Isaiah 1:31

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

והיה וְהָיָה

and he has become

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

החסן הֶחָסֹן

the Powerful one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חסן

châçôn

Definition

powerful

Root

from H2630 (חסן);

Exhaustive

from חסן; powerful; strong.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2634

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָסֹן

verb • Root חסן • Strongs / High • Page 509

1. To be strong, mighty, powerful, applied to oaks and men. 2. Figuratively, to be wealthy, rich.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2634

I. חָסֹן (approximate number of occurrences: 2) adjective — strong.

— חָסֹן Amos 2:9; הֶחָסוֺן Isaiah 1:31.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Descriptive of the Amorite

• Amos 2:9 (חָסֹן כָּאַלּוֺנִים strong as the oaks)

b. As substantive, the strong one

• Isaiah 1:31

Particle definite article, Adjective adjective both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H2634:

No stats available

לנערת לִנְעֹרֶת

girl/maiden

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נערת

nᵉʻôreth

Definition

something shaken out, i.e. tow (as the refuse of flax)

Root

from H5287 (נער);

Exhaustive

from נער; something shaken out, i.e. tow (as the refuse of flax); tow.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5296

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נְעֹרֶת

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 979

what is shaken off from flax, tow, refuse.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נְעֹרֶת

f. verbal from נָעַר no. i. • Root נער • Page 448

tow, the coarse part of flax, so called because beaten or shaken out. Judg. 16:9. Is. 1:31.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5296

נְעֹ֫רֶת (approximate number of occurrences: 2) noun feminine — tow (as shaken off from the flax when beaten; on form compare Barth¹).

— נְעֹ֫רֶת absolute Isaiah 1:31; construct מְּתִיל הַנְּעֹ֫רֶת Judges 16:9.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. In simile, as a thread of tow

• מְּתִיל הַנְּעֹ֫רֶת Judges 16:9 a thread of tow (snapping from heat)

b. As inflammable material

• נְעֹ֫רֶת Isaiah 1:31 (figurative; as inflammable)

III. נער (√ of following; meaning unknown).

¹ Jacob Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (1894), 64 (Ba^NB).

Preposition, Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H5296:

No stats available

ופעלו וּפֹעֲלוֹ

and his work

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פעל

pôʻal

Definition

an act or work (concretely)

Root

from H6466 (פעל);

Exhaustive

from פעל; an act or work (concretely); act, deed, do, getting, maker, work.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6467

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פֹּעַל

noun masculine • Root פעל • Strongs / High • Page 1183

(m. with suff. פָּעֳלוֹ, פָּעֳלָה) m. work, business; doing, acting; a work, deed; a mighty deed; the peculiarity of one; an evil deed.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פֹּעַל

noun • Root פעל • Page 549

1. an action, deed, (of God.) Ps. 64:10. Spoken particularly of God’s judgments on the wicked, Is. 5:12. Hab. 3:2. 2. a work, a thing made. Is. 1:31. 3. an action, in a moral sense. Ps. 28:4. Prov. 24:12, 29. 4. a reward of labour. Job 7:2. Jer. 22:13. 5. an acquisition. Prov. 21:6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6467

I. מֹּעַל (approximate number of occurrences: 37) noun masculine — doing, deed, work (in poetry and late, nearly = מַעֲשֶׂה).

— מֹּעַל absolute Habakkuk 1:1; Psalm 44:2; construct מֹּעַל Deuteronomy 33:11 +; suffix מָּעֳלוֺ Deuteronomy 32:4 +, מֹּעֲלוֺ Isaiah 1:31 (Kö¹ ii. 1, 35, 493; Ges² § 93q), Jeremiah 22:13; מָּעָלְכֶם Isaiah 41:24, etc.; plural מְּעָלִים 2 Samuel 23:20; 1 Chronicles 11:22.

1. Deed, thing done

a. of God

• מָּעֳלוֺ his work in providence: Deuteronomy 32:4; Isaiah 5:12; Job 36:24
• in deliverance: Psalm 44:2 (as accusative of cognate meaning with verb), Psalm 77:13 (5 times)
• in judgment: Psalm 64:10; Psalm 95:9; Habakkuk 1:5 (as accusative of cognate meaning with verb)

b. of false gods

• Isaiah 41:24

c. of men, daily toil

• Job 24:5; Psalm 104:23
• specific act Ruth 2:12
• מֹּעַל יָדָיו of sacrificing Deuteronomy 33:11
• plural of achievements 2 Samuel 23:20 = 1 Chronicles 11:32
• action as having moral quality Job 34:11; Proverbs 20:11; Proverbs 24:12–29
• evil implied Jeremiah 25:14; Jeremiah 50:29; Job 36:9; Psalm 28:4
• מֹּעַל כַּמָּיו Psalm 9:17; מֹּעַל חָמָס Isaiah 59:6
• good action Proverbs 21:8

2. Work, thing made

a. by hands of God

• Isaiah 45:9, 11 (of men)

b. by man

• Isaiah 1:31 (i.e. probably his idol Ges Che^comm. Di and others; > read בַּעֲלוֺ Lag³ Sta⁴)

3. Wages of work

• Jeremiah 22:13; Job 7:2

4. Acquisition

• of treasures Proverbs 21:6

¹ Eduard König, Historisch-Kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

³ Paul de Lagarde, Semitica, i. 5.

⁴ Bernhard Stade, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) iii (1888), 12f.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔργα ἔργοισ ἔργον μισθὸν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6467:

ἔργα 14× (31.1%)

ἔργοισ 4× (9.9%)

ἔργον 3× (7.4%)

μισθὸν 2× (4.5%)

לניצוץ לְנִיצוֹץ

to a spark

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ניצוץ

nîytsôwts

Definition

a spark

Root

from H5340 (נצץ);

Exhaustive

from נצץ; a spark; spark.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5213

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נִיצוֹץ

noun masculine • Root נצץ • Strongs / High • Page 969

a spark.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נִיצוֹץ

noun masculine • Root נצץ • Page 442

a spark. Once Is. 1: 31.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5213

I. נִיצוֹץ noun masculine — spark.

— Isaiah 1:31 (figurative).

