

Particle interjection

LXX: οὐαὶ ὦ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H1945:

οὐαὶ 31× (62.4%)

ὦ 11× (21.8%)

--- 3× (6.0%)

רעים רֹעִ֗ים

evil ones

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רעה

râʻâh

Definition

to tend a flock; i.e. pasture it; intransitively, to graze (literally or figuratively); generally to rule; by extension, to associate with (as a friend)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to tend a flock; i.e. pasture it; intransitively, to graze (literally or figuratively); generally to rule; by extension, to associate with (as a friend); [idiom] break, companion, keep company with, devour, eat up, evil entreat, feed, use as a friend, make friendship with, herdman, keep (sheep) (-er), pastor, [phrase] shearing house, shepherd, wander, waste.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7462

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָעָה

verb • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 1346

I. 1. tr. properly to lead, conduct, cattle; hence to feed, pascere, to guard, to have care for, to rule; 2. Metaphor. to lead, guide, govern, care for, to teach, instruct; 3. intr. to feed, of cattle, to go about in their pasture, to rest comfortably, or to lie down quietly.

רָעָה

verb • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 1346

II. Stem belonging to רָצָה III.

רָעָה

verb / tr. • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 1347

II. To unite, with one, to associate with one; hence to be friendly with one or to a thing, i. e. to like; fig. to think, to meditate.

רָעָה

noun feminine / particle • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1347

Perhaps the feminine of a masculine Kal participle (רָע), from the intransitive רָעַע, meaning friable.

רָעָה

adjective / noun feminine • Root רע • Strongs / High • Page 1347

1. Feminine adjective of רַע I., meaning bad, evil. 2. Substantive meaning ill, evil, badness, misfortune, destruction, ruin, affliction, misery.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָעָה

verb • Page 623

I. 1. To feed (a flock), to lead or guide them (metaphorically of a prince or God as shepherd). 2. To graze or pasture (of cattle); metaphorically to consume or eat up. 3. To support or nourish. References: Gen. 30:36; Ps. 23:1; Is. 5:17; Mic. 5:5.

רָעָה

verb • Page 623

II. To take delight or pleasure in a person or thing. Cognate with Chaldee רְעָה.

רָעָה

verb • Root רעה • Page 624

To take pleasure in or associate with any one (Prov. 13:20); also to pursue after things like the wind (Hos. 12:2).

רָעָה

f. verbal • Root רצע • Page 624

Evil, adversity, destruction.

Verb Qal participle active masculine plural absolute

LXX: ποιμένεσ ποιμένων ποιμένασ ποιμὴν ποιμήν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7462b:

ποιμένεσ 25× (12.8%)

ποιμένων 11× (5.6%)

ποιμένασ 11× (5.8%)

ποιμὴν 7× (3.7%)

ποιμήν 6× (3.5%)

βοσκηθήσονται 6× (3.3%)

ποιμαίνων 5× (2.6%)

ποιμαίνει 5× (2.4%)

ποιμαίνειν 5× (2.7%)

ποιμένα 4× (2.2%)

מאבדים מְאַבְּדִים

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אבד

ʼâbad

Definition

properly, to wander away, i.e. lose oneself; by implication to perish (causative, destroy)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to wander away, i.e. lose oneself; by implication to perish (causative, destroy); break, destroy(-uction), [phrase] not escape, fail, lose, (cause to, make) perish, spend, [idiom] and surely, take, be undone, [idiom] utterly, be void of, have no way to flee.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָבַד

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 45

intr. properly: to be isolated, forsaken; hence 1. to wander about, 2. to be lost, to disappear, to cease, 3. to perish, 4. To lose something

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֹבַד

m. verbal • Root אבד • Page 18

Ruin, destruction (Num. 24: 20, 24). Signification is abstract.

אָבַד

verb • Page 18

To perish, wander, stray. Specifically used of cattle (Ps. 119: 176), exiles (Is. 27: 13), and a wandering Syrian (Deut. 26: 5). Includes sub-meanings: 3. to perish (Joel 1: 11, Job 4: 11) and 4. to be unfortunate or forsaken (Job 29: 13). Piel (Pi.) means to lose, cause to fail, or pervert understanding. Hiphil (Hiph.) means to destroy or lead astray. Chaldee form used for 'to perish'.

אָבַד

verb • Root אבד • Page 17

To be lost, to fail, to perish, or to go astray. Used in reference to persons, things (like a law or wisdom), and the heart/understanding. Core references: 1 Sam. 9:3, Deut. 22:3, Job 11:20, Jer. 25:35, Ps. 142:5, Ezek. 7:26, etc.

Verb Piel participle active masculine plural absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0006:

No stats available

ומפצים וּמְפִצִים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פוץ

pûwts

Definition

to dash in pieces, literally or figuratively (especially to disperse)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to dash in pieces, literally or figuratively (especially to disperse); break (dash, shake) in (to) pieces, cast (abroad), disperse (selves), drive, retire, scatter (abroad), spread abroad.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6327

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פּוּץ

verb transitive • Strongs / High • Page 1159

(II., not used) tr. 1. to split, to divide, to separate; metaphor. to be intelligent. 2. Fig. to break (in mining language).

פּוּץ

verb intransitive • Strongs / High • Page 1159

(I.) intr. same as יָפַץ (to scatter, disperse).

פּוּץ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1160

To be reduced to dust, to be scattered about, to disperse themselves, to be driven away, to overflow, to pour forth, to spread.

פּוּץ

noun m. • Root פוץ • Strongs / High • Page 1160

Dispersion, exile, or separate return.

