Exodus 1:5

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויהי וַיְהִ֗י

and he is being

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

כל כָּל־

all

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כל

kôl

Definition

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

Root

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from H3634 (כלל);

Exhaustive

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from כלל; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense); (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3605

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּל

noun / masculine • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 695

Properly 'all, whole, totality'. 1. Used adjectivally to mean 'all' or 'the whole of', as in 'all the earth'. 2. Describes a plurality of individual persons or things, translated as 'all'.

כֹּל

substantive / adverb • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 696

A substantive meaning all, the whole, every, any. When used with a negative, it means none at all. It can also function as an adverb meaning wholly or altogether.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּל

chald. • Page 316

Same as Hebrew (all, every). Often appears with Makkeph as -כֹּל. References: Dan. 2:40, 4:9, 18, 25.

כֹּל

m. verbal • Root כלל • Page 315

A substantive meaning 'all', 'the whole', or 'totality'. Frequently used as an adjective (Jer. 33:8). 1. all. 2. every one.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3605

I. כֹּל (approximate number of occurrences: 5415) noun masculine — the whole, all (once כּוֹל Jeremiah 33:8 Kt.).

Cognates:

• Moabite, Phoenician id.
• Aramaic כּוּל, כֹּל
• Arabic كل
• Sabean כל (compare DHM¹)
• Ethiopic ኩሉ
• Assyrian kullatu

— כֹּל absolute; construct כֹּל Genesis 2:5, Genesis 2:16, Genesis 2:20; כֹּל־ Psalm 138:2; more usually כָּל־ (with makkaph: without it, Psalm 35:10; Proverbs 19:7; Kö²); suffix 2 masculine singular in pause כֻּלָּךְ Micah 2:12; 2 feminine singular כֻּלֵּךְ Isaiah 14:29, Isaiah 14:31, כֻּלָּךְ Isaiah 22:1; Song of Solomon 4:7; 3 masculine singular כֻּלֹּה 2 Samuel 2:9 (Dr³) + 17 times, כֻּלּוֹ Genesis 25:25 + 16 times; 3 feminine singular כֻּלָּהּ Genesis 13:10 + 15 times, כֻּלָּא Ezekiel 36:5; 1 plural כֻּלָּנוּ (16 times); 2 plural כֻּלְּכֶם (18 times); 3 masculine plural כֻּלָּם (often), כּוּלָּם Jeremiah 31:34, כֻּלָּ֑הַם 2 Samuel 23:6 (and Jeremiah 15:10 כֻּלְּהֶם); 3 feminine plural כֻּלָּ֫נָה Genesis 42:36; Proverbs 31:29; כֻּלָּֽהְנָה 1 Kings 7:37.

1. With following Genitive

a. The whole of, all, every

• Genesis 2:2 כָּל־צְבָאָם (the whole of their host)
• Genesis 2:13 כָּל־אֶרֶץ כּוּשׁ (the whole of the land of Kush)
• כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה (the whole of the night)
• כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל (the whole of Israel)
• Deuteronomy 4:29 בְּכָל־לְבָֽבְךָ (with all thy heart)
• With plural nouns: Genesis 5:5 כל־ימי אדם (all the days of Adam); Genesis 37:35 כל־בניו (all his sons); Isaiah 2:2 כל־הגוים (all the nations); Genesis 43:9 כל הימים (continually)
• In poetry, noun may be undetermined: כָּל־יָדַיִם (every hand) Isaiah 13:7; Jeremiah 48:37; Ezekiel 21:12; כל־פנים (every face) Isaiah 25:8

b. Followed by singular, understood collectively

• Genesis 1:21 את כל נפשׁ החיה (every living soul)
• Genesis 2:9 כל עץ נחמד (every kind of tree)
• Genesis 6:12 כָּל־בָּשָׂר (all flesh)
• Numbers 12:3; Judges 16:17 כל האדם (the whole of mankind)
• Exodus 1:22 כל־הבן (all the sons)
• In late Hebrew: בְּכָל־דּוֹר וָדוֹר Psalm 45:18; Esther 9:28; בכל־עיר ועיר 2 Chronicles 11:12

c. Genitive as a relative sentence

• Introduced by אשׁר: Genesis 1:31 את כל אשׁר עשׂה (all that he had made); Joshua 1:7 בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵךְ (wheresoever thou goest)
• Rarely with ellipse of relative: Genesis 39:4 וְכָל־יֶשׁ־לוֹ; Psalm 71:18 לְכָל־יָבוֹא

d. Idiomatic use with suffixes

• Placing suffix after the word qualified: 2 Samuel 2:9 יִשְׂרָאֵל כֻּלֹּה (Israel, all of it); Isaiah 14:29 פלשׁת כלך (Philistia, all of thee!)
• Suffix of 3ms used for the mass: Exodus 14:7 עַל־כֻּלּוֹ (upon all of them); Psalm 29:9 כֻּלּוֹ אֹמֵר כָּבוֹד (every one says, Glory!)

e. Affirming or denying of an entire class (any/none)

• Comparative: Genesis 3:1 מכל חית השׂדה (than any beast of the field)
• With negative (none): Exodus 12:16 כל־מלאכה לא יעשׂה (no work shall be done); Psalm 143:2 כי לא־יצדק לפניך כל־חי (for no living thing is righteous before thee)

f. Anomalous gender

feminine very anomalously, severed from its Genitive: 2 Samuel 1:9 כִּי־כָל־עוֹד נַפְשִׁי בִי; Job 27:3; Hosea 14:3 כָּל־תִּשָּׂא עָוֺן.