Preposition, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H5213:

No stats available

ובערו וּבָעֲרוּ

and they are burning

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בער

bâʻar

Definition

to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish

Root

a primitive root; also as denominative from H1198 (בער)

Exhaustive

a primitive root; also as denominative from בער; to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish; be brutish, bring (put, take) away, burn, (cause to) eat (up), feed, heat, kindle, set (on fire), waste.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1197

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בָּעֵר

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

a taking away, a removing (prop. infin. Pihel).

Matched via consonantal key only

בַּעַר

noun masculine • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

field, wood, generally what is not built upon; Metaphor. wildness, roughness; hence fig. want of cultivation, silliness, stupidity.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 266

1. To kindle, set fire to, to burn, to consume (tr.); to burn, to blaze, to glow, to sparkle (intr.). 2. (Piel) To kindle, to take away, to root out, to remove, to annihilate. 3. (Pual) To be kindled. 4. (Hiphil) To cause to burn, to kindle; to root out thoroughly, to destroy; to feed upon.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

(not used) intr. to be wild, rough, not built upon, spoken of land, a field, a district.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

intr. to be stupid, foolish, metaphor. to be bad; Nif. to be infatuated.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בֹּעֵר

verb • Root בער • Page 109

Burning. Is. 4:4.

בַּעַר

m. denom. • Root בער • Page 109

Brutish, stupid, like cattle. Ps. 49:11, 73:22, 92:7.

בָּעַר

verb • Page 109

1. to feed, graze, consume by grazing (Pi. no. 1, Hiph. no. 1). 2. to burn up, consume, kindle (Ps. 83:15, Job 1:16, Ex. 3:3, Is. 1:31). 3. to be dumb, brutish (Jer. 10:8, Ps. 94:8). Includes Niph. נִבְעַר, Pi. בִּעֵר, Pu. to burn, and Hiph. to feed upon/kindle.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1197

I. בָּעַר verb — burn, consume.

Cognates:

• Aramaic בְּעַר burn
• Arabic بَعَرَ seek out, collect, glean (apparently earlier meaning)

— Qal Perfect 3 feminine singular בָּֽעֲרָה Numbers 11:3 (2 times), וּבָֽעֲרָה consecutive Isaiah 10:17 (3 times), בָּֽעֲרוּ Judges 15:14 (2 times) + 2 Samuel 22:13 (but compare De¹ on Psalm 18), וּבָֽעֲרוּ consecutive Isaiah 1:31; Imperfect יִבְעַר Exodus 3:3; Psalm 2:12, etc.; Participle בֹּעֵר Exodus 3:2 (6 times), בֹּעֵרָ֑ה Isaiah 34:9, בּוֺעֵ֫רָה Hosea 7:4, בֹּעֲרָ֫ה Isaiah 30:33, בֹּעֶ֫רֶת Jeremiah 20:9, בֹּעֲרוֺות Ezekiel 1:13.

1. Qal Meanings and Uses

a. Intransitive, specifically begin to burn, be kindled

• Psalm 18:8 followed by מִן (subject גֶּחָלִים) = 2 Samuel 22:9
• Psalm 106:18 (subject אֵשׁ)
• figurative Psalm 2:12 (subject אַמּוֺ) compare Jeremiah 44:6 (subject חֵמָה)
• Isaiah 30:33 (with בְּ, subject נִשְׁמַת י׳)
• Psalm 39:4 (subject אֵשׁ figurative of grief) compare Jeremiah 20:9

b. Be burning, burn

• Judges 15:14 (subject מִּשְׁתִּים, with בָּאֵשׁ)
• Exodus 3:2 (+ הַסְּנֶה, with בָּאֵשׁ), Exodus 3:3 (subject id.)
• Deuteronomy 4:11; 5:23; 9:15 (all subject הַר, with בָּאֵשׁ)
• Isaiah 34:9 (זֶפֶת בֹּעֵרָה)
• figurative of destruction Isaiah 1:31 (subject חָסֹן and מֹּעֲלוֺ)
• Of torch לַמִּיד Isaiah 62:1; of oven תַּנּוּר Hosea 7:4, 6

c. Transitive: burn, consume

• (subject אֵשׁ, לֶהָבָה etc., followed by בְּ) Numbers 11:1, 3 (אֵשׁ י׳), Job 1:16 (אֵשׁ אֱלֹהִים)
• In simile Ezekiel 1:13 (גַּחֲלֵי אֵשׁ י׳), Psalm 83:15 (only here transitive with accusative; should it be Pi`el?)
• figurative (subject wrath of י׳) Isaiah 42:25 compare Lamentations 2:3 (subject fire = fiery trial) Isaiah 43:2

d. Active but absolute, figurative, subject wrath of י׳

• Jeremiah 4:4; 7:20; 21:12; Psalm 89:47
• Compare Isaiah 10:17; Psalm 79:5; Isaiah 30:27 (שֵׁם י׳ בֹּעֵר אַמּוֺ)
• Malachi 3:19 (הַיּוֹם בָּא); of human anger Esther 1:12; subject wickedness Isaiah 9:17

2. Pi`el Meanings and Uses

— Pi`el Perfect בִּעֵר 1 Kings 22:47; 2 Kings 23:24, וּבִעֵר consecutive Leviticus 6:5, בִּעַרְתָּ 2 Chronicles 19:3, וּבִעַרְתָּ consecutive Deuteronomy 13:6 (9 times in Deuteronomy); וּבִעֲרוּ consecutive Ezekiel 39:9, etc.; Imperfect יְבַעֵר 1 Kings 14:10; תְּבַעֵר Deuteronomy 21:9, יְבַעֲרוּ Ezekiel 39:10; תְּבַעֲרוּ Exodus 35:3; Participle מְבַעֲרִים Jeremiah 7:18.