פּוּץ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1162

To be flexible, pliant (become supple); generally to move to and fro, to leap, to spring (Putz II).

פּוּץ

verb • Root פוץ • Strongs / High • Page 1162

To be scattered about (Nif. נָפוֹץ), specifically the bones of the slain.

פּוּץ

verb • Root פוץ • Strongs / High • Page 1162

To scatter, to pursue, to disperse, send into exile, to distribute largely, to dissipate (Pih. fut. יָפִיץ).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פּוֹץ

m. verbal • Root פוץ • Page 539

dispersion. Used in Zeph. 3:10 in the phrase 'the daughter of my dispersion', meaning those dispersed by God.

פּוּץ

verb • Page 538

1. to smite or dash in pieces. 2. to scatter or go astray; spoken of a flock or people (Ezek. 34:5, Zech. 13:7, Gen. 11:4). 3. to overflow (Zech. 1:17, Prov. 5:16). Niph. to be or become scattered.

Conjunction, Verb Hiphil participle active masculine plural absolute

LXX: αὐτοὺσ διεσπάρησαν διασπερῶ --- διεσπάρη

LXX Usage Statistics

H6327a:

αὐτοὺσ 8× (8.7%)

διεσπάρησαν 5× (6.8%)

διασπερῶ 5× (6.2%)

--- 4× (5.6%)

διεσπάρη 4× (5.2%)

διασκορπιῶ 4× (5.2%)

διασπερεῖ 3× (3.8%)

διέσπειρα 3× (3.8%)

διεσκορπίσθησαν 2× (2.8%)

διεσκορπίσθητε 2× (2.8%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

צאן צֹאן

flock

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

צאן

tsôʼn

Definition

a collective name for a flock (of sheep or goats); also figuratively (of men)

Root

or צאון; (Psalm 144:13), from an unused root meaning to migrate;

Exhaustive

or צאון; (Psalm 144:13), from an unused root meaning to migrate; a collective name for a flock (of sheep or goats); also figuratively (of men); (small) cattle, flock ([phrase] -s), lamb ([phrase] -s), sheep(-cote, -fold, -shearer, -herds).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6629

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צֹאן

noun feminine • Root יצק • Strongs / High • Page 1210

f. coll. properly a heap, a herd, a mass; hence 1. a troop of men; commonly 2. small cattle, sheep and goats (without a plural form).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צֹאן

noun feminine • Page 560

a collective noun denoting small cattle, i.e. sheep and goats. Gen. 27:9. Lev. 1:10. 22:21.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πρόβατα προβάτων πρόβατά ὡσ ποίμνια

LXX Usage Statistics

H6629:

πρόβατα 113× (37.7%)

προβάτων 75× (24.6%)

πρόβατά 20× (6.4%)

ὡσ 18× (6.8%)

ποίμνια 8× (2.8%)

ποιμνίων 8× (2.6%)

κτήνη 6× (1.9%)

προβάτοισ 5× (1.3%)

--- 5× (1.9%)

ποίμνιον 4× (1.3%)

מרעיתי מַרְעִיתי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מרעית

mirʻîyth

Definition

pasturage; concretely, a flock

Root

from H7462 (רעה) in the sense of feeding;

Exhaustive

from רעה in the sense of feeding; pasturage; concretely, a flock; flock, pasture.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4830

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִרְעִית

noun feminine • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 910

Pasturing (figurative); metaphorically, a flock.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִרְעִית

noun feminine • Root רעה • Page 408

1. A feeding, pasturing; used of shepherds. 2. The herd itself. (Ps. 74:1; Jer. 10:21; 23:1).

Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: νομῆσ νομὴ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4830:

νομῆσ 5× (51.7%)

νομὴ 2× (19.3%)

נאם נְאֻם־

he who whispers

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נאם

nᵉʼum

Definition

an oracle

Root

from H5001 (נאם);

Exhaustive

from נאם; an oracle; (hath) said, saith.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5002

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נְאֻם

noun / masculine • Root נאם • Strongs / High • Page 932

Declaration, oracle, prophecy, divine utterance.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: λέγει φησὶν --- '' εἶπεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5002:

λέγει 249× (69.2%)

φησὶν 33× (9.3%)

--- 25× (7.0%)

'' 23× (5.5%)

εἶπεν 13× (3.6%)

τάδε 12× (3.3%)

φησιν 2× (0.6%)

πιστὸσ 2× (0.5%)

יהוה יְהוָה׃

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvâh

Definition

Jehovah, Jewish national name of God

Root

from H1961 (היה); (the) self-Existent or Eternal;

Exhaustive

from היה; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God; Jehovah, the Lord. Compare יה, יהוה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3068

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Strongs / High • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

proper name • Page 275

The proper name of the deity among the ancient Hebrews. Interpreted as 'the eternal, unchangeable, true' or 'he who is as he shall be.' The text discusses various ancient pronunciations (IAΩ, IABE, IETΩ) and its derivation from the future of הָיָה.

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κυρίου κυρίῳ κύριον κύριε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3068:

κύριοσ 2605× (41.8%)

κυρίου 1742× (27.8%)

κυρίῳ 598× (8.8%)

κύριον 473× (7.1%)

κύριε 336× (5.4%)

--- 129× (2.1%)

'' 95× (1.3%)

θεὸσ 76× (1.0%)

θεοῦ 69× (0.9%)

θεῷ 28× (0.4%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Wo to the shepherds destroying and scattering the sheep of my pasture! says Jehovah.

LITV Translation:
Woe to shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of My pasture, says Jehovah.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
Woe to the shepherds that destroy and scatter the sheep of their pasture!