Song of Solomon 1:9

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

לססתי לְסֻסָתִי

to the horse of myself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

סוסה

çûwçâh

Definition

a mare

Root

feminine of H5483 (סוס);

Exhaustive

feminine of סוס; a mare; company of horses.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5484

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סוּסָה

noun feminine • Root סוס • Strongs / High • Page 1012

A mare. Song of Sol. 1, 9, with which Solomon furnished his chariot.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סוּסָה

noun feminine • Page 471

a mare. Cant. 1: 9.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5484

I. [סוּסָה] noun feminine — mare.

— suffix סֻסָתִי Song of Solomon 1:9; compare also חֲצַר סוּסָה.

Preposition, Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H5484:

No stats available

ברכבי בְּרִכְבֵי

within chariots

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

רכב

rekeb

Definition

a vehicle; by implication, a team; by extension, cavalry; by analogy a rider, i.e. the upper millstone

Root

from H7392 (רכב);

Exhaustive

from רכב; a vehicle; by implication, a team; by extension, cavalry; by analogy a rider, i.e. the upper millstone; chariot, (upper) millstone, multitude (from the margin), wagon.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7393

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רֶכֶב

noun masculine • Root רכב • Strongs / High • Page 1338

A wagon, an easy chariot; commonly a war-chariot. Also, the upper millstone (the runner, Deut. 24, 6).

רֶכֶב

noun masculine • Root רכב • Strongs / High • Page 1338

Prop. union, and so a team, a draught (of horses, asses, camels), or a troop (of men or riders). (Derived from רָכַב II.)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רַכָּב

noun masculine • Root רכב • Page 619

1. a horseman. 2 K. 9:17. 2. a charioteer, driver of a war chariot. 1 K. 22:34.

רֶכֶב

noun masculine • Root רכב • Page 619

1. cavalry. Is. 21:7. 2. a chariot or wagon. Judg. 5:28. Usually as a collective noun, chariots, a train of chariots, Gen. 50:9. Particularly war-chariots, Ex. 14:9. 3. the upper mill stone, the runner. Deut. 24:6. 2 Sam. 11:21.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7393

I. רֶ֫כֶב (approximate number of occurrences: 120) noun masculine^{2 Kings 13:7} — chariotry, chariot, mill-stone; apparently also riders.

— רֶ֫כֶב absolute Genesis 50:9 +; רָ֑כֶב 2 Samuel 8:4 +; construct רֶ֫כֶב Exodus 14:9 +; suffix רִכְבִּי Judges 4:7 +, רִכְבּוֹ 2 Kings 5:9 +, רִכְבָּהּ Nahum 2:14; plural construct רִכְבֵי Songs 1:9.

1. Collective chariotry, chariots

(109 occurrences) [sometimes of specific no. 2 Kings 13:7; 2 Samuel 8:4; Exodus 14:7 etc.; often + מָּרָשִׁים, (סוּס) סוּסִים].

a. Especially war-chariots

• In Egypt Exodus 14:7 (Jehovist Source), Joshua 24:6 (Elohist Source) +
• Early Canaan Joshua 11:4; Judges 4:7, 13; Judges 5:28 (not singular; "" מַרְכְּבוֺתָיו) +, called רֶ֫כֶב בַּרְזֶל (i.e. iron-bound, or studded³), Joshua 17:16, 18; Judges 1:19; Judges 4:3, 13
• Philistine, according to 1 Samuel 13:5; 2 Samuel 1:6
• Aram 2 Samuel 8:4; 2 Samuel 10:18 +
• Judah and Israel (from David's time) 1 Kings 9:19, 22; 1 Kings 10:26 +, read also בְּרִכְבְּךָ Hosea 10:13 (for בְּדַרְכֶּךָ) Septuagint^B
• Assyria 2 Kings 19:23 = Isaiah 37:24; Nahum 2:4–5, 14 (to be burnt; made mainly of wood)
• Babylon Jeremiah 47:3, Jeremiah 50:37; Jeremiah 51:21; Ezekiel 23:24 +, etc.