a. Kindle, literal with accusative אֵשׁ

• Exodus 35:3; Jeremiah 7:18; Ezekiel 39:9–10
• figurative of י׳ sending destruction Ezekiel 21:4; of human schemes Isaiah 50:11
• Light, object lamps in temple 2 Chronicles 4:20; 13:11

b. Burn, literal with accusative עֵצִים

• Leviticus 6:5, גָּלָל dung 1 Kings 14:10
• absolute Isaiah 44:15; compare Isaiah 40:16; Nehemiah 10:35

c. Figurative: consume, utterly remove

• Particularly of evil and guilt, especially in Deuteronomic phrase וּבִעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּךָ Deuteronomy 13:6; 17:7, 12; 19:13, 19; 21:21; 22:21, 22, 24; 24:7; Judges 20:13
• Of devoted (tabooed) things Deuteronomy 26:13–14
• Of persons (exterminate) 2 Samuel 4:11; followed by אַחֲרֵי pregnantly 1 Kings 14:10; 1 Kings 21:21
• = devour, devastate, enjoy fruits of, Isaiah 3:14
• absolute הָיָה לְבָעֵר be for destruction Numbers 24:22; Isaiah 5:5; Isaiah 6:13; compare רוּחַ בָּעֵר Isaiah 4:4

3. Pu`al and Hiph`il

— Pu`al Participle מְבֹעָ֑רֶת Jeremiah 36:22 — burn (be supplied with fire), of fire-jar הָאָח.

— Hiph`il Perfect וְהִבְעַרְתִּי Nahum 2:14; Imperfect וַיַּבְעֵר Judges 15:5; 2 Chronicles 28:3; תַּבְעִיר Ezekiel 5:2; Participle מַבְעִיר 1 Kings 16:3, Exodus 22:5.

1. kindle Exodus 22:5, compare Judges 15:5 וַיַּבְעֵר אֵשׁ בַּלַּפִּידִים caused fire to burn among the brands.
2. burn up, with accusative Judges 15:5; 2 Chronicles 28:3 (sacrifice of children בָּאֵשׁ); Ezekiel 5:2; Nahum 2:14.
3. consume = destroy (compare Pi`el) 1 Kings 16:3 (followed by אַחֲרֵי).

II. בָּעַר verb denominative — be brutish.

— Qal Imperfect יִבְעֲרוּ Jeremiah 10:8 (parallel יִכְסָלוּ) — be stupid, dull-hearted, unreceptive; compare Participle בֹּעֲרִים Psalm 94:8 (parallel כְּסִילִים); of inhuman, cruel men Ezekiel 21:36.

— Niph`al Perfect נִבְעַר Jeremiah 10:14; 51:17, נִבְעֲרוּ Jeremiah 10:21; Participle נִבְעָרָ֑ה Isaiah 19:11 — brutish, stupid Isaiah 19:11 (subject עֵצָה); dull-hearted, ignorant of God Jeremiah 10:14, 21; Jeremiah 51:17 (rather stupefied by spectacle).

— Pi`el Perfect וּבִעֵר consecutive Exodus 22:4 — feed, graze (בְּשָׂדֶה אַחֵר).

— Hiph`il Imperfect יַבְעֶר Exodus 22:4 — cause to be grazed over, followed by שָׂדֶה.

¹ Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Psalms (English trans. 1871).

² C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person common plural

LXX: ἐξαρεῖσ ἐκκαυθήσεται ἐξεκαύθη καιομένη ἐκαίετο

LXX Usage Statistics

H1197a:

ἐξαρεῖσ 9× (8.6%)

ἐκκαυθήσεται 4× (4.3%)

ἐξεκαύθη 4× (3.9%)

καιομένη 3× (3.3%)

ἐκαίετο 3× (3.3%)

καυθήσεται 3× (3.0%)

'' 3× (2.8%)

καιόμενοσ 2× (2.2%)

ἐξεκαύθησαν 2× (2.2%)

--- 2× (2.2%)

שניהם שְׁנֵיהֶם

the both of themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שנים

shᵉnayim

Definition

two; also (as ordinal) twofold

Root

dual of H8145 (שני); feminine שתים;

Exhaustive

dual of שני; feminine שתים; two; also (as ordinal) twofold; both, couple, double, second, twain, [phrase] twelfth, [phrase] twelve, [phrase] twenty (sixscore) thousand, twice, two.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8147

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁנַיִם

numeral • Root שנה • Strongs / High • Page 1459

Two. (Masculine dual numeral, absolute state; construct state is שְׁנֵי). Used as a numeral, substitute, or adjective, referring to a pair or the double.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁנַיִם

masc. dual • Root שנה • Page 691

two. Includes contracted forms שְׁנֵי and שְׁתֵּי used for the number twelve. References: Gen. 7: 9, 15; Gen. 2: 25.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8147

I. שְׁנַ֫יִם, שְׁתַּיִם (approximate number of occurrences: 768) noun masculine and feminine dual — two.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Phoenician אשנם
• Punic שנם
• Arabic اثنان
• Sabean תֿני
• Aramaic תְּרֵין, תַּרְתֵּין
• Nabataean תרין
• Palmyrene feminine תרתן, תרתיא
• Assyrian šinâ

— masculine (with masculine noun) שְׁנַיִם Amos 3:3 +; construct שְׁנֵי Isaiah 7:16 +; suffix שְׁנֵיהֶם Genesis 2:25 +, etc.; feminine (with feminine noun) שְׁתַּיִם Amos 4:8 +; construct שְׁתֵּי Genesis 4:19, וּשְׁתֵּי Isaiah 7:21 +, etc., מִשְּׁתֵֿי Judges 16:28 (see GFM¹); Hexateuch chiefly P².