2. Absolutely

a. Without the article (all things, all)

• Genesis 9:3 את כֹּל; Genesis 16:12 וְיַד כֹּל בּוֹ; Numbers 11:6 אֵין כֹּל (there is nothing)
• Isaiah 44:24 עשֶֹׁה כֹּל (maker of all things); Proverbs 16:4
• As Comprehensive Genitive: Ezekiel 44:30 כָּל־בִּכּוּרֵי כֹל

b. With article (הַכֹּל)

• Referring to things just mentioned: Exodus 29:24 ושׂמת הַכֹּל; Leviticus 1:9; 1 Samuel 30:19 הַכֹּל השׁיב דוד
• In wider sense (the universe, to pan): Jeremiah 10:16 כי יוצר הַכֹּל הוא; Psalm 103:19
• In Ecclesiastes (often): Ecclesiastes 1:2; Ecclesiastes 12:8 הַכֹּל הֶבֶל

Aramaic

I. כֹּל, כָּל־ noun masculine the whole, all (Biblical Hebrew כֹּל).

1. The whole of, all
   • כֹּל חַכִּימֵי בָבֶל Daniel 2:12
   • כל־מלכותא Daniel 6:4
   • suffix 3 masculine plural כָּלְּהוֹן Daniel 2:38; Daniel 7:19
2. With a singular noun, understood collectively (every, any, none)
   • Daniel 3:29 דִּי כָל־עַם (that every people)
   • Daniel 6:8 מִן־כָּל־אֱלָה (of any god)
   • Daniel 2:10 כל־מלך... לא (no king)
   • כָּל־דִּי (whoever/whatever) Daniel 6:8; Ezra 7:23
3. Emphatic כֹּלָּא (absolutely, all things)
   • Daniel 2:40 חָשֵׁל כֹּלָּא (crushing all things)
   • Daniel 4:9, Daniel 4:18 וּמָזוֹן לְכֹלָּא־בֵהּ
   • Daniel 4:25 כֹּלָּא מְטָא (all came upon...)

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

² Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πάντα πᾶσ πάντεσ πᾶν πάντασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3605:

πάντα 921× (17.0%)

πᾶσ 451× (8.4%)

πάντεσ 441× (8.4%)

πᾶν 351× (6.5%)

πάντασ 297× (5.6%)

πᾶσαν 267× (4.9%)

πάντων 242× (4.4%)

πάσασ 230× (4.4%)

--- 227× (4.5%)

πᾶσα 214× (4.0%)

נפש נֶפֶשׁ

soul

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נפש

nephesh

Definition

properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)

Root

from H5314 (נפש);

Exhaustive

from נפש; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental); any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, [idiom] dead(-ly), desire, [idiom] (dis-) contented, [idiom] fish, ghost, [phrase] greedy, he, heart(-y), (hath, [idiom] jeopardy of) life ([idiom] in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thy-) self, them (your) -selves, [phrase] slay, soul, [phrase] tablet, they, thing, ([idiom] she) will, [idiom] would have it.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5315

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

noun / feminine • Root נפש • Strongs / High • Page 982

A breath, respiration. 1. Breath of life, vital power, life, the animal life. 2. The soul or spirit, which gives life and has needs and feelings. 3. A living being, a creature, an individual, a person, a slave, a corpse. 4. Self, used reflexively. Also used to denote the seat of affections like love, joy, fear, piety, courage, and as the seat of various states like lamentation, hunger, thirst, etc.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

com. gen. but more frequently fem. • Root נפש • Page 451

1. breath (Job 41:13); 2. life, the vital principle in animal bodies, anima (Gen. 35:18, 1 K. 17:21); 3. a living being, particularly spoken of men and sometimes slaves (Josh. 10:28, Gen. 1:20, 12:5); 4. the soul, spirit, as the seat of the volitions and affections (Deut. 26:16, Cant. 1:7); 5. desire, including the desire of eating or hunger (Gen. 23:8, Prov. 6:30, 13:4); 6. scent, fragrancy, odour (Is. 3:20).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5315

I. נֶ֫פֶשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 756) noun feminine (so even Genesis 2:19; Numbers 31:28; 1 Kings 19:2; see Albr¹) — soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Sirach 3:18; 4:1, 2; 13:12; 14:11).

— נֶ֫פֶשׁ Genesis 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Genesis 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Genesis 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֹת Ezekiel 13:18 (13 times); נְפָשֹׁת Exodus 12:4; Leviticus 27:2; construct נַפְשׁוֹת Genesis 36:6 (4 times); נַפְשֹׁת Leviticus 21:11; נְפָשִׁים Ezekiel 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים); suffix נַפְשׁוֹתָם 2 Samuel 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Numbers 17:3 +.

1. The soul, the inner being of man

That which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:

a. Distinguished from flesh

• מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Isaiah 10:18
• הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Deuteronomy 12:23
• From שְׁאֵר Proverbs 11:17
• From בֶּטֶן body Psalm 31:10

b. Conceived as resting on a common substratum with the flesh

• Job 14:22 (אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃)
• Psalm 42:5, 7
• Psalm 131:2; Job 30:16; Lamentations 3:20

c. Departs at death and returns with life

• Genesis 35:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 15:9 (נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ)
• 1 Kings 17:21–22; Job 11:20; Job 31:39

d. Often desired that the soul may be delivered

• From Sh®°ôl: Psalm 16:10; Psalm 30:4; Psalm 49:16; Psalm 86:13; Psalm 89:49; Proverbs 23:14
• From שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl: Isaiah 38:17; Job 33:18, 22, 28, 30

2. The living being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into its בשׂר:

• Of man: Genesis 2:7 (Yahwist Source)
• Of animals: Genesis 2:19 (Yahwist Source); Psalm 104:29–30
• Man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being: Genesis 2:7
• Elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה of animals: Genesis 1:20, 24, 30; Genesis 9:12, 15, 16 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 47:9
• With verb חיה: Genesis 12:13; Genesis 19:20; 1 Kings 20:32; Psalm 119:175
• In oaths: חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26; 1 Samuel 17:55; 2 Kings 2:2

3. Life itself

a. Life resides in the blood

• Deuteronomy 12:23 (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ)
• Leviticus 17:10–14 (Holiness Code); Genesis 9:4 (Priests' Code)

b. Serious attack upon life is an attack upon this inner living being

• 2 Samuel 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10; Jonah 2:6; Psalm 69:2

c. Used for life itself (171 times)

• נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life: Exodus 21:23; Leviticus 24:18; 1 Kings 20:39
• שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's hand: Judges 12:3; 1 Samuel 19:5; Job 13:14
• בקּשׁ נפשׁ seek the life: Exodus 4:19; 1 Samuel 20:21; Jeremiah 4:30
• הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death: Joshua 2:13; Psalm 33:19
• פדה נפשׁ redeem the life: 2 Samuel 4:9; Psalm 34:23

4. The man himself (as the essential of man)

a. Paraphrase for personal pronoun (70 times)

• נַפְשִׁי = me: Genesis 49:6; Numbers 23:10
• נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 51:23
• נַפְשׁוֺ = he: Psalm 25:13
• נַפְשָׁם = they: Isaiah 46:2

b. Reflexive, self (53 times)

• לא אדע נפשׁי I know not myself: Job 9:21
• אהב כנפשׁו loved as himself: 1 Samuel 18:1, 3
• ענּה נ afflict oneself (fast): Leviticus 16:29; Numbers 29:7

c. Person, individual (144 times)

