Zechariah 8:17

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ואיש׀ וְאִישׁ׀

and a man/each one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

איש

ʼîysh

Definition

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

Root

contracted for H582 (אנוש) (or perhaps rather from an unused root meaning to be extant);

Exhaustive

contracted for אנוש (or perhaps rather from an unused root meaning to be extant); a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation); also, another, any (man), a certain, [phrase] champion, consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-, husband-) man, (good-, great, mighty) man, he, high (degree), him (that is), husband, man(-kind), [phrase] none, one, people, person, [phrase] steward, what (man) soever, whoso(-ever), worthy. Compare אשה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H376

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 117

1. a man, prop. strong; generally a man with relation to strength, courage and valour; a husband; with reference to sex, male, masculine (applied to men and beasts).

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אנש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 119

Used distributively as 'any one', 'each', 'every one'; used reciprocally as 'one another' (lit. a man to his brother); also used to express an antithetic or additional member.

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אנש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 929

Man. Example of a word where Nun is absorbed, from an older form אִנְשׁ.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אִישׁ

m. prim. irreg. • Root אנש אנוש • Page 46

1. man, i. q. Lat. vir; used collectively; often in apposition before other substantives (e.g., אִישׁ סָרִיס an eunuch, Jer. 38:7). Used as a designation of sex, even in animals (Gen. 7:2); hence a husband (Gen. 3:16). 2. joined with substantives to denote a possessor of a quality (e.g., אִישׁ אָוֶן a wicked wretch). 3. followed by אָח or רֵעַ, 'the one... the other'. 4. any one, some one (Ex. 16:29). 5. every one (Ex. 16:29). 6. used impersonally like French 'on' or German 'man' (1 Sam. 9:9).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H376

אִישׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 2166) noun masculine — man (= vir).

Cognates:

• Moabite Inscription (MI), Siloam Inscription (SI), Phoenician אש
• Perhaps also Sabean אסם (compare Prätorius, l.c., but D. H. Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1883, 330¹)

— אִישׁ absolute Genesis 2:23 +; construct Genesis 25:27 +; suffix אִישִׁי Genesis 29:32 +, etc.; plural אִישִׁים Psalm 141:4 (2 times) (Phoenician אשם); usually אֲנָשִׁים Genesis 12:20 +, from √ אֱנֹשׁ q.v.; construct אַנְשֵׁי Judges 6:27 +; suffix אֲנָשֵׁי 1 Samuel 23:12 etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Man opposed to woman

• Genesis 2:23, 24
• Leviticus 20:27
• Numbers 5:6
• Deuteronomy 17:2 f
• Joshua 6:21
• Joshua 8:25
• Jeremiah 40:7

b. Emphasis on sexual distinction and relation

• Genesis 19:8
• Genesis 24:16
• Genesis 38:25
• Exodus 22:15
• Leviticus 15:16 (שִׁכְבַת זָרַע)
• Leviticus 15:18 (וְאִשָּׁה אֵת זֶרַע אִישׁ)
• Leviticus 20:10 f
• Numbers 5:13 f
• Deuteronomy 22:22 f
• Isaiah 4:1 +

c. Husband

• Especially with suffix: Genesis 3:6, 16
• Genesis 16:3
• Genesis 29:32, 34
• Leviticus 21:7
• Numbers 30:7 f
• Deuteronomy 28:56
• Judges 13:8 f
• Ruth 1:3 f
• 1 Samuel 25:19
• Jeremiah 29:6
• Ezekiel 16:45 +

d. Figurative of Yahweh as husband of Israel

• אִישִׁי Hosea 2:18 (opposed to בַּעֲלִי)

e. Man as procreator, father

• Ecclesiastes 6:3
• Of male child: Genesis 4:1 (compare זֶרַע אֲנָשִׁים 1 Samuel 1:11)

f. Man opposed to beast

• Exodus 11:7
• Leviticus 20:15 (compare אָדָם)
• Figurative: Psalm 22:7
• Of male of animals: Genesis 7:2 (אִישׁ וְאִשְׁתּוֹ)

g. Man opposed to God

• Genesis 32:29
• Numbers 23:19 (לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב)
• Job 9:32
• Job 32:13
• Hosea 11:9 (compare Isaiah 31:8)
• Job 12:10 (רוּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר אִישׁ)

h. Phrases denoting ordinary, customary, common

• שֶׁבֶט אֲנָשִׁים 2 Samuel 7:14
• לֶחֶם אֲנָשִׁים Ezekiel 24:17, 22²
• אֲמַת־אִישׁ Deuteronomy 3:11
• Contracted אָדָם Psalm 49:3; Psalm 62:10

i. Man as valiant

• 1 Samuel 4:9 (וִהְיֻו לַאֲנָשִׁים)
• 1 Kings 2:2 (compare 1 Samuel 26:15)
• אִישׁ חַיִל 1 Samuel 31:12; 2 Samuel 24:9; 1 Kings 1:42 +
• אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה Numbers 31:49; Deuteronomy 2:14, 16; Joshua 5:4, 6 +
• Even of Yahweh: Exodus 15:3 (יְהוָה אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה)

j. Prefixed to other nouns in apposition

• אָדוֹן אִישׁ Genesis 42:30, 33
• שַׂר וְשֹׁפֵט אִישׁ Exodus 2:14
• כֹּהֵן אִישׁ Leviticus 21:9
• סָרִיס אִישׁ Jeremiah 38:7

k. Before adjective, of a people

• אִישׁ מִצְרִי Genesis 39:1
• Exodus 2:11, 19 (compare Genesis 37:28)
• Genesis 38:1, 2
• Genesis 39:14
• 1 Samuel 17:12
• 1 Samuel 30:11, 13 +

l. A man as resident in, or belonging to a place or people

• Numbers 25:6
• Judges 10:1 + (so Phoenician)
• Usually plural אַנְשֵׁי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Samuel 7:11; 1 Samuel 31:7 (twice in verse) (compare Joshua 7:4, 5 +)
• Also singular collective: Deuteronomy 27:14
• Joshua 9:6, 7
• Judges 20:11
• 1 Samuel 11:8 (see Driver) +
• 2 Samuel 10:6, 8 (טוֹב אִישׁ)
• (So Moabite Inscription 10; Moabite Inscription 13)

m. Men = retainers, followers, soldiers

• 1 Samuel 18:27
• 1 Samuel 23:3
• 1 Samuel 24:3
• 1 Samuel 25:13
• Deuteronomy 33:8 (singular collective, see Dillmann)

n. Man of God = prophet

• אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים Deuteronomy 33:1
• Joshua 14:6
• 1 Samuel 9:6 f
• 1 Kings 12:13 f + (see אֱלֹהִים)

o. In phrase followed by abstract

• אִישׁ חַיִל, מִלְחָמָה אִישׁ (see above)
• שְׂעִיבָה אִישׁ Deuteronomy 32:25
• הַדָּמִים אִישׁ 2 Samuel 16:7
• הַבְּלִיעַל אִישׁ 2 Samuel 16:7
• מָוֶת אִישׁ 1 Kings 2:26
• חָמָס אִישׁ Psalm 140:12
• Proverbs 3:31 +

p. Followed by word of occupation, etc.

• שָׂדֶה אִישׁ Genesis 25:27
• הָאֲדָמָה אִישׁ Genesis 9:20 (compare Zechariah 13:5)
• אִישׁ הַבָּנִים champion 1 Samuel 17:4 (compare Driver) 23
• בְּשָׂרָה אִישׁ 2 Samuel 18:20
• אִישׁ עֲצָתוֹ his counsellor Isaiah 40:13
• Compare אִישׁ חֶרְמִי 1 Kings 20:42
• רֵעִים אִישׁ Proverbs 18:24

q. Distributive = each, every

• Genesis 9:5
• Genesis 10:5
• Genesis 40:5 (twice in verse)
• Exodus 12:3 +
• Including women: Job 42:11
• 1 Chronicles 16:3 (וַיְחַלֵּק לְכָל־אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאִישׁ וְעַד אִשָּׁה לְכָל־כִּכַּר־לֶחֶם)
• Of inanimate things: 1 Kings 7:30, 36
• Also אִישׁ אִישׁ Exodus 36:4; Numbers 4:19, 49; Ezekiel 14:4, 7 +
• Any one: Exodus 34:3 (twice in verse); Exodus 34:24 +
• Also אִישׁ אִישׁ Leviticus 15:2; Leviticus 22:4, 18 +
• Of gods: 2 Kings 18:33 = Isaiah 36:18

r. One...another

• וְהִרְגוּ אִישׁ אֵת אָחִיו וְאִישׁ אֵת רֵעֵהוּ וְאִישׁ אֵת קְרֹבוֹ Exodus 32:27
• אִישׁ אָחִיו Deuteronomy 1:16
• Micah 7:2 (see אָח)
• אִישׁ רֵעֵהוּ Genesis 11:3, 7 + (see רֵעַ)
• Of inanimate things: Genesis 15:10

¹ D. H. Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1883, 330.

² אֲנָשִׁים Ezekiel 24:17; Ezekiel 24:22 is textual error; Wellhausen (apparently Smend) אֲנֻשִׁים; Toy Haupt אוֹנִים (Hosea 9:4).

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0376:

No stats available

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

רעת רָעַת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רע

raʻ

Definition

bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)

Root

from H7489 (רעע);

Exhaustive

from רעע; bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral); adversity, affliction, bad, calamity, [phrase] displease(-ure), distress, evil((-favouredness), man, thing), [phrase] exceedingly, [idiom] great, grief(-vous), harm, heavy, hurt(-ful), ill (favoured), [phrase] mark, mischief(-vous), misery, naught(-ty), noisome, [phrase] not please, sad(-ly), sore, sorrow, trouble, vex, wicked(-ly, -ness, one), worse(-st), wretchedness, wrong. (Incl. feminine raaah; as adjective or noun.).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7451

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רַע

adjective / masculine • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1344

I. bad, unpleasant; expressing what is unsalutary either by its internal unfitness and worthlessness, or injuriousness; hence ill-favoured, envious, wicked, evil, malignant, hurtful, troubled, sorrowful.

רַע

adjective • Strongs / High • Page 1345

1. wild; evil, bad, unpleasant; sad spirit; painful. 2. In a moral sense: evil, sinful. 3. to be displeasing in one's eyes. Without a noun: bad, also as an adv.

רַע

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1345

II. m. 1. abstr. ill, evil (that one does); adversity, calamity, misfortune; in a moral sense, wickedness, sin. 2. concr. an evil one, a sinner.

רַע

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1345

III. m. 1. (from רִיעַ) noise, noise of war, cry of grief, rolling of thunder. 2. (from רֵעָה II) a friend, companion; defect, flaw.

רַע

adjective / noun masculine • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1347

I. Bad, evil, morally wicked (adj.); often in a moral sense, what is bad religiously speaking, wickedness, vice, as a deed, sin; also concrete the wicked (n.).

רַע

adjective / substantive • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1350

Bad, evil, wicked, mischievous, sorrowful, vexed, envious, jealous. (Also functions as a noun meaning an evil-doer, foolishness, viciousness, badness, discord).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רַע

verb • Root רעע • Page 622

1. bad, of a bad quality. Lev. 27: 10. 2. ugly, ill-favoured. Gen. 41: 3. 3. evil, unfortunate, calamitous. Jer. 7: 6. 4. evil, pernicious, dangerous. Gen. 37: 33. 5. having an evil eye, envious. Prov. 23: 6. 6. sad; spoken of the heart or countenance. Gen. 40: 7.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7451

I. רַע (approximate number of occurrences: 226) adjective — bad, evil.

— רַע masculine singular Genesis 6:5 +; רָ֑ע Genesis 31:24 +; plural רָעִים Genesis 13:13 +; construct רָעֵי Ezekiel 7:24 (strike out Cornill¹); feminine singular רָעָה Genesis 37:2 (37 times); plural רָעוֺת Genesis 28:8 (14 times); רָעֹת Genesis 41:27.

1. Bad, disagreeable, malignant

• Of a woman: רָעָה בְּעֵינֵי Exodus 21:8 (Elohist Source; perhaps verb רָ֫עָה); plural Genesis 28:8 (Priestly Code)
• Poisonous herb: 2 Kings 4:41
• Malignant boils: Deuteronomy 28:35, Job 2:7
• Diseases: Deuteronomy 7:15, Deuteronomy 28:59, 2 Chronicles 21:19, Ecclesiastes 6:2
• Deadly sword: Psalm 144:10; arrows: Ezekiel 5:16; severe judgments: Ezekiel 14:21; wonders: Deuteronomy 6:22
• מַלְאֲכֵי רָעִים fierce messengers: Psalm 78:49 (compare Ewald², Gesenius³)
• Wild beasts: Genesis 37:20, 33 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Leviticus 26:6 (Holiness Code), Ezekiel 5:17, Ezekiel 14:15, 21, Ezekiel 34:25
• Unclean thing: Deuteronomy 23:10

2. Bad, unpleasant (pain, unhappy, misery)

• ימים רעים evil days: Genesis 47:9 (Priestly Code), Proverbs 15:15
• Unpleasant business: Ecclesiastes 1:13, 4:8, 5:13, compare 2:17, 9:3
• הַמַּעֲשֶׂה הָרָע: Ecclesiastes 4:3
• דבר הרע evil report: Exodus 33:4 (Jehovist Source), דִּבָּה רָעָה Genesis 37:2 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Numbers 14:37 (Priestly Code), שׁם רע Deuteronomy 22:14, 19, Nehemiah 6:13
• שְׁמוּעָה רָעָה: Jeremiah 49:23, Psalm 112:7
• Painful discipline: Proverbs 15:10; evil occurrence: 1 Kings 5:18; evil net: Ecclesiastes 9:12; instruments: Isaiah 32:7
• כל הדבר הרע all evil things: Joshua 23:15 (Deuteronomic Source)
• רַע it is bad/harmful: Isaiah 3:11, Jeremiah 2:19
• Of speech, רע או טוב speak bad or good: Genesis 24:50 (Jehovist Source); מטוב עד רע Genesis 31:24, 29 (Elohist Source); לְמֵרָע ועד טוב 2 Samuel 13:22
• Of the divine spirit producing frenzy: 1 Samuel 16:14–16, 23, 18:10, 19:9

3. Evil, displeasing

עָשָׂה רַע בְּעֵינֵי סַרְנֵי פְלשְׁתִּים: 1 Samuel 29:7.

4. Bad of its kind

Land: Numbers 13:19 (Jehovist Source); place: Numbers 20:5 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); waters: 2 Kings 2:19; figs: Jeremiah 24:2, 3, 8; kine: Genesis 41:3–4, 19–21, 27 (Elohist Source); מוּם רע: Deuteronomy 15:21, compare 17:1.

5. Bad (of low value)

Leviticus 27:10, 12, 14, 33 (Holiness Code), compare Malachi 1:8; רַע רַע יאֹמַר הַקּוֺנֶה: Proverbs 20:14.

6. Worse than (comparative/superlative)

מִן comparative: 2 Samuel 19:8; as superlative, רָעֵי גוֺיִם worst of nations: Ezekiel 7:24.

7. Sad, unhappy

לֶב רָע sad heart: Proverbs 25:20; of face: Genesis 40:7 (Elohist Source), Nehemiah 2:2; רע לְפָנָיו: Nehemiah 2:1.