1. No other number

a. Usually construct before plural noun

• שְׁנֵי (+ צְמִידִים) Genesis 24:22 (19 times) + 2 Samuel 23:20 // 1 Chronicles 11:22
• שְׁתֵּי (+ נָשִׁים) Genesis 4:19 (132 times)
• שְׁתֵּי־אֵֿלֶּה Isaiah 47:9 both these things
• Before singular noun, שְׁנֵי Exodus 16:22
• suffix שְׁנֵיהֶם the two of them Genesis 2:25 (62 times)
• שְׁתֵּיהֶם (masculine suffix) Ruth 1:19; Ruth 4:11

b. Absolute

• (1) שְׁנַ֫יִם (90 times), before plural noun Judges 11:37; after plural noun 2 Samuel 1:1; Exodus 29:1
• Distributive שְׁנַיִם שְׁנַיִם Genesis 7:9 +
• לִשְׁנַיִם cut in two 2 Kings 3:25; Jeremiah 34:18
• As double amount Exodus 22:3; Exodus 22:6; Exodus 22:8 (Elohist Source)
• מִּי שְׁנַיִם Deuteronomy 21:17 double portion
• (2) שְׁתַּ֫יִם (55 times) before plural noun 1 Kings 3:16
• As ordinal בִּשְׁנַת שְׁתַּיִם לְ 1 Kings 15:25
• (3) As round number, שְׁנַיִם עֵצִים 1 Kings 17:12 a few sticks
• פַּעַם וּשְׁתָּ֑יִם Nehemiah 13:20

2. Twelve

• With noun masculine שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר Genesis 42:13 (87 times); לִשְׁנֵי עָשָׂר Exodus 28:21
• With noun feminine שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה Exodus 24:4 (34 times)
• As ordinal, בִּשְׁתֵּי עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה Ezekiel 32:1

3. With larger number

• 10 + 2 2 Samuel 8:5; Judges 10:3
• 2 + 20 1 Chronicles 24:17
• Ordinal 2 Kings 15:27

¹ G. F. Moore, Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges (1895).

² Priestly Code / Narrative.

Adjective cardinal number both dual construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: δύο δώδεκα '' δέκα ἀμφότεροι

LXX Usage Statistics

H8147:

δύο 437× (51.1%)

δώδεκα 72× (8.9%)

'' 47× (5.2%)

δέκα 35× (4.4%)

ἀμφότεροι 26× (3.3%)

ἀμφότερα 21× (2.7%)

εἴκοσι 19× (2.3%)

δυσὶν 16× (1.6%)

ἀμφοτέρων 15× (1.9%)

--- 13× (1.7%)

יחדו יַחְדָּו

in union

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יחד

yachad

Definition

properly, a unit, i.e. (adverb) unitedly

Root

from H3161 (יחד);

Exhaustive

from יחד; properly, a unit, i.e. (adverb) unitedly; alike, at all (once), both, likewise, only, (al-) together, withal.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3162

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יַחְדָּו

adverb • Root יחד • Consonantal / Medium • Page 602

together, with one another; an old accusative form used adverbially to express united action.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יַחַד

m. noun / adv. • Root יחד • Page 280

1. Union (1 Chr. 12:17). 2. As an adverb: together, with one another, in the same place (1 Sam. 11:11), or at the same time (2 Sam. 21:9). 3. Entirely (Job 10:8).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3162

I. יַ֫חַד (approximate number of occurrences: 45) noun masculine — unitedness.

Cognates:

• Arabic وحد (in accusative with suffix alone)

1. As substantive

Only 1 Chronicles 12:17 (peculiar) יִהְיֶה־לִּי עֲלֵיכֶם לֵבָב לֳיָחַד I will have a heart toward you for unitedness, i.e. my heart shall be ready to become one with yours (compare 1 Chronicles 12:38 לֵב אֶחָד).

2. As adverb

Elsewhere always in accusative as adverb in union, together —

a. together, of community in action, place, or time

• (1) in action: Job 38:7 בְּרָן־יַחַד כּוֹכְבֵי אֵל when the stars of God shouted together; Ezra 4:3 we together will build (opposed to you), with נִלְחַם 1 Samuel 17:10, נִשְׁפַּט Isaiah 43:26
• (2) in place: 1 Samuel 11:11; 2 Samuel 10:15 וַיֵּאָסְפוּ יָחַד; Psalm 2:2; Psalm 31:14; Psalm 88:18; שֶׁבֶת יַחַד; Isaiah 50:8, as predicate Micah 2:12 יַחַד אֲשִׂימֶנּוּ
• (3) in place and time at once: 2 Samuel 21:9 וַיִּפְּלוּ יָחַד and they perished together, 2 Samuel 14:16 to destroy אֹתִי וְאֶת־בְּנִי יַחַד
• (4) of time alone (poetry): Isaiah 42:14 אֶשֹּׁם וְאֶשְׁאַף יַחַד I will gasp and pant together; Isaiah 45:8; Job 6:2; Job 17:16 (read נֵחָת for יַחַת); Psalm 141:10 יַחַד אָנֹכִי עַד־אֶעֱבוֹר while I at the same time pass on

b. all together, altogether

(Poetic synonym of כֻּלָּם but more forcible, suggesting often, especially with כֹּל, all at once, as well as altogether):

• Isaiah 44:11 יִפְחֲדוּ יֵבֹשׁוּ יָחַד (compare Psalm 40:15)
• Psalm 62:10 הֵמָּה מֵהֶבֶל יָחַד they are all together (made) of vanity
• Isaiah 22:3 כָּל־קְצִינַיִךְ נָדְדוּ יָחַד (with כֹּל also Psalm 41:8; Job 34:15)
• Often beginning a clause with emphasis: Deuteronomy 33:5; Job 3:18; Job 16:10; Job 19:12 יַחַד יָבֹאוּ גְדוּדָיו; Job 24:4; Job 31:38; Psalm 41:8; Psalm 98:8; Hosea 11:7 (with a negative), Hosea 11:8
• In connection with a suffix, or object of a verb: Isaiah 27:4 אֲצִיתֶנָּה יָּחַד I will burn it altogether; Psalm 33:15 הַיֹּצֵר יַחַד לִבָּם who formeth the hearts of them all together; Psalm 74:6, 8; Job 10:8 יַחַד סָבִיב altogether round about (but read perhaps with ᵐ5⁴ ᵑ6⁵ Del⁶ Di⁷ אַחַר תִסּוֹב); Job 40:13

c. together, in the sense of alike

The one as well as the other:

• Psalm 49:3; Psalm 49:11 יַחַד כְּסִיל וָבַעַר יֹאבֵדוּ
• Job 21:26; Job 34:29

3. The form יַחְדָּו

יַחְדָּו (approximate number of occurrences: 92) (Jeremiah 46:12, 21; Jeremiah 49:3 יַחְדָּיו) adverb — together (properly in his or its unitednesses [compare Arabic وحد alone; and for the form אַשְׁרָיו], but, the origin of the term being forgotten, applied generally as an adverb, without regard to number, gender, or person: so Ges¹ Ol² §135c Sta³ §370a).

a. of community in action

• Psalm 34:4 וּנְרוֹמְמָה שְׁמוֹ יַחְדָּו let us exalt his name together; Isaiah 52:9
• With נוֹעַץ take counsel: Isaiah 45:21; Psalm 71:10; Psalm 83:6; Nehemiah 6:7
• נִצָּה to struggle: Deuteronomy 25:11
• In place: with יָשַׁב Genesis 13:6; Deuteronomy 25:5; הָלַךְ Genesis 22:6, 8; Amos 3:3; בּוֹא Jeremiah 3:18; Job 9:32; קָרַב Isaiah 41:1; נָפַל 2 Samuel 2:16; אָכַל Judges 19:6; Jeremiah 41:1; הִתְקַבֵּץ Joshua 9:2; נֶאֱסַף Judges 6:33
• Coupling pairs, and so strengthening וְ (mostly in poetry): Deuteronomy 22:10 בְּשׁוֹר־וּבַחֲמֹר יַחְדָּו; Deuteronomy 22:11; Amos 1:15 הוּא וְשָׂרָיו יַחְדָּו (compare Jeremiah 48:7 Qr; Jeremiah 49:3); Jeremiah 6:11, 12; Jeremiah 6:21; Jeremiah 13:14; Jeremiah 31:8, 13; Jeremiah 50:4, 33; Isaiah 41:19; Isaiah 65:7
• In time (rare): Psalm 4:9 in peace יַחְדָּו אֶשְׁכְּבָה וְאִישָׁן will I at once lie down and sleep

b. emphatic (especially in poetry) = all together

• 1 Samuel 31:6; Isaiah 10:8 הֲלֹא שָׂרַי יַחְדָּו מְלָכִים are not my princes all together kings?; Isaiah 18:6; Isaiah 40:5; Isaiah 41:20, 23; Isaiah 45:16 (parallel כֻּלָּם); Isaiah 46:2 קָרְסוּ כָרְעוּ יַחְדָּו; Isaiah 48:13; Isaiah 66:17; Psalm 14:3 (parallel הַכֹּל); Psalm 19:10 צָדְקוּ יַחְדָּו; Psalm 35:26; Psalm 37:38
• Suggesting all at once, as well as all together: Exodus 19:8 וַיַּעֲנוּ כָל־הָעָם יַחְדָּו (so with כֹּל, Isaiah 22:3; Isaiah 31:3; Zechariah 10:4); Isaiah 1:28, 31 וּבָעֲרוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם יַחְדָּו
• Prefixed to a clause (like יַחַד): Deuteronomy 33:17; Isaiah 9:20; Isaiah 11:7, 14; Isaiah 31:3; Isaiah 43:17; Isaiah 45:16; Isaiah 52:8; Jeremiah 46:12; Jeremiah 51:38; Lamentations 2:8; Job 24:17 (strengthening לָמוֹ)

c. alike, the one as well as the other

• Deuteronomy 12:22 (= Deuteronomy 15:22) the unclean and the clean alike may eat it
• 1 Samuel 30:24 יַחְדָּו יַחֲלֹקוּ they shall share together, i.e. alike

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Justus Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (1861).

³ Bernhard Stade, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Grammatik (1879).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

⁵ Syriac Peshitta.

⁶ Franz Delitzsch.

⁷ August Dillmann.

Adverb

LXX: ἅμα αὐτὸ αὐτό ὁμοθυμαδὸν ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3162b:

ἅμα 45× (36.5%)

αὐτὸ 24× (13.5%)

αὐτό 23× (13.1%)

ὁμοθυμαδὸν 12× (9.8%)

--- 6× (4.9%)

ὁμοθυμαδόν 5× (3.7%)

---% 4× (2.8%)

ὡσαύτωσ 2× (1.6%)

μόνασ 2× (1.4%)

ואין וְאֵין

and there is not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אין

ʼayin

Definition

a non-entity; generally used as a negative particle

Root

as if from a primitive root meaning to be nothing or not exist;

Exhaustive

as if from a primitive root meaning to be nothing or not exist; a non-entity; generally used as a negative particle; else, except, fail, (father-) less, be gone, in(-curable), neither, never, no (where), none, nor, (any, thing), not, nothing, to nought, past, un(-searchable), well-nigh, without. Compare אין.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H369

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַיִן

adverb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 115

I. Interrogative adverb: where? Correlative to the words אָן and אֵי.

אַיִן

adv. / adjective • Strongs_Numbers • Page 115

II. A word of negation; primitive meaning sometimes an adverb (not, non), sometimes an adjective (none).

אַיִן

substantive / adv. • Strongs_Numbers • Page 116

Nothing, not, there is not; negation of existence. (Absolute state)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵין

substantive / adv. of negation • Root אין • Page 45

Properly a substantive meaning nothingness, defect, or non-existence. Used as an adverb of negation: 1. not, including the verb 'to be' (Gen. 37:29, Num. 14:42). 2. Used to signify 'to not be' or 'not to exist' (1 Sam. 9:4, 1 K. 18:10). 3. nothing (Ps. 19:7). 4. without (Ex. 21:11, Joel 1:6). 5. Combined with prepositions (Prov. 8:24, Ezek. 38:11).