b. For dignity and display

• 1 Kings 1:5; 2 Kings 5:9; Jeremiah 17:25; Jeremiah 22:4; Isaiah 66:20, compare Genesis 50:9 (Jehovist Source)

c. Figurative usages

• Of Elijah, רֶ֫כֶב יִשְׂרָאֵל וּפָרָשׁיו 2 Kings 2:12, of Elisha 2 Kings 13:14
• רֶכֶב אֵשׁ 2 Kings 2:11 chariotry of fire (at Elijah's translation)
• רֶ֫כֶב אֱלֹהִים Psalm 68:18 chariots of El, i.e. his heavenly host, compare vision 2 Kings 6:17, and also 2 Kings 7:6
• metonymy for chariot-horses 2 Samuel 8:4 = 1 Chronicles 18:4

2. Of a single chariot

• 1 Kings 22:35, 38; 2 Kings 9:21 (twice); 2 Kings 9:24; 2 Kings 10:16; 2 Chronicles 35:24, probably also Exodus 14:6
• plural רִכְבֵי פַרְעֹה Songs 1:9

3. Upper millstone

(as riding on the lower)

• Deuteronomy 24:6; Judges 9:53; 2 Samuel 11:21

4. Riders (collective), troop of riders

• שְׁנֵי רֶכֶב סוּסִים 2 Kings 7:14 (read perhaps רֹכְבֵי, compare Septuagint and 2 Kings 9:16); two riders of horses, horsemen (or two chariots drawn by horses?)
• In Isaiah: רֶ֫כֶב צֶמֶד פָרָשִׁים רֶ֫כֶב חֲמוֹר רֶ֫כֶב גָּמָל Isaiah 21:7 riders, namely a pair of horsemen, ass-riders, camel-riders; compare רֶ֫כֶב אִישׁ צֶמֶד מָּרָשִׁים Isaiah 21:9 i.e. men riding, a pair of horsemen
• בְּרֶ֫כֶב אָדָם מָּרָשִׁים Isaiah 22:6 with riders (consisting of) men, horsemen, but use of אָדָם very improbable; attractive is with chariotry of (drawn by) steeds (אָדָם as gloss) Duhm, Cheyne, Dillmann-Kittel, but מָּרָשִׁים hardly steeds here (compare Isaiah 22:7); read perhaps simply בְּרֶ֫כֶב וּפָרָשִׁים

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (1889).

² Albrecht, Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) xvi (1896), 90.

³ George Foot Moore, Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges (1895).

Preposition, Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: ἅρματα ἁρμάτων ἅρμα ἅρμασιν ἀναβάτην

LXX Usage Statistics

H7393:

ἅρματα 38× (30.0%)

ἁρμάτων 27× (20.7%)

ἅρμα 13× (10.3%)

ἅρμασιν 9× (6.5%)

ἀναβάτην 5× (4.0%)

ἵπποσ 4× (3.1%)

ἵππον 3× (2.1%)

ἅρματοσ 3× (2.1%)

ἅρματι 3× (1.8%)

ἐφ' 2× (1.8%)

פרעה פַרְעֹה

Pharaoh

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פרעה

Parʻôh

Definition

Paroh, a general title of Egyptian kings

Root

of Egyptian derivation;

Exhaustive

of Egyptian derivation; Paroh, a general title of Egyptian kings; Pharaoh.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6547

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פַּרְעֹה

noun proper masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1195

A proper masculine noun (Egyptian) being a title of the native Egyptian kings (Pharaoh).

Matched via consonantal key only

פְּרָעָה

fem. prop. • Root פרע • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1195

Supremacy, concrete a prince, leader, used to describe when the princes led the way in Israel. Also from the head of the princes of the enemy.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פַּרְעֹה

noun • Page 554

in Greek Φαραώ, Pharaoh, the name of nearly all the kings of Egypt mentioned in the Old Testament, strictly a mere title of royalty. Gen. XL. XLI. XLVII.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6547

I. מַּרְעֹה (approximate number of occurrences: 275) noun masculine — Pharaoh.

Etymology and Cognates:

• Greek Φαραω
• Egyptian pr-±o (great house, of royal court, and in new kingdom, of king)¹
• Assyrian pir°u²

