Song of Solomon 1:7

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

הגידה הַגִּידָה

put in front of her

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נגד

nâgad

Definition

properly, to front, i.e. stand boldly out opposite; by implication (causatively), to manifest; figuratively, to announce (always by word of mouth to one present); specifically, to expose, predict, explain, praise

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to front, i.e. stand boldly out opposite; by implication (causatively), to manifest; figuratively, to announce (always by word of mouth to one present); specifically, to expose, predict, explain, praise; bewray, [idiom] certainly, certify, declare(-ing), denounce, expound, [idiom] fully, messenger, plainly, profess, rehearse, report, shew (forth), speak, [idiom] surely, tell, utter.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5046

p

Definition

paragogic

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9012

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָגַד

verb • Root נגד • Strongs / High • Page 941

To rise, swell out, be prominent (e.g., of high land or the breast); to be arched. Metaphorically: to be in front, be before, or be opposite; to be manifest, visible, clear. (The Kal form of this verb is unused).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָגַד

verb • Root נגד • Page 424

in Kal not used. Probably literal to be before. Hiph. הִגִּיד: 1. to declare, show, make known (Gen. 3:11; 9:22; 29:12; 37:5; Ezek. 43:10; Job 26:4; 42:3). 2. to announce, publish (Ps. 111:6; 9:12; 71:17; 92:3; 75:10). 3. to betray (Job 17:5). 4. to solve a riddle (Judg. 14:19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5046

I. נָגַד (approximate number of occurrences: 363) verb — be conspicuous.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew in derivatives
• Phoenician proper name, masculine נגד
• Arabic نجد conquer, overcome, also be apparent, conspicuous; high land or country; be courageous, vigorous, effective, courageous, efficient
• Aramaic נְגַד drag, draw, lead; נָגוֺדָא leader
• Ethiopic ነገደ travel

— Hiphil (328 times) Perfect הִגִּיד Genesis 3:11 +; 3 feminine singular הִגִּ֫ידָה 1 Samuel 25:19 +; הִגַּדְתָּ Genesis 12:8 + etc.; Imperfect יַגִּיד 1 Samuel 9:6 +; וַיַּגֵּד Genesis 9:22 +; suffix יַגִּידֶ֫הָ Isaiah 44:7; יַגִּדָהּ Jeremiah 9:11; יַגֵָּֽדְךָ Deuteronomy 32:7 (jussive), etc.; Imperative הַגֵּד 2 Samuel 18:21 +; הַגִּ֫ידָה Genesis 29:15 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute הַגֵּד Judges 14:12 (twice); הַגֵּיד Jeremiah 36:16; construct לְהַגִּיד Genesis 32:6 +; לגיד 2 Kings 9:15 Ketiv (Qere לְהַגִּיד); Participle מַגִּיד Genesis 41:24 +; feminine מַגֶּ֫דֶת Esther 2:20; plural construct מַגִּידֵי Judges 14:19.

— declare, tell [usually followed by לְ of indirect object Genesis 3:11 + often; insert also 1 Samuel 12:7; 2 Samuel 13:34 (Septuagint, Thenius, Wellhausen, Klostermann, Driver, Kittel, Budde, so HPS); followed by אֶל Exodus 19:9; 1 Samuel 3:15; followed by לִפְנֵי 1 Samuel 17:31; Psalm 142:3; עַל־פָּנָיו Job 21:31; בְּאָזְנֵי Jeremiah 36:20; followed by בְּ local (instead of indirect object) chiefly prophets Jeremiah 4:5; Jeremiah 5:20; Jeremiah 31:10 +; also 1 Samuel 4:13; 2 Samuel 1:20; 2 Kings 9:15; Micah 1:10; rarely followed by accusative of person 2 Samuel 15:31 (but read וּלְדָוִד הִגִּיד HPS, or הֻגַּד We Dr Kit, Septuagint Vulgate Th Klo Bu favour הֻגַּד), 2 Kings 7:9, 11; Ezekiel 43:10; Job 17:5; Job 26:4; Job 31:37; followed by direct object in accusative Genesis 45:13 + often; followed by clause with כִּי Genesis 3:11 + often; followed by clause with אֲשֶׁר = כִּי (late) Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; followed by clause with מָה Genesis 29:15; Judges 16:15; Esther 8:1 +; followed by clause with מִי 2 Kings 6:11; followed by clause with אֵיבָה Songs 1:7, once followed by clause with הֲ Genesis 43:6, etc.; often no direct object, followed by לֵאמֹר Exodus 13:8; 1 Samuel 25:14 +; followed by וַיּאֹמֶר Genesis 47:1 +; followed by עַל concerning, 1 Samuel 27:11; Esther 6:2; often indirect object omitted 1 Samuel 24:19 +; direct object omitted Judges 13:10 +; both omitted Leviticus 5:1 +].

In Hexateuch rarely P (Leviticus 5:1; Leviticus 14:35; Exodus 16:22); J (Genesis 3:11; Genesis 12:18; Exodus 13:8 18 times); E (Genesis 21:6; Genesis 31:20; Genesis 41:25 15 times); D (Deuteronomy 17:9; Deuteronomy 26:3; Deuteronomy 30:18 5 times).

1. Tell, announce, report

Usually human subject:

• Genesis 9:22
• Genesis 24:23
• Leviticus 14:35 (Priests' Code)
• Judges 13:6
• 1 Samuel 3:18
• Nehemiah 2:12
• Psalm 142:3

2. Declare, make known, expound

Especially of something before not understood, concealed or mysterious:

• Genesis 3:11
• 1 Kings 10:3
• A riddle: Judges 14:12, 15, 16, 19
• Dream or secret: Daniel 2:2; Job 11:6
• Of God as revealing: Genesis 41:25 (+ יהוה); Micah 6:8; Psalm 147:19

3. Inform of (play the informer)

• Joshua 2:14, 20
• Jeremiah 20:10
• Leviticus 5:1
• Proverbs 29:24

4. Publish, declare, proclaim

Especially of proclaiming wisdom, power, loving-kindness, etc., of God:

• Psalm 9:12
• Psalm 22:32
• Psalm 92:3
• Subject heavens: Psalm 19:2; Psalm 50:6; Psalm 97:6

5. Avow, acknowledge, confess

• Isaiah 3:9
• Psalm 38:19
• Isaiah 48:6

Participle = messenger:

• 2 Samuel 15:13
• Jeremiah 51:31
• הַנַּעַר הַמַּגִּיד 2 Samuel 1:5, 6, 13
• הָאִישׁ הַמַּגִּיד 2 Samuel 18:11

— Hophal Perfect הֻגַּד Joshua 9:24 +; Imperfect וַיֻּגַּד Genesis 22:20 +; Infinitive absolute הֻגֵּד Joshua 9:24; Ruth 2:11; — be told, announced, reported, always followed by לְ (sometimes impersonal, logical subject in accusative, compare Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11, with feminine Isaiah 21:2; not in Priests' Code).

• Genesis 27:42 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 31:22 (Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 17:4; Joshua 9:24 (Deuteronomic Source)
• Followed by לֵאמֹר Genesis 22:20; Genesis 38:13; 1 Samuel 15:12
• Followed by clause with כִּי Exodus 14:5; 1 Samuel 23:7; 1 Kings 2:29

¹ HPS: Henry Preserved Smith, Commentary on the Books of Samuel (International Critical Commentary).

² Septuagint (Codex Vaticanus/Alexandrinus).