• נפשׁ אדם human person: Leviticus 24:17; Numbers 31:35
• נפשׁ = any one: Deuteronomy 24:7; Leviticus 2:1; Ezekiel 18:4
• נפשׁ (ה)מֵת deceased person: Numbers 6:6; Leviticus 21:11; Haggai 2:13

5. Seat of the appetites (46 times)

a. Hunger

• נפשׁ רְעֵבָה hungry soul: Psalm 107:9; Proverbs 27:7
• Satisfying hunger: Isaiah 58:10; Proverbs 13:25

b. Thirst

• נפשׁ עֲיֵפָה weary/thirsty soul: Proverbs 25:25; Jeremiah 31:25
• צמאה נ soul thirsts: Psalm 42:3; Psalm 63:2

c. Appetite in general

• Isaiah 5:14; Habakkuk 2:5
• In Ecclesiastes (craves, lacks): Ecclesiastes 2:24; Ecclesiastes 6:2, 7

6. Seat of emotions and passions (151 times)

a. Desire

• אִוְּתָה נ soul desires: Deuteronomy 12:20; 1 Samuel 2:16
• נשׂא נ lift up the soul (long for): Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; Hosea 4:8

b. Abhorrence and loathing

• געלה נ soul abhorreth: Leviticus 26:11; Jeremiah 14:19

c. Sorrow and distress

• מרי נ bitter of soul: Judges 18:25; Job 3:20
• צרת נ distress of soul: Genesis 42:21

d. Joy

• Psalm 35:9; Isaiah 61:10; Psalm 86:4

e. Love

• Song of Solomon 1:7; Genesis 34:3; Psalm 63:9

f. Alienation, hatred, revenge

• Jeremiah 6:8; 2 Samuel 5:8; Psalm 11:5

g. Other feelings (revival, patience)

• השׁיב נ bring back (revive) soul: Lamentations 1:11; Psalm 19:8
• קצרה נ soul was impatient: Numbers 21:4; Judges 10:16

7. Mental acts

Used with לבב or occasionally alone for knowing, thinking, reckoning:

• Psalm 139:14; Proverbs 19:2; Esther 4:13; Proverbs 23:7

8. Acts of the will

Purpose or choosing:

• אם ישׁ את־נפשׁכם if it is your purpose: Genesis 23:8; 2 Kings 9:15
• בחרה נ soul chooseth: Job 7:15

9. Character

Moral state of the inner being:

• Habakkuk 2:4; Ezekiel 4:14

10. Usage with לבב in Deuteronomy and later writers

Assimilated to the heart as seat of intellect and will:

• בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ: Deuteronomy 4:29; 6:5; 10:12; 1 Kings 8:48; Jeremiah 32:41

¹ Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter", Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 16 (1896), 42.

² Julius Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iii. 217.

³ Georg Jacob, Altarabische Parallelen zum Alten Testament (1897).

⁴ Charles A. Briggs, "The Use of Nefesh in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 16 (1897), 17 ff.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ψυχή ψυχήν ψυχὴν ψυχὴ ψυχῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5315:

ψυχή 126× (15.5%)

ψυχήν 119× (14.6%)

ψυχὴν 89× (11.4%)

ψυχὴ 88× (10.9%)

ψυχῆσ 82× (10.3%)

ψυχῇ 55× (6.9%)

ψυχὰσ 38× (4.8%)

ψυχαὶ 21× (2.8%)

ψυχαῖσ 17× (2.1%)

'' 15× (1.9%)

יצאי יֹצְאֵי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יצא

yâtsâʼ

Definition

to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct and proxim.

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct and proxim.; [idiom] after, appear, [idiom] assuredly, bear out, [idiom] begotten, break out, bring forth (out, up), carry out, come (abroad, out, thereat, without), [phrase] be condemned, depart(-ing, -ure), draw forth, in the end, escape, exact, fail, fall (out), fetch forth (out), get away (forth, hence, out), (able to, cause to, let) go abroad (forth, on, out), going out, grow, have forth (out), issue out, lay (lie) out, lead out, pluck out, proceed, pull out, put away, be risen, [idiom] scarce, send with commandment, shoot forth, spread, spring out, stand out, [idiom] still, [idiom] surely, take forth (out), at any time, [idiom] to (and fro), utter.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3318

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָצָא

verb • Root יצא • Strongs / High • Page 631

intransitive verb, 1. expressing self-activity, to go out, to go forth.

יָצָא

verb • Root יצא • Strongs / High • Page 632

To go out, go forth, come out, proceed. It has a wide range of applications including to walk, to go to war, to travel, to be freed, to be born, to sprout, to arise, to appear, to escape, to be published or issued.

יָצָא

verb • Root יצא • Strongs / High • Page 929

A root that interchanges with נָצָה, showing y/n interchange.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָצָא

verb • Page 292

To go out, to go forth. Gen. 44:4, Amos 4:3. Special meanings: (1) to arise (sun/stars) Gen. 19:23; (2) to spring up (plants) Job 5:6; (3) to be begotten or descended from Gen. 17:6; (4) to expire, be finished (time) Ex. 23:16; (5) to become free Ex. 21:2; (6) to be laid out or expended (money) 2 K. 12:13; (7) to escape Ecc. 7:18.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3318

I. יָצָא (approximate number of occurrences: 1068) verb — go or come out.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Aramaic יְעָא
• Ethiopic ወጽአ
• Assyrian âṣû¹
• Syriac יעא
• Phoenician יצא
• Sabean וצַא³
• Arabic وضأ²

— Perfect יָצָא Genesis 10:11 (92 times); 3 feminine singular יָָֽצְאָה Numbers 16:35 (13 times); יָצָ֑אָה Isaiah 28:29; 2 masculine singular יָצָאתָ Genesis 24:5 (7 times); 2 feminine singular וְיָצָאת Jeremiah 31:4; 2 masculine plural יְצָאתֶם Exodus 13:3, Deuteronomy 11:10; וִיצָאתֶם Judges 21:21, Malachi 3:20; 3 plural suffix יְצָאֻנִי Jeremiah 10:20; Imperfect יֵצֵא Genesis 15:4 (64 times); וַיֵּצֵא Genesis 4:16 (132 times); 3 feminine singular תֵּצֵא Exodus 21:7 (22 times); וַתֵּצֵא Genesis 30:16 (14 times); Imperative צֵא Genesis 8:16 (15 times); feminine singular צְאִי Song of Solomon 1:8; masculine plural צֵאוּ Genesis 19:14 (11 times); Infinitive absolute יָצוֺא Genesis 8:7; construct צֵאת Genesis 24:11 (31 times); Participle יֹצֵא (יוֺצֵא) Genesis 2:10 (62 times).