8. Devise evil device

חָשַׁב מַחֲשֶׁבֶת רָעָה: Ezekiel 38:10, Esther 9:25.

9. Bad, unkind (disposition/temper)

וְלֶב רָע when the mind is vicious: Proverbs 26:23; רַע עַיִן evil of eye: Proverbs 23:6, 28:22; רוּחַ רָעָה bad temper: Judges 9:23.

10. Ethically bad, evil, wicked

a. In general

• אם טוב ואם רע: Ecclesiastes 12:14

b. Of persons

• אִישׁ רע: 1 Samuel 30:22; אדם רע: Psalm 140:2; המן הרע הזה: Esther 7:6
• רָע evil man: Psalm 10:15, Job 21:30, Proverbs 11:21, 12:13, 24:20
• רָעִים evil men: Genesis 13:13 (Jehovist Source), Jeremiah 6:29, 15:21, Ezekiel 30:12, Job 35:12, Proverbs 4:14, 14:19
• רָעוֺת evil women: Jeremiah 2:33; שׁכנים רעים: Jeremiah 12:14
• Of generation, people, congregation: Deuteronomy 1:35, Jeremiah 13:10, Numbers 14:27, 35 (Priestly Code), Jeremiah 8:3
• רַע בְּעֵינֵי י׳: Genesis 38:7 (Jehovist-Elohist Source) = 1 Chronicles 2:8
• עָשָׂה הָרָע בְּעֵינֵי י׳: Numbers 32:13 (Redactor), Deuteronomy 4:25, 9:18, 17:2, 31:29, Judges 2:11 (48 times), 2 Kings 21:15, Isaiah 65:12, Jeremiah 7:30, Psalm 51:6

c. Of thoughts

• יֵצֶר: Genesis 6:5, 8:21 (Jehovist Source)
• הַלֵּב הָרָע: Jeremiah 3:17, 7:24, 11:8, 16:12, 18:12
• רעות (words): Proverbs 15:28

d. Deeds, actions

• עשׂה דבר הרע: Deuteronomy 13:12, 17:5, 19:20, Nehemiah 13:17
• דבר רע: Psalm 64:6, 141:4, Ecclesiastes 8:3, 5; דברים: 1 Samuel 2:23, 2 Kings 17:11
• דֶּרֶךְ evil way: 1 Kings 13:33, Jeremiah 18:11, 23:22; דרכים: 2 Kings 17:13, Ezekiel 33:11, Zechariah 1:4
• מעשׂינוּ: Ezra 9:13; מעללים: Zechariah 1:4, Nehemiah 9:35
• בֶּצַע רע: Habakkuk 2:9; תועבות רעות: Ezekiel 6:11, 8:9
• כִּי רָעוֺת בִּמְגוּרָם: Psalm 55:16

II. רַע (approximate number of occurrences: 126) noun masculine — evil, distress, misery, injury, calamity.

— absolute רַע Numbers 11:1 +; בְּרָע Exodus 5:19 +; רָ֑ע Genesis 48:16 +.

1. Evil, distress, adversity

• יָרֵא רַע fear evil: Psalm 23:4, Zephaniah 3:15
• בּוֺרֵא רָ֑ע (of God): Isaiah 45:7; הביא רע: Isaiah 31:2
• אם טוב ואם רע prosperity or adversity: Jeremiah 42:6
• יוֺם רע day of calamity: Amos 6:3, Psalm 49:6, 94:13
• בְּרָע in adversity: Exodus 5:19 (Elohist Source), Psalm 10:6
• מכל רע from all evil: Genesis 48:16 (Elohist Source), Psalm 121:7

2. Evil, injury, wrong

• עשׂה רע with עִם: Genesis 31:29 (Elohist Source); with ל: Jeremiah 39:12
• As object of חשּׁב: Hosea 7:15; חרשׁ: Proverbs 6:14, 14:22
• לֹא יִתְנַבֵּא טוֺב כִּי אִם רָ֑ע: 1 Kings 22:8, 18
• לרע for harm: Isaiah 59:7, Jeremiah 7:6, Psalm 56:6

3. Ethical evil

• Deuteronomy 30:15, 2 Samuel 14:17, Isaiah 5:20, Amos 5:14
• עשׂה רע: 2 Kings 21:9, 2 Chronicles 12:14, Nehemiah 9:28
• שׂנא רע: Amos 5:15, Psalm 97:10, Proverbs 8:13
• סר מֵרָע depart from evil: Isaiah 59:15, Psalm 34:15, Proverbs 3:7
• כי ברע הוא set on evil: Exodus 32:22 (Jehovist Source)
• אֵשֶׁת רע evil woman: Proverbs 6:24 (perhaps read רֵעַ friend)

III. רָעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 310) noun feminine — evil, misery, distress, injury.

— absolute רָעָה Genesis 26:29 +; construct רָעַת Genesis 6:5 +; suffix רָֽעָתִי Psalm 35:4 +; plural רָעוֺת Deuteronomy 31:17 +, רָעֹת Jeremiah 44:9.

1. Evil, misery, distress

• באה הרעה: Ezekiel 7:5, Isaiah 47:11
• הביא רעה: Jeremiah 4:6, 1 Kings 21:29, 2 Samuel 17:14
• יוֺם רעה: Jeremiah 17:17, Ecclesiastes 12:1
• ראה ברעה: Numbers 11:15 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Obadiah 1:13, Esther 8:6
• נִחַם עַל רָעָה repent of evil: Exodus 32:12, 14 (Jehovist Source), Jeremiah 18:8, Joel 2:13

2. Evil, injury, wrong

• עשׂה רעה with עִם: Genesis 26:29 (Jehovist Source), Judges 15:3
• Object of השׁב: Genesis 50:20 (Elohist Source), Jeremiah 36:3
• גמל רעה: Genesis 50:17 (Elohist Source), 1 Samuel 24:18
• לְרָעָה for harm: Genesis 31:52, Deuteronomy 29:20, Amos 9:4

3. Ethical evil

• 1 Samuel 12:17, Isaiah 47:10, Jeremiah 2:19
• עָשָׂה רָעָה: Genesis 39:9, Deuteronomy 31:18 (Jehovist Source)
• שׁוּב מרעה turn from evil: Jeremiah 18:8, 23:14, 44:5
• בִּעֵר רעה consume evil: Judges 20:13

¹ C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

² Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache des Alten Bundes.

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX: πονηρὸν κακὰ κακά κακῶν πονηρὰ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7451c:

πονηρὸν 89× (12.6%)

κακὰ 62× (9.4%)

κακά 58× (8.8%)

κακῶν 31× (4.3%)

πονηρὰ 26× (4.0%)

κακίαν 26× (3.8%)

κακία 24× (3.4%)

--- 21× (3.4%)

πονηρόν 18× (2.7%)

κακίασ 18× (2.5%)

רעהו רֵעֵ֗הוּ

friend of himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רע

rêaʻ

Definition

an associate (more or less close)

Root

or ריע; from H7462 (רעה);

Exhaustive

or ריע; from רעה; an associate (more or less close); brother, companion, fellow, friend, husband, lover, neighbour, [idiom] (an-) other.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7453

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רֵעַ

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1345

1. companion, fellow, neighbour. 2. one like or resembling. 3. one beloved, amicus. 4. a moral sense fellow.

רֵעַ

verb • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 1347

Pi'el: To be a friend to.

רֵעַ

noun masculine • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 1347

I. A friend, companion.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רֵעַ

noun • Root רוע • Page 622

I. a cry, shout. Ex. 32: 17. Mic. 4: 9.

רֵעַ

noun masculine • Root רעה רעה • Page 622

II. 1. a companion, acquaintance, friend. Job 2: 11. 2. one beloved, a lover, spouse, husband. Prov. 19: 6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7453

II. רֵעַ (approximate number of occurrences: 187) noun masculine — friend, companion, fellow.

— רֵעַ absolute 2 Samuel 13:3 +; construct רֵעַ 1 Chronicles 27:33; suffix רֵעִי Job 31:9 +, רֵעְַךָ Deuteronomy 5:17 +, רֵעֶ֑ךָ Exodus 2:13 +, also רֵעֶיךָ 2 Samuel 12:11 (singular; GKC¹ § 93ss), רֵעֵ֫הוּ (GKC¹ § 84 a i) Genesis 11:3 114 times, רֵעוֺ Jeremiah 6:21, רֵעָהּ Jeremiah 3:30; plural רֵעִים Jeremiah 3:1 +, construct רֵעֵי Job 2:11; suffix רֵעָיו Job 32:3, רֵעֵ֫הו (GKC¹ § 91k) Job 42:10; 1 Samuel 30:26, etc.

1. Friend, intimate

• Genesis 38:12, 20 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Samuel 30:26; 2 Samuel 13:3; 1 Kings 16:11
• רִעֲךָ אֲשֶׁר כְּנַפְשְׁךָ Deuteronomy 13:7
• מֶתֶק רֵעֵהוּ Proverbs 27:9 (text dubious)
• Micah 7:5 ("" אַלוּף)
• Jeremiah 9:3 ("" אָח), Jeremiah 19:9
• Lamentations 1:2 (+ אֹהֲבֶיהָ)
• Psalm 35:14 ("" אָח) + 3 times Psalms
• Especially Job 2:11; Job 6:14 + 8 times Job
• Proverbs 17:17; Proverbs 18:24 + 8 times Proverbs
• Song of Solomon 5:1 ("" דּוֺדִים)
• Associates: Zechariah 3:8
• Technical term רֵעַ הַמֶּלֶךְ king's friend 1 Chronicles 27:33, cf. 2 Samuel 16:17
• Of lover: Song of Solomon 5:16 ("" דּוֺדִי); husband Jeremiah 3:20; paramours Hosea 3:1; Jeremiah 3:1
• Metaphor: רֵעַ לִבְנוֺת יַעֲנָה Job 30:29 ("" אָח לְתַנִּים)

2. Fellow or Citizen

In a weaker sense, fellow, fellow-citizen, even another person, with whom one stands in reciprocal relations:

• Exodus 2:13; Exodus 20:16–17 (3 times in verse) = Deuteronomy 5:17–18
• Legal codes: Exodus 21:14; Exodus 22:7, 8, 10, 25 (Elohist Source)
• Holiness Code: Leviticus 19:13, 16, 18; Leviticus 20:10
• Deuteronomic Source: Deuteronomy 4:42; Deuteronomy 15:2 + 11 times; Joshua 20:5
• Other occurrences: Judges 7:14; Jeremiah 9:7; Jeremiah 22:13; Jeremiah 29:23; Ezekiel 18:6, 11, 15; Ezekiel 22:11–12; Habakkuk 2:15; Job 16:21; Ruth 4:7; Psalm 15:3; Psalm 28:3; Psalm 101:5; Proverbs 3:28–29; Proverbs 6:1 ("" זָר) + 18 times Proverbs
• וְרֵעוֺ שָׁכֵן Jeremiah 6:21
• Meaning "another than thou": 1 Samuel 15:28, 1 Samuel 28:17; 2 Samuel 12:11
• Phrase אִישׁ ֗֗֗ רֵעֵהוּ a man over against his fellow: Exodus 21:18, 35; Exodus 22:6, 9, 13; Exodus 33:11 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 19:11; Deuteronomy 22:26; Judges 7:13; 1 Kings 8:31; 1 Kings 20:35; Jeremiah 7:5; 1 Chronicles 6:22; Ruth 3:14; Ecclesiastes 4:4
• Similarly שָׂעִיר אֶל־רֵעֵהוּ Isaiah 34:14

3. Reciprocal Phrases

In reciprocal phrase אִישׁ ֗֗֗ רֵעֵהו one to another (אִישׁ distributive):

• Genesis 11:3; each the speech of the other Genesis 11:7; absent one from the other Genesis 31:49, cf. Genesis 43:33 (Jehovist Source)
• Elohist Source: Exodus 11:2; Exodus 18:7, 16; Exodus 32:27
• Others: Judges 6:29; Judges 7:22; Judges 10:18; 2 Samuel 2:16 (twice in verse) + 4 times 1 Samuel; 2 Kings 3:23; 2 Kings 7:3, 9; 2 Chronicles 20:23
• Prophets: Isaiah 3:5 ("" אִישׁ בְּאִישׁ), Isaiah 13:8, Isaiah 19:2 ("" אִישׁ בְּאָתִיו), Isaiah 41:6; Jeremiah 5:8 + 11 times Jeremiah; Ezekiel 33:26; Zechariah 3:10 + 6 times Zechariah (in Zechariah 11:6 read רֹעֵהוּ); Malachi 3:16; Jonah 1:7
• Of things: Genesis 15:10 (Jehovist Source)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: πλησίον φίλον φίλοσ σὸν φίλοι

LXX Usage Statistics

H7453:

πλησίον 103× (51.3%)

φίλον 9× (3.8%)

φίλοσ 6× (3.1%)

σὸν 5× (2.7%)

φίλοι 4× (2.4%)

ἑταίρου 4× (2.1%)

ἑαυτοῦ 4× (2.1%)

'' 4× (2.1%)

φίλου 4× (1.6%)

φίλων 3× (1.7%)

אל אַל־

toward

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼal

Definition

not (the qualified negation, used as a deprecative); once (Job 24:25) as a noun, nothing

Root

a negative particle (akin to H3808 (לא));

Exhaustive

a negative particle (akin to לא); not (the qualified negation, used as a deprecative); once (Job 24:25) as a noun, nothing; nay, neither, [phrase] never, no, nor, not, nothing (worth), rather than.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H408

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַל

pronoun demonstrative • Strongs_Numbers • Page 126

(I) Pronominal stem/demonstrative pronoun. A gentle reference to a thing and emphasizing of it, weaker than זֶה. Hence arises its modification into the article in Arabic, and in some Hebrew remains.

אַל

negative particle • Root לא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 126

(II) A negative word/particle expressing subjective negation, unwillingness, or prohibition (dissuasively 'do not', 'let not'). Distinct from the objective negative לֹא. Used in commands, wishes, and to denote dissuasion.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אַל

particle of negation • Root אלל • Page 49

1. lest, that... not (Gen. 43:23). 2. not, but more rarely (Am. 5:14). 3. nay, no (Ruth 1:13). 4. nothing (Job 24:25). 5. interrogatively for הֲלֹא (1 Sam. 27:10).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H408

II. אַל adverb of negation (so Phoenician for example Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum volume 1, numbers 3, 4, 5, 8, Biblical Aramaic, Sabean (D. H. Müller Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1875, 596), and in the Ethiopic አማር: አልቦ, is not), denying however, not objectively as a fact (like לֹא οὐ), but subjectively as a wish (like μή), expressing therefore a deprecation or prohibition.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אל (for example Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum volume 1, numbers 3, 4, 5, 8)
• Biblical Aramaic
• Sabean (D. H. Müller Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1875, 596)
• Ethiopic አማር: አልቦ, is not

1. Usage with a Verb

With a verb, which is then always an imperfect (never an imperative), by preference in the cohortative or jussive mood, where this is in use, and may be of any person or number.