Verb Hiphil imperative second person masculine singular, Suffix paragogic he

LXX: ἀπήγγειλεν ἀπηγγέλη ἀνήγγειλαν ἀνήγγειλεν ἀνηγγέλη

LXX Usage Statistics

H5046:

ἀπήγγειλεν 49× (12.8%)

ἀπηγγέλη 27× (6.8%)

ἀνήγγειλαν 21× (5.2%)

ἀνήγγειλεν 16× (4.1%)

ἀνηγγέλη 15× (3.9%)

ἀναγγελεῖ 13× (3.5%)

ἀπαγγελῶ 10× (2.7%)

ἀναγγεῖλαι 10× (2.6%)

ἀπαγγεῖλαι 10× (2.8%)

ἀναγγείλατε 9× (2.5%)

לי לִּ֗י

to myself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ני

Definition

me, personal pronoun - verb/prep. suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9030

Preposition, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

שאהבה שֶׁאָהֲבָה

whom she has loved

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ש

še

Definition

which

Root

Abbreviated from H834 Derived terms של‎ (shel) של־‎ (shel'-)

Exhaustive

who, which. An abbreviation used as a prefix.אשר

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אהב

ʼâhab

Definition

to have affection for (sexually or otherwise)

Root

or אהב ; a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or אהב ; a primitive root; to have affection for (sexually or otherwise); (be-) love(-d, -ly, -r), like, friend.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H157

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָהַב

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 70

trans. to love; sensuously, of love between the sexes; of the love of parents, friends, virtuous or vicious love; to like, to be fond of doing.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָהַב

verb • Page 28

1. to love. 2. to desire, rejoice in. (Lev. 19:18, 34; Ecc. 5:9; Prov. 18:24; Ps. 40:17; 70:5; 116:1; Hos. 12:8; Is. 56:10; Jer. 14:10).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H157

I. אָהַב (216) verb — love (affection both pure and impure, divine and human).

Qal

Perfect אָהַב Genesis 27:9 (7 times); אָשְׁהַב Genesis 27:14; אָהַב Genesis 37:3 (3 times); אֲהַבְתָּ Deuteronomy 15:16; 3 feminine singular אָהֲבָה Song of Solomon 1:7 +; etc.; Imperfect (יֶאֱהַב) Proverbs 3:12 +; 1 singular אֶהֱבָּב Proverbs 8:17 (compare H. Ewald¹ §192d Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar² §68.1); וָאֹהַב Malachi 1:2; וָאֹהַבְתִּי Hosea 11:1; אֹהַבְתִּים Hosea 14:5; וָאֹהַבְתִּים Psalm 119:167; 2 masculine plural תְּאַהֲבוּ Proverbs 1:22 (compare E. König³ I p. 394 Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §63 R 2); תֵּאָהֲבוּ Zechariah 8:17; תָּאָהֲבוּן Psalm 4:3; Imperative אֱהַב Hosea 3:1; אֱהָבֵהָ Proverbs 4:6; אֵהֲבוּ Psalm 31:24; Amos 5:15; אֱהָבֻּו Zechariah 8:19; Infinitive construct אֱהֹב Ecclesiastes 3:8; אֲהָבָה Deuteronomy 10:12 +; אֲהֲבַת Micah 6:8 + etc.; compare also below noun אַהֲבָה below; Participle אֹהֵב (אוֹהֵב) Deuteronomy 10:18 (26 times); feminine construct אֹהֶבֶת Hosea 3:1 is probably active compare J. Barth⁴ Nominalbildung 174 ff; suffix אֹהֲבִי Isaiah 41:8 etc.; feminine אֹהֶבֶת Genesis 25:28; אֹהֶבְתִּי Hosea 10:11 etc.; Passive participle אָהוּב Nehemiah 13:26; אֲהוּבָה Deuteronomy 21:15 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 21:16.

1. Human love to human object

• Absolute, opposed to hate: שָׂנֵא Ecclesiastes 3:8
• Of love to son: Genesis 22:2; Genesis 25:28; Genesis 37:3, Genesis 37:4; Genesis 44:20 (Jehovist Source⁵ Elohist Source⁶) Proverbs 13:24; so also 2 Samuel 13:21 (compare H. Ewald¹ Thes We, compare S. R. Driver⁷, of David's loving Amnon)
• Never to parent, but mother-in-law: Ruth 4:15
• Of man's love to woman; wife: Genesis 24:67; Genesis 29:20, Genesis 29:30 (compare Genesis 29:18), Genesis 29:32 (Jehovist Source Elohist Source), also Deuteronomy 21:15 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 21:16; Judges 14:16; 1 Samuel 1:5; 2 Chronicles 11:21; Esther 2:17; Hosea 3:1; Ecclesiastes 9:9; but also Genesis 34:3 (Jehovist Source) Judges 16:4, Judges 16:15; 2 Samuel 13:1, 2 Samuel 13:4, 2 Samuel 13:15 (where of carnal desire) 1 Kings 11:1 compare 1 Kings 11:2; Hosea 3:1; רֵעַ אֹהֵב loving a paramour, see J. Barth Nominalbildung 176
• Woman's love to man: 1 Samuel 18:20 (so 1 Samuel 18:28, but read וּבִי כָּלִישָׁרָאֵל אֹהֵב אֹתוֹ compare J. Wellhausen⁸ S. R. Driver) Song of Solomon 1:3, Song of Solomon 1:4, Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1, Song of Solomon 3:2, Song of Solomon 3:3, Song of Solomon 3:4 (5 times subject נַפְשִׁי); compare also figurative of adulterous Judah Jeremiah 2:25; Isaiah 57:8; Ezekiel 16:37
• Of love of slave to master: Exodus 21:5 (Jehovist Source Elohist Source) Deuteronomy 15:16
• Inferior to superior: 1 Samuel 18:22 compare 1 Samuel 18:16
• Love to neighbour: Leviticus 19:18 (וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹכָה), particularly to stranger Leviticus 19:34 (both Priests' Code / Narrative), Deuteronomy 10:18, Deuteronomy 10:19
• Love of friend to friend: 1 Samuel 16:21; 1 Samuel 18:1, 1 Samuel 18:3; 1 Samuel 20:17 (twice in verse); Job 19:19; Proverbs 17:1 compare 2 Samuel 19:7 (twice in verse); 2 Chronicles 19:2; see also Proverbs 9:8; Proverbs 16:13; compare Proverbs 15:12

2. Of appetite, object food, etc.

• Food: Genesis 27:7, Genesis 27:9, Genesis 27:14 (Jehovist Source Elohist Source)
• Drink: Hosea 3:1; Proverbs 21:17
• Husbandry: 2 Chronicles 26:10; compare figurative of Ephraim Hosea 10:11 followed by infinitive
• Length of life: Psalm 34:13
• Of cupidity: Hosea 9:1; 1 Samuel 1:23; Ecclesiastes 5:9 (twice in verse)
• Of love of sleep: Proverbs 20:13 compare figurative of sluggish watchmen (followed by infinitive) Isaiah 56:10
• With object abstract wisdom (personified), knowledge, righteousness, etc.: Proverbs 4:6; Proverbs 8:17, Proverbs 8:21; Proverbs 12:1; Proverbs 22:11; Proverbs 29:3; Amos 5:15; Micah 6:8 (infinitive infinitives) Zechariah 8:19, compare Proverbs 19:8 קֹנֶה לֵב אֹהֵב נַפְשׁוֹ
• Object folly, evil, etc.: Micah 3:2; Micah 4:3; Psalm 11:5; Psalm 52:5; Psalm 52:6; Psalm 109:17; Proverbs 1:22; Proverbs 8:36; Proverbs 17:19 (twice in verse), compare Proverbs 18:21; Zechariah 8:17, compare כִּי אִם אֹהֵב Amos 4:5; Jeremiah 5:31, followed by Infinitive Hosea 12:8; Jeremiah 14:10, especially of idolatry Hosea 4:13 (where strike out הָבוּ compare E. König I. p. 395) Jeremiah 8:2

3. Love to God

• Exodus 20:6 (Jehovist Source Elohist Source) elsewhere Hexateuch only Deuteronomy 5:10; Deuteronomy 6:5; Deuteronomy 7:9 (9 times Deuteronomy + Joshua 22:5; Joshua 23:11; also Judges 5:31; 1 Kings 3:3; Nehemiah 1:5; Daniel 9:4; especially in (late) Psalm 31:24; Psalm 116:1; Psalm 145:20, but usually followed by name, law, etc. of יְהוָה Psalm 5:12; Psalm 26:8; Psalm 40:17; Psalm 69:37; Psalm 70:5; Psalm 97:10; Psalm 119:47 (11 times Psalm 119); compare Isaiah 56:6; compare also of love to Jerusalem Isaiah 66:10; Psalm 122:6

4. Especially Participle אֹהֵב = (a) lover

• Lamentations 1:2 (figurative of Jerusalem)
• (b) friend Hiram of David: 1 Kings 5:15, compare Jeremiah 20:4, Jeremiah 20:6; Esther 5:10, Esther 5:14; Esther 6:13; Psalm 38:12 (parallel רֵעַ) so Psalm 88:19, Proverbs 14:20; also Proverbs 18:24; Proverbs 27:6; Abraham of God Isaiah 41:8; 2 Chronicles 20:7

5. Of divine love

• (a) to individual men: Deuteronomy 4:37; 2 Samuel 12:24; Proverbs 3:12; Proverbs 15:9; Psalm 146:8; Nehemiah 13:26
• (b) to people Israel, etc.: Deuteronomy 7:8, Deuteronomy 7:13; Deuteronomy 23:6; Hosea 3:1; Hosea 9:15; Hosea 11:1; Hosea 14:5; 1 Kings 10:9; 2 Chronicles 2:10; 2 Chronicles 9:8; Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 48:14; Jeremiah 31:3; Malachi 1:2 (3 times in verse); Psalm 47:5; to Jerusalem Psalm 78:68; Psalm 87:2
• (c) to righteousness, etc.: Psalm 11:7; Psalm 33:5; Psalm 37:28; Psalm 45:8; Psalm 99:4; Isaiah 61:8; Malachi 2:11

Niph`al

Participle plural הַנֶּאֱהָבִים 2 Samuel 1:23 lovely, loveable of Saul and Jonathan (parallel הַנְּעִימִים).