1. Qal: Go or come out or forth

a. From a place

• From a tent Genesis 31:33 (Elohist Source)
• From a house 2 Samuel 11:8; Joshua 2:19 (Jahwist-Elohist Source)
• From a city Genesis 19:14 (Jahwist Source); Genesis 12:4 (Priests' Code)
• From Egypt (the Exodus) Exodus 12:41 (Jahwist Source); Deuteronomy 4:45–46 (Deuteronomic Source)

b. From the presence of a person

• Exodus 8:26 (+ מֵעִם)
• Genesis 4:16 (Jahwist Source; + מִלִּפְנֵי)
• Job 1:12 (+ מֵעִם מְּנֵי)

c. In technical senses

• Of emancipation Exodus 21:2 (Jahwist-Elohist Source)
• Of the Jubilee release Leviticus 25:28 (Holiness Code)
• Of divorce Deuteronomy 24:2

d. Of flight, involving escape

• Genesis 39:12 (Jahwist Source; + הַחוּ֫צָה)
• Ecclesiastes 7:18 figurative

e. Of departure and expiration

• At death Genesis 35:18 (בְּצֵאת נַפְשָׁהּ)
• Failing of heart Genesis 42:28 (Elohist Source)
• End of the year Exodus 23:16 (Jahwist-Elohist Source)

f. Of inanimate things

• River from Eden Genesis 2:10 (Jahwist Source)
• Water from rock Exodus 17:6 (Elohist Source)
• Sunrise Judges 5:31; Genesis 19:23
• A lot proceeding Joshua 16:1 (Jahwist-Elohist Source); Numbers 33:54 (Priests' Code)

g. With emphasis on origin or source

• Providential arrangement Genesis 24:50 (Jahwist Source)
• Words from the mouth Numbers 30:3 (Priests' Code); Isaiah 55:11

h. Of children and birth

• From the loins 2 Samuel 7:12; Genesis 35:11 (Priests' Code)
• From the womb Numbers 12:12 (Jahwist-Elohist Source); Jeremiah 1:5

2. Movement and Purpose

a. Go forth to a place: Genesis 27:3 (Jahwist Source).

b. Purpose/Result: Army marching out 1 Samuel 17:20; God going before people Judges 4:14; Psalm 68:8.

3. Combinations

יצא ובא — to go out and come in (active undertakings): Numbers 27:17; Deuteronomy 31:2; Joshua 14:11.

Hiphil: Cause to go or come out, lead out

1. Of persons and animals

• Bringing out of Egypt Exodus 3:10 (Elohist Source); Exodus 20:2 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 5:6 (Deuteronomic Source); Exodus 6:6 (Priests' Code).
• Leading an army 2 Samuel 10:16.
• Putting away wives Ezra 10:3.
• Animals from the ark Genesis 8:17 (Priests' Code).

2. Figurative deliverance

• From distress Psalm 25:17; Psalm 142:8.

3. Inanimate objects

• Carry out vessels 2 Kings 24:13; Ezra 1:7.
• Produce or generate Genesis 1:12 (Priests' Code); Isaiah 61:11.
• Speak or publish report Numbers 13:32; Deuteronomy 22:14.

Hophal: Be brought forth

• Genesis 38:25 (Jahwist Source) Participle feminine singular מוּצֵאת.
• Jeremiah 38:22 plural מוּצָאוֺת.

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896).

² Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG).

³ Mühlau & Volck, Gesenius' Handwörterbuch (MV).

⁴ SI: Siloam Inscription.

Verb Qal participle active masculine plural construct

LXX: ἐξῆλθεν ἐξελεύσεται ἐξῆλθον ἐξήγαγεν ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H3318:

ἐξῆλθεν 178× (15.7%)

ἐξελεύσεται 78× (7.2%)

ἐξῆλθον 39× (3.4%)

ἐξήγαγεν 39× (3.5%)

'' 25× (2.1%)

ἐξελθεῖν 23× (1.9%)

αὐτοὺσ 23× (1.6%)

ἐξελεύσονται 22× (2.0%)

ἐκπορευόμενοσ 21× (1.7%)

ἐξήγαγον 19× (1.7%)

ירך יֶרֶךְ־

thigh/side

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ירך

yârêk

Definition

the thigh (from its fleshy softness); by euphemistically the generative parts; figuratively, a shank, flank, side

Root

from an unused root meaning to be soft;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be soft; the thigh (from its fleshy softness); by euphemistically the generative parts; figuratively, a shank, flank, side; [idiom] body, loins, shaft, side, thigh.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3409

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָרֵךְ

noun feminine • Root ירך • Strongs / High • Page 650

the thigh, i.e. the fleshy mass which arches out at the end of the loins (מָתְנַיִם), called in animals leg, ham. Metaphorically, nates (buttocks), the flank, the lower side of something.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָרֵךְ

f. const. יֶרֶךְ • Page 298

1. Thigh, hip, loins. Gen. 24: 2. 2. Side, e.g., of the tent, altar. Ex. 40: 22. Lev. 1: 11.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3409

I. יָרֵךְ (Numbers 5:27) noun feminine — thigh, loin, side, base.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic יַרְכָּא
• Zinjirli ירך loin
• Assyrian arku, arkâtu back, rear, hereafter¹
• Arabic ورك hip

— יָרֵךְ absolute Judges 15:8 (6 times); construct יֶ֫רֶךְ Genesis 24:9 (11 times) + 2 Samuel 3:27; suffix יְרֵכִי Genesis 24:2, Genesis 47:29; יְרֵכֵךְ Numbers 5:21; יְרֵכוֹ Genesis 32:26 (6 times); יְרֵכָהּ Exodus 25:31 + 3 times; dual יְרֵכַיִם Exodus 28:42; suffix יְרֵכַיִךְ Song of Solomon 7:2.