• Genesis 15:1 and often אַל־תִּירָא fear not!
• Genesis 22:12 אַל־תִּשְׁלַח יָדְךָ put not forth thy hand
• Genesis 37:27 וְיַדֵּנוּ אַל־תְּהִי בוֹ and let not our hand be upon him
• Genesis 21:16 אַל־אֶרְאֶה בְּמוֹת הַנַּעַר let me not look upon the death of the lad!
• Psalm 25:2 אַל־אֵבוֹשָׁה let me not be ashamed
• With 1 plural (rare): 2 Samuel 13:25; Jeremiah 18:18; Jonah 1:14

2. In an Imprecation

• Genesis 49:4 אַל־תּוֹתַר have not thou the excellency!
• Psalm 109:12
• Job 3:4, 6

Sometimes strengthened by נָא: Genesis 13:8; Genesis 18:3 and elsewhere.

3. Without a Verb

(a) 2 Samuel 1:21 let (there be) not dew and not rain upon you! Isaiah 62:6; Psalm 83:1.

(b) Used absolutely, in deprecation: Genesis 19:18; 2 Samuel 13:16 (see below אוֹדָה); 2 Kings 3:13; 2 Kings 4:16; 2 Kings 6:27 (see Revised Version margin; but possibly to be explained by Driver¹ §152 iii; so Thenius² Keil³; hardly as Ewald⁴ §355 b); Ruth 1:13 אַל בְּנוֹתַי nay, my daughters, compare Judges 19:23.

(c) After a preceding imperative: Amos 5:14; Joel 2:13; Proverbs 8:10, a jussive Proverbs 27:2, an infinitive absolute Proverbs 27:2.

(d) In poetry אַל sometimes expresses vividly the emotion or sympathy of the poet (see Driver¹ §§56-8); Isaiah 2:9 וְאַל־תִּשָּׂא לָהֶם and forgive them not! (with a touch of passion), Psalm 41:3; Proverbs 3:25; Job 5:22; Psalm 34:6 (but manuscripts 5, 6 Ewald⁴ Cheyne⁵ here read וּפְנֵיכֶם, probably rightly); Psalm 50:3 a may our God come וְאַל יֶחֱשָׁרָשׁ and not be silent! (the psalmist identifying himself with a spectator of the scene Psalm 50:2, 3b-c) Psalm 121:3 (contrast Psalm 121:4 לֹא) Jeremiah 46:6 +.

4. Joined Closely to a Substantive

Once Proverbs 12:28 joined closely to a substantive (compare לֹא 2 b) to express with emphasis its negation: In the way of righteousness is life, and in the pathway thereof אַל־מָוֶת there is no-death! that is to say, immortality.

5. Used as a Substantive

Once Job 24:25 used in poetry as a substantive, And bring my words לְאַל to nought!

Note: 1 Samuel 27:10 אַל־מִשְׁטֹתֵם הַיּוֹם, אַל with the perfect is against all analogy; and either אֵלִי (with manuscripts 5, 9), or better אָן whither? (with manuscripts 6, 7; see 1 Samuel 10:14) must be read.

¹ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew and Some Other Syntactical Questions, 3rd ed., Oxford, 1892.

² O. Thenius, Die Bücher der Könige, Leipzig, 1849.

³ C. F. Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament, trans. J. Martin, Edinburgh, 1865-1872.

⁴ H. Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache des alten Bundes, 8th ed., Göttingen, 1870.

⁵ T. K. Cheyne, The Book of Psalms, London, 1888.

Particle negative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0408:

No stats available

תחשבו תַּחְשְׁבוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חשב

châshab

Definition

properly, to plait or interpenetrate, i.e. (literally) to weave or (generally) to fabricate; figuratively, to plot or contrive (usually in a malicious sense); hence (from the mental effort) to think, regard, value, compute

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to plait or interpenetrate, i.e. (literally) to weave or (generally) to fabricate; figuratively, to plot or contrive (usually in a malicious sense); hence (from the mental effort) to think, regard, value, compute; (make) account (of), conceive, consider, count, cunning (man, work, workman), devise, esteem, find out, forecast, hold, imagine, impute, invent, be like, mean, purpose, reckon(-ing be made), regard, think.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2803

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֵ֫שֶׁב

noun masculine • Root חשב • Consonantal / Medium • Page 539

Girdle, belt, especially the girdle of the ephod.

Matched via consonantal key only

חֲשָׁב

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 540

A word not used in its base form, meaning befriending or attachment. Used only in proper names. It is an Aramaic form for חֶשְׁבּוֹן.

Matched via consonantal key only

חֲשַׁב

verb (aramaic) • Root חשב • Consonantal / Medium • Page 539

Aramaic verb meaning to regard, to count.

Matched via consonantal key only

חִשֵּׁב

verb • Root חשב • Consonantal / Medium • Page 539

Piel stem of חשׁב. 1. To make artificially, to put together; figuratively to devise plans or intrigues. 2. To meditate, think, devise, plan against, form hostile designs, review, reckon. 3. To be very friendly to, allied with.

Matched via consonantal key only

חָשַׁב

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 538

1. To bind, to bind together, to knot; used for knotting threads (as a weaver), uniting things artificially (like musical instruments), girding, or fencing/fortifying. 2. Metaphorically, to meditate, to devise, to spin together ideas, often in a bad sense.

Matched via consonantal key only

חָשַׁב

verb • Root חשב • Consonantal / Medium • Page 539

To think, to meditate, to purpose, to account, to esteem, to count, to reckon, to judge, to weigh, to reflect upon. Also, (not used) to be allied, to be befriended, to be attached to.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חֲשַׁב

chald. v. • Page 254

To reckon, esteem. Dan. 4: 32. [35.]

חֵשֶׁב

noun masculine • Root חשב • Page 254

Verbal from חָשַׁב; the girdle of the high priest's ephod, so called from the damask work of which it was made. Ex. 28: 8, 27, 28; 29: 5; 39: 5, 20, 21.

חָשַׁב

verb • Page 253

1. to think, intend, purpose; construed with לְ and an infinitive. Ps. 140:5. 1 Sam. 18:25. 2. to imagine, invent, devise. חָשַׁב מַחֲשָׁבוֹת עַל to devise plans against, Jer. 11:19. 18:11. חָשַׁב רָעָה עַל to imagine evil against, Gen. 50:20. 3. to think, reckon, or account to be any thing.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2803

I. חָשַׁב verb — think, account.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic חֲשַׁב
• Arabic حَسَبَ
• Ethiopic ሐሰበ
• Phoenician חשב (meaning dubious, see CIS¹)

Qal

— חָשַׁב Perfect Isaiah 33:8 (9 times); חָשַׁבְתָּה 2 Samuel 14:13 etc.; Imperfect יַחְשֹׁב Isaiah 10:7 (4 times); יַחֲשָׁבֿ 2 Samuel 19:20, Psalm 40:18; suffix יַחְשְׁבֵנִי Job 19:11, Job 33:10; plural יַחְשְׁבוּ Psalm 41:8, Daniel 11:25, יַחְשֹׁ֑בוּ Isaiah 13:17, יַחֲשֹׁבוּן Psalm 35:20, נַחְשְׁבָה Jeremiah 18:18, etc. + 9 times; Infinitive construct לַחְשֹׁב Exodus 31:4 (3 times); Participle חֹשֵׁב Exodus 26:1 (15 times), חוֺשֵׁב 2 Chronicles 26:15; חֹשְׁבִים Nehemiah 6:2 (3 times), חֹשְׁבֵי Micah 2:1 (3 times).

I. Of man

1. think, account
   • (+ לְבָבוֹ לֹא כֵן יַחְשֹׁב) Isaiah 10:7 not so thinketh his mind
   • חֹשְׁבֵי שְׁמוֹ Malachi 3:16 those thinking of his name
   • followed by 2 accusative: חֲשַׁבְנֻהוּ נָגוּעַ Isaiah 53:4 we thought him stricken
   • with accusative + לְ Genesis 38:15 (Jehovist Source), 1 Samuel 1:13, Job 19:15, Job 35:2, Job 41:24
   • figurative of crocodile: Job 41:19 he reckoneth iron as straw
2. devise, plan, mean
   • with accusative מַחֲשֶׁבֶת רָעָה Ezekiel 38:10
   • רָעָה Psalm 35:4, Psalm 140:3, Zechariah 7:10, Zechariah 8:17
   • תַּהְפֻּכֹות Proverbs 16:30
   • מְזִמּוֹת Psalm 10:2, Psalm 21:12
   • דִּבְרֵי מִרְמוֹת Psalm 35:20
   • אָוֶן Micah 2:1, Ezekiel 11:2, Psalm 36:5
   • הַוּוֹת Psalm 52:4
   • רַע(ה) עַל devise evil against Genesis 50:20 (Elohist Source), Jeremiah 48:2, Nahum 1:11
   • רָעָה לְ Psalm 41:8
   • מַחֲשֶׁבֶת עַל Jeremiah 11:19, Jeremiah 18:18, Jeremiah 49:30, Daniel 11:25, Esther 8:3, Esther 9:25
   • with infinitive 1 Samuel 18:25, Jeremiah 18:8, Jeremiah 23:27, Job 6:26, Nehemiah 6:2, 6, Esther 9:24, Psalm 140:5
   • with לְבִלְתִּי + Imperfect 2 Samuel 14:14 (where, however, Ew² reads חֹבֵב compare We³ Dr⁴)
3. charge, impute
   • עָוֹן לְ 2 Samuel 19:20 impute iniquity to
4. esteem, value, regard
   • silver Isaiah 13:17
   • a man Isaiah 33:8
   • the servant of Yahweh Isaiah 53:3
5. invent ingenious and artistic things
   • לָהֶם כְּלֵי שִׁיר Amos 6:5 invent for themselves instruments of music
   • (כָּל) מַחֲשֶׁבֶת invent cunning work (of artistic devices in tabernacle) Exodus 31:4, Exodus 35:32, 35 (all Priests' Code), so 2 Chronicles 2:13
   • מַעֲשֵׂה חֹשֵׁב work of the cunning workman (in weaving; see VB⁵ and Di⁶) Exodus 26:1, 31, 28:6, 15, 36:8, 35, 39:3, 8 (all Priests' Code)
   • מַחֲשֶׁבֶת חוֺשֵׁב 2 Chronicles 26:15 inventions of inventive men (of engines of war)
   • חָרָשׁ וְחֹשֵׁב craftsman and inventive workman Exodus 35:35, Exodus 38:23 (Priests' Code)

II. Of God

1. think, account one
   • with accusative of person + לְ Job 13:24, Job 33:10 account for an enemy
   • לוֺ כְּצָרָיו Job 19:11 he accounted me unto him as his adversaries
2. devise, plan, mean
   • with accusative + לְ Genesis 50:20 (Elohist Source) לְטֹבָה for good
   • with לְ of person Psalm 40:18
   • accusative of thing + עַל against a person Micah 2:3, Jeremiah 18:11, 29:11, with אֶל Jeremiah 49:20, 50:45
   • followed by infinitive Jeremiah 26:3, 36:3, Lamentations 2:8
3. impute, reckon
   • with accusative of thing + לְ person: Genesis 15:6 (Jehovist/Elohist Source) he reckoned to Abram as righteousness
   • not impute iniquity to one Psalm 32:2

Niph`al

— נֶחְשַׁב Perfect Numbers 18:27, 30; נֶחְשַׁבְתִּי Psalm 88:5 etc. + 10 times; Imperfect יֵחָשֵׁב Leviticus 7:18 etc. + 13 times; Participle נֶחְשָׁב Isaiah 2:22, 1 Kings 10:21, 2 Chronicles 9:20.

1. be accounted, thought, esteemed
   • with כְּ as Hosea 8:12, Isaiah 5:28, Isaiah 29:16, Isaiah 40:15, Psalm 44:23, Job 18:3, Job 41:21
   • with לְ Isaiah 29:17, Isaiah 32:15, Lamentations 4:2
   • with עִם with, among Psalm 88:5
   • with בַּמֶּה Isaiah 2:22 at what (value)?
   • with accusative Deuteronomy 2:11, 20, Proverbs 17:28, Nehemiah 13:13
   • נָכְרִיּוֹת נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ לוֹ Genesis 31:13 (Elohist Source)
2. be computed, reckoned
   • with לְ Joshua 13:3 (Deuteronomic Code), עַל Leviticus 25:31 (Priests' Code), 2 Samuel 4:2
   • absolute: כֶּסֶף was not counted (so plentiful was it) 1 Kings 10:21, 2 Chronicles 9:20, 2 Kings 22:7
3. be imputed to any one
   • with לְ Leviticus 7:18, Numbers 18:27, 30 (all Priests' Code), Leviticus 17:4 (Holiness Code), Proverbs 27:14
   • the interposition of Phinehas: נֶחְשַׁב לוֹ לִצְדָקָה Psalm 106:31 was imputed to him for righteousness

Pi`el

— חִשַּׁב Perfect Leviticus 25:27 (4 times); חִשְּׁבָה Jonah 1:4; חִשַּׁבְתִּי Psalm 77:6, Psalm 119:59; Imperfect יְחַשֵּׁב Proverbs 16:9, Daniel 11:24, תְּחַשְּׁבוּן Nahum 1:9 etc. + 4 times; Participle מְחַשֵּׁב Proverbs 24:8.

1. think upon, consider, be mindful of
   • with accusative Psalm 77:6, Psalm 119:59
   • (מָה) בֶּן־אֱנֹושׁ וַתְּחַשְּׁבֵהוּ Psalm 144:3 what (is) man's son, and thou thinkest upon him
2. think to do, devise, plan
   • with accusative Proverbs 16:9, אֶל of persons against whom Hosea 7:15, Nahum 1:9, עַל Daniel 11:24
   • with infinitive Psalm 73:16, Proverbs 24:8
   • of inanimate object: הָאֳנִיָּה חִשְּׁבָה לְהִשָּׁבֵר Jonah 1:4 the ship was about to (minded to) be broken up
3. count, reckon
   • the years since a sale of land Leviticus 25:27 (Holiness Code)
   • with לְ person Leviticus 25:52 (Holiness Code), Leviticus 27:18, 23 (Priests' Code)
   • with עִם Leviticus 25:50 (Priests' Code); with אֶת 2 Kings 12:16

Hithpa`el

— Imperfect בַּגּוֹיִם לֹא יִתְחַשָּׁ֑ב Numbers 23:9 (Jehovist/Elohist Source) among the nations it shall not reckon itself.

Aramaic

[חֲשַׁב] verb think, account (compare Biblical Hebrew חָשַׁב).

Pe`al

— Participle passive plural כְּלָה חֲשִׁיבִין Daniel 4:32 like those not accounted of, of no account (see Bev⁷ and Dr⁴).

¹ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS).

² Heinrich Ewald, Hebrew Grammar (GKC citation style often applies here, but refers specifically to Ewald's work).

³ Julius Wellhausen.

⁴ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

⁵ Variorum Bible (or similar scholarly apparatus cited as VB).

⁶ August Dillmann.

⁷ A. A. Bevan, A Short Commentary on the Book of Daniel (1892).