Pi`el

Participle plural suffix (מְאַהֲבִי) מְאַהֲבַי Hosea 2:7 (3 times); (מְאַהֲבִיִךְ) מְאַהֲבַיִךְ Jeremiah 22:20 (6 times); מְאַהֲבֶיהָ Hosea 2:9 (4 times).

1. Friends

• Zechariah 13:6

2. Lovers in figure of adulterous Israel

• Hosea 2:7; Hosea 2:9; Hosea 2:12; Hosea 2:14; Hosea 2:15; Ezekiel 23:5, Ezekiel 23:9; Judah Jeremiah 22:20, Jeremiah 22:22; Jeremiah 30:14; Lamentations 1:19; Ezekiel 16:33, Ezekiel 16:36, Ezekiel 16:37; Ezekiel 23:22

¹ H. Ewald, Antiquities of Israel, or other works by Heinrich Ewald.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ E. König, Historisch-comparative Syntax der hebräischen Sprache, Leipzig, 1897.

⁴ J. Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen, Leipzig, 1894.

⁵ Jehovist Source (J) - a hypothetical source in the Documentary Hypothesis.

⁶ Elohist Source (E) - a hypothetical source in the Documentary Hypothesis.

⁷ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1913.

⁸ J. Wellhausen, Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments, 3rd ed., Berlin, 1899.

^† Hapax Legomenon (occurs only once in Scripture).

^|| Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

^[] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

^* Assumed form (not actually found).

^? Sign of doubt.

^t. times (following a number).

Particle relative, Verb Qal perfect third person feminine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0157:

No stats available

נפשי נַפְשִׁי

the breath/soul of myself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נפש

nephesh

Definition

properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)

Root

from H5314 (נפש);

Exhaustive

from נפש; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental); any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, [idiom] dead(-ly), desire, [idiom] (dis-) contented, [idiom] fish, ghost, [phrase] greedy, he, heart(-y), (hath, [idiom] jeopardy of) life ([idiom] in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thy-) self, them (your) -selves, [phrase] slay, soul, [phrase] tablet, they, thing, ([idiom] she) will, [idiom] would have it.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5315

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

noun / feminine • Root נפש • Strongs / High • Page 982

A breath, respiration. 1. Breath of life, vital power, life, the animal life. 2. The soul or spirit, which gives life and has needs and feelings. 3. A living being, a creature, an individual, a person, a slave, a corpse. 4. Self, used reflexively. Also used to denote the seat of affections like love, joy, fear, piety, courage, and as the seat of various states like lamentation, hunger, thirst, etc.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

com. gen. but more frequently fem. • Root נפש • Page 451

1. breath (Job 41:13); 2. life, the vital principle in animal bodies, anima (Gen. 35:18, 1 K. 17:21); 3. a living being, particularly spoken of men and sometimes slaves (Josh. 10:28, Gen. 1:20, 12:5); 4. the soul, spirit, as the seat of the volitions and affections (Deut. 26:16, Cant. 1:7); 5. desire, including the desire of eating or hunger (Gen. 23:8, Prov. 6:30, 13:4); 6. scent, fragrancy, odour (Is. 3:20).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5315

I. נֶ֫פֶשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 756) noun feminine (so even Genesis 2:19; Numbers 31:28; 1 Kings 19:2; see Albr¹) — soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Sirach 3:18; 4:1, 2; 13:12; 14:11).

— נֶ֫פֶשׁ Genesis 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Genesis 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Genesis 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֹת Ezekiel 13:18 (13 times); נְפָשֹׁת Exodus 12:4; Leviticus 27:2; construct נַפְשׁוֹת Genesis 36:6 (4 times); נַפְשֹׁת Leviticus 21:11; נְפָשִׁים Ezekiel 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים); suffix נַפְשׁוֹתָם 2 Samuel 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Numbers 17:3 +.

1. The soul, the inner being of man

That which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:

a. Distinguished from flesh

• מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Isaiah 10:18
• הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Deuteronomy 12:23
• From שְׁאֵר Proverbs 11:17
• From בֶּטֶן body Psalm 31:10

b. Conceived as resting on a common substratum with the flesh

• Job 14:22 (אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃)
• Psalm 42:5, 7
• Psalm 131:2; Job 30:16; Lamentations 3:20

c. Departs at death and returns with life

• Genesis 35:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 15:9 (נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ)
• 1 Kings 17:21–22; Job 11:20; Job 31:39

d. Often desired that the soul may be delivered

• From Sh®°ôl: Psalm 16:10; Psalm 30:4; Psalm 49:16; Psalm 86:13; Psalm 89:49; Proverbs 23:14
• From שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl: Isaiah 38:17; Job 33:18, 22, 28, 30

2. The living being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into its בשׂר:

• Of man: Genesis 2:7 (Yahwist Source)
• Of animals: Genesis 2:19 (Yahwist Source); Psalm 104:29–30
• Man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being: Genesis 2:7
• Elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה of animals: Genesis 1:20, 24, 30; Genesis 9:12, 15, 16 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 47:9
• With verb חיה: Genesis 12:13; Genesis 19:20; 1 Kings 20:32; Psalm 119:175
• In oaths: חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26; 1 Samuel 17:55; 2 Kings 2:2

3. Life itself

a. Life resides in the blood

• Deuteronomy 12:23 (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ)
• Leviticus 17:10–14 (Holiness Code); Genesis 9:4 (Priests' Code)

b. Serious attack upon life is an attack upon this inner living being

• 2 Samuel 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10; Jonah 2:6; Psalm 69:2

c. Used for life itself (171 times)

• נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life: Exodus 21:23; Leviticus 24:18; 1 Kings 20:39
• שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's hand: Judges 12:3; 1 Samuel 19:5; Job 13:14
• בקּשׁ נפשׁ seek the life: Exodus 4:19; 1 Samuel 20:21; Jeremiah 4:30
• הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death: Joshua 2:13; Psalm 33:19
• פדה נפשׁ redeem the life: 2 Samuel 4:9; Psalm 34:23

4. The man himself (as the essential of man)

a. Paraphrase for personal pronoun (70 times)

• נַפְשִׁי = me: Genesis 49:6; Numbers 23:10
• נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 51:23
• נַפְשׁוֺ = he: Psalm 25:13
• נַפְשָׁם = they: Isaiah 46:2

b. Reflexive, self (53 times)

• לא אדע נפשׁי I know not myself: Job 9:21
• אהב כנפשׁו loved as himself: 1 Samuel 18:1, 3
• ענּה נ afflict oneself (fast): Leviticus 16:29; Numbers 29:7

c. Person, individual (144 times)

• נפשׁ אדם human person: Leviticus 24:17; Numbers 31:35
• נפשׁ = any one: Deuteronomy 24:7; Leviticus 2:1; Ezekiel 18:4
• נפשׁ (ה)מֵת deceased person: Numbers 6:6; Leviticus 21:11; Haggai 2:13

5. Seat of the appetites (46 times)

a. Hunger

• נפשׁ רְעֵבָה hungry soul: Psalm 107:9; Proverbs 27:7
• Satisfying hunger: Isaiah 58:10; Proverbs 13:25

b. Thirst

• נפשׁ עֲיֵפָה weary/thirsty soul: Proverbs 25:25; Jeremiah 31:25
• צמאה נ soul thirsts: Psalm 42:3; Psalm 63:2

c. Appetite in general

• Isaiah 5:14; Habakkuk 2:5
• In Ecclesiastes (craves, lacks): Ecclesiastes 2:24; Ecclesiastes 6:2, 7