1. Thigh

a. Outside of thigh, where sword was worn

• שִׂים חֶרֶב עַל־יְרֵכוֹ Exodus 32:27 (Elohist Source)
• וַיַחְגֹּר אֹתָהּ עַל־יֶרֶךְ יְמִינוֹ Judges 3:16 and he girded it upon his right thigh, Judges 3:21
• Psalm 45:4
• Song of Solomon 3:8
• כַּף הַיָּרֵךְ Genesis 32:33 hollow of the thigh, Genesis 32:26 (twice), Genesis 32:33 (all Jehovist Source)
• חַמּוּקֵי יְרֵכַיִךְ Song of Solomon 7:2 the roundings of thy thighs
• מִמָּתְנַיִם וְעַד־יְרֵכַיִם Exodus 28:42 (Priests' Code)
• (+ בֶּטֶן) Numbers 5:21, 22, 27 (Priests' Code)
• צֹלֵעַ עַל־יְרֵכוֹ Genesis 32:32 (Jehovist Source), limping upon his thigh
• סָפַק עַל־יָרֵךְ Jeremiah 31:19 and (+ אֶל־) Ezekiel 21:17, smite upon thigh, in token of consternation
• וַיַּךְ אוֹתָם שׁוֹק עַל־יָרֵךְ Judges 15:8 and he smote them, hip upon thigh, a great slaughter

b. Thigh = loins, as seat of procreative power

• יֹצְאֵי ירך those proceeding from the loins of any one Genesis 46:26; Exodus 1:5 (both Priests' Code), Judges 8:30
• שִׂים יַד תַּחַת ירך place the hand under thigh, in taking oath Genesis 24:2, 9 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 47:29

2. Side (flank)

• Of altar: 2 Kings 16:14; Leviticus 1:11 (Priests' Code)
• Of tabernacle: Exodus 40:22, 24; Numbers 3:29, 35 (all Priests' Code)
• יֶרֶךְ הַשַּׁעַר (for תּוֹךְ הַשּׁ׳) according to Septuagint and various scholars⁴

3. Base (loins) of candlestick

• Exodus 25:31; Exodus 37:17; Numbers 8:4 (all Priests' Code)

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl^{HWB 242}).

² W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (RS^{K. 34}).

³ W. Robertson Smith, Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (Semitic i, 360 (380)).

⁴ Septuagint (ᵐ5), Thenius (Th), Wellhausen (We), Driver (Dr), Budde (Bu), Kittel (Kit).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: μηρὸν μηρόν μηροῦ μηρῶν πλαγίων

LXX Usage Statistics

H3409:

μηρὸν 6× (16.0%)

μηρόν 5× (12.7%)

μηροῦ 5× (12.3%)

μηρῶν 4× (10.2%)

πλαγίων 3× (8.7%)

αὐτῆσ 3× (6.1%)

pἐκ 2× (5.8%)

καυλὸσ 2× (4.9%)

κλίτοσ 2× (4.9%)

יעקב יַעֲקֹב

Heel-Chaser

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יעקב

Yaʻăqôb

Definition

Jaakob, the Israelitish patriarch

Root

from H6117 (עקב); heel-catcher (i.e. supplanter);

Exhaustive

from עקב; heel-catcher (i.e. supplanter); Jaakob, the Israelitish patriarch; Jacob.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3290

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יַעֲקֹב

noun proper masculine • Root עקב • Strongs / High • Page 627

Heel-holder, cunning one, deceiver; or more correctly, successor, one born after. A proper name for the Jewish patriarch (Jacob), and by extension for the Jewish people, and the kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

יַעֲקֹב

proper name • Root עקב • Strongs / High • Page 1124

The proper name Jacob.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יַעֲקֹב

noun masculine • Page 291

holding the heel, supplanting; proper name of the second son of Isaac and progenitor of the Israelites. Gen. 25: 26; 27: 36; Hos. 12: 4. Spoken of the Israelitish people, the Israelites. Ps. 20: 2.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3290

I. יַעֲקֹב, יַעֲקוֹב (approximate number of occurrences: 349) proper name, masculine and of a people — Jacob.

Cognates:

• Greek Ιακωβ
• Egyptian Y±kb'ara
• Assyrian Ya±‡ubilu
• Palmyrene בלעקב, עתעקב

— יַעֲקוֹב Jeremiah 30:18 (5 times); יַעֲקֹב Genesis 25:26 (215 times in Hexateuch, chiefly Yahwist and Elohist Sources¹; 180 times in Genesis, once Leviticus, etc.), 34 times in Psalms, 42 times in Isaiah (27 times chapters 40–66), etc.

Son of Isaac and Rebekah, father of tribes of Israel (explanation from עָקֵב heel Genesis 25:26; Hosea 12:4; i.e. supplanter; compare with עָקַב overreach Genesis 27:36; one closely following according to Lagarde²; connection with Palestinian city called in Egyptian Y±kb'ara is obscure³; compare Meyer⁴, Jensen⁵; see also Babylonian name Ya±‡ubilu, Pinches in Hommel⁶; hence OT יַעֲקֹב perhaps originally יעקבקל or the like).

1. As proper name, masculine

• Genesis 25:26 205 times (+ אַבְרָהָם, יִצְחָק 19 times)
• בֵּית יַעֲקֹב house of Jacob, of people (see בַּיִת 5d (γ))
• בְּנֵי יַעֲקֹב sons of Jacob (see בֵּן 1j (β))
• זֶרַע יַעֲקֹב seed of Jacob (see זֶרַע 4f)
• עֵין יַעֲקֹב (see עַיִן)

2. As proper name, of a people

(c. 100 times; poetry and prophets):

• Numbers 24:5, 19
• Deuteronomy 32:9
• Psalm 44:5
• Isaiah 10:21
• Isaiah 17:4
• Jeremiah 10:25
• Jeremiah 30:7 +
• Parallel with יִשְׂרָאֵל Numbers 23:7; Deuteronomy 33:10; Isaiah 14:1; Psalm 14:7 + approx. 35 times

a. Specifically of Northern Israel

• Amos 7:2, 5
• Hosea 12:13 (+ Hosea 10:11; Hosea 12:3 probably)
• Micah 1:5 (twice in verse)
• Isaiah 9:7

b. Of Judah

• Micah 3:1, 8
• Obadiah 10
• Isaiah 65:9
• Malachi 2:12 + al. post-exilic

c. In Divine Titles

• גְּאוֺן יַעֲקֹב (see גָּאוֺן)
• אֵל יַעֲקֹב Psalm 146:5
• אֱלוֺהַּ יַעֲקֹב Psalm 114:7
• אֱלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב 2 Samuel 23:1; Isaiah 2:3 = Micah 4:2; 9 times in Psalms
• אֱלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב Psalm 24:6 (for MT יַעֲקֹב alone), so LXX, Syriac, Vulgate, and others
• קְדוֺשׁ יַעֲקֹב Isaiah 29:23 ("" אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל)
• מֶלֶךְ יַעֲקֹב Isaiah 41:21 ("" יהוה)

¹ Yahwist (J) and Elohist (E) Sources.