אֵין

adv. of interr. • Root אי • Page 45

Where? Equivalent to אֵי or אַי with paragogic ן. Found only with the prefix מִ, as in מֵאַיִן meaning 'whence?' (Gen. 29:4).

אֵין

adverb • Page 45

Found only in 1 Sam. 21:9. Equivalent to the negative אֵין, but used interrogatively for הַאֵין meaning 'is there not?'.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H369

II. אַיִּין noun masculine — nought, nothing.

Cognates:

• Moabite אנ
• Assyrian iânu

— אַיִּין absolute Isaiah 40:23; construct אַיִן Isaiah 40:17 +.

1. As a Substantive

• Nothing, nought:
  • Isaiah 40:23 הַנּוֹתֵן רוֹזְנִים לְאַיִן who bringeth princes to nothing;
  • Isaiah 40:17 כְּאַיִן as nothing;
  • Isaiah 41:11, 12;
  • Haggai 2:3;
  • Psalm 39:6;
  • Psalm 73:2 (almost כִּמְעַט);
  • Isaiah 41:24 מֵאַיִן of nothing.

2. As a Particle of Negation

Construct אַיִן, very frequently as particle of negation, is not, are not, was not, were not, etc. (corresponding to the affirmative יֵשׁ quod vide. Similar in usage, though not etymology akin, are Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, לֹא, Arabic لَيْسَ, Ethiopic ሀሁሂ, properly 'there is nought of ...' followed by a substantive or a pronominal suffix (אֵינֶנִּי [verbal form, Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar¹ §100,5; §152,1c], אֵינְךָ, אֵינֶךְ, אֵינֶנּוּ, אֵינֶנָּה, אֵינְכֶם, אֵינָם, also Psalm 59:14 אֵינֵימוֹ, Psalm 73:5 אֵינֵימוֹ): twice abnormally, in late Hebrew, a noun אֵין אֲנִי, אֵין אֲנַחְנוּ Nehemiah 4:17 (so sometimes לֹא, Old Persian 𐎧𐎡𐎥, Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik² p. 295); once, incorrectly, אֵת Haggai 2:17).

• a. Denying existence absolutely:
  • Isaiah 44:6;
  • Isaiah 47:10 אֵין רֹאָנִי there is none that seeth me, literally nought of one seeing me!
  • אֵין עוֹד there is none else Deuteronomy 4:39; 1 Kings 8:60; Isaiah 45:5, 6, 18, 22.
• b. More commonly, in a limited sense, there is none here or at hand:
  • Exodus 2:12 and he saw כִּי אֵין אִישׁ that there was no man (that is, there);
  • Numbers 21:5;
  • Genesis 5:24 וְאֵינֶנּוּ and he was not (of Enoch's disappearance from earth);
  • Genesis 42:13 one (casus pendens as often), he is not;
  • Genesis 42:36;
  • Often = is (or has) vanished Genesis 37:30; 1 Kings 20:40; Isaiah 17:14; Psalm 37:10; Psalm 103:16; Job 8:22; Job 24:24; Job 27:19.
• c. With the sense determined by a predicate following:
  • Genesis 37:29 Joseph was not in the pit;
  • Genesis 41:39 + often;
  • Exodus 5:10 אֵינֶנִּי נֹתֵן לָכֶם תֶּבֶן I am not giving you straw;
  • And so often with participle where duration has to be expressed Genesis 39:23; Deuteronomy 21:18; Isaiah 1:15; Jeremiah 7:16, or intention Genesis 20:7 אֵינְךָ מְשִׁיב דַּע אִם if thou art not restoring her, know;
  • Genesis 43:5; Exodus 8:17; Exodus 33:15 (idiomatically, after אִם; see Driver³ §137);
  • Judges 12:3.
  • Following once pleonastic by יֵשׁ Psalm 135:17.

  Treated as a mere particle of negation, אֵין may vary its position in the sentence, the substantive which should strictly stand in the genitive being not only separated from it by a little word, as בּוֹ Genesis 37:24, לוֹ Exodus 22:1, שָׁם Exodus 12:30, גַּם Psalm 14:3, etc., but even for emphasis prefixed to it, as Genesis 19:31; Genesis 40:8 וּפֹתֵר אֵין אֹתוֹ; Genesis 41:15; Exodus 5:16; Judges 13:9; Judges 14:6; Judges 16:15; Judges 19:1 (so Michaelis 24): if however it be thus brought to the end of a sentence, or be disconnected with what follows, it stands in the absolute form, as Genesis 2:5 וְאָדָם אַיִּין לַעֲבֹד אֶת הָאֲדָמָה and man there was none to till the ground; Leviticus 26:37 וְרֹדֵף אָבִין; Numbers 20:5; 2 Kings 19:3; Hosea 13:4; Micah 7:2.