6. Seat of emotions and passions (151 times)

a. Desire

• אִוְּתָה נ soul desires: Deuteronomy 12:20; 1 Samuel 2:16
• נשׂא נ lift up the soul (long for): Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; Hosea 4:8

b. Abhorrence and loathing

• געלה נ soul abhorreth: Leviticus 26:11; Jeremiah 14:19

c. Sorrow and distress

• מרי נ bitter of soul: Judges 18:25; Job 3:20
• צרת נ distress of soul: Genesis 42:21

d. Joy

• Psalm 35:9; Isaiah 61:10; Psalm 86:4

e. Love

• Song of Solomon 1:7; Genesis 34:3; Psalm 63:9

f. Alienation, hatred, revenge

• Jeremiah 6:8; 2 Samuel 5:8; Psalm 11:5

g. Other feelings (revival, patience)

• השׁיב נ bring back (revive) soul: Lamentations 1:11; Psalm 19:8
• קצרה נ soul was impatient: Numbers 21:4; Judges 10:16

7. Mental acts

Used with לבב or occasionally alone for knowing, thinking, reckoning:

• Psalm 139:14; Proverbs 19:2; Esther 4:13; Proverbs 23:7

8. Acts of the will

Purpose or choosing:

• אם ישׁ את־נפשׁכם if it is your purpose: Genesis 23:8; 2 Kings 9:15
• בחרה נ soul chooseth: Job 7:15

9. Character

Moral state of the inner being:

• Habakkuk 2:4; Ezekiel 4:14

10. Usage with לבב in Deuteronomy and later writers

Assimilated to the heart as seat of intellect and will:

• בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ: Deuteronomy 4:29; 6:5; 10:12; 1 Kings 8:48; Jeremiah 32:41

¹ Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter", Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 16 (1896), 42.

² Julius Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iii. 217.

³ Georg Jacob, Altarabische Parallelen zum Alten Testament (1897).

⁴ Charles A. Briggs, "The Use of Nefesh in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 16 (1897), 17 ff.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: ψυχή ψυχήν ψυχὴν ψυχὴ ψυχῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5315:

ψυχή 126× (15.5%)

ψυχήν 119× (14.6%)

ψυχὴν 89× (11.4%)

ψυχὴ 88× (10.9%)

ψυχῆσ 82× (10.3%)

ψυχῇ 55× (6.9%)

ψυχὰσ 38× (4.8%)

ψυχαὶ 21× (2.8%)

ψυχαῖσ 17× (2.1%)

'' 15× (1.9%)

איכה אֵיכָה

How?

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

איך

ʼêyk

Definition

how? or how!; also where

Root

also איכה ; and איככה ; prolonged from H335 (אי);

Exhaustive

also איכה ; and איככה ; prolonged from אי; how? or how!; also where; how, what.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H349

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵיךְ

adverb • Root איכה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 111

Interrogative and qualitative adverb: how? how so?

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵיךְ

adv. / interj. • Root איכה • Page 43

how? by contr. for אֵיכָה. Gen. 26: 9. Sometimes as an interj. of lament. Ah how, Ps. 73: 19. Is. 14: 4. Ecc. 2: 16.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H349

I. אֵיךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 59) (Aramaic אֵיךְ, Syriac ܐܠ [pronounced âch]) adverb

1. interrogative How? Genesis 26:9; 2 Samuel 1:5, 2 Samuel 1:14; 1 Kings 12:6; Isaiah 20:6 and elsewhere; often with imperfect (especially in 1 person) in an expostulation Genesis 39:9; Genesis 44:8, Genesis 44:34; Joshua 9:7; 2 Samuel 2:22; 2 Samuel 12:18; Psalm 137:4; Isaiah 48:11 for how should it be profaned? אֵיךְ תֹּאמַרְנָה how canst or dost thou (do you) say . . . ? Judges 16:15; Isaiah 19:11; Jeremiah 2:23 (compare Jeremiah 8:8 אֵיכָה) Jeremiah 48:14; Psalm 11:1; in an indirect sentence 2 Kings 17:28; Jeremiah 36:17; Ruth 3:18.
2. as an exclamation How! whether of lamentation 2 Samuel 1:19; Jeremiah 2:21; Jeremiah 9:18; Micah 2:4; or of satisfaction Isaiah 14:4, Isaiah 14:12; Jeremiah 48:39; Jeremiah 51:41; Obadiah 5 and elsewhere; with intensive force = how gladly! Jeremiah 3:19, how terribly! Jeremiah 9:6 (but others render here 'for how [else] should I do'? etc.)

** Hosea 11:8 according to Hi Ke We Marti and others.

II. אֵיכָה (from אֵי and כָּה = כֹּה; compare Assyrian ekiam) adverb

1. interrogative In what manner? τίνι τρόπῳ; (rather more definite than אֵיךְ = πῶς); Deuteronomy 1:12; Deuteronomy 7:17; Deuteronomy 12:30; Deuteronomy 18:21; Deuteronomy 32:30; Judges 20:3 (indirect sentence) 2 Kings 6:15; Jeremiah 8:8; Psalm 73:11.
2. exclamation How! (slightly more emphatic than אֵיךְ) Isaiah 1:21; Jeremiah 48:17; Lamentations 1:1; Lamentations 2:1; Lamentations 4:1, Lamentations 4:2.
3. Where? (properly north-Israel; compare Aramaic אֵיכָא, Syriac ܠܐܠܗ where? compare Dr Intr. 178, 421) only 2 Kings 6:13 Kt Canticles 1:7 (twice in verse), — each time in an indirect sentence.

III. אֵיכָכָה (Canticles) אֵיכָכָהּ (Esther) (from אֵי & כָּכָה thus) How? only Canticles 5:3 (twice in verse); Esther 8:6 (twice in verse).

¹ Hi = Hitzig; Ke = Keil; We = Wellhausen; Marti = Karl Marti.

² Dr Intr. = S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament.

Particle interrogative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0349b:

No stats available

תרעה תִרְעה

you/she is shepherding

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רעה

râʻâh

Definition

to tend a flock; i.e. pasture it; intransitively, to graze (literally or figuratively); generally to rule; by extension, to associate with (as a friend)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to tend a flock; i.e. pasture it; intransitively, to graze (literally or figuratively); generally to rule; by extension, to associate with (as a friend); [idiom] break, companion, keep company with, devour, eat up, evil entreat, feed, use as a friend, make friendship with, herdman, keep (sheep) (-er), pastor, [phrase] shearing house, shepherd, wander, waste.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7462

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָעָה

verb • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 1346

I. 1. tr. properly to lead, conduct, cattle; hence to feed, pascere, to guard, to have care for, to rule; 2. Metaphor. to lead, guide, govern, care for, to teach, instruct; 3. intr. to feed, of cattle, to go about in their pasture, to rest comfortably, or to lie down quietly.

רָעָה

verb • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 1346

II. Stem belonging to רָצָה III.

רָעָה

verb / tr. • Root רעה • Strongs / High • Page 1347

II. To unite, with one, to associate with one; hence to be friendly with one or to a thing, i. e. to like; fig. to think, to meditate.

רָעָה

noun feminine / particle • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1347

Perhaps the feminine of a masculine Kal participle (רָע), from the intransitive רָעַע, meaning friable.

רָעָה

adjective / noun feminine • Root רע • Strongs / High • Page 1347

1. Feminine adjective of רַע I., meaning bad, evil. 2. Substantive meaning ill, evil, badness, misfortune, destruction, ruin, affliction, misery.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָעָה

verb • Page 623

I. 1. To feed (a flock), to lead or guide them (metaphorically of a prince or God as shepherd). 2. To graze or pasture (of cattle); metaphorically to consume or eat up. 3. To support or nourish. References: Gen. 30:36; Ps. 23:1; Is. 5:17; Mic. 5:5.

רָעָה

verb • Page 623

II. To take delight or pleasure in a person or thing. Cognate with Chaldee רְעָה.

רָעָה

verb • Root רעה • Page 624

To take pleasure in or associate with any one (Prov. 13:20); also to pursue after things like the wind (Hos. 12:2).

רָעָה

f. verbal • Root רצע • Page 624

Evil, adversity, destruction.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7462

I. רָעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 167) verb — pasture, tend, graze.

Cognates:

• Assyrian rê'û (verb pasture, noun ruler)
• Tel Amarna ru—i (as Canaanism)¹
• Arabic رعى
• Ethiopic ርዐየ
• Aramaic רְעָא

— רָעָה Qal; Perfect 3 masculine singular consecutive וְרָעָה Micah 5:3 +, 1 singular suffix consecutive זּרְעִיתִים Ezekiel 34:13, 3 plural suffix consecutive וְרָעוּם Jeremiah 23:4, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִרְעֶה Isaiah 27:10 +, jussive יֵ֫רַע Job 20:26, suffix יִרְעֶנָּה Psalm 80:14, וַיִרְעֵם Psalm 78:72; Imperative masculine singular רְְעֵה Micah 7:14 +, suffix רְעֵם Psalm 28:9; feminine singular רְעִי Song of Solomon 1:8; masculine plural רְעוּ Genesis 29:7; Infinitive construct לִרְעוֺת Genesis 37:12 +, etc.; Participle רֹעֶה Genesis 30:36 +, suffix רֹעִי Psalm 23:1 +; feminine singular רֹעָה Genesis 29:9, Proverbs 25:19, etc.