² Paul de Lagarde, Bildung der Nomina (BN), 1889, p. 127.

³ On יַעֲקֹב see especially S. R. Driver in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible (DB), ii. 526 ff.

⁴ Eduard Meyer, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) vi. 1 ff.

⁵ P. Jensen, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (ZA) x (1895-6), 347 ff.

⁶ Fritz Hommel, Ancient Hebrew Tradition (AHT), pp. 61, 96, 112.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: ιακωβ --- ισραηλ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H3290:

ιακωβ 333× (96.1%)

--- 4× (1.2%)

ισραηλ 4× (1.1%)

'' 4× (1.0%)

שבעים שִׁבְעִים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שבעים

shibʻîym

Definition

seventy

Root

multiple of H7651 (שבע);

Exhaustive

multiple of שבע; seventy; seventy, threescore and ten ([phrase] -teen).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7657

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שִׁבְעִים

numeral • Strongs / High • Page 1375

Seventy (used as a round number, or to express manifoldness).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שִׁבְעִים

plur. • Root שבע • Page 652

seventy, often used as a round number. Gen. 50:3, Gen. 4:24.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7657

I. שִׁבְעִים (approximate number of occurrences: 91) noun plural — seventy (irregular plural of שֶׁבַע, compare GKC¹ § 97f, R. 1; not declined; often as round number, compare Kö²).

1. Without other number

a. Before singular noun year, man, shekel, etc.

• Genesis 5:12 (and 12 times)
• Judges 9:2
• Numbers 11:25 (and 7 times)
• Numbers 7:13 (and 11 times)
• Other occurrences (5 times)

b. Before plural noun kings, sons, etc.

• Judges 1:7 (kings)
• Judges 8:30; Judges 9:24; 2 Kings 10:1 (sons)
• Judges 9:56 (brothers)
• Judges 12:14 (asses)
• Exodus 15:27; Numbers 33:9 (palms)
• Ezra 8:7, 14 (males)

c. After collective noun or plural noun

• (+ בָּקָר) 2 Chronicles 29:32
• Daniel 9:24 (weeks)

d. As predicate

• Genesis 46:27

e. Noun omitted

• Exodus 24:1, 9 (men)
• Numbers 7:85 (shekel)
• Compare Judges 9:4

2. Seventy thousand

שִׁבְעִים אֶלֶף = 70,000 2 Samuel 24:15 (and 6 times).

3. Combined with other numbers

a. Plus unit

• Judges 8:14 (+ unit + singular noun)
• Genesis 4:24 (70 and 7, noun omitted)
• Ezra 2:40 = Nehemiah 7:43
• Numbers 31:38 (2 and 70)
• Ezra 8:35 (plural noun + 70 and 7)
• Genesis 12:4 (5 years + 70 years)

b. Plus thousands

• Esther 9:16 (5 and 70 x 1000 men)
• Numbers 2:4; Numbers 3:43; Numbers 26:32
• Numbers 31:33 (2 and 70 x 1000, preceded by בָּקָר)
• 1 Samuel 6:19 (70 men, 50,000 men)
• Genesis 5:31 (770 years = 7 + 70 + 700)
• Numbers 3:46 (3, 70, 200, noun omitted)

c. Following hundreds

• Genesis 25:7 (70 years + 5 years)
• Ezra 2:3, 4 = Nehemiah 7:8, 9 (70 and 2)
• Nehemiah 11:19; Ezra 2:36; Nehemiah 7:39 (3 and 70)
• Ezra 2:5 (570)

d. In total sums

• Exodus 38:25 (1000, 700, 70, 5 shekels)
• Exodus 38:38 (noun omitted)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Edm. König in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, article "Number", p. 568a.

Adjective cardinal number masculine plural absolute

LXX: ἑβδομήκοντα δύο πέντε ἑκατὸν τέσσαρεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7657:

ἑβδομήκοντα 84× (68.0%)

δύο 7× (4.8%)

πέντε 6× (3.6%)

ἑκατὸν 5× (4.3%)

τέσσαρεσ 4× (3.2%)

τρεῖσ 3× (2.1%)

ἐννακόσιοι 2× (1.7%)

τριακόσιοι 2× (1.7%)

ἑπτά 2× (1.3%)

נפש נָפֶשׁ

soul

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נפש

nephesh

Definition

properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)

Root

from H5314 (נפש);

Exhaustive

from נפש; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental); any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, [idiom] dead(-ly), desire, [idiom] (dis-) contented, [idiom] fish, ghost, [phrase] greedy, he, heart(-y), (hath, [idiom] jeopardy of) life ([idiom] in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thy-) self, them (your) -selves, [phrase] slay, soul, [phrase] tablet, they, thing, ([idiom] she) will, [idiom] would have it.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5315

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

noun / feminine • Root נפש • Strongs / High • Page 982

A breath, respiration. 1. Breath of life, vital power, life, the animal life. 2. The soul or spirit, which gives life and has needs and feelings. 3. A living being, a creature, an individual, a person, a slave, a corpse. 4. Self, used reflexively. Also used to denote the seat of affections like love, joy, fear, piety, courage, and as the seat of various states like lamentation, hunger, thirst, etc.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

com. gen. but more frequently fem. • Root נפש • Page 451

1. breath (Job 41:13); 2. life, the vital principle in animal bodies, anima (Gen. 35:18, 1 K. 17:21); 3. a living being, particularly spoken of men and sometimes slaves (Josh. 10:28, Gen. 1:20, 12:5); 4. the soul, spirit, as the seat of the volitions and affections (Deut. 26:16, Cant. 1:7); 5. desire, including the desire of eating or hunger (Gen. 23:8, Prov. 6:30, 13:4); 6. scent, fragrancy, odour (Is. 3:20).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5315

I. נֶ֫פֶשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 756) noun feminine (so even Genesis 2:19; Numbers 31:28; 1 Kings 19:2; see Albr¹) — soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Sirach 3:18; 4:1, 2; 13:12; 14:11).

— נֶ֫פֶשׁ Genesis 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Genesis 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Genesis 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֹת Ezekiel 13:18 (13 times); נְפָשֹׁת Exodus 12:4; Leviticus 27:2; construct נַפְשׁוֹת Genesis 36:6 (4 times); נַפְשֹׁת Leviticus 21:11; נְפָשִׁים Ezekiel 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים); suffix נַפְשׁוֹתָם 2 Samuel 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Numbers 17:3 +.

