Zephaniah 2:1

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

התקוששו הִתְקוֹשְׁשׁוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

קשש

qâshash

Definition

to forage for straw, stubble or wood; figuratively, to assemble

Root

a primitive root; to become sapless through drought; used only as denominative from H7179 (קש);

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to become sapless through drought; used only as denominative from קש; to forage for straw, stubble or wood; figuratively, to assemble; gather (selves) (together).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7197

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קִשֵּׁשׁ

verb • Root קשש • Consonantal / Low • Page 1305

to collect or bring together, straw Ex. 5, 7, wood Num. 15, 32.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

קָשַׁשׁ

verb • Root קשש • Consonantal / Low • Page 1305

(I.) (not used) intr. to be dried up, to be sapless, same as חָשַׁשׁ. Deriv. קַשׁ.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

קָשַׁשׁ

verb • Root קשש • Consonantal / Low • Page 1305

(II.) (imp. pl. קְשׁוּ) intr. to assemble, to collect themselves Zeph. 2, 1.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קָשַׁשׁ

verb • Page 600

Po. to search after, to collect; e.g. straw, Ex. 5:7. Hithpo. collect yourselves, i. e. go into yourselves, examine yourselves. Zeph. 2:1.

Verb Hithpael imperative second person masculine plural

LXX: συλλέγοντα

LXX Usage Statistics

H7197b:

συλλέγοντα 2× (26.0%)

וקושו וָקוֹשּׁוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

קשש

qâshash

Definition

to forage for straw, stubble or wood; figuratively, to assemble

Root

a primitive root; to become sapless through drought; used only as denominative from H7179 (קש);

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to become sapless through drought; used only as denominative from קש; to forage for straw, stubble or wood; figuratively, to assemble; gather (selves) (together).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7197

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קִשֵּׁשׁ

verb • Root קשש • Consonantal / Low • Page 1305

to collect or bring together, straw Ex. 5, 7, wood Num. 15, 32.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

קָשַׁשׁ

verb • Root קשש • Consonantal / Low • Page 1305

(I.) (not used) intr. to be dried up, to be sapless, same as חָשַׁשׁ. Deriv. קַשׁ.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

קָשַׁשׁ

verb • Root קשש • Consonantal / Low • Page 1305

(II.) (imp. pl. קְשׁוּ) intr. to assemble, to collect themselves Zeph. 2, 1.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קָשַׁשׁ

verb • Page 600

Po. to search after, to collect; e.g. straw, Ex. 5:7. Hithpo. collect yourselves, i. e. go into yourselves, examine yourselves. Zeph. 2:1.

Conjunction, Verb Qal imperative second person masculine plural

LXX: συλλέγοντα

LXX Usage Statistics

H7197b:

συλλέγοντα 2× (26.0%)

הגוי הַגּוֹי

The Backside Ones

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גוי

gôwy

Definition

a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts

Root

rarely (shortened) גי; apparently from the same root as H1465 (גוה) (in the sense of massing);

Exhaustive

rarely (shortened) גי; apparently from the same root as גוה (in the sense of massing); a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts; Gentile, heathen, nation, people.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1471

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גּוֹי

noun masculine • Root גוה • Strongs / High • Page 312

1. The body, properly belly; figuratively a being or person. 2. A connected mass, hence people, populace; most frequently a non-Israelite or heathen people; also a troop or flock of animals.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גּוֹי

noun masculine • Page 132

1. people, nation, in the widest sense. 2. especially foreign nations, those not Hebrew. References: Zeph. 2:9, Deut. 32:43, Joel 1:6, Prov. 30:25.

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἔθνη ἐθνῶν ἔθνεσιν ἔθνοσ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H1471a:

ἔθνη 194× (34.6%)

ἐθνῶν 125× (22.1%)

ἔθνεσιν 88× (13.3%)

ἔθνοσ 76× (14.1%)

'' 18× (3.0%)

ἔθνουσ 13× (2.3%)

ἔθνει 8× (1.5%)

pἀπὸ 4× (0.8%)

--- 4× (0.8%)

λαὸσ 4× (0.7%)

לא לֹא

not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

נכסף נִכְסָף׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כסף

kâçaph

Definition

properly, to become pale, i.e. (by implication) to pine after; also to fear

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to become pale, i.e. (by implication) to pine after; also to fear; (have) desire, be greedy, long, sore.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3700

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כָּסַף

verb • Root כסף • Strongs / High • Page 722

I. (intransitive) To draw in, to withdraw hastily. 1. Of colour, to be pale, white, whitish-grey. 2. To withdraw the vital juice, to appear juiceless, dry, withered; to pine for, to long after.

כָּסַף

verb • Root כסף • Strongs / High • Page 722

II. (intransitive) To assail, to rush, to pursue closely.

Verb Niphal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H3700:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Collect yourselves together and be ye collected, O nation not ashamed;

LITV Translation:
Gather yourselves, even gather, O nation not being longed for;

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
Be ye gathered and closely joined together, O unchastened nation;