1. Transitive meanings

a. Pasture, tend (literal)

• with accusative צאֹן Genesis 30:31, 36; Genesis 37:12 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 3:1 (Elohist Source)
• accusative of asses Genesis 36:24 (Priests' Code), kids Song of Solomon 1:8
• metaphor גֹּרֶן וָיֶקֶב לֹא יִרְעֵם Hosea 9:2; מָוֶת יִרְעֵם Psalm 49:15

b. Figurative of Yahweh

• of person, Genesis 48:15 (Elohist Source) God, who shepherded me
• with accusative of people, as flock Hosea 4:16; Isaiah 40:11; Micah 7:14; Ezekiel 34:13–16

c. Figurative of ruler and teacher

• 2 Samuel 5:2 = 1 Chronicles 11:2; Jeremiah 3:15; Ezekiel 34:2
• of teaching, יִרְעוּ רַבִּים שִׂפְתֵי צַדִּיק Proverbs 10:21

d. Participle as shepherd, herdsman

1. literal צאֹן רֹעֵה Genesis 4:2; Genesis 46:32; shepherdess רֹעָה Genesis 29:9 (Jehovist Source)
2. figurative of ruler (Assyrian rê'û, Greek ποιμένα λαῶν) Jeremiah 17:16, Zechariah 10:2; Isaiah 44:28 (of Cyrus)
3. epithet of Yahweh רֹעִי Psalm 23:1, רֹעֵה יִשׂ׳ Psalm 80:2, רֹעֶה אֶבֶן יִשׂ׳ Genesis 49:24

2. Intransitive meanings

a. Literally of cattle

• with ב location Genesis 41:2, 18 (Elohist Source); with accusative of pasture Isaiah 30:23; Job 1:14

b. Figurative uses

• of idolater, Isaiah 44:20 he feedeth on ashes; Hosea 12:2 (Ephraimitic Source) feedeth on wind
• of Israel as flock Isaiah 14:30, Zephaniah 3:13, Micah 7:14
• hence crop, strip, devastate Micah 5:6; Jeremiah 2:16

Niph`al possibly Job 20:26 (but see Qal supra); Hiph`il Psalm 78:72.

II. [רָעָה] verb — associate with (compare Late Hebrew רֵעוּת friendship from רֵעַ).

• Qal Imperative וּרְעֵה אֱמוּנָה Psalm 37:3 cherish faithfulness; Participle כְסִילִים רֹעֶה Proverbs 13:20 one associating with fools.
• Hithpa`el אַלתִּֿתְרַע Proverbs 22:24 do not make companionship with a bad-tempered man; Isaiah 11:7, Proverbs 18:24.

III. [רָעָה] verb denominative Pi`el — be a special friend.

• Perfect 3 masculine singular רֵעָה לוֺ Judges 14:20 his comrade who had been 'best man' to him.

¹ Hugo Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen (Wkl).

² Friedrich Schulthess, Homonyme Wurzeln im Syrischen (1900).

³ Felix Perles, Analekten zur Textkritik des Alten Testaments (1895).

⁴ Paul de Lagarde, Onomastica Sacra.

Verb Qal imperfect second person masculine singular

LXX: ποιμένεσ ποιμένων ποιμένασ ποιμὴν ποιμήν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7462b:

ποιμένεσ 25× (12.8%)

ποιμένων 11× (5.6%)

ποιμένασ 11× (5.8%)

ποιμὴν 7× (3.7%)

ποιμήν 6× (3.5%)

βοσκηθήσονται 6× (3.3%)

ποιμαίνων 5× (2.6%)

ποιμαίνει 5× (2.4%)

ποιμαίνειν 5× (2.7%)

ποιμένα 4× (2.2%)

איכה אֵיכָה

How?

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

איך

ʼêyk

Definition

how? or how!; also where

Root

also איכה ; and איככה ; prolonged from H335 (אי);

Exhaustive

also איכה ; and איככה ; prolonged from אי; how? or how!; also where; how, what.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H349

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵיךְ

adverb • Root איכה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 111

Interrogative and qualitative adverb: how? how so?

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵיךְ

adv. / interj. • Root איכה • Page 43

how? by contr. for אֵיכָה. Gen. 26: 9. Sometimes as an interj. of lament. Ah how, Ps. 73: 19. Is. 14: 4. Ecc. 2: 16.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H349

I. אֵיךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 59) (Aramaic אֵיךְ, Syriac ܐܠ [pronounced âch]) adverb

1. interrogative How? Genesis 26:9; 2 Samuel 1:5, 2 Samuel 1:14; 1 Kings 12:6; Isaiah 20:6 and elsewhere; often with imperfect (especially in 1 person) in an expostulation Genesis 39:9; Genesis 44:8, Genesis 44:34; Joshua 9:7; 2 Samuel 2:22; 2 Samuel 12:18; Psalm 137:4; Isaiah 48:11 for how should it be profaned? אֵיךְ תֹּאמַרְנָה how canst or dost thou (do you) say . . . ? Judges 16:15; Isaiah 19:11; Jeremiah 2:23 (compare Jeremiah 8:8 אֵיכָה) Jeremiah 48:14; Psalm 11:1; in an indirect sentence 2 Kings 17:28; Jeremiah 36:17; Ruth 3:18.
2. as an exclamation How! whether of lamentation 2 Samuel 1:19; Jeremiah 2:21; Jeremiah 9:18; Micah 2:4; or of satisfaction Isaiah 14:4, Isaiah 14:12; Jeremiah 48:39; Jeremiah 51:41; Obadiah 5 and elsewhere; with intensive force = how gladly! Jeremiah 3:19, how terribly! Jeremiah 9:6 (but others render here 'for how [else] should I do'? etc.)

** Hosea 11:8 according to Hi Ke We Marti and others.

II. אֵיכָה (from אֵי and כָּה = כֹּה; compare Assyrian ekiam) adverb

1. interrogative In what manner? τίνι τρόπῳ; (rather more definite than אֵיךְ = πῶς); Deuteronomy 1:12; Deuteronomy 7:17; Deuteronomy 12:30; Deuteronomy 18:21; Deuteronomy 32:30; Judges 20:3 (indirect sentence) 2 Kings 6:15; Jeremiah 8:8; Psalm 73:11.
2. exclamation How! (slightly more emphatic than אֵיךְ) Isaiah 1:21; Jeremiah 48:17; Lamentations 1:1; Lamentations 2:1; Lamentations 4:1, Lamentations 4:2.
3. Where? (properly north-Israel; compare Aramaic אֵיכָא, Syriac ܠܐܠܗ where? compare Dr Intr. 178, 421) only 2 Kings 6:13 Kt Canticles 1:7 (twice in verse), — each time in an indirect sentence.

III. אֵיכָכָה (Canticles) אֵיכָכָהּ (Esther) (from אֵי & כָּכָה thus) How? only Canticles 5:3 (twice in verse); Esther 8:6 (twice in verse).

¹ Hi = Hitzig; Ke = Keil; We = Wellhausen; Marti = Karl Marti.

² Dr Intr. = S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament.

Particle interrogative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0349b:

No stats available

תרביץ תַּרְבִּיץ

you/she is crouching down

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רבץ

râbats

Definition

to crouch (on all four legs folded, like a recumbent animal); be implication, to recline, repose, brood, lurk, imbed

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to crouch (on all four legs folded, like a recumbent animal); be implication, to recline, repose, brood, lurk, imbed; crouch (down), fall down, make a fold, lay, (cause to, make to) lie (down), make to rest, sit.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7257

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָבַץ

verb • Root רבץ • Strongs / High • Page 1317

intr. to lie, to lie down, especially of four-footed creatures; by way of rest; to hatch (of birds); metaphor. of men, to settle down calmly, securely or comfortably; of things, as wells, springs, which lie deep down; figur.