1. The soul, the inner being of man

That which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:

a. Distinguished from flesh

• מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Isaiah 10:18
• הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Deuteronomy 12:23
• From שְׁאֵר Proverbs 11:17
• From בֶּטֶן body Psalm 31:10

b. Conceived as resting on a common substratum with the flesh

• Job 14:22 (אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃)
• Psalm 42:5, 7
• Psalm 131:2; Job 30:16; Lamentations 3:20

c. Departs at death and returns with life

• Genesis 35:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 15:9 (נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ)
• 1 Kings 17:21–22; Job 11:20; Job 31:39

d. Often desired that the soul may be delivered

• From Sh®°ôl: Psalm 16:10; Psalm 30:4; Psalm 49:16; Psalm 86:13; Psalm 89:49; Proverbs 23:14
• From שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl: Isaiah 38:17; Job 33:18, 22, 28, 30

2. The living being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into its בשׂר:

• Of man: Genesis 2:7 (Yahwist Source)
• Of animals: Genesis 2:19 (Yahwist Source); Psalm 104:29–30
• Man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being: Genesis 2:7
• Elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה of animals: Genesis 1:20, 24, 30; Genesis 9:12, 15, 16 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 47:9
• With verb חיה: Genesis 12:13; Genesis 19:20; 1 Kings 20:32; Psalm 119:175
• In oaths: חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26; 1 Samuel 17:55; 2 Kings 2:2

3. Life itself

a. Life resides in the blood

• Deuteronomy 12:23 (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ)
• Leviticus 17:10–14 (Holiness Code); Genesis 9:4 (Priests' Code)

b. Serious attack upon life is an attack upon this inner living being

• 2 Samuel 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10; Jonah 2:6; Psalm 69:2

c. Used for life itself (171 times)

• נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life: Exodus 21:23; Leviticus 24:18; 1 Kings 20:39
• שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's hand: Judges 12:3; 1 Samuel 19:5; Job 13:14
• בקּשׁ נפשׁ seek the life: Exodus 4:19; 1 Samuel 20:21; Jeremiah 4:30
• הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death: Joshua 2:13; Psalm 33:19
• פדה נפשׁ redeem the life: 2 Samuel 4:9; Psalm 34:23

4. The man himself (as the essential of man)

a. Paraphrase for personal pronoun (70 times)

• נַפְשִׁי = me: Genesis 49:6; Numbers 23:10
• נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 51:23
• נַפְשׁוֺ = he: Psalm 25:13
• נַפְשָׁם = they: Isaiah 46:2

b. Reflexive, self (53 times)

• לא אדע נפשׁי I know not myself: Job 9:21
• אהב כנפשׁו loved as himself: 1 Samuel 18:1, 3
• ענּה נ afflict oneself (fast): Leviticus 16:29; Numbers 29:7

c. Person, individual (144 times)

• נפשׁ אדם human person: Leviticus 24:17; Numbers 31:35
• נפשׁ = any one: Deuteronomy 24:7; Leviticus 2:1; Ezekiel 18:4
• נפשׁ (ה)מֵת deceased person: Numbers 6:6; Leviticus 21:11; Haggai 2:13

5. Seat of the appetites (46 times)

a. Hunger

• נפשׁ רְעֵבָה hungry soul: Psalm 107:9; Proverbs 27:7
• Satisfying hunger: Isaiah 58:10; Proverbs 13:25

b. Thirst

• נפשׁ עֲיֵפָה weary/thirsty soul: Proverbs 25:25; Jeremiah 31:25
• צמאה נ soul thirsts: Psalm 42:3; Psalm 63:2

c. Appetite in general

• Isaiah 5:14; Habakkuk 2:5
• In Ecclesiastes (craves, lacks): Ecclesiastes 2:24; Ecclesiastes 6:2, 7

6. Seat of emotions and passions (151 times)

a. Desire

• אִוְּתָה נ soul desires: Deuteronomy 12:20; 1 Samuel 2:16
• נשׂא נ lift up the soul (long for): Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; Hosea 4:8

b. Abhorrence and loathing

• געלה נ soul abhorreth: Leviticus 26:11; Jeremiah 14:19

c. Sorrow and distress

• מרי נ bitter of soul: Judges 18:25; Job 3:20
• צרת נ distress of soul: Genesis 42:21

d. Joy

• Psalm 35:9; Isaiah 61:10; Psalm 86:4

e. Love

• Song of Solomon 1:7; Genesis 34:3; Psalm 63:9

f. Alienation, hatred, revenge

• Jeremiah 6:8; 2 Samuel 5:8; Psalm 11:5

g. Other feelings (revival, patience)

• השׁיב נ bring back (revive) soul: Lamentations 1:11; Psalm 19:8
• קצרה נ soul was impatient: Numbers 21:4; Judges 10:16

7. Mental acts

Used with לבב or occasionally alone for knowing, thinking, reckoning:

• Psalm 139:14; Proverbs 19:2; Esther 4:13; Proverbs 23:7

8. Acts of the will

Purpose or choosing:

• אם ישׁ את־נפשׁכם if it is your purpose: Genesis 23:8; 2 Kings 9:15
• בחרה נ soul chooseth: Job 7:15

9. Character

Moral state of the inner being:

• Habakkuk 2:4; Ezekiel 4:14

10. Usage with לבב in Deuteronomy and later writers

Assimilated to the heart as seat of intellect and will:

• בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ: Deuteronomy 4:29; 6:5; 10:12; 1 Kings 8:48; Jeremiah 32:41

¹ Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter", Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 16 (1896), 42.

² Julius Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iii. 217.

³ Georg Jacob, Altarabische Parallelen zum Alten Testament (1897).

⁴ Charles A. Briggs, "The Use of Nefesh in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 16 (1897), 17 ff.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ψυχή ψυχήν ψυχὴν ψυχὴ ψυχῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5315:

ψυχή 126× (15.5%)

ψυχήν 119× (14.6%)

ψυχὴν 89× (11.4%)

ψυχὴ 88× (10.9%)

ψυχῆσ 82× (10.3%)

ψυχῇ 55× (6.9%)

ψυχὰσ 38× (4.8%)

ψυχαὶ 21× (2.8%)

ψυχαῖσ 17× (2.1%)

'' 15× (1.9%)

ויוסף וְיוֹסֵף

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יוסף

Yôwçêph

Definition

Joseph, the name of seven Israelites

Root

future of H3254 (יסף); let him add (or perhaps simply active participle adding);

Exhaustive

future of יסף; let him add (or perhaps simply active participle adding); Joseph, the name of seven Israelites; Joseph. Compare יהוסף.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3130

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹסֵף

noun proper masculine • Root יסף • Strongs / High • Page 598

Increaser, viz. Jah is; a proper name, Joseph. Also used to refer to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, the kingdom of the ten tribes, or the whole nation of Israel.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹסֵף

m. proper name • Root אסף יסף • Page 279

Joseph; the youngest son (except Benjamin) of Jacob. Refers also to the two tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh or the kingdom of the ten tribes. Josh. 17:17, Ps. 78:67.