• d. Sometimes the subject has to be supplied from the context:
  • (α) 1 Samuel 9:4 and they passed through the land of Shaalim וָאַיִּין and they (the asses) were not (literally and nought!), especially after verbs of waiting or seeking Isaiah 59:11; Psalm 69:21; Job 3:9; Isaiah 41:17; Ezekiel 7:25; Proverbs 14:6; Proverbs 13:4; Proverbs 20:4.
  • (β) Exodus 17:7 is יְהוָה in the midst of us אִם אַיִּין or not?
  • (γ) Numbers 13:20; Judges 4:20 וְאָמַרְתְּ אַיִּין then thou shalt say, There is not; 1 Kings 18:10; 1 Samuel 10:14.
  • (δ) Genesis 30:1 give me children, וְאִם אַיִּין and if not, I die; Exodus 32:32; Judges 9:15, 20; 2 Samuel 17:6 (see Driver); 2 Kings 2:10; Job 33:33.
• e. With subject not expressed, once (late), Daniel 8:5 וְאֵין נֹגֵעַ בָּאָרֶץ and (it) was not touching the earth.
• Feminine once, Job 35:15 with the finite verb; but read here כִּי אֵין מֹקֵד (the usage of Syriac, cited by Delitzsch, does not justify the anomaly in Hebrew); Jeremiah 38:5 the imperfect may be due to the fact that no participle of יָכֹל was in use, and a relation must be tacitly supplied: 'The king is not (one that) can do aught against you.' On Exodus 3:2 see Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §52,2 R. 6; Ewald §169d.

3. With לְ, There is (Was) Not to ... = ... Have, Has, Had, etc. Not

• Genesis 11:30 אֵין לָהּ וָלָד she had no child;
• Numbers 27:9 וְאִם אֵין לוֹ בַּת and if he have no daughter + often;
• With a participle Deuteronomy 22:27; Jeremiah 14:16; Jeremiah 30:17; Jeremiah 49:5; Jeremiah 50:32; Psalm 142:5; Lamentations 1:2, 9, 17;
• Exodus 22:2 אִם אֵין לוֹ if he have nought;
• Daniel 9:26 וְאֵין לוֹ and have nought (or none).

4. In Circumstantial Clauses (Driver §164)

• (a) Exodus 21:11 she shall go out free אֵין כָּסֶף without money; Exodus 22:9 אֵין רֹאֵה none seeing it; Numbers 11:6; Isaiah 47:1; Jeremiah 2:32; Hosea 3:4; Hosea 7:11; Psalm 32:9; Psalm 88:5 +.
• (b) Deuteronomy 32:4 a God of faithfulness וְאֵין עָוֶל and no iniquity, i.e. without iniquity; Jeremiah 5:21; Joel 1:6; Psalm 104:25.
• (c) Very often, in such phrases as וְאֵין מַחֲרִיד with none to affright Leviticus 26:6 (12 times); וְאֵין מְכַבֶּה Isaiah 1:31 and elsewhere; וְאֵין מַצִּיל Isaiah 5:29; Psalm 7:3, etc. (Driver §159).

5. With Infinitive and לְ, It is Not to ... : i.e.

• (a) Like οὐκ ἔστιν, it is not possible to ... (compare below יֵשׁ and לֹא), but hardly except in late Hebrew; 2 Chronicles 20:6 וְאֵין עִמְּךָ לְהִתְיַצֵּב it is not possible to stand (in conflict) with thee; 2 Chronicles 22:9; Ezra 9:15; Ecclesiastes 3:14; Esther 4:2. Once without לְ, Psalm 40:6 אֵין עֲרֹךְ אֵלֶיךָ οὐκ ἔστι παραβάλλειν σοι.
• (β) There is no need to ... 1 Chronicles 23:26 וְגַם לַלְּוִיִּם אֵין לָשֵׂאת for the Levites also there was no need to bear; 2 Chronicles 5:11; 2 Chronicles 35:15 (see Driver §202.1).

6. With Prefixes

• a. בְּאֵין Properly in defect of: (α) for want of, without — Proverbs 5:23 He will die בְּאֵין מוּסָר for lack of instruction; Proverbs 11:14 בְּאֵין תַּחְבֻּלוֹת without guidance; Proverbs 14:4; Proverbs 15:22; Proverbs 26:20; Proverbs 29:18; Isaiah 57:1; Ezekiel 38:11; compare בְּלֹא. (β) of time = when there was (were) not Proverbs 8:24 (twice in verse).
• b. כְּאֵין Isaiah 59:10 כְּאֵין עֵינַיִם in poetry for כַּאֲשֶׁר אֵין לוֹ עֵינַיִם (compare Ewald §286g; Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §152.1h).
• c. לְאֵין (α) for לַאֲשֶׁר אֵין לוֹ Isaiah 40:29; in late prose 2 Chronicles 14:10; Nehemiah 8:10. (β) in the condition of not ... (לְ of state, see below לְ) = without or so that not ... (peculiar to Chronicles), 1 Chronicles 22:4 cedar trees לְאֵין מִסְפָּר without number; 2 Chronicles 14:12 and there fell of the Cushites לְאֵין לָהֶם מִחְיָה so that they had none remaining alive; 2 Chronicles 20:25 לְאֵין מַשָּׂא so that there was no carrying away; 2 Chronicles 21:18; Ezra 9:14. (γ) עַד לְאֵין (see עַד לְ), 2 Chronicles 36:16 until there was no remedy (compare עַד אֵין — Psalm 40:13; Job 5:9).
• d. מֵאֵין (a) (מִן causal) from lack of ... Isaiah 50:2; Jeremiah 7:32; Jeremiah 19:11. (β) (מִן negative, see מִן) properly away from there being no ... (with אֵין pleonastic, compare מִבְּלִי, and מִבְּלִי אֵין), i.e. so that not ..., without, mostly epexegetical of some term expressing desolation: Isaiah 5:9 Surely many houses shall be desolate מֵאֵין יוֹשֵׁב without inhabitant; Isaiah 6:11 מֵאֵין אָדָם; Jeremiah 32:43 מֵאֵין אָדָם וְבַהֲמָה; Jeremiah 33:10, 12; Ezekiel 33:28; Lamentations 3:49. Once followed by infinitive Malachi 2:13 so that there is no regarding more. (γ) in Jeremiah 10:6, 7 מֵאֵין כָּמוֹךָ, מֵאֵין is supposed by some to = a strengthened אֵין, even none, none at all; but it is difficult to justify this explanation logically; and it is preferable to point מֵאַיִּין כָּמוֹךָ whence is any like thee? compare Jeremiah 30:7. (So Hitzig; see Driver, Hebraica ii. 34-7.)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik, Halle, 1875.