רָבַץ

verb • Root רבץ • Strongs / High • Page 1318

To lie down; Hif. (הִרְבִּיץ) to cause to lie down, omitting the object; transferred to men; fig. to lay, stones.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָבַץ

verb • Page 606

1. to lie for repose on the breast with the fore-feet stretched out (of quadrupeds). Gen. 29: 2. 2. metaphorically of men in a peaceful state, Job 11: 19; of waters, Gen. 49: 25; of a curse, Deut. 29: 19.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7257

I. רָבַץ verb — stretch oneself out, lie down, lie stretched out.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew רָבַץ
• Assyrian rabâṣu lie, dwell
• Assyrian rubṣu stall, also womb (compare II. רבע)
• Arabic ربض lie down, on the breast, stretch oneself out
• Sabean מרבצֿן¹
• Aramaic (Targum) רְבַע lie stretched out
• Syriac רבע
• Christian-Palestinian Aramaic רבע² recline at meals

— רָבַץ Perfect 3 masculine singular Genesis 49:9; 3 feminine singular consecutive וְרָֽבְצָה Deuteronomy 29:19; 3 feminine singular רָבָ֑צָה Ezekiel 19:2, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִרְבָּ֑ץ Isaiah 11:6, Isaiah 27:10; 3 feminine singular וַתִּרְבַּץ Numbers 22:27; 3 masculine plural יִרְבְּצוּ Numbers 11:7, יִרְבָּ֑צוּ Numbers 14:30, יִרְבָּצ֑וּן Zephaniah 2:7, Psalm 104:22; 3 feminine plural תִּרְבַּצְנָה Ezekiel 34:14; Participle רֹבֵץ Exodus 23:5 (3 times); feminine רֹבֶ֫צֶת Genesis 49:25 (2 times); masculine plural רֹבְצֹים Genesis 29:2.

1. Qal — lie down, lie

a. Of domestic animals

• Ass Exodus 23:5 (Elohist Source; under heavy burden), Numbers 22:27 (Yahwist Source; in obstructed path), Genesis 49:14 (at ease; poetic, in simile)
• Sheep, in repose: Genesis 29:2 (Yahwist Source), Isaiah 17:2, Zephaniah 2:14; figurative of people Ezekiel 34:14
• Calf, in repose: Isaiah 27:10

b. Of wild beasts

• Lion, in lair: Genesis 49:9 (Poem in Yahwist Source; figurative), Psalm 104:22
• As lair or abode: Ezekiel 19:2 (figurative); of צִיִּים Isaiah 13:21; of תַּנֵין Ezekiel 29:3 (figurative)
• Leopard (with kid): Isaiah 11:6–7

c. Miscellaneous uses

• Brooding, of mother-bird: Deuteronomy 22:6 (+ עַל הָאֶפְרֹחִים)
• Of man, in repose: Isaiah 14:30, Job 11:19, Zephaniah 2:7, Zephaniah 3:13 (figurative of flock perhaps implied)
• Of the deep: רֹבֶצֶת תָּ֑חַת Genesis 49:25, Deuteronomy 33:13
• figurative of curse: Deuteronomy 29:19 (with ב person)
• Of sin: לַמֶּתַח חַטָאת רֹבֵץ Genesis 4:7 at the door sin makes its lair

2. Hiphil — cause to lie down

a. Meanings and uses

• suffix יַרְבִּיצֵנִי Psalm 23:2; תַּרְבִּיץ Songs 1:7; Participle מַרְבִּיץ Isaiah 54:11; plural מַרְבִּצִים Jeremiah 33:12
• Accusative of flock (for repose): Jeremiah 33:12, Psalm 23:2 (figurative), Ezekiel 34:15
• Accusative of flock omitted: Isaiah 13:20, Songs 1:7
• Of laying stones: Isaiah 54:11

¹ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS) iv. no. 5, 2.

² Friedrich Schwally, Idioticon des christlich-palästinischen Arameisch (1893), 87.

Verb Hiphil imperfect second person masculine singular

LXX: ἀναπαύσονται κοιτασθήσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H7257:

ἀναπαύσονται 4× (11.1%)

κοιτασθήσονται 2× (5.8%)

בצהרים בַּצָּהֳרָיִם

within the dual bright-ones

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

צהר

tsôhar

Definition

a light (i.e. window); dual double light, i.e. noon

Root

from H6671 (צהר);

Exhaustive

from צהר; a light (i.e. window); dual double light, i.e. noon; midday, noon(-day, -tide), window.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6672

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צֹהַר

noun • Strongs / High • Page 1218

Properly light, splendour; then meaning place of light, opening for light, window.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צֹהַר

noun masculine • Page 564

m. dec. VI. n. light. (Comp. זֹהַר and טֹהַר) Gen. 6:16. צֹהַר תַּעֲשֶׂה לַתֵּבָה light, i. e. a window, shalt thou make for the ship. Dual צָהֳרַיִם noon, midday, liter. double light. Gen. 43:16, 25. Deut. 28:29. Used as an emblem of prosperity, Job 11:17. Ps. 47:6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6672

I. צֹ֫הַר noun masculine only plural צָהֳרַ֫יִם — midday, noon.

— צָהֳרַ֫יִם Deuteronomy 28:29 +; צָהֳרָ֑יִם Genesis 43:16 + (when sun mounts its highest; on form as expanded plural (not dual) see GKC¹ § 88c and references); — usually:

1. Midday as a specific time of day

• 1 Kings 18:29
• בַּצָּהֳרַ֫יִם at noon Genesis 43:16, 25; Amos 8:9; 1 Kings 18:27; 1 Kings 20:16; Song of Solomon 1:7 (resting-time for flock), Jeremiah 6:4 (opposed to evening)
• בְּעֵת צָהֳרַ֫יִם Jeremiah 20:16 (distinguished from morning) as time of supposed security Jeremiah 15:8; Zephaniah 2:4
• מֵהַבֹּקֶר וְעַד הַצָּהֳרַ֫יִם 1 Kings 18:26
• עַד הַצָּהֳרַ֫יִם 2 Kings 4:20
• As adverb, צָהֳרַ֫יִם as time of prayer Psalm 55:18 (+ בֹּקֶר, עֶרֶב)
• As time of wasting קֶטֶב Psalm 91:6
• מִשְׁכַּב הַצָּהֳרַ֫יִם 2 Samuel 4:5 noonday repose

2. Figurative of brightness and blessing

• Isaiah 58:10 (opposed to אֲפֵלָה)
• Psalm 37:6 (parallel to כָּאוֺר)
• Job 11:17 (see GKC¹ § 133e)
• בְּתוֺךְ הַצָּהֳרַ֫יִם Isaiah 16:3 (opposed to צִלֵּךְ)
• בַּצָּהֳרַ֫יִם Deuteronomy 28:29; Isaiah 59:10; Job 5:14

---

II. צֹ֫הַר noun feminine — probably roof.

Cognates:

• Arabic ظهر (back)
• Assyrian ṣêru (back)
• Tel Amarna back

— צֹ֫הַר תַּעֲשֶׂה לַתֵּבָה Genesis 6:16.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common both dual absolute

LXX: μεσημβρίασ μεσημβρίᾳ ὡσ μεσημβρίαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6672a:

μεσημβρίασ 12× (44.9%)

μεσημβρίᾳ 4× (14.2%)

ὡσ 2× (8.0%)

μεσημβρίαν 2× (6.8%)

שלמה שַׁלָּמָה

Complete One

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ש

še

Definition

which

Root

Abbreviated from H834 Derived terms של‎ (shel) של־‎ (shel'-)

Exhaustive

who, which. An abbreviation used as a prefix.אשר

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מה

mâh

Definition

properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and even relatively, that which); often used with prefixes in various adverbial or conjunctive senses

Root

or מה; or מ; or מ; also מה; a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or מה; or מ; or מ; also מה; a primitive particle; properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and even relatively, that which); often used with prefixes in various adverbial or conjunctive senses; how (long, oft, (-soever)), (no-) thing, what (end, good, purpose, thing), whereby(-fore, -in, -to, -with), (for) why.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4100

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָה

interrogative pronoun • Root מה • Strongs / High • Page 815

An interrogative pronoun, meaning 'what?'. It has various applications, including direct and indirect questions, functioning as a substantive ('what of...'), expressing quality ('what kind of...'), conveying reproach or negation, serving as an exclamation of wonder ('how...!'), and meaning 'whatever' or 'why'.

מָה

interrogative pronoun / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 816

An interrogative pronoun and adverb with various meanings including: what?, why?, how?, in what way?