Conjunction, Noun proper name masculine

LXX: ιωσηφ --- ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H3130:

ιωσηφ 201× (95.3%)

--- 2× (1.0%)

'' 2× (0.8%)

היה הָיָה

he has become

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

Verb Qal perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

במצרים בְמִצְרָיִם׃

within Dual Siege

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מצרים

Mitsrayim

Definition

Mitsrajim, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt

Root

dual of H4693 (מצור);

Exhaustive

dual of מצור; Mitsrajim, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt; Egypt, Egyptians, Mizraim.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4714

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִצְרַיִם

dual proper noun • Root מצר • Strongs / High • Page 897

1. A son of Ham, then the name of the race of the Egyptians descended from him; collectively the Egyptians. 2. The land of Egypt, often denoting both upper and lower Egypt. The dual form is thought to refer to the two parts of the country.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִצְרַיִם

fem. dual • Page 400

Egypt, the name of a country. Construed with a verb in the singular, Hos. 9:6. The gentile noun is מִצְרִי, plur. מִצְרִים, an Egyptian; fem. מִצְרִית an Egyptian woman.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4714

I. מִצְרַ֫יִם (approximate number of occurrences: 681) proper name, of a territory and people, feminine Exodus 10:7, masculine Exodus 12:33, masculine plural Genesis 41:55 etc. (see below 2) — Egypt, Egyptians.

Cognates:

• Phoenician מצרם
• Assyrian Miṣir(u), Muṣru, Miṣir
• Tel Amarna Miṣrî, Mašrî
• Arabic مصر Cairo, Egypt
• Minean Miṣru
• Greek Αιγυπτος

— מִצְרַ֫יִם Genesis 13:1 +; מִצְרָ֑יִם Genesis 37:36 +; מִצְרַיְמָה Genesis 12:10 (12 times); מִצְרָ֑יְמָה Genesis 12:11 (14 times); derivatives and form dubious; יִַ֯ם usually regarded as dual term (Upper and Lower Egypt? compare Di¹), but as locative ending EMey² Ba³; Jen⁴ thinks מִצְרַיִם absolute formed by analogy of מַיִם, שָׁמַיִם from Miṣrî.

1. Of land, Egypt

a. Usage

• Genesis 13:1 (approximately 500 times), in all periods, including אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם Genesis 13:10 + (approximately 220 times; feminine Genesis 47:6, 13).
• אַדְמַת מִצְרַיִם (the soil of Egypt) Genesis 47:20, 26.
• מֵימֵי מִצְרַיִם Exodus 7:19; Exodus 8:2.
• נְהַר מִצְרַיִם Genesis 15:18.
• יְאֹר מִצְרַיִם Amos 8:8; Amos 9:5.
• יְאֹרֵי מִצְרַיִם Isaiah 7:18.
• שִׁיחוֺר מִצְרַיִם 1 Chronicles 13:5.
• לְשׁוֺן יָם־מִצְרַיִם Isaiah 11:15.
• נַחַל מִצְרַיִם Joshua 15:4 + 6 times.
• Land as productive: Genesis 45:20; Genesis 49:23; compare שֵׁשׁ בְּרִקְמָה מִמִּצְרַיִם Ezekiel 27:7, אֵטוּן מִצְרַיִם Proverbs 7:16.
• Often parallel with כּוּשׁ: Isaiah 20:3–5; Isaiah 45:14; Ezekiel 30:4, 9.
• Parallel with אַשּׁוּר: Hosea 11:11; Hosea 12:1; Isaiah 7:18; Jeremiah 2:18.
• Including Upper Egypt (פַּתְרוֺס), as well as Lower: Jeremiah 44:1; compare Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:6; distinguished from Upper Egypt Isaiah 11:11; Jeremiah 44:15.

2. Of people

a. In table of nations

• Personified as second son of Ham Genesis 10:6 = 1 Chronicles 1:8; compare Genesis 10:13 = 1 Chronicles 1:11.

b. Egyptians (as a people)

• Genesis 41:56 + approximately 134 times, including use as Egyptian Kingdom or political power.
• With verb feminine singular: אָֽבְדָה מִצְרַיִם Exodus 10:7; Hosea 9:6; Joel 4:19; and pronoun feminine singular Ezekiel 30:18.
• With verb masculine singular: Exodus 12:33; Exodus 14:25; Isaiah 19:16, 23, 25; Jeremiah 46:8.
• With verb masculine plural: Genesis 41:55; Isaiah 19:21, 23 (+ 22 times).
• Phrases: בְּנֵי מִצְרַיִם Ezekiel 16:26; בְּתוּלַת בַּת מִצְרַיִם Jeremiah 46:11, 19, 24.
• In 1 Kings 10:28; 2 Chronicles 1:16–17; 2 Kings 7:6, Winckler thinks of Assyrian Muṣri in North Syria or North Arabia.

¹ August Dillmann, Commentary on Genesis (1892).

² Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, I. § 42.

³ Jakob Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (NB), p. 319.

⁴ Peter Jensen, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (ZA), iv (1889), 268 ff.

Preposition, Noun proper name

LXX: αἰγύπτου αἰγύπτῳ αἴγυπτον αἰγυπτίων pεἰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4714:

αἰγύπτου 328× (45.8%)

αἰγύπτῳ 101× (13.6%)

αἴγυπτον 79× (10.3%)

αἰγυπτίων 26× (3.3%)

pεἰσ 22× (3.2%)

αἰγύπτιοι 20× (2.4%)

αἰγύπτιοι 15× (1.9%)

αἰγυπτίοισ 14× (1.7%)

'' 14× (1.7%)

αἰγυπτίουσ 12× (1.5%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And these will be all the souls that came out of the thigh of Jacob, seventy souls: and Joseph was in Egypt.

LITV Translation:
And all the souls that came out of the loins of Jacob were seventy souls, Joseph being in Egypt.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
But Joseph was in Egypt. And all the souls born of Jacob were seventy-five.