Verb Qal imperfect second person masculine plural

LXX: λογισθήσεται ἐλογίσατο ἐλογίσθησαν ἐλογίσαντο λογίζομαι

LXX Usage Statistics

H2803:

λογισθήσεται 8× (6.0%)

ἐλογίσατο 7× (5.3%)

ἐλογίσθησαν 7× (5.6%)

ἐλογίσαντο 6× (4.8%)

λογίζομαι 4× (3.1%)

λογίζεσθε 3× (2.4%)

'' 3× (2.0%)

ἐλογίσθη 3× (2.2%)

λογιζόμενοι 3× (2.3%)

ὑφαντὸν 3× (2.4%)

בלבבכם בִּלְבַבְכם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

לבב

lêbâb

Definition

the heart (as the most interior organ);

Root

from H3823 (לבב); used also like H3820 (לב)

Exhaustive

from לבב; used also like לב; the heart (as the most interior organ); [phrase] bethink themselves, breast, comfortably, courage, ((faint), (tender-) heart(-ed), midst, mind, [idiom] unawares, understanding.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3824

כם

Definition

your, personal posessive - noun suffix: 2nd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 2nd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9026

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֵבָב

noun / masculine • Root לבב • Strongs / High • Page 763

The heart; a common variant or 'resolved form' of לֵב, with the same range of physical and metaphorical meanings.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֵבָב

noun masculine • Page 339

The heart. Const. לְבַב, plur. לְבָבִים.

לֵבָב

noun masculine • Root לב • Page 339

Heart; see לֵב.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3824

I. לֵבָב (approximate number of occurrences: 251) noun masculine^{Psalm 104:15} — inner man, mind, will, heart.

— לֵבָב absolute Deuteronomy 28:28 (31 times); construct לִבַב Deuteronomy 20:8 (22 times); suffix לְבָבִי Isaiah 21:4 (24 times); לְבָֽבְךָ Deuteronomy 4:29 (35 times); לְבָבֶ֑ךָ Deuteronomy 4:39 (21 times); לְבָבֵךְ 1 Samuel 1:8 (3 times); לְבָבוֺ Deuteronomy 2:30 (37 times); לְבָבָהּ Zephaniah 2:15 (3 times); לִבָבֵנוּ Deuteronomy 1:28 (3 times); לְבַבְכֶם Deuteronomy 10:16 (37 times); לְבָבָם Leviticus 26:41 (22 times); plural suffix לִבְבֵהֶן Nahum 2:8 (Stade¹ § 353 a reads לְבַבְהֶן, but see König² ii. 78); plural לְבָבוֺת 1 Chronicles 28:9.

1. Midst (central part)

Seldom of things:

• בִּלְבַב יַמִּים in the Midst of the seas Jonah 2:3 (poetry)
• עד לבב השׁמים unto the midst of heaven Deuteronomy 4:11 (so Samaritan Pentateuch; but Masoretic Text לב)

2. Inner man (of men)

a. The inner man in contrast with the outer

• כלה שׁארי ולבבי my flesh and my heart (soul) doth fail Psalm 73:26
• Antithesis with garments Joel 2:13
• Antithesis with hands Psalm 73:13; Lamentations 3:41?
• Antithesis with eyes Numbers 15:39 (Holiness Code); 1 Samuel 16:7
• Antithesis with ears Ezekiel 3:10; mouth Deuteronomy 30:14; speech Psalm 28:3, Psalm 78:18
• מְתֹפֲפֹת עַל־לִבְבֵהֶן tabering upon their breasts Nahum 2:7 (inner for outer)

b. The inner man, indefinite the soul (comprehending mind, affections and will)

• בכל־לבב ובכל־נפשׁ with all the heart and with all the soul Deuteronomy 4:29; Genesis 6:5; Deuteronomy 10:12; Deuteronomy 11:13; Deuteronomy 13:4; Deuteronomy 26:16; Deuteronomy 30:2, 6, 10; Joshua 22:5; Joshua 23:14; 1 Kings 2:4; 1 Kings 8:48; 2 Kings 23:25; 2 Chronicles 15:12; 2 Chronicles 34:31; Jeremiah 32:41
• Abbreviated בכל־לבב 1 Samuel 7:3; 1 Samuel 12:20, 24; 1 Kings 14:8; 2 Kings 10:31; 2 Chronicles 15:5; 2 Chronicles 22:9; 2 Chronicles 31:21; Psalm 86:12; Psalm 111:1; Jeremiah 29:13; Joel 2:12
• אשׁר בלבב what is in the heart (mind) Deuteronomy 8:2; 1 Samuel 9:19; 1 Samuel 14:7; 2 Samuel 7:3; 2 Kings 10:30; 2 Chronicles 32:31; compare Job 10:13; Psalm 84:6?
• עם לבב with the heart (mind), with ידע Deuteronomy 8:5; שִׂיחַ Psalm 77:7; usually with היה, of a thought or purpose, Deuteronomy 15:9; Joshua 14:7; 1 Kings 8:17, 18; 2 Chronicles 6:7, 8; 2 Chronicles 10:2; 1 Chronicles 22:7; 1 Chronicles 28:2; 2 Chronicles 1:11; 2 Chronicles 29:10
• כלבב according to the heart 1 Samuel 13:14; 1 Samuel 14:7; Psalm 20:7

c. Specific reference to mind

• אַנְשֵׁי לֵבָב men of mind Job 34:10, 34
• גם לי לבב I also have a mind Job 12:3
• הוֺלֵלוֺת בִּלְבָב madness is in (their) mind Ecclesiastes 9:3?
• וַתִּגְנֹב לְבָבִי and thou didst steal my mind Genesis 31:26 (Elohist Source; the לֵב of Genesis 31:20 should be corrected to לבב)
• Knowledge, with ידע Deuteronomy 8:5; Joshua 23:14; 1 Kings 2:44; הבין Isaiah 6:10; Isaiah 32:4
• חֲכַם לֵבָב wise of mind Job 9:4; לְבַב חָכְמָה mind of wisdom Psalm 90:12
• Thinking, reflection, with חשׁב Isaiah 10:7; Zechariah 7:10; Zechariah 8:17
• יצר מחשׁבות ל׳ conception of thoughts of mind 1 Chronicles 29:18; מַשְׂכִּיּוֺת ל׳ imaginations of mind Psalm 73:7; מוֺרָשֵׁי ל׳ possessions (thoughts) of mind Job 17:11
• Consideration: שׂם לבב set the mind, consider Haggai 2:15, 18; with לְ Deuteronomy 32:46; with על Haggai 1:5, 7
• Memory: שׂם בלבב lay up in the mind 1 Samuel 21:13; Job 22:22; השׁיב אל ל׳ lay to heart, call to mind Deuteronomy 4:39; Deuteronomy 30:1; 2 Chronicles 6:37; עלה על ל׳ come upon the mind Jeremiah 51:50; Ezekiel 38:10; סוּר מל׳ depart from the mind Deuteronomy 4:9; שמר בתוך ל׳ keep in the midst of mind Proverbs 4:21; על ל׳ Deuteronomy 6:6

d. Inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will

• הכין ל׳ set the mind, with אֶל 1 Samuel 7:3; 1 Chronicles 29:18; with לְ 2 Chronicles 20:33; with לדרשׁ 2 Chronicles 19:3; 2 Chronicles 30:19; Ezra 7:10
• הטה ל׳ Joshua 24:23 (Elohist Source); 1 Kings 8:58; נתן ל׳ 1 Chronicles 22:19; 2 Chronicles 11:16
• פנה מעם ל׳ mind turn away from Deuteronomy 29:17; Deuteronomy 30:17
• יֵהָפֵךְ ל׳ Pharaoh's mind was changed Exodus 14:5 (Elohist Source)

e. Specific reference to conscience and moral character

• לא יחרף לבבי my heart (conscience) shall not reproach me Job 27:6
• Uprightness: ישֶׁר ל׳ Deuteronomy 9:5; 1 Chronicles 29:17; Psalm 119:7?; יִשְׁרֵי ל׳ 2 Chronicles 29:34; יִשְׁרַת ל׳ 1 Kings 3:6; יָשָׁר ל׳ 2 Kings 10:15
• Integrity: תָּם־ל׳ Genesis 20:5, 6 (Elohist Source); 1 Kings 9:4; Psalm 78:72; Psalm 101:2
• Perfect heart: ל׳ שָׁלֵם 1 Kings 8:61; 1 Kings 11:4; 1 Kings 15:3, 14; 2 Kings 20:3; 1 Chronicles 12:39; 1 Chronicles 29:19; 2 Chronicles 16:9; 2 Chronicles 19:9; 2 Chronicles 25:2
• Purity: בַּר־ל׳ pure in heart Psalm 24:4; בָּרֵי ל׳ Psalm 73:1
• Naughtiness: 1 Samuel 17:28?; erring Psalm 95:10; forward Psalm 101:4
• Pride: Psalm 101:5; Isaiah 9:8; Isaiah 10:12; Ezekiel 28:5; Daniel 8:25; רָם ל׳ heart is lifted up Deuteronomy 8:14; Deuteronomy 17:20; Ezekiel 31:10; Daniel 11:12
• Circumcised: Deuteronomy 10:16; Deuteronomy 30:6; Jeremiah 4:4; uncircumcised Leviticus 26:41 (Holiness Code)
• Hardened: אמּץ ל׳ Deuteronomy 2:30; Deuteronomy 15:7; 2 Chronicles 36:13; הקשׁה ל׳ Psalm 95:8

f. As the man himself (the soul)

• אמר בל׳ say in the heart (to oneself) Deuteronomy 7:17; Deuteronomy 8:17; Deuteronomy 9:4; Deuteronomy 18:21; Psalm 4:5; Isaiah 14:3; Isaiah 47:8; Isaiah 49:21; Jeremiah 5:24; Jeremiah 13:22; Zephaniah 1:12; Zephaniah 2:15
• יְחִי לְבַבְכֶם let your heart (you yourselves) live Psalm 22:27; Psalm 69:33
• Seat of appetites: סעד ל׳ stay the heart (with food) Psalm 104:15; Judges 19:8; יִיטַב לְבָבֶ֑ךָ be merry (with wine) Judges 19:9; יְשַׂמַּח ל׳ Psalm 104:15
• Seat of emotions: (joy) Isaiah 30:29; Jeremiah 15:16; Ezekiel 36:5; (gladness) Deuteronomy 28:47; (comfort) 2 Chronicles 32:6
• Trouble and fear: 1 Kings 8:38; Psalm 25:17; (weakness) Leviticus 26:36 (Holiness Code); Deuteronomy 20:3; 2 Chronicles 13:7; Isaiah 1:5; Jeremiah 51:46; (grief) Deuteronomy 15:10; 1 Samuel 1:8; (sorrow) Psalm 13:3; (fear) Deuteronomy 28:67; (dismay) Isaiah 21:4; (anger) Deuteronomy 19:6; (hate) Leviticus 19:16 (Holiness Code)
• Melting heart: ימּס ל׳ Deuteronomy 20:8; Joshua 2:11; Joshua 5:1; Joshua 7:5; Isaiah 13:7; Isaiah 19:1
• Seat of courage: Daniel 11:25; יַאֲמֵץ לְבַבְכֶם let your heart take courage Psalm 31:25

Aramaic

I. לְבַב (compare Egyptian Aramaic) noun masculine^{Daniel 4:13} heart (Biblical Hebrew לֵבָב).

1. heart
   • construct לְבַב Daniel 4:13, Daniel 7:4
   • suffix לִבְבָח Daniel 2:30, Daniel 5:22
   • suffix לִבְבֵהּ Daniel 4:13, Daniel 5:20, 21

¹ Bernhard Stade, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Grammatik (1879).

² Friedrich König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal second person masculine plural

LXX: καρδίᾳ καρδίασ καρδίαν καρδία καρδίαισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3824:

καρδίᾳ 64× (23.4%)

καρδίασ 48× (18.9%)

καρδίαν 47× (17.6%)

καρδία 39× (14.4%)

καρδίαισ 8× (2.6%)

διανοίᾳ 6× (2.1%)

ψυχῇ 5× (1.8%)

ψυχὴ 4× (1.5%)

'' 4× (1.5%)

αὐτῆσ 4× (1.2%)

ושבעת וּשְׁבֻעַת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שבועה

shᵉbûwʻâh

Definition

properly, something sworn, i.e. an oath

Root

feminine passive participle of H7650 (שבע);

Exhaustive

feminine passive participle of שבע; properly, something sworn, i.e. an oath; curse, oath, [idiom] sworn.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7621

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁבוּעָה

noun feminine • Root שבע • Strongs / High • Page 1376

An oath, or a week (derived from the number seven).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁבוּעָה

noun feminine • Root שבע • Page 652

An oath (implied from root). Cant. 2:7, 3:5, 1 K. 22:16.

שְׁבוּעָה and שְׁבֻעָה

noun feminine • Root שבע • Page 650

an oath. Gen. 26: 3. an oath by Jehovah, Ex. 22: 10; Ecc. 8: 2. (2.) an oath of imprecation, a curse. Num. 5: 21.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7621

I. שְׁבוּעָה, שְׁבֻעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 30) noun feminine — oath, curse.

— שְׁבוּעָה absolute Joshua 9:20 +; שְׁבֻעָה Genesis 26:3 +; construct שְׁבֻעַת Exodus 22:10 +; suffix שְׁבֻעָתִי Genesis 24:8 etc.; plural שְׁבֻעוֹת absolute Ezekiel 21:28, construct Habakkuk 3:9; (Jeremiah 5:24; Ezekiel 45:21 see שָׁבוּעַ).

oath [as accusative of cognate meaning with verb with הִשָּׁבַע etc. Numbers 30:3 + (in relative clause) 5 times]:

1. Of man

a. Attesting innocence, friendship, or promise

• Exodus 22:10 (Elohist Source)
• 2 Samuel 21:7 (friendship)
• 1 Kings 2:43 (promise; after שָׁמַר keep; all שְׁבֻעַת יְהוָה oath to Yahweh)
• Numbers 5:21a (innocence)
• Nehemiah 6:18 (בַּעֲלֵי שְׁבוּעָה לוֹ)
• Leviticus 5:4 (promise)
• Numbers 30:3, Numbers 30:11, Numbers 30:14 (שְׁבֻעַת אִסָּר; of vow, parallel נֶדֶר)
• Joshua 9:20 (Priests' Code)
• Nehemiah 10:30 (parallel אָלָה)
• Ecclesiastes 9:2
• 2 Chronicles 15:15 (covenant with Yahweh)
• Ecclesiastes 8:2 (שְׁבוּעַת אֱלֹהִים, probably of oath of allegiance to king)
• Zechariah 8:17 (שְׁבֻעַת שֶׁקֶר false oath)
• Judges 21:5; 1 Samuel 14:26 (of threat; Septuagint שְׁבֻעַת יְהוָה)
• Genesis 26:3 (Jehovist Source), Jeremiah 11:5 (הֵקִים הַשְּׁבוּעָה keep, discharge the oath)
• Genesis 24:8 (Jehovist Source), Joshua 2:17–20 (נָקָה מִשְּׁבוּעָה be free, exempt from an oath)

b. = curse

• Isaiah 65:15
• Numbers 5:21 (Priests' Code; parallel אָלָה)
• Daniel 9:11

2. Of God

In promise or covenant:

• Deuteronomy 7:8 (after שָׁמַר)
• Psalm 105:9 = 1 Chronicles 16:16 (parallel בְּרִית covenant; שְׁבוּעָתוֹ לְיִצְחָק)

— שְׁבֻעוֹת מַטּוֹת Habakkuk 3:9 very dubious: AV oaths of the tribes; oaths, rods of the word (Hitzig-Steiner); sworn (passive participle שְׁבַע) were the rods (= chastisements) of (thy) word (Gesenius, Hitzig, RVm); heptads of spears (Ewald, compare Davidson); text probably corrupt, Nowack proposes שִׁבַּעְתָּ (אַשְׁפָּֽתְךָׅ) thou hast sated with shafts thy quiver; Marti (after Septuagint Manuscripts) thy bow was satiated with shafts; George Adam Smith thou gluttest (?) thy shafts.