— מַּרְעֹה absolute Genesis 12:15 (3 times); Genesis 12:17 (212 times in Hexateuch, 19 times in Kings); Isaiah 19:11 (twice) + 3 times; Jeremiah 25:19 + 10 times; Ezekiel 17:17 + 12 times; Nehemiah 9:10; 1 Chronicles 4:18; 2 Chronicles 8:11; Psalm 135:9; Psalm 136:15; Song of Songs 1:9.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Title of Egyptian kings

• (+ מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם) (not early) Jeremiah 25:19; Jeremiah 46:17; Deuteronomy 7:8; Deuteronomy 11:3; Ezekiel 29:2–3; Ezekiel 30:21–22; Ezekiel 31:2; 1 Kings 3:1; 1 Kings 9:16; 1 Kings 11:18; 2 Kings 17:7; 2 Kings 18:21 (= Isaiah 36:6)
• Genesis 41:46 (Elohist Source)
• Exodus 6:11, 13, 27, 29; Exodus 14:8 (Priests' Code)

b. Used with proper names

• מַּרְעֹה חָפְרַע Jeremiah 44:30
• מַּרְעֹה נְכֹה Jeremiah 46:2; 2 Kings 23:29, 33, 34, 35

¹ F. Ll. Griffith in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible; E. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, i. 59; Steindorff, Beiträge zur Assyriologie, i. 343.

² E. Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (COT); but see Winckler, Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft (MVAG), 1898, 3f.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: φαραω '' βασιλεῖ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6547:

φαραω 257× (94.9%)

'' 6× (1.9%)

βασιλεῖ 2× (0.6%)

דמיתיך דִּמִּיתיךְ

I have compared/likened you

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דמה

dâmâh

Definition

to compare; by implication, to resemble, liken, consider

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to compare; by implication, to resemble, liken, consider; compare, devise, (be) like(-n), mean, think, use similitudes.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1819

ך

Definition

you, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 2nd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9032

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּמָה

verb • Root דמה • Strongs / High • Page 372

1. to cut off, to conclude, to cause to end, therefore to cease. 2. to be speechless, dumb, silent; metaphorically, to rest, to be at rest.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּמָה

verb • Root דמם • Page 169

III. To be quiet or still, to rest, cease. (Jer. 14:17; Lam. 3:49). Equivalent to דָּמַם no. I.

דַּמָּה

noun feminine • Root דמם • Page 169

Verbal from דָּמַם, found only Ezek. 27:32. Probably destruction, but in this passage, the destroyed (city).

דָּמָה

verb • Root דמה • Page 168

To be like, to resemble (Aram. דְּמָא); construed with ל or אֶל. (Ps. 102:7, Ezek. 31:2). Pi. דִּמָּה: 1. to liken, compare (Cant. 1:9, Is. 40:18). 2. to imagine, conceive, think (Ps. 50:21). 3. to think, intend, purpose (Num. 33:56). 4. to think of, make mention of (Ps. 48:10). Niph.: to be made like (Ps. 49:13). Hithpa.: to liken oneself (Is. 14:14).

דָּמָה

verb • Root דמם • Page 168

To destroy (Hos. 4:5, Jer. 6:2). Niph.: to be destroyed, to perish; spoken of persons (Hos. 10:15, Is. 6:5), or cities (Is. 15:1). Pi. דִּמָּה: to destroy (Hos. 12:11, 2 Sam. 21:5).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1819

I. דָּמָה verb — be like, resemble.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic דְּמֵי, דְּמָא, דְּמָא
• Nabataean דמי price
• Arabic دمية image, effigy
• Compare דְּמוּת

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular דָּמָה Ezekiel 31:8, Psalm 144:4; 3 feminine singular דָּֽמְתָה Song of Solomon 7:8; 2 masculine singular דָּמִיתָ Ezekiel 31:2, Ezekiel 31:18; 1 singular דָּמִיתִי Psalm 102:7; 3 plural דָּמוּ Ezekiel 31:8; 1 plural דָּמִינוּ Isaiah 1:9; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִדְמֶה Psalm 89:7; 1 plural וְנִדְמֶה Isaiah 46:5; Imperative masculine singular דְּמֵה Song of Solomon 2:17, Song of Solomon 8:14; Participle דּוֹמֶה Song of Solomon 2:9.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Be like, resemble, of external appearance