מָה

interrogative pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 817

how what! = but how! how great! An interrogative pronoun, what? Also signifies 'on account of that, for that'.

מָה

aramaic pronoun (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 817

Aramaic interrogative pronoun, same as Hebrew. what? whatever, quidquid.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מָה

interrog. pron. / particle • Page 358

1. what? spoken of things (Judg. 11:12; 2 Sam. 16:10, 19:23; Jer. 2:18; Hos. 14:9). 2. without an interrogation, what, whatever, something, any thing (Prov. 9:13; 2 Sam. 18:23; Job 13:13, 14; Ecc. 1:9, 3:15, 22:6; Dan. 10:10 (Aram.)). 3. before substantives, what, of what sort, qualis (Josh. 22:16; 1 Sam. 28:14; 1 K. 9:13). 4. how? (Gen. 44:16; Ex. 10:26; Gen. 28:17). 5. wherefore? (Judg. 8:1; Ps. 42:12). 6. not (Cant. 8:4; Job 16:6, 31:1, 20, 24).

מָה

interrog. pron. • Page 358

Chald. what, as in Heb. with and without an interrogation. מָה דִי that which (Dan. 2:28). Combined with prepositions: (1.) כְּמָה how, how very (Dan. 3:33). (2.) לְמָה דִי lest, that not (Ezra 4:22, 7:23).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4100

I. מָה (rarely מָהֿ, מַהֿ, מַהּ, מֶה, מַּ, מָ; see GKC¹ §37) pronoun interrogative and indefinite — what? how? aught.

Cognates:

• Aramaic מָא
• Arabic ما
• Assyrian minû
• Ethiopic ment

1. Interrogative what?

a. In a direct question, before either verbs or nouns

• Genesis 4:10 מֶה עשׂית what hast thou done?
• Genesis 15:2 מה־תתן־לי what wilt thou give me?
• Exodus 3:13 מַה־שְּׁמוֺ
• Zechariah 1:9 מה אלה
• Haggai 2:3 = as what? (qualem?)
• (a) followed by substantive in apposition: Genesis 37:26 מַה־בֶּצַע what profit?
• (b) מַה־זֶּה what now? 1 Samuel 10:11; Genesis 3:13 מַה־זּאֹת עָשִׂיתָ
• (c) לְּךָ מַהֿ what to thee? (what aileth thee?): Genesis 21:17 מַה־לָּךְ הָגָר

b. In an indirect question

• Genesis 2:19 to see מה־יקרא־לו what he would call it
• Exodus 2:4 לדעת מה־יֵּעָשֶׂה לו
• Micah 6:5, Micah 6:8 (approximating relative)

c. Of what kind? (with insinuation of blame or contempt)

• Genesis 37:10 מה החלום הזה
• 1 Samuel 29:3 מָה הָעִבְרִים האלה

d. Rhetorical negative (answer "little" or "nothing" expected)

• Genesis 23:15 מה היא what is it? (i.e., insignificant)
• Psalm 8:5 מָה אנושׁ כי תזכרנו what is man that thou rememberest him?
• (c) formula of repudiation: Judges 11:12 מַה־לִּי וָלָךְ what have I to do with thee?

e. Whatsoever

• Judges 9:48 מה ראיתם עשׂיתי whatever ye see me do
• Ecclesiastes 1:9 מַה־שֶּׁהָיָה (late idiom)

2. Used adverbially

a. As an interrogative (how? why?)

• Genesis 44:16 מַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק how shall we justify ourselves?
• Exodus 14:15 אֵלַי מַה תִּצְעַק why criest thou unto me?

b. As an exclamation, how...!

• Genesis 28:17 מַה־נּוֺרָא הַמָּקוֺם הַזֶּה how dreadful is this place!
• Psalm 8:2 מה אדיר

3. Indefinite pronoun anything, aught

• Numbers 23:3 וּדְבַר־מַה־יַּרְאֵנִי the matter of aught
• 2 Samuel 18:22 וִיהִי־מָה happen what may

4. With prepositions

a. בַּמָּה, בַּמֶּה wherein? whereby?

• Genesis 15:8; Judges 16:5

b. יַעַן מֶה because of what?

• Haggai 1:9

c. כַּמָּה, כַּמֶּה how much? how many?

• Genesis 47:8; Psalm 78:40

d. לָ֫מָּה, לָ֫מֶה why? for what reason?

• Genesis 4:6 למה חרה לך
• Genesis 27:45 למה אשׁכל (approximating lest)
• Daniel 1:10 אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה lest

e. עַד־מָה until when? how long?

• Psalm 74:9; Psalm 79:5

f. עַל־מָה, עַל־מֶה wherefore? upon what?

• Job 38:6; Numbers 22:32

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Particle relative, Preposition, Particle interrogative

LXX: τί τίσ τίνι ἐστιν ὡσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4100:

τί 516× (62.9%)

τίσ 44× (5.6%)

τίνι 29× (3.2%)

ἐστιν 24× (2.6%)

ὡσ 14× (1.8%)

'' 13× (1.4%)

---% 11× (1.1%)

τίνοσ 11× (1.3%)

τι 10× (1.1%)

--- 10× (1.3%)

אהיה אֶהְיֶה

I am

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

Verb Qal imperfect first person common singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

כעטיה כְּעֹטְיָה

as she who wraps up

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עטה

ʻâṭâh

Definition

to wrap, i.e. cover, veil, cloth, or roll

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to wrap, i.e. cover, veil, cloth, or roll; array self, be clad, (put a) cover (-ing, self), fill, put on, [idiom] surely, turn aside.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5844

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָטָה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1077

I. (Only part. fem. עֹטִיָה) To march past, to march along, to go along.

עָטָה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1077

II. To seize, to lay hold of, to hurt violently, to plunder, make a prey of it (as a shepherd takes his garment).

עָטָה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1077

III. To cover, to wrap; fig. to be unwilling to speak from shame and vexation; hence a token of mourning; to put on a garment. (Includes Pu. and Hif. forms).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָטָה

verb • Page 501

I. to seize, to lay hold of. Is. 22:17. Construed with Arab. equivalent.

עָטָה

verb • Page 502

1. to cover, construed with עַל (Ps. 73:6). 2. to cover or clothe one's self, to put on a garment (Ps. 104:2, Jer. 43:12). Hiph. הֶעֱטָה to cover (Ps. 84:7, Ps. 89:46).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5844

I. עָטָה verb — wrap oneself, enwrap, envelop oneself.

Cognates:

• Arabic غطى (cover, conceal)
• Aramaic עֲטָא (extinguish, destroy)
• Assyrian eṭû (be dark), eṭûtu (darkness)

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular וְעָטָה (consecutive) Jeremiah 43:12; 3 plural וְעָטוּ (consecutive) Micah 3:7; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַעְטֶה Leviticus 13:45 (2 times), וַיַּעַט Isaiah 59:17; 2 masculine singular תַּעְטֶה Ezekiel 24:17; 3 masculine plural יַעֲטוּ (Baer יַעְטוּ) Psalm 71:13, Psalm 109:29; 2 masculine plural תַּעְטוּ Ezekiel 24:22; Participle active עֹטֶה 1 Samuel 28:14, Psalm 104:2; feminine singular עֹטְיָה Song of Solomon 1:7.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Wrap or envelop oneself with something

• וְהוּא עֹטֶה מְעִיל 1 Samuel 28:14 (an old man ascending, and he is enwrapped in a robe)
• יַעְטֶה הָרֹעֶה בִּגְדוֺ Jeremiah 43:12 (simile)
• וְעָטָה אֶת־אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם Jeremiah 43:12 figurative (he will wrap himself in the land of Egypt)
• וַיַּעַט כַּמְעִיל קִנְאָה Isaiah 59:17 ("" לָבַשׁ)
• עֹטֶה־אוֺר כַּשַּׂלְמָה Psalm 104:2
• כְּבֶגֶד יַעְטֶה Psalm 109:19 (simile "" לָבַשׁ v. 18)
• וְיַעֲטוּ כַמְעִיל בָּשְׁתָּם Psalm 109:29 ("" idem)
• יַעֲטוּ חֶרְפָּה וּכְלִמָּה Psalm 71:13

b. Covering specific parts (sign of mourning or shame)

• וְעָטוּ עַל־שָׂפָם Micah 3:7 (they shall envelop themselves upon their beard; cover the beard¹)
• Ezekiel 24:17, 22
• Leviticus 13:45 (of leper; Priests' Code)
• עֹטְיָה Song of Solomon 1:7 as substantive (one wrapping a veil about her, i.e., a mourner; but read perhaps טֹעֲיָה wandering woman, see טעה)

— וַיַּעַט etc., see עיט; מְעֻטָּה etc., see also עיט.