Ezekiel 21:28 see root.

¹ Albr (Albright), ZAW xvi (1896), 116 regarding Joshua 2:17 reading הַזּה.

Conjunction, Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX: ὅρκον ὅρκου ὅρκοσ ὅρκῳ μεθ'

LXX Usage Statistics

H7621:

ὅρκον 11× (33.3%)

ὅρκου 6× (17.9%)

ὅρκοσ 4× (13.4%)

ὅρκῳ 3× (8.7%)

μεθ' 2× (7.2%)

--- 2× (7.2%)

שקר שֶׁקֶר

false one/lie

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שקר

sheqer

Definition

an untruth; by implication, a sham (often adverbial)

Root

from H8266 (שקר);

Exhaustive

from שקר; an untruth; by implication, a sham (often adverbial); without a cause, deceit(-ful), false(-hood, -ly), feignedly, liar, [phrase] lie, lying, vain (thing), wrongfully.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8267

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁקַר

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1478

1. trans. to paint, to colour. 2. intrans. to lie, with לְ of a person.

Matched via consonantal key only

שֶׁקֶר

root / verb • Root שקר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1479

To lie, to act faithlessly or falsely; to break a covenant, to be false to one's faith.

Matched via consonantal key only

שֶׁקֶר

noun masculine • Root שקר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1479

A lie, falsehood, deceit, deception; an unreliable, vain thing; often used adverbially ('in vain', 'without cause').

Matched via consonantal key only

שִׁקֵּר

verb • Root שקר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1478

(Pih.) to deceive, to deal falsely.

Matched via consonantal key only

שִׁקֵּר

verb • Root שקר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1479

(Pihel) to let the eyes look about, to ogle (referring to the looks of impure women).

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂקַר

verb • Page 643

found only in Pi. Is. 3 : 16: 'ogling or winking with their eyes.' (Chald. סְקַר to look on).

שֶׁקֶר

m. verbal • Root שקר • Page 699

a lie, falsehood, deception. — שֶׁקֶר דִּבְרֵי false words, Ex. 5: 9. עֵד שֶׁקֶר a false witness, Deut. 19: 18. to swear falsely, Lev. 5: 24. to prophesy falsely, Jer. 5: 31. 20: 6. 29: 9. as an adv. in vain, to no purpose, without cause. Plur. שְׁקָרִים lies, Ps. 101: 7.

שָׁקַר

verb • Page 699

to lie, to deceive, construed with a dative of the person. Gen. 21: 23. Pi. idem, 1 Sam. 15: 29. to violate a covenant, faithfulness, Ps. 44: 18. 89: 34. also without addition, Is. 63: 8.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8267

I. שֶׁ֫קֶר (approximate number of occurrences: 113) noun masculine — deception, disappointment, falsehood.

— שֶׁ֫קֶר absolute Exodus 23:7 (64 times); שָׁ֑קֶר Exodus 5:9 (42 times); plural שְׁקָרִים Psalm 101:7 (3 times); suffix שִׁקְרֵיהֶם Jeremiah 23:22.

1. Deception

What deceives, disappoints, and betrays one:

• a molten image Jeremiah 10:14 = Jeremiah 51:17
• gift Proverbs 25:14
• grace of person Proverbs 31:30, etc.
• אֹ֫רַח שׁ׳ Psalm 119:104; Psalm 119:128
• דֶּ֫רֶךְ שׁ׳ Psalm 119:29
• בטח בשׁ׳ Jeremiah 13:25
• נחל שׁ׳ Jeremiah 16:19, compare also Psalm 7:15; Psalm 33:17; Psalm 119:118; Isaiah 28:15
• לַשֶּׁקֶר for disappointment, in vain 1 Samuel 25:21; Jeremiah 3:23

2. Deceit, fraud, wrong

• עשׂה (ל) שׁ׳ do or practise fraud, wrong Hosea 7:1; Jeremiah 6:13; Jeremiah 8:8, 10
• with בְ, 2 Samuel 18:13
• מְּעֻלַּת שׁ׳ Proverbs 11:18
• לֶ֫חֶם שׁ׳ food got by fraud Proverbs 20:17
• זֶ֫רע שׁ׳ Isaiah 57:4
• עֵט שׁ׳ Jeremiah 8:8
• ילד שׁ׳ Psalm 7:15 ("" עמל)
• דרךְ לשׁון קשׁת שׁ׳ Jeremiah 9:2
• בְּשׁ׳ Jeremiah 3:10 ("" בגד)
• adverb שֶׁקֶר fraudulently, wrongfully Psalm 35:19; Psalm 38:20; Psalm 69:5; Psalm 119:78; Psalm 119:86

3. Injurious falsehood

In testimony, especially in courts:

• עַד שֶׁקֶר Exodus 20:16 (Elohist Source), Deuteronomy 19:18; Psalm 27:12; Proverbs 6:19; Proverbs 14:5; Proverbs 25:18
• עֵד שׁקרים Proverbs 12:17; Proverbs 19:5, 9
• ענה שׁ׳ testify falsehood Deuteronomy 19:18
• שְׁבֻעַת שׁ׳ Zechariah 8:17 false oath
• נשׁבע לשׁ׳ swear falsely Jeremiah 5:2 (5 times)
• נשׁבע על שׁ׳ Leviticus 5:22
• דבּר שׁ׳ Micah 6:12 + (see דָּבַר, דָּבָר)
• אִמְרֵי שׁ׳ Isaiah 32:7
• שׂפת(י) שׁ׳ Psalm 31:19; Psalm 120:2; Proverbs 10:18; Proverbs 17:7
• טפל שׁ׳ Job 13:4; Psalm 119:69, compare Psalm 119:163
• absolute false! 2 Kings 9:12; Jeremiah 37:14

4. Falsity

Of false or self-deceived prophets:

• נבּא שׁ׳ prophesy falsely Jeremiah 14:14; Jeremiah 23:25, 26; Jeremiah 29:21; + ל person Jeremiah 27:10; Jeremiah 20:14, 16
• נ׳ לַשּׁ׳ Jeremiah 20:15
• נ׳ בשׁ׳ Jeremiah 5:31; Jeremiah 20:6; Jeremiah 29:9
• מוֺרֶה שׁ׳ Isaiah 9:14; Habakkuk 2:18
• חזה שׁ׳ Zechariah 10:2
• חֲזוֺן שׁ׳ Jeremiah 14:14, etc. (+ 12 times)
• רוּח שׁ׳ (spirit of falsehood)

5. Lie, falsehood

In general:

• דבר שׁ׳ Psalm 101:7 ("" רְמִיָּה)
• דְּבַר שׁ׳ Proverbs 13:5
• of מִלִּים Job 36:4
• לְשׁוֺן שׁ׳ false tongue Proverbs 6:17; Proverbs 12:19; Proverbs 21:6; Proverbs 26:28; Psalm 109:2
• of lips Proverbs 12:22
• אִישׁ שׁ׳ Proverbs 17:4 liar

¹ Elohist Source.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ψευδῆ ἄδικα ἄδικον ἀδίκωσ ψευδὴσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8267:

ψευδῆ 19× (17.1%)

ἄδικα 10× (9.2%)

ἄδικον 8× (7.2%)

ἀδίκωσ 8× (7.4%)

ψευδὴσ 5× (4.6%)

ἀδικίασ 4× (3.7%)

ἀδίκῳ 4× (3.3%)

ψεῦδοσ 4× (3.5%)

ψευδὲσ 4× (3.7%)

ψευδεῖσ 4× (3.7%)

אל אַל־

toward

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼal

Definition

not (the qualified negation, used as a deprecative); once (Job 24:25) as a noun, nothing

Root

a negative particle (akin to H3808 (לא));

Exhaustive

a negative particle (akin to לא); not (the qualified negation, used as a deprecative); once (Job 24:25) as a noun, nothing; nay, neither, [phrase] never, no, nor, not, nothing (worth), rather than.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H408

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַל

pronoun demonstrative • Strongs_Numbers • Page 126

(I) Pronominal stem/demonstrative pronoun. A gentle reference to a thing and emphasizing of it, weaker than זֶה. Hence arises its modification into the article in Arabic, and in some Hebrew remains.

אַל

negative particle • Root לא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 126

(II) A negative word/particle expressing subjective negation, unwillingness, or prohibition (dissuasively 'do not', 'let not'). Distinct from the objective negative לֹא. Used in commands, wishes, and to denote dissuasion.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אַל

particle of negation • Root אלל • Page 49

1. lest, that... not (Gen. 43:23). 2. not, but more rarely (Am. 5:14). 3. nay, no (Ruth 1:13). 4. nothing (Job 24:25). 5. interrogatively for הֲלֹא (1 Sam. 27:10).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H408

II. אַל adverb of negation (so Phoenician for example Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum volume 1, numbers 3, 4, 5, 8, Biblical Aramaic, Sabean (D. H. Müller Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1875, 596), and in the Ethiopic አማር: አልቦ, is not), denying however, not objectively as a fact (like לֹא οὐ), but subjectively as a wish (like μή), expressing therefore a deprecation or prohibition.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אל (for example Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum volume 1, numbers 3, 4, 5, 8)
• Biblical Aramaic
• Sabean (D. H. Müller Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1875, 596)
• Ethiopic አማር: አልቦ, is not

1. Usage with a Verb

With a verb, which is then always an imperfect (never an imperative), by preference in the cohortative or jussive mood, where this is in use, and may be of any person or number.

• Genesis 15:1 and often אַל־תִּירָא fear not!
• Genesis 22:12 אַל־תִּשְׁלַח יָדְךָ put not forth thy hand
• Genesis 37:27 וְיַדֵּנוּ אַל־תְּהִי בוֹ and let not our hand be upon him
• Genesis 21:16 אַל־אֶרְאֶה בְּמוֹת הַנַּעַר let me not look upon the death of the lad!
• Psalm 25:2 אַל־אֵבוֹשָׁה let me not be ashamed
• With 1 plural (rare): 2 Samuel 13:25; Jeremiah 18:18; Jonah 1:14

2. In an Imprecation

• Genesis 49:4 אַל־תּוֹתַר have not thou the excellency!
• Psalm 109:12
• Job 3:4, 6

Sometimes strengthened by נָא: Genesis 13:8; Genesis 18:3 and elsewhere.

3. Without a Verb

(a) 2 Samuel 1:21 let (there be) not dew and not rain upon you! Isaiah 62:6; Psalm 83:1.

(b) Used absolutely, in deprecation: Genesis 19:18; 2 Samuel 13:16 (see below אוֹדָה); 2 Kings 3:13; 2 Kings 4:16; 2 Kings 6:27 (see Revised Version margin; but possibly to be explained by Driver¹ §152 iii; so Thenius² Keil³; hardly as Ewald⁴ §355 b); Ruth 1:13 אַל בְּנוֹתַי nay, my daughters, compare Judges 19:23.

(c) After a preceding imperative: Amos 5:14; Joel 2:13; Proverbs 8:10, a jussive Proverbs 27:2, an infinitive absolute Proverbs 27:2.

(d) In poetry אַל sometimes expresses vividly the emotion or sympathy of the poet (see Driver¹ §§56-8); Isaiah 2:9 וְאַל־תִּשָּׂא לָהֶם and forgive them not! (with a touch of passion), Psalm 41:3; Proverbs 3:25; Job 5:22; Psalm 34:6 (but manuscripts 5, 6 Ewald⁴ Cheyne⁵ here read וּפְנֵיכֶם, probably rightly); Psalm 50:3 a may our God come וְאַל יֶחֱשָׁרָשׁ and not be silent! (the psalmist identifying himself with a spectator of the scene Psalm 50:2, 3b-c) Psalm 121:3 (contrast Psalm 121:4 לֹא) Jeremiah 46:6 +.

4. Joined Closely to a Substantive

Once Proverbs 12:28 joined closely to a substantive (compare לֹא 2 b) to express with emphasis its negation: In the way of righteousness is life, and in the pathway thereof אַל־מָוֶת there is no-death! that is to say, immortality.

5. Used as a Substantive

Once Job 24:25 used in poetry as a substantive, And bring my words לְאַל to nought!

Note: 1 Samuel 27:10 אַל־מִשְׁטֹתֵם הַיּוֹם, אַל with the perfect is against all analogy; and either אֵלִי (with manuscripts 5, 9), or better אָן whither? (with manuscripts 6, 7; see 1 Samuel 10:14) must be read.

¹ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew and Some Other Syntactical Questions, 3rd ed., Oxford, 1892.

² O. Thenius, Die Bücher der Könige, Leipzig, 1849.

³ C. F. Keil, Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament, trans. J. Martin, Edinburgh, 1865-1872.

⁴ H. Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache des alten Bundes, 8th ed., Göttingen, 1870.

⁵ T. K. Cheyne, The Book of Psalms, London, 1888.

Particle negative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0408:

No stats available

תאהבו תֶּאֱהָבוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אהב

ʼâhab

Definition

to have affection for (sexually or otherwise)

Root

or אהב ; a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or אהב ; a primitive root; to have affection for (sexually or otherwise); (be-) love(-d, -ly, -r), like, friend.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H157

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָהַב

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 70

trans. to love; sensuously, of love between the sexes; of the love of parents, friends, virtuous or vicious love; to like, to be fond of doing.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָהַב

verb • Page 28

1. to love. 2. to desire, rejoice in. (Lev. 19:18, 34; Ecc. 5:9; Prov. 18:24; Ps. 40:17; 70:5; 116:1; Hos. 12:8; Is. 56:10; Jer. 14:10).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H157

I. אָהַב (216) verb — love (affection both pure and impure, divine and human).

Qal

Perfect אָהַב Genesis 27:9 (7 times); אָשְׁהַב Genesis 27:14; אָהַב Genesis 37:3 (3 times); אֲהַבְתָּ Deuteronomy 15:16; 3 feminine singular אָהֲבָה Song of Solomon 1:7 +; etc.; Imperfect (יֶאֱהַב) Proverbs 3:12 +; 1 singular אֶהֱבָּב Proverbs 8:17 (compare H. Ewald¹ §192d Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar² §68.1); וָאֹהַב Malachi 1:2; וָאֹהַבְתִּי Hosea 11:1; אֹהַבְתִּים Hosea 14:5; וָאֹהַבְתִּים Psalm 119:167; 2 masculine plural תְּאַהֲבוּ Proverbs 1:22 (compare E. König³ I p. 394 Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §63 R 2); תֵּאָהֲבוּ Zechariah 8:17; תָּאָהֲבוּן Psalm 4:3; Imperative אֱהַב Hosea 3:1; אֱהָבֵהָ Proverbs 4:6; אֵהֲבוּ Psalm 31:24; Amos 5:15; אֱהָבֻּו Zechariah 8:19; Infinitive construct אֱהֹב Ecclesiastes 3:8; אֲהָבָה Deuteronomy 10:12 +; אֲהֲבַת Micah 6:8 + etc.; compare also below noun אַהֲבָה below; Participle אֹהֵב (אוֹהֵב) Deuteronomy 10:18 (26 times); feminine construct אֹהֶבֶת Hosea 3:1 is probably active compare J. Barth⁴ Nominalbildung 174 ff; suffix אֹהֲבִי Isaiah 41:8 etc.; feminine אֹהֶבֶת Genesis 25:28; אֹהֶבְתִּי Hosea 10:11 etc.; Passive participle אָהוּב Nehemiah 13:26; אֲהוּבָה Deuteronomy 21:15 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 21:16.