• followed by לְ: Song of Solomon 7:8; Song of Solomon 2:9, 17; Song of Solomon 8:14
• followed by אֶל־: Ezekiel 31:8 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 31:18 (all of tree, figurative of Pharaoh)

b. Of condition or quality

• followed by לְ: Isaiah 1:9; Psalm 102:7; Psalm 144:4
• of God: מִי יִדְמֶה לַיהוָה Psalm 89:7
• absolute: Isaiah 46:5
• followed by אֶל: Ezekiel 31:2

— Pi`el Perfect דִּמָּה 2 Samuel 21:5; דִּמִּיתָ Psalm 50:21; דִּמִּיתִי Numbers 33:56, Isaiah 14:24; suffix דִּמִּיתִיךָ Song of Solomon 1:9; דִּמּוּ 2 Samuel 21:5; Imperfect יְדַמֶּה Isaiah 10:7; 2 feminine singular תְּדַמִּי Esther 4:13; 1 singular אֲדַמֶּה Lamentations 2:13, Hosea 12:11; 2 masculine plural תְּדַמְּיוּן Isaiah 40:18; suffix תְּדַמְּיוּנִי Isaiah 40:25, Isaiah 46:5.

2. Liken, compare; imagine, think, devise

a. Liken, i.e. consider to be like, compare

• followed by לְ of external appearance: Song of Solomon 1:9
• of quality or condition: Isaiah 46:5 (object God); Lamentations 2:13
• followed by אֶל of external appearance: Isaiah 40:18, 25 (object God in reference to idols)
• absolute (use comparisons or similitudes): Hosea 12:11 (subject God)

b. Imagine, form an idea, devise

• 2 Samuel 21:5 (compare Driver³)
• think, intend followed by Infinitive: Numbers 33:56 (Priests' Code / Holiness Source); Judges 20:5; Esther 4:13
• absolute: Isaiah 10:7; Isaiah 14:24
• think that, followed by object clause: Psalm 50:21; think of, followed by accusative: Psalm 48:10

— Hithpa`el make oneself or become like; Imperfect אֶדַּמֶּה לְעֶלְיוֹן Isaiah 14:14 I will make myself like the Most High (compare GKC¹ §54. 2).

Aramaic

[דְּמָה] verb be like (Biblical Hebrew I. דָּמָה).

1. Pe`al be like
   • Participle active דָּמֵה Daniel 3:25 (followed by לְ)
   • feminine דָּֽמְיָה Daniel 7:5 (followed by לְדֹב)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Siegmund Fraenkel, Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (1886).

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890).

Verb Piel perfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal second person feminine singular

LXX: ὡμοιώθη ὡμοιώσατε ὡμοιώθην ὡμοιώθησ ὁμοιώθητι

LXX Usage Statistics

H1819:

ὡμοιώθη 3× (9.0%)

ὡμοιώσατε 3× (7.2%)

ὡμοιώθην 2× (6.0%)

ὡμοιώθησ 2× (6.0%)

ὁμοιώθητι 2× (5.5%)

רעיתי רַעְיָתִי׃

my companion

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רעיה

raʻyâh

Definition

a female associate

Root

feminine of H7453 (רע);

Exhaustive

feminine of רע; a female associate; fellow, love.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7474

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רְעָיָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1348

a female friend, one beloved

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7474

I. רַעְיָה noun feminine — companion.

— suffix רַעְיָתִי Song of Solomon 1:9 +.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Of beloved bride

• Song of Solomon 1:9, 15
• Song of Solomon 2:2, 10, 13
• Song of Solomon 4:1, 7
• Song of Solomon 5:2
• Song of Solomon 6:4

b. Of attendant maidens

• Judges 11:37 (Kethiv, but see foregoing)

Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: πλησίον

LXX Usage Statistics

H7474:

πλησίον 9× (91.6%)

RBT Translation:

to the horse of myself within chariots Pharaoh I have compared/likened you my companion

RBT Paraphrase:
To the horse/mare of myself within the chariots of Great House ("Pharaoh") I have compared you my companion!

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
To my mares in Pharaoh's chariots I likened thee, O my neighbor.

LITV Translation:
O My love, I have compared you to My mares in Pharaoh's chariots.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
I have likened thee, my companion, To my horses in the chariots of Pharaoh.