³ S. R. Driver, Hebrew Tenses, 3rd ed., Oxford, 1892.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0369:

No stats available

מכבהס מְכַבֶּה׃ס

extinguisher

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כבה

kâbâh

Definition

to expire or (causatively) to extinguish (fire, light, anger)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to expire or (causatively) to extinguish (fire, light, anger); go (put) out, quench.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3518

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כָּבָה

verb • Root כבה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 672

To cover, conceal, veil, envelop. Metaphorically, to put out or quench fire or light. Figuratively, to quench God's wrath or a perishing enemy.

מֶרְכָּבָה

feminine noun • Root רכב • Lemma_Lookup • Page 909

A state-chariot, military chariot, or a chariot for ceremonial purposes such as the chariot of God or a chariot dedicated to the sun.

מַרְכָּבָה

noun • Root רכב • Lemma_Lookup • Page 735

Chariot, especially the divine chariot.

רִכְבָּה

noun feminine • Root רכב • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1338

A riding, perhaps a chariot (fem.).

שִׁכְבָה

noun masculine • Root שכב • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1418

Effusion, of semen; hence to impregnate a woman or beast.

שִׁכְבָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1418

A pouring out, effusion (of dew or manna).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כָּבָה

verb • Page 307

To go out, to be extinguished (spoken of fire or light) (Lev. 6:5, 1 Sam. 3:3). Metaphorically of the anger of God (2 K. 22:17). Pi. to extinguish or put out (Is. 1:31, 2 Sam. 21:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3518

I. כָּבָה (approximate number of occurrences: 24) verb — be quenched, extinguished, go out, of fire or lamp.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic כְּבָא id. of light of eyes (rare)

— כָּבוּ Perfect 3 plural Isaiah 43:17; Imperfect יִכְבֶּה 1 Samuel 3:3, Proverbs 21:18; תִּכְבֶּה 3 feminine singular Leviticus 6:5 + 10 times; Infinitive construct כְּבוֹתְךָ Ezekiel 32:7 (versions^{1, 2, 3} and Co⁴; Masoretic Text⁵ has Pi'el).

1. Qal: be quenched, extinguished

a. Literal usage of fire or lamp

• (with negative) Of lamp (נֵר אֱלֹהִים) in sanctuary 1 Samuel 3:3
• (with negative) Of altar-fire Leviticus 6:5, 6
• Of נֵרָהּ Proverbs 31:18
• Of bodies of renegade Israelites Isaiah 66:24 (compare גֵּיא בֶן־הִנֹּם)

b. Figurative usage

• Subject אֵשׁ figurative of contention Proverbs 26:20
• Subject fire kindled by Yahweh Ezekiel 21:3–4
• Subject wrath (חֵמָה) of Yahweh 2 Kings 22:17; 2 Chronicles 34:25; Jeremiah 7:20
• Wrath under figure of fire (אֵשׁ) Jeremiah 17:27
• Of burning land of Edom Isaiah 34:10
• Of annihilation of Yahweh's enemies Isaiah 43:17 (+ כַּמִּשְׁתָּה; "" דָּעַךְ), compare Pharaoh Ezekiel 32:7

2. Pi'el: quench, extinguish

figurative except 2 Chronicles 29:7 (of extinguishing lamps, נֵרוֺת, in temple).

• Perfect וְכִבּוּ consecutive 2 Samuel 14:7
• Imperfect 3 masculine singular suffix יְכַבֶּנָּה Isaiah 42:3; 2 masculine singular תְּכַבֶּה 2 Samuel 21:17; וַיְכַבּוּ 2 Chronicles 29:7
• Infinitive כַּבּוֺת Song of Solomon 8:7; also Masoretic Text⁵ כַּבּוֺתְךָ Ezekiel 32:7
• Participle מְכַבֶּה Isaiah 1:31 + 3 times

Specific applications:

• Followed by נֵר יִשְׂרָאֵל (figurative for life of David) 2 Samuel 21:17
• Followed by גַּחַלְתִּי (coal = family-hope) 2 Samuel 14:7 (of killing widow's only son)
• Followed by מִּשְׁתָּה כֵהָה Isaiah 42:3 dimly-burning wick (figurative of spiritually weak)
• Implied object reference to wrath of Yahweh Amos 5:6; Jeremiah 4:4; Jeremiah 21:12; to people and idols Isaiah 1:31
• Followed by love אַהֲבָה Song of Solomon 8:7 (subject מַיִם רַבִּים)

¹ Septuagint (LXX).

² Syriac Peshitta.

³ Latin Vulgate.

⁴ C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

⁵ Masoretic Text (MT).

Verb Piel participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: σβεσθήσεται σβέσων

LXX Usage Statistics

H3518:

σβεσθήσεται 7× (36.9%)

σβέσων 3× (13.5%)

RBT Translation:

and he has become the Powerful one girl/maiden and his work to a spark and they are burning the both of themselves in union and there is not extinguisher

RBT Paraphrase:
And he has become the Protector for the young maiden,⁹ and the work of himself into a spark, and the both of themselves are igniting in union, and no one is extinguishing."

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And the strong was for tow, and his work for a spark, and they two were burnt together, and none quenching.

LITV Translation:
And the strong shall be for tow, and his work for a spark; and they shall burn both together; and no one shall quench them .

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And their strength shall be as a thread of tow, and their works as sparks, and the transgressors and the sinners shall be burned up together, and there shall be none to quench them.

Footnotes

Isa. 1:31

Isa. 1:31

Strongs #5296 נערת has been rendered tinder, tow, etc. The tone of the verse was thought to be a negative one. The construct is from the verb נער naar which means "shaken off" and from which we get boy/lad #5288 and נערה young woman/maiden #5291.