1. Human love to human object

• Absolute, opposed to hate: שָׂנֵא Ecclesiastes 3:8
• Of love to son: Genesis 22:2; Genesis 25:28; Genesis 37:3, Genesis 37:4; Genesis 44:20 (Jehovist Source⁵ Elohist Source⁶) Proverbs 13:24; so also 2 Samuel 13:21 (compare H. Ewald¹ Thes We, compare S. R. Driver⁷, of David's loving Amnon)
• Never to parent, but mother-in-law: Ruth 4:15
• Of man's love to woman; wife: Genesis 24:67; Genesis 29:20, Genesis 29:30 (compare Genesis 29:18), Genesis 29:32 (Jehovist Source Elohist Source), also Deuteronomy 21:15 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 21:16; Judges 14:16; 1 Samuel 1:5; 2 Chronicles 11:21; Esther 2:17; Hosea 3:1; Ecclesiastes 9:9; but also Genesis 34:3 (Jehovist Source) Judges 16:4, Judges 16:15; 2 Samuel 13:1, 2 Samuel 13:4, 2 Samuel 13:15 (where of carnal desire) 1 Kings 11:1 compare 1 Kings 11:2; Hosea 3:1; רֵעַ אֹהֵב loving a paramour, see J. Barth Nominalbildung 176
• Woman's love to man: 1 Samuel 18:20 (so 1 Samuel 18:28, but read וּבִי כָּלִישָׁרָאֵל אֹהֵב אֹתוֹ compare J. Wellhausen⁸ S. R. Driver) Song of Solomon 1:3, Song of Solomon 1:4, Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1, Song of Solomon 3:2, Song of Solomon 3:3, Song of Solomon 3:4 (5 times subject נַפְשִׁי); compare also figurative of adulterous Judah Jeremiah 2:25; Isaiah 57:8; Ezekiel 16:37
• Of love of slave to master: Exodus 21:5 (Jehovist Source Elohist Source) Deuteronomy 15:16
• Inferior to superior: 1 Samuel 18:22 compare 1 Samuel 18:16
• Love to neighbour: Leviticus 19:18 (וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹכָה), particularly to stranger Leviticus 19:34 (both Priests' Code / Narrative), Deuteronomy 10:18, Deuteronomy 10:19
• Love of friend to friend: 1 Samuel 16:21; 1 Samuel 18:1, 1 Samuel 18:3; 1 Samuel 20:17 (twice in verse); Job 19:19; Proverbs 17:1 compare 2 Samuel 19:7 (twice in verse); 2 Chronicles 19:2; see also Proverbs 9:8; Proverbs 16:13; compare Proverbs 15:12

2. Of appetite, object food, etc.

• Food: Genesis 27:7, Genesis 27:9, Genesis 27:14 (Jehovist Source Elohist Source)
• Drink: Hosea 3:1; Proverbs 21:17
• Husbandry: 2 Chronicles 26:10; compare figurative of Ephraim Hosea 10:11 followed by infinitive
• Length of life: Psalm 34:13
• Of cupidity: Hosea 9:1; 1 Samuel 1:23; Ecclesiastes 5:9 (twice in verse)
• Of love of sleep: Proverbs 20:13 compare figurative of sluggish watchmen (followed by infinitive) Isaiah 56:10
• With object abstract wisdom (personified), knowledge, righteousness, etc.: Proverbs 4:6; Proverbs 8:17, Proverbs 8:21; Proverbs 12:1; Proverbs 22:11; Proverbs 29:3; Amos 5:15; Micah 6:8 (infinitive infinitives) Zechariah 8:19, compare Proverbs 19:8 קֹנֶה לֵב אֹהֵב נַפְשׁוֹ
• Object folly, evil, etc.: Micah 3:2; Micah 4:3; Psalm 11:5; Psalm 52:5; Psalm 52:6; Psalm 109:17; Proverbs 1:22; Proverbs 8:36; Proverbs 17:19 (twice in verse), compare Proverbs 18:21; Zechariah 8:17, compare כִּי אִם אֹהֵב Amos 4:5; Jeremiah 5:31, followed by Infinitive Hosea 12:8; Jeremiah 14:10, especially of idolatry Hosea 4:13 (where strike out הָבוּ compare E. König I. p. 395) Jeremiah 8:2

3. Love to God

• Exodus 20:6 (Jehovist Source Elohist Source) elsewhere Hexateuch only Deuteronomy 5:10; Deuteronomy 6:5; Deuteronomy 7:9 (9 times Deuteronomy + Joshua 22:5; Joshua 23:11; also Judges 5:31; 1 Kings 3:3; Nehemiah 1:5; Daniel 9:4; especially in (late) Psalm 31:24; Psalm 116:1; Psalm 145:20, but usually followed by name, law, etc. of יְהוָה Psalm 5:12; Psalm 26:8; Psalm 40:17; Psalm 69:37; Psalm 70:5; Psalm 97:10; Psalm 119:47 (11 times Psalm 119); compare Isaiah 56:6; compare also of love to Jerusalem Isaiah 66:10; Psalm 122:6

4. Especially Participle אֹהֵב = (a) lover

• Lamentations 1:2 (figurative of Jerusalem)
• (b) friend Hiram of David: 1 Kings 5:15, compare Jeremiah 20:4, Jeremiah 20:6; Esther 5:10, Esther 5:14; Esther 6:13; Psalm 38:12 (parallel רֵעַ) so Psalm 88:19, Proverbs 14:20; also Proverbs 18:24; Proverbs 27:6; Abraham of God Isaiah 41:8; 2 Chronicles 20:7

5. Of divine love

• (a) to individual men: Deuteronomy 4:37; 2 Samuel 12:24; Proverbs 3:12; Proverbs 15:9; Psalm 146:8; Nehemiah 13:26
• (b) to people Israel, etc.: Deuteronomy 7:8, Deuteronomy 7:13; Deuteronomy 23:6; Hosea 3:1; Hosea 9:15; Hosea 11:1; Hosea 14:5; 1 Kings 10:9; 2 Chronicles 2:10; 2 Chronicles 9:8; Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 48:14; Jeremiah 31:3; Malachi 1:2 (3 times in verse); Psalm 47:5; to Jerusalem Psalm 78:68; Psalm 87:2
• (c) to righteousness, etc.: Psalm 11:7; Psalm 33:5; Psalm 37:28; Psalm 45:8; Psalm 99:4; Isaiah 61:8; Malachi 2:11

Niph`al

Participle plural הַנֶּאֱהָבִים 2 Samuel 1:23 lovely, loveable of Saul and Jonathan (parallel הַנְּעִימִים).

Pi`el

Participle plural suffix (מְאַהֲבִי) מְאַהֲבַי Hosea 2:7 (3 times); (מְאַהֲבִיִךְ) מְאַהֲבַיִךְ Jeremiah 22:20 (6 times); מְאַהֲבֶיהָ Hosea 2:9 (4 times).

1. Friends

• Zechariah 13:6

2. Lovers in figure of adulterous Israel

• Hosea 2:7; Hosea 2:9; Hosea 2:12; Hosea 2:14; Hosea 2:15; Ezekiel 23:5, Ezekiel 23:9; Judah Jeremiah 22:20, Jeremiah 22:22; Jeremiah 30:14; Lamentations 1:19; Ezekiel 16:33, Ezekiel 16:36, Ezekiel 16:37; Ezekiel 23:22

¹ H. Ewald, Antiquities of Israel, or other works by Heinrich Ewald.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ E. König, Historisch-comparative Syntax der hebräischen Sprache, Leipzig, 1897.

⁴ J. Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen, Leipzig, 1894.

⁵ Jehovist Source (J) - a hypothetical source in the Documentary Hypothesis.

⁶ Elohist Source (E) - a hypothetical source in the Documentary Hypothesis.

⁷ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1913.

⁸ J. Wellhausen, Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments, 3rd ed., Berlin, 1899.

^† Hapax Legomenon (occurs only once in Scripture).

^|| Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

^[] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

^* Assumed form (not actually found).

^? Sign of doubt.

^t. times (following a number).

Verb Qal imperfect second person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0157:

No stats available

כי כִּי

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3588

I. כִּי conjunction — that, for, when.

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician כ
• Aramaic דֵּךְ this¹
• Latin nam

1. That

a. Prefixed to sentences depending on an active verb

Occupying the place of an accusative; after verbs of seeing, knowing, telling, etc.:

• Genesis 1:10 וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי טוֹב (God saw that it was good)
• Genesis 3:6, Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 12:14
• Genesis 14:14, Genesis 22:12 (knowing)
• Genesis 12:18, Genesis 6:6–7 (repenting)
• Genesis 22:16 (swearing)
• Job 36:10, 24 (commanding)
• Psalm 41:12 (after a pronoun)

b. Introducing direct narration

Like the Greek ὅτι recitativum:

• Genesis 21:30
• Genesis 29:33 and she said, כִּי שָׁמַע יְהוָה Yahweh hath heard, etc.
• Exodus 3:12
• Joshua 2:24
• 1 Samuel 10:19 and ye have said to him, כִּי מֶלֶךְ תָּשִׂים עָלֵינוּ

c. Especially after an oath

Introducing the fact sworn to:

• Genesis 42:16 by the life of Pharaoh, כִּי מְרַגְּלִים אַתֶּם
• Numbers 14:22
• 1 Samuel 20:3 as יְהוָה liveth, כִּי כְפֶשַׂע בֵּינִי וּבֵין הַמָּוֶת
• 1 Samuel 14:44 כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה אֱלֹהִים וְכֹה יוֹסִיף כִּי מוֹת תָּמוּת

d. With adverbs and interjections

• אַף כִּי (see אַף)
• הֲכִי is it that...? 2 Samuel 9:1, Genesis 29:15
• אִם לֹא כִּי Deuteronomy 32:30 were it not that...
• כִּי עַתָּה (apodosis) Genesis 31:42, Genesis 43:10

e. Intensive force

Introducing a statement with emphasis: yea, surely, certainly:

• Exodus 18:11
• 1 Samuel 17:25
• Isaiah 32:13
• Lamentations 3:22 (the mercies of יְהוָה, surely they are not consumed)

f. That, expressing consecution

Especially after a question implying surprise or deprecation:

• Genesis 20:9 what have I sinned against thee כִּי הֵבֵאתָ עָלַי that thou hast brought upon me?
• Exodus 3:11 who am I כִּי אֵלֵךְ that I should go?
• Psalm 8:5 what is man כִּי תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ?
• Genesis 40:15 (after a negative)

2. Of time

a. When

• Of the past: Genesis 6:1, Genesis 26:8, 2 Samuel 6:13
• Of the present: Exodus 18:16 כִּי יִהְיֶה לָהֶם דָּבָר when they have a matter
• Of the future: Genesis 4:12 כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת הָאֲדָמָה, Exodus 7:9

b. Approximating to "if"

Representing a case likely to occur (mostly with imperfect):

• Genesis 38:16
• Often in laws: Exodus 21:14, 21:33; Leviticus 1:2

c. Concessive force (though)

• Jeremiah 49:16 כִּי תַגְבִּיהַּ כַּנֶּשֶׁר קִנֶּךָ though thou make high like the vulture thy nest
• Micah 7:8 כִּי נָפַלְתִּי קָמְתִּי though I have fallen, I rise

3. Because, since

a. General causal

• Genesis 3:14 because thou hast done this, cursed art thou
• Genesis 18:20
• In answer to a question: Genesis 27:20, Exodus 1:19

b. Following the causal sentence (for)

• Genesis 2:3 כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת because on it he rested
• Psalm 6:3 heal me כִּי נִבְהֲלוּ עֲצָמָי for my bones are vexed
• Ironical: 1 Kings 18:27 for he is a god

c. Subtle or explicative causal

Justifying a statement by unfolding particulars:

• Isaiah 3:8, Job 6:21
• 2 Samuel 23:5, Isaiah 5:7

d. After a negative (but / sondern)

• Genesis 17:15 not Sarai, כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ but Sarah shall be her name
• Exodus 16:8 not against us... כִּי עַל יְהוָה but against Yahweh
• לֹא כִּי nay, but: Genesis 18:15 לֹא כִּי צָחָקְתְּ

4. Combined with Other Particles

a. כִּי אִם (except, but rather, surely)

• Except: Genesis 32:27 כִּי אִם בֵּרַכְתָּנִי except thou bless me
• But rather: Genesis 15:4, Genesis 32:29
• Surely (after oath): 2 Kings 5:20 כִּי אִם רַצְתִּי surely I will run

b. כִּי עַל כֵּן (forasmuch as / for therefore)

• Genesis 18:5 כִּי עַל כֵּן עֲבַרְתֶּם for therefore are ye come
• Numbers 14:43, Judges 6:22

¹ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W. SG 110 f.).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (Dr).

³ Ewald's Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

כל כָּל־

all

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כל

kôl

Definition

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

Root

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from H3634 (כלל);

Exhaustive

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from כלל; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense); (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3605

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּל

noun / masculine • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 695

Properly 'all, whole, totality'. 1. Used adjectivally to mean 'all' or 'the whole of', as in 'all the earth'. 2. Describes a plurality of individual persons or things, translated as 'all'.

כֹּל

substantive / adverb • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 696

A substantive meaning all, the whole, every, any. When used with a negative, it means none at all. It can also function as an adverb meaning wholly or altogether.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּל

chald. • Page 316

Same as Hebrew (all, every). Often appears with Makkeph as -כֹּל. References: Dan. 2:40, 4:9, 18, 25.

כֹּל

m. verbal • Root כלל • Page 315

A substantive meaning 'all', 'the whole', or 'totality'. Frequently used as an adjective (Jer. 33:8). 1. all. 2. every one.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3605

I. כֹּל (approximate number of occurrences: 5415) noun masculine — the whole, all (once כּוֹל Jeremiah 33:8 Kt.).

Cognates:

• Moabite, Phoenician id.
• Aramaic כּוּל, כֹּל
• Arabic كل
• Sabean כל (compare DHM¹)
• Ethiopic ኩሉ
• Assyrian kullatu

— כֹּל absolute; construct כֹּל Genesis 2:5, Genesis 2:16, Genesis 2:20; כֹּל־ Psalm 138:2; more usually כָּל־ (with makkaph: without it, Psalm 35:10; Proverbs 19:7; Kö²); suffix 2 masculine singular in pause כֻּלָּךְ Micah 2:12; 2 feminine singular כֻּלֵּךְ Isaiah 14:29, Isaiah 14:31, כֻּלָּךְ Isaiah 22:1; Song of Solomon 4:7; 3 masculine singular כֻּלֹּה 2 Samuel 2:9 (Dr³) + 17 times, כֻּלּוֹ Genesis 25:25 + 16 times; 3 feminine singular כֻּלָּהּ Genesis 13:10 + 15 times, כֻּלָּא Ezekiel 36:5; 1 plural כֻּלָּנוּ (16 times); 2 plural כֻּלְּכֶם (18 times); 3 masculine plural כֻּלָּם (often), כּוּלָּם Jeremiah 31:34, כֻּלָּ֑הַם 2 Samuel 23:6 (and Jeremiah 15:10 כֻּלְּהֶם); 3 feminine plural כֻּלָּ֫נָה Genesis 42:36; Proverbs 31:29; כֻּלָּֽהְנָה 1 Kings 7:37.