— Hiph'il Perfect 2 masculine singular הֶעֲטִיתָ עָלָיו בּוּשָׁה Psalm 89:46 (of God: thou hast wrapped shame upon him); Imperfect 3 masculine singular בְּרָכוֺת יַעְטֶה מוֺרֶה Psalm 84:7 (early rain enwrappeth it with blessings; Septuagint δώσει as if from Arabic عطو give); read probably also יַעֲטֵנִי Isaiah 61:10 (for Masoretic יְעָטָ֑נִי, see יעט: with a robe of righteousness he envelopeth me).

II. [עָטָה] verb — grasp.

Cognates:

• Arabic عطو (take with hands)

— Qal Infinitive absolute + Participle active suffix וְעֹטְךָ עָטֹה Isaiah 22:17 he shall grasp thee forcibly (Gesenius, Ewald, Delitzsch; but others from I. עָטָה: he shall wrap, roll thee tight together).

¹ Benzinger, Archaeologie 165; Nowack, Archaeologie i. 195.

Preposition, Verb Qal participle active feminine singular absolute

LXX: περιβαλέσθωσαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5844a:

περιβαλέσθωσαν 2× (10.9%)

על עַל

upon/against/yoke

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

עדרי עֶדְרֵי

arrangements/herds

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עדר

ʻêder

Definition

an arrangement, i.e. muster (of animals)

Root

from H5737 (עדר);

Exhaustive

from עדר; an arrangement, i.e. muster (of animals); drove, flock, herd.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5739

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֵדֶר

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1059

1. A putting together, a heaping together; hence a troop, a multitude, commonly a herd. 2. N. p. of a city in the south of Judah. 3. N. p. m.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עֵדֶר

noun masculine • Root עדר • Page 494

A herd or flock (Gen. 29:2, 3, 8). Figuratively, the flock of Jehovah, referring to the Israelitish people (Jer. 13:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5739

I. עֵ֫דֶר (Genesis 29:2) noun masculine — flock, herd.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Aramaic עַדְרָא
• Septuagint Γαδερ Genesis 35:16 (HCT Genesis 35:21)¹

— עֵ֫דֶר absolute Genesis 32:17 (twice in verse) +; construct עֶדֶר Song of Solomon 4:1 +; suffix עֶדְרוֹ Isaiah 40:11 +; plural עֲדָרִים Genesis 29:2 +, construct עֶדְרֵי Micah 5:7 +, etc.

1. flock

a. of sheep

• עֵדֶר צֹאן Genesis 29:2 (Jehovist Source), Micah 5:7, עֵדֶר הַצֹּאן Joel 1:18
• compare Genesis 29:2, 3, 8; Genesis 30:4 (all Jehovist Source)
• 1 Samuel 17:34; Jeremiah 51:23; Malachi 1:14
• "" צֹאן Ezekiel 34:12 (simile), Proverbs 27:23
• + בְּהֵמָה 2 Chronicles 32:28
• עֵדֶר הָרְחֵלִים Song of Solomon 6:6 = Song of Solomon 4:2 (insert probably עֵדֶר)
• sign of desolation Isaiah 17:2; Isaiah 32:14 (עֵדֶר מִרְעֶה), Zephaniah 2:14
• Jeremiah 6:3, of peace Jeremiah 31:24
• in simile also Micah 2:12; Jeremiah 31:10; Psalm 78:52
• figurative of Israel Isaiah 40:11; Jeremiah 13:20 ("" צֹאן), עֵדֶר יְהוָה Jeremiah 13:17, so עֶדְרוֹ Zechariah 10:3

b. of goats

• עֵדֶר הָעִזִּים Song of Solomon 4:1; Song of Solomon 6:5

c. undefined

• Judges 5:16; Job 24:2; Song of Solomon 1:7

2. herds, flocks and herds

a. including sheep, cattle, etc.

• Genesis 32:17 (4 times in verse); Genesis 32:20 (compare Genesis 32:14; all Elohist Source)

b. specifically cattle

• עֵדֶר בָּקָר Joel 1:18

— מִגְדַּל־עֵדֶר see above.

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (1889), 76 f. (assigns the word to root III עדר, as *lagging, loitering*).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: ποίμνιον ὡσ ποίμνια ἀγέλαι ἀγέλαισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5739:

ποίμνιον 14× (31.4%)

ὡσ 6× (15.1%)

ποίμνια 6× (13.6%)

ἀγέλαι 4× (8.5%)

ἀγέλαισ 2× (5.0%)

βουκόλια 2× (5.0%)

ποιμνίων 2× (4.3%)

ποιμνίῳ 2× (3.9%)

חבריך חֲבֵרֶיךָ׃

your allies

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חבר

châbêr

Definition

an associate

Root

from H2266 (חבר);

Exhaustive

from חבר; an associate; companion, fellow, knit together.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2270

ך

Definition

your, personal posessive - noun suffix: 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9021

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָבֵר

adjective / masculine / substantive • Root חבר • Strongs / High • Page 454

An associate, a companion, a friend (male or female).

חָבֵר

m. / noun proper masculine • Root חבר • Strongs / High • Page 455

A conjurer, an enchanter, i.e. an idol-priest. Also a masculine proper name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חָבֵר

noun masculine • Root חבר • Page 213

Associate, companion. (Cant. 1:7; 8:13; Judg. 20:11; Ps. 119:63).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2270

I. חָבֵר (Song of Solomon 8:13) adjective and noun masculine — united, associate, companion.

— חָבֵר absolute Proverbs 28:24, Psalm 119:68; suffix חֲבֵרוֹ Ecclesiastes 4:10 (+ 3 times Ezekiel 37:16 Kt; Qr חֲבֵרָיו); plural חֲבֵרִים Judges 20:11, Song of Solomon 8:13; construct חַבְרֵי Isaiah 1:23; suffix חֲבֵרֶךָ Psalm 45:8, חֲבֵרֶיךָ Song of Solomon 1:7, חֲבֵרָיו Isaiah 44:11 (+ 3 times Ezekiel Qr).

1. As adjective

• כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד חֲבֵרִים Judges 20:11 knit together as one man.

2. As noun: associate, fellow

a. Of children (tribes) of Israel

• Associated with Judah as head Ezekiel 37:16; id. associated with Joseph (Ephraimitic source) as head Ezekiel 37:16, Ezekiel 37:19 (in all these read Qr חֲבֵרָיו).

b. Of like rank

• Psalm 45:8

c. Of like calling

• Song of Solomon 1:7

d. Worshippers (associates) of idols

• Isaiah 44:11 (see Che; > others priests, Geig^{umschr. 121 493} SS, compare חֶבֶר Hosea 6:9; Du reads חֲבָרִים enchantments).

e. In general

• Song of Solomon 8:13

f. Implying likeness of character

• Isaiah 1:23
• Proverbs 28:24
• Psalm 119:63

3. Companion at a particular time

• Ecclesiastes 4:10

¹ Abraham Geiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen der Bibel in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der innern Entwickelung des Judenthums (1857).

Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX: προσκειμένουσ ἐπ' μετ'

LXX Usage Statistics

H2270:

προσκειμένουσ 2× (11.6%)

ἐπ' 2× (9.6%)

μετ' 2× (9.6%)

RBT Translation:

put in front of her to myself whom she has loved the breath/soul of myself How? you/she is shepherding How? you/she is crouching down within the dual noon-light Complete One I am as she who wraps up upon/against/yoke arrangements your allies

RBT Paraphrase:
Put her in front to myself, whom she has loved, the Soul of myself! How she is shepherding! How she is crouching within the dual noon-light of Complete One ("Solomon")!⁴ I am like her who wraps around over ranks of your allies.

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Announce to me, thou whom my soul loved, where thou wilt feed, where thou wilt lie down at noon: wherefore shall I be as he covered by the herds of thy companions.

LITV Translation:
Tell me, You whom my soul loves, where do You feed; where do You lie down at noon? For why should I be as one who is veiled beside the flocks of Your companions?

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
Tell me, thou whom my soul loves, Where thou tendest thy flock, where thou causest them to rest at noon, Lest I become as one that is veiled by the flocks of thy companions.

Footnotes

Sng. 1:7

Sng. 1:7

Hebrew שלמה Solomon, shlomoh. Traditionally taken for a compound of a relative, preposition, and interrogative. (i.e. ש-ל-מה)