1. With following Genitive

a. The whole of, all, every

• Genesis 2:2 כָּל־צְבָאָם (the whole of their host)
• Genesis 2:13 כָּל־אֶרֶץ כּוּשׁ (the whole of the land of Kush)
• כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה (the whole of the night)
• כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל (the whole of Israel)
• Deuteronomy 4:29 בְּכָל־לְבָֽבְךָ (with all thy heart)
• With plural nouns: Genesis 5:5 כל־ימי אדם (all the days of Adam); Genesis 37:35 כל־בניו (all his sons); Isaiah 2:2 כל־הגוים (all the nations); Genesis 43:9 כל הימים (continually)
• In poetry, noun may be undetermined: כָּל־יָדַיִם (every hand) Isaiah 13:7; Jeremiah 48:37; Ezekiel 21:12; כל־פנים (every face) Isaiah 25:8

b. Followed by singular, understood collectively

• Genesis 1:21 את כל נפשׁ החיה (every living soul)
• Genesis 2:9 כל עץ נחמד (every kind of tree)
• Genesis 6:12 כָּל־בָּשָׂר (all flesh)
• Numbers 12:3; Judges 16:17 כל האדם (the whole of mankind)
• Exodus 1:22 כל־הבן (all the sons)
• In late Hebrew: בְּכָל־דּוֹר וָדוֹר Psalm 45:18; Esther 9:28; בכל־עיר ועיר 2 Chronicles 11:12

c. Genitive as a relative sentence

• Introduced by אשׁר: Genesis 1:31 את כל אשׁר עשׂה (all that he had made); Joshua 1:7 בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵךְ (wheresoever thou goest)
• Rarely with ellipse of relative: Genesis 39:4 וְכָל־יֶשׁ־לוֹ; Psalm 71:18 לְכָל־יָבוֹא

d. Idiomatic use with suffixes

• Placing suffix after the word qualified: 2 Samuel 2:9 יִשְׂרָאֵל כֻּלֹּה (Israel, all of it); Isaiah 14:29 פלשׁת כלך (Philistia, all of thee!)
• Suffix of 3ms used for the mass: Exodus 14:7 עַל־כֻּלּוֹ (upon all of them); Psalm 29:9 כֻּלּוֹ אֹמֵר כָּבוֹד (every one says, Glory!)

e. Affirming or denying of an entire class (any/none)

• Comparative: Genesis 3:1 מכל חית השׂדה (than any beast of the field)
• With negative (none): Exodus 12:16 כל־מלאכה לא יעשׂה (no work shall be done); Psalm 143:2 כי לא־יצדק לפניך כל־חי (for no living thing is righteous before thee)

f. Anomalous gender

feminine very anomalously, severed from its Genitive: 2 Samuel 1:9 כִּי־כָל־עוֹד נַפְשִׁי בִי; Job 27:3; Hosea 14:3 כָּל־תִּשָּׂא עָוֺן.

2. Absolutely

a. Without the article (all things, all)

• Genesis 9:3 את כֹּל; Genesis 16:12 וְיַד כֹּל בּוֹ; Numbers 11:6 אֵין כֹּל (there is nothing)
• Isaiah 44:24 עשֶֹׁה כֹּל (maker of all things); Proverbs 16:4
• As Comprehensive Genitive: Ezekiel 44:30 כָּל־בִּכּוּרֵי כֹל

b. With article (הַכֹּל)

• Referring to things just mentioned: Exodus 29:24 ושׂמת הַכֹּל; Leviticus 1:9; 1 Samuel 30:19 הַכֹּל השׁיב דוד
• In wider sense (the universe, to pan): Jeremiah 10:16 כי יוצר הַכֹּל הוא; Psalm 103:19
• In Ecclesiastes (often): Ecclesiastes 1:2; Ecclesiastes 12:8 הַכֹּל הֶבֶל

Aramaic

I. כֹּל, כָּל־ noun masculine the whole, all (Biblical Hebrew כֹּל).

1. The whole of, all
   • כֹּל חַכִּימֵי בָבֶל Daniel 2:12
   • כל־מלכותא Daniel 6:4
   • suffix 3 masculine plural כָּלְּהוֹן Daniel 2:38; Daniel 7:19
2. With a singular noun, understood collectively (every, any, none)
   • Daniel 3:29 דִּי כָל־עַם (that every people)
   • Daniel 6:8 מִן־כָּל־אֱלָה (of any god)
   • Daniel 2:10 כל־מלך... לא (no king)
   • כָּל־דִּי (whoever/whatever) Daniel 6:8; Ezra 7:23
3. Emphatic כֹּלָּא (absolutely, all things)
   • Daniel 2:40 חָשֵׁל כֹּלָּא (crushing all things)
   • Daniel 4:9, Daniel 4:18 וּמָזוֹן לְכֹלָּא־בֵהּ
   • Daniel 4:25 כֹּלָּא מְטָא (all came upon...)

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

² Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: πάντα πᾶσ πάντεσ πᾶν πάντασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3605:

πάντα 921× (17.0%)

πᾶσ 451× (8.4%)

πάντεσ 441× (8.4%)

πᾶν 351× (6.5%)

πάντασ 297× (5.6%)

πᾶσαν 267× (4.9%)

πάντων 242× (4.4%)

πάσασ 230× (4.4%)

--- 227× (4.5%)

πᾶσα 214× (4.0%)

אלה אֵלֶּה

these/mighty-one/goddess

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אלה

ʼâlâh

Definition

an imprecation

Root

from H422 (אלה);

Exhaustive

from אלה; an imprecation; curse, cursing, execration, oath, swearing.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H423

אלה

ʼêlâh

Definition

an oak or other strong tree

Root

feminine of H352 (איל);

Exhaustive

lemma אלה first vowel, corrected to אלה; feminine of איל; an oak or other strong tree; elm, oak, teil-tree.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H424

אלה

ʼêl-leh

Definition

these or those

Root

prolonged from H411 (אל);

Exhaustive

prolonged from אל; these or those; an-(the) other; one sort, so, some, such, them, these (same), they, this, those, thus, which, who(-m).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H428

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָלָה

verb • Root אל • Strongs_Numbers • Page 132

I. 1. To be strong, powerful, stout (intr.); 2. To strengthen, to swear, confirm by an oath (tr.); 3. To curse (not used); 4. To be fat.

אָלָה

noun feminine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 132

1. An oath (allied in sense is שְׁבֻעָה); 2. A covenant confirmed by an oath; 3. Curse, imprecation, connected with exclamations of swearing.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵלֶּה

pronoun • Page 51

these, employed as the plural of זֶה (zeh) and זאת (zot). Ref: Judg. 6:11, 19; 1 Sam. 17:2, 19; 2 Sam. 18:9, 14; Ezek. 31:14.

אֵלֶּה

chald. pron. plur. • Page 51

Chaldee equivalent of the Hebrew אֵלֶּה (these). Ref: Jer. 10:11.

אָלָה

f. verbal / dec. x • Root אלה • Page 50

1. oath; 2. particularly a covenant confirmed by an oath (Gen. 26:28); 3. imprecation, curse (Num. 5:21).

אָלָה

verb • Page 50

1. to swear (1 K. 8:31); 2. to curse (Judg. 17:2). Hiph. to cause to swear (1 K. 8:31).

אָלָה

verb • Page 50

to lament (Joel 1:8). Equivalent to Syriac usage.

אֵלָה

f. verbal / dec. x • Root אל • Page 50

turpentine-tree, pistacia terebinthus. A common tree in Palestine growing to considerable height with evergreen leaves and clustering fruit (Gen. 35:4).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H423

I. אָלָה (approximate number of occurrences: 35) noun feminine Genesis 26:28 + — oath.

— אָלָה absolute Genesis 26:28 +; suffix אָלָתִי Genesis 24:41 (twice in verse), אָלָתוֹ Genesis 24:41 + (4 times); plural אָלוֹת Deuteronomy 29:20 + (4 times).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Oath in testimony

• Leviticus 5:1
• Numbers 5:21 (twice in verse) (P¹)
• Proverbs 29:24
• בֹּא בְּאָלָה come into an oath Nehemiah 10:30
• הָבִיא בְּאָלָה bring into an oath Ezekiel 17:13
• נִשְׁבַּע אָלָה swear an oath 1 Kings 8:31 (= 2 Chronicles 6:22)

b. Oath of covenant

• Genesis 24:41 (twice in verse)
• Genesis 26:28 (J²)
• Deuteronomy 29:11
• Deuteronomy 29:13
• בָּזָה אָלָה despise an oath Ezekiel 16:59; Ezekiel 17:16, Ezekiel 17:18, Ezekiel 17:19

c. Curse

• From God:
  • Numbers 5:23 (P¹)
  • Deuteronomy 29:18
  • Deuteronomy 29:19
  • Deuteronomy 29:20
  • Deuteronomy 30:7
  • 2 Chronicles 34:24
  • Isaiah 24:6
  • Jeremiah 23:10
  • Daniel 9:11
  • Zechariah 5:3
• From men:
  • Job 31:30
  • Psalm 10:7
  • Psalm 59:13

d. Execration

• In the phrase הָיָה לְאָלָה become an execration Numbers 5:27 (P¹); Jeremiah 29:18; Jeremiah 42:18; Jeremiah 44:12

¹ P: Priests' Code / Narrative (a source in the Pentateuch).

² J: Jehovist (Yahwist) Source (a source in the Pentateuch).

H424

I. אֵלָה noun feminine terebinth (= אֵלָה (?) see IV. אֵל > B. Stade¹, Geschichte des Volkes Israel 455 who derives from אֵל = divine; but compare ibidem on lack of clear distinction between אֵלָה, אֵלוֹן & אַלּוֹן) — Genesis 35:4 (15 times) + אֵלָה Genesis 49:21 (for אֵלָה אַיָּלָה see below) — terebinth = Pistacia terebinthus, Linn., a deciduous tree with pinnate leaves & red berries; occasional in Palestine; grows to great age; always of single tree; near Shechem Genesis 35:4 (Elohist Source²) compare אַלָּה Joshua 24:26 (Elohist Source, read אֵלָה ?), Ophrah Judges 6:11, Judges 6:19; in Jabesh 1 Chronicles 10:12; tree in which Absalom was caught 2 Samuel 18:9 (twice in verse); 2 Samuel 18:10, 2 Samuel 18:14; see also 1 Kings 13:14; expressly of idol-shrine Hosea 4:13 (parallel אַלּוֹן, לִבְנֶה) Ezekiel 6:13; as fading, withering, simile of Judah Isaiah 1:30; as hewn down, simile idem Isaiah 6:13 (parallel אַלּוֹן); figurative of Naphtali אֵלָה שְׁלֻחָה Genesis 49:21 (אֵלָה H. Ewald³ J. Olshausen⁴ A. Dillmann⁵ > אֵלָה אַיָּלָה hind quod vide) a slender terebinth, see Dillmann & compare II. אֵלָה; in topographic designation בֵּית הָאֵלָה 1 Samuel 17:2, 1 Samuel 17:19; 1 Samuel 21:10 (see עֵמֶק).

¹ B. Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

² Elohist Source (E) refers to the Elohist narrative source in the Pentateuch.

³ H. Ewald, Antiquities of Israel, trans. H. S. Solly, London, 1876.

⁴ J. Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ A. Dillmann, Genesis, critically and exegetically expounded, trans. W. B. Stevenson, Edinburgh, 1897.

H428

אֵלֶּה pronoun plural masculine and feminine — these, in usage the plural of זֶה.

Cognates:

• Rabbinic אֵלוּ
• Aramaic אֵלִין
• Compound with and אֱלֹהִים in Old Aramaic 𐎢𐎽𐎢𐎶, ܐܠܗܐ
• Syriac ܗܠܝܢ
• Arabic هَؤُلَاءِ
• Ethiopic እልእልእ

1. Meanings and Uses

a. In apposition to a substantive with a pronominal suffix (always without the article)

• Genesis 2:4 and often
• Exodus 9:14 (read with Hiphil אֵלֶּה בְּךָ for אֵלֶּה בְּךָ)
• Exodus 10:1 אֹתֹתִי אֵלֶּה these my signs
• Exodus 11:8
• Deuteronomy 11:18
• 1 Kings 8:59
• 1 Kings 10:8
• 1 Kings 22:23
• 2 Kings 1:13
• Jeremiah 31:21
• Ezra 2:65
• Nehemiah 6:14
• In the genitive: 2 Kings 6:20; Isaiah 47:9; Deuteronomy 18:12; Psalm 15:5
• And after כָּל Genesis 14:3 and often

Standing alone in a neuter sense, these things (rare in best prose, and not very common in poetry)

• With עָשָׂה Deuteronomy 18:12; Deuteronomy 22:5; Deuteronomy 25:16; 2 Samuel 23:17, 2 Samuel 23:22; Psalm 15:5 and others
• With other verbs: Ezra 9:1; Isaiah 44:21; Isaiah 47:7; Jeremiah 13:22; Hosea 14:10; Psalm 42:5; Psalm 50:21; Psalm 107:43; Job 8:2
• With אֵת Numbers 15:13; Isaiah 48:14
• With כָּל Judges 13:23; Isaiah 66:2 and others
• אֵלֶּה may point indifferently to what follows: Genesis 6:9; Genesis 10:1; Genesis 25:7, Genesis 25:12, Genesis 25:13; Psalm 42:5
• Or to what has preceded: Genesis 9:19; Genesis 10:20, Genesis 10:31, Genesis 10:32; Genesis 25:4; Leviticus 21:14; Leviticus 22:22; Psalm 15:5
• = such as these (τοιαῦτα): Psalm 73:12; Job 18:21

b. Repeated, אֵלֶּה ... אֵלֶּה, these ... those

• Deuteronomy 27:13
• Joshua 8:22
• Isaiah 49:12 (3 times)
• Psalm 20:8 and others

c. With the article (but only after a substantive determined likewise by the article) הָאֵלֶּה

• Genesis 15:1 and others
• In Joshua 17:9 עָרִים הָאֵלֶּה, read הָעָרִים, compare Joshua 17:12; Joshua 19:8; Joshua 19:16; Joshua 19:31; Joshua 19:48, etc.

d. With prepositions

• בְּאֵלֶּה Leviticus 25:54; Leviticus 26:23; 1 Kings 22:11 (7 times)
• בָּאֵלֶּה 1 Samuel 16:10; 1 Samuel 17:39
• לְאֵלֶּה Leviticus 11:24 (4 times)
• לָאֵלֶּה 1 Kings 22:17 (5 times)
• מֵאֵלֶּה Genesis 9:19 (16 times)
• עַד אֵלֶּה Leviticus 26:18
• עַל אֵלֶּה on account of these things Isaiah 57:6; Isaiah 64:11; Jeremiah 5:9 and elsewhere
• כְּאֵלֶּה Job 16:2; Jeremiah 10:16 = Jeremiah 51:19
• כָּאֵלֶּה Genesis 27:46; Leviticus 10:19 (things like these, so Isaiah 66:8; Jeremiah 18:13) Numbers 28:24 P (compare Ezekiel 45:25) 2 Kings 25:17 = Jeremiah 52:22
• כְּמוֹ אֵלֶּה Job 12:3

¹ Hi. refers to Hiphil stem (active causative).

² P refers to Priests' Code / Narrative source.

Particle demonstrative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0423:

No stats available

H0424:

No stats available

H0428:

No stats available

אשר אֲשֶׁר

who/which

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Conjunction

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834a:

No stats available

שנאתי שָׂנֵאתִי

I have hated

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שנא

sânêʼ

Definition

to hate (personally)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to hate (personally); enemy, foe, (be) hate(-ful, -r), odious, [idiom] utterly.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8130

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׂנֵא

verb • Root שנא • Strongs / High • Page 755

to hate

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׂנֵא

chald. • Page 641

to hate. Part. שָׂנֵא an enemy, Dan. 4: 16. [4: 19.]

שָׂנֵא

verb • Page 641

1. to hate, construed with an accus. and with ל. Deut. 4: 42. 19: 4. 2. when used in opposition to אָהַב, merely comparatively, to love less, to slight. Deut. 21: 15. Niph. pass. Prov. 14: 17.

שְׁנָא

verb • Root שנה • Page 690

(after the Chaldaic form) to be changed. Lam. 4: 1. Pu. idem. Ecc. 8: 1.

שְׁנָא

verb • Page 690

1. to be changed or altered. Dan. 6: 18. 3: 27. Particularly to be changed for the worse. Dan. 5: 6. 2. to be different, diverse. Dan. 7: 3, 19, 23, 24. Pa. to change, alter, transform. Dan. 4: 13. Ithpa. to change itself. Dan. 2: 9. Aph. to change, alter, transgress. Dan. 2: 21; Ezra 6: 11, 12.

שְׁנָא

f. chald. • Root ישן • Page 690

sleep. Dan. 6: 19.

שֵׁנָא

noun feminine • Root ישן • Page 690

sleep. Ps. 127: 2.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8130

I. שָׂנֵא (approximate number of occurrences: 145) verb — hate.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Moabite שנאי my foes
• Sabean שנאם foe
• Arabic شَنِئَ, شَنَآن hate
• Aramaic סְנָא, סְנָא idem, סָנְאָה hater
• Ethiopic ጸልአ hate

— שָׂנֵא absolute Deuteronomy 12:31 +; suffix שְׂנֵאָהּ 2 Samuel 13:15 +; 2 masculine singular שָׂנֵאתָ Psalm 5:6 +; suffix שְׂנֵאתַ֫נִי Judges 14:16 etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׂנָא Proverbs 13:5, Proverbs 26:28; suffix יִשְׂנָאֶךָּ Proverbs 9:8; Imperative masculine plural שִׂנְאוּ Amos 5:15, Psalm 97:10; Infinitive absolute שָׂנֹא Judges 15:2; construct שְׂנֹא Genesis 37:5 +, שְׂנֹאת Proverbs 8:13; Participle active שֹׂנֵא Deuteronomy 4:42 +, שֹׂנַאֲךָ Exodus 23:5, Proverbs 25:21; plural construct שֹׂנְאֵי Exodus 18:21 +; passive feminine singular שְׂנוּאָה Genesis 29:31 +; masculine plural construct שְׂנֻאֵי 2 Samuel 5:8 Qere.

1. Human hate

a. With accusative of person

• Genesis 26:27 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 37:5, 8 (Elohist Source)
• Judges 11:7
• 2 Samuel 13:22
• Amos 5:10
• Psalm 26:5; Psalm 31:7; Psalm 139:21 (of evil-doers)
• Judges 14:16; Judges 15:2 (of a wife)
• Genesis 29:31 (Jehovist Source); Deuteronomy 21:15–17; Proverbs 30:23 (passive participle of a wife)
• Isaiah 60:15 (+ עֲזוּבָה) figurative of Zion
• 2 Samuel 13:15; Deuteronomy 22:13, 16; Deuteronomy 24:3 (specifically of sexual revulsion)
• Ezekiel 16:37 (object man, under figure of harlot)
• Proverbs 29:24 (reflexive, נַפְשׁוֺ)

b. With accusative of thing

• Ecclesiastes 2:17–18
• Exodus 18:21 (Elohist Source); Micah 3:2; Psalm 45:7 (especially of evil)
• Proverbs 1:22 (of virtue, etc.)

2. Subject God

Of God hating:

• Amos 6:8 (palaces of Israel); Hosea 9:15; Jeremiah 12:8
• Psalm 5:6; Psalm 11:5 (wickedness)
• Amos 5:21; Isaiah 1:14; Jeremiah 44:4 (idolatry and evil)
• Malachi 2:16

3. Participle active as enemy or foe

• Proverbs 13:24 (one hating his son)
• Exodus 23:5 (Elohist Source); Genesis 24:60 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 26:17 (Holiness Code) (foe of man)
• Exodus 1:10 (Elohist Source); Esther 9:1, 5, 16 (foe of nation)
• Deuteronomy 4:42; Deuteronomy 19:4, 6, 11; Joshua 20:5 (לֹא שׂנֵא a no-hater)
• Exodus 20:5; Deuteronomy 5:9; Deuteronomy 7:10 (foes of Yahweh)

Niphal Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשָּׂנֵא — is hated.

• Proverbs 14:17, 20 (+ ל person by)

Piel Participle — enemy, foe.

1. personal and national
   • Job 31:29; Deuteronomy 33:11
   • 2 Samuel 22:41 = Psalm 18:41
   • Psalm 44:8, 11; Psalm 55:13; Psalm 68:2; Psalm 89:24
2. of Yahweh
   • Numbers 10:35 (Jehovist Source)
   • Deuteronomy 32:41
   • Psalm 81:16; Psalm 83:3; Psalm 139:21
3. of wisdom
   • Proverbs 8:36

¹ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

² Elohist Source.

³ Holiness Code.

Verb Qal perfect first person common singular

LXX: ἐμίσησα μισῶν μισεῖ μισοῦντεσ μισοῦντάσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8130:

ἐμίσησα 16× (11.0%)

μισῶν 10× (6.0%)

μισεῖ 10× (7.1%)

μισοῦντεσ 9× (5.1%)

μισοῦντάσ 7× (4.2%)

μισοῦντέσ 7× (4.2%)

μισούντων 6× (3.4%)

ἐμίσησασ 5× (3.5%)

μεμίσηκα 4× (2.9%)

ἐμίσησαν 4× (2.9%)

נאם נְאֻם־

he who whispers

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נאם

nᵉʼum

Definition

an oracle

Root

from H5001 (נאם);

Exhaustive

from נאם; an oracle; (hath) said, saith.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5002

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נְאֻם

noun / masculine • Root נאם • Strongs / High • Page 932

Declaration, oracle, prophecy, divine utterance.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5002

I. נְאֻם (approximate number of occurrences: 376) noun masculine — utterance (Ba¹ Kö² > older explanation as passive participle).

— always thus, as construct נְאֻם.

1. Utterance, declaration, revelation

Of a prophet in ecstatic state:

• נְאֻם בִּלְעָם Numbers 24:3, 15
• נְאֻם שֹׁמֵעַ אִמְרֵי אֵל Numbers 24:4, 6
• נְאֻם הַגֶּבֶר Numbers 24:3, 15; 2 Samuel 23:1; Proverbs 30:1
• נְאֻם דָּוִד 2 Samuel 23:1
• נְאֻם פֶּשַׁע Psalm 36:2 (transgression personified, speaking with prophetic voice בְּקֶרֶב לִבּוֺ)

2. Before divine names

Except Jeremiah 23:31 (see verb): נְאֻם יהוה utterance, declaration of יהוה (prophet citing divine word given through him):

• Genesis 22:16 (Jehovist Source)
• Numbers 14:28 (Priestly Source)
• 2 Kings 9:26 (twice in verse)
• 2 Kings 19:33 = Isaiah 37:34
• 2 Kings 22:19; 2 Chronicles 34:27
• Isaiah 14:22; Isaiah 30:1; Isaiah 31:9
• Ezekiel 13:6, 7; Ezekiel 16:58; Ezekiel 37:14
• Hosea 2:15; 18; 23; Hosea 11:11
• Joel 2:12
• Obadiah 4, 8
• Micah 4:6; Micah 5:9
• Zephaniah 1:2, 3, 10; Zephaniah 3:8
• Zechariah 8:17; Zechariah 10:12; Zechariah 11:6; Zechariah 12:1, 4; Zechariah 13:8
• Malachi 1:2
• Isaiah 40–66 (12 times); Jeremiah (162 times); Amos (14 times); Haggai (5 times); Zechariah 1–8 (6 times)

Followed by other divine titles:

• אלהי ישׂראל 1 Samuel 2:30; Isaiah 17:6
• יהוה אֱלֹהֵי (הַ)צְבָאוֺת Amos 6:8, 14
• נְאֻם יהוה צְבָאוֺת Isaiah 14:22, 23; 17:3; 22:25; Jeremiah 8:3; 25:29; 30:8; 49:26; Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Zechariah 13:2, 7 + Haggai (5 times); Zechariah 1–8 (7 times)
• Followed by אלהי ישׂראל Zephaniah 2:9
• נְאֻם הָאָדוֹן יהוה צְבָאוֺת Isaiah 1:24; 19:4
• נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יהוה אֶלֹהֵי הַצּבָאוֺת Amos 3:13
• נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יהוה צְבָאוֺת Isaiah 3:15; Jeremiah 49:5
• נְאֻם הַמֶּלֶךְ יהוה צְבָאוֺת Jeremiah 46:18; 48:15; 51:57
• נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יהוה Isaiah 56:8; Jeremiah 2:22; Amos 4:5; Amos 8:3, 9, 11 + Ezekiel (82 times)

נְאֻם begins sentence only in Isaiah 56:8; Psalm 110:1; often in middle Isaiah 49:18; Amos 3:10 +; most frequently at end Isaiah 54:17; Amos 2:11; Amos 4:3 +; found in all prophets except Habakkuk, Jonah; not in Holiness Code or Deuteronomic Source of Hexateuch, Chronicles (except in parallels to Kings), Daniel, Job or the five Megilloth.

¹ J. Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (1889-91), 82 e.

² Ed. König, Hist.-krit. Lehrgebäude d. Hebr. Sprache (1881-97), ii. 501.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: λέγει φησὶν --- '' εἶπεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5002:

λέγει 249× (69.2%)

φησὶν 33× (9.3%)

--- 25× (7.0%)

'' 23× (5.5%)

εἶπεν 13× (3.6%)

τάδε 12× (3.3%)

φησιν 2× (0.6%)

πιστὸσ 2× (0.5%)

יהוהס יְהוָה׃ס

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvâh

Definition

Jehovah, Jewish national name of God

Root

from H1961 (היה); (the) self-Existent or Eternal;

Exhaustive

from היה; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God; Jehovah, the Lord. Compare יה, יהוה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3068

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Strongs / High • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

proper name • Page 275

The proper name of the deity among the ancient Hebrews. Interpreted as 'the eternal, unchangeable, true' or 'he who is as he shall be.' The text discusses various ancient pronunciations (IAΩ, IABE, IETΩ) and its derivation from the future of הָיָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3068

I. יהוה (approximate number of occurrences: 6823) i.e. יַהְוֶה proper name, of deity — Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel.

Cognates and Origins:

• Babylonian יהו (claimed by Delitzsch^{Dl Pa 162 ff.}, disputed by Kuenen and Jastrow)
• Egyptian etymology (proposed by Spiegelberg^{ZMG liii 633 ff.}, considered improbable)
• Moabite Stone יהוה as the name of Israel's God (MI¹⁸)

— יהוה Masoretic Text יְהוָֺה (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהוִֺה (Qr אֱלֹהִים) in combinations אדני יהוה; with prepositions בַּיהוָֺה, לַיהוָֺה, מֵיהוָֺה. Pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520 (Galatinus). The traditional Ἰαβέ (Theodoret) and contracted form יָהּ favour the pronunciation יַהְוֶה (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Psalm 74:6).

1. Etymology and Meaning

a. Hiphil theories (The Giver of Being)

• The one bringing into being, life-giver (Schrader)
• Giver of existence, creator (Kuenen, Tiele)
• He who causes to fall, i.e., rain or lightning (Robertson Smith)

b. Qal theories (The Existing One)

• The absolute and unchangeable one (Riehm)
• The existing, ever living (Dillmann)
• The one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption (Delitzsch)

2. Source Analysis and Usage

a. In the Hexateuch

• Elohist Source (E): Not used in Genesis; revealed at Horeb (Exodus 3:12–15) and explained as אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה "I shall be the one who will be with thee."
• Priests' Code (P): Abstains from use until the revelation to Moses (Exodus 6:3).
• Yahwist Source (J): Uses the name from the beginning of the narrative (Genesis 2:4).

b. In later literature

• Common in pre-exilic writers; falls into disuse post-exile, supplanted by אלהים and אדני.
• Job: Used in prose parts and once in the poem (Job 12:9).
• Ecclesiastes: Not used at all.

3. Syntactic Combinations

a. With אלהים and suffixes

• With אֱלֹהֶיךָ: Exodus 20:2–12 (Ten Words); Deuteronomy 5:6–16; in Deuteronomy (234 times).
• With אֱלֹהֵיכֶם: In Deuteronomy (46 times); Holiness Code (15 times); Joel 2:13.
• With אֱלֹהֵינוּ: Exodus 3:18; Psalm 20:8; Daniel 9:10, 13, 14.
• With אלהים (later editors): Genesis 2:4b; Jonah 4:6.

b. The phrase אֲנִי יהוה ("I am Yahweh")

• As a formula of revelation or authority: Exodus 6:2, 29 (Priests' Code).
• In the recognition formula ("that ye may know"): Exodus 7:5; Ezekiel 6:7 (and 48 times in Ezekiel).
• In the Holiness Code as an emphatic close: Leviticus 18:5, 6, 21; Leviticus 19:12, 14, 16.

c. In compound place names

• יהוה יראה (Yahweh-jireh): Genesis 22:14 (Yahwist Source).
• יהוה נסי (Yahweh-nissi): Exodus 17:15 (Elohist Source).
• יהוה שׁלים (Yahweh-shalom): Judges 6:24.
• יהוה שָׁ֑מָּה (Yahweh-shammah): Ezekiel 48:35.

¹ Philo, de Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529.

² Friedrich Böttcher, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Bö § 88).

³ Paul de Lagarde, Symmicta (Lag Sym i.14).

⁴ Samuel Rolles Driver, Studia Biblica (Dr Stud.Bib.i.1 ff.).

⁵ Eberhard Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (COT).

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κυρίου κυρίῳ κύριον κύριε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3068:

κύριοσ 2605× (41.8%)

κυρίου 1742× (27.8%)

κυρίῳ 598× (8.8%)

κύριον 473× (7.1%)

κύριε 336× (5.4%)

--- 129× (2.1%)

'' 95× (1.3%)

θεὸσ 76× (1.0%)

θεοῦ 69× (0.9%)

θεῷ 28× (0.4%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And ye shall not purpose evil, a man to his neighbor, in your heart; and ye shall not love the oath of falsehood: for all these which I hated, says Jehovah.

LITV Translation:
and let each devise no evil in your heart against his neighbor, and do not love a false oath. For all these I hate, says Jehovah.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
and let none of you devise evil in his heart against his neighbor; and love not a false oath: for all these things I hate, saith the Lord Almighty.