Ruth 4:18

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ואלה וְאֵלֶּה

the a mighty one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אלה

ʼâlâh

Definition

an imprecation

Root

from H422 (אלה);

Exhaustive

from אלה; an imprecation; curse, cursing, execration, oath, swearing.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H423

אלה

ʼêlâh

Definition

an oak or other strong tree

Root

feminine of H352 (איל);

Exhaustive

lemma אלה first vowel, corrected to אלה; feminine of איל; an oak or other strong tree; elm, oak, teil-tree.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H424

אלה

ʼêl-leh

Definition

these or those

Root

prolonged from H411 (אל);

Exhaustive

prolonged from אל; these or those; an-(the) other; one sort, so, some, such, them, these (same), they, this, those, thus, which, who(-m).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H428

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָלָה

verb • Root אל • Strongs_Numbers • Page 132

I. 1. To be strong, powerful, stout (intr.); 2. To strengthen, to swear, confirm by an oath (tr.); 3. To curse (not used); 4. To be fat.

אָלָה

noun feminine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 132

1. An oath (allied in sense is שְׁבֻעָה); 2. A covenant confirmed by an oath; 3. Curse, imprecation, connected with exclamations of swearing.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵלֶּה

pronoun • Page 51

these, employed as the plural of זֶה (zeh) and זאת (zot). Ref: Judg. 6:11, 19; 1 Sam. 17:2, 19; 2 Sam. 18:9, 14; Ezek. 31:14.

אֵלֶּה

chald. pron. plur. • Page 51

Chaldee equivalent of the Hebrew אֵלֶּה (these). Ref: Jer. 10:11.

אָלָה

f. verbal / dec. x • Root אלה • Page 50

1. oath; 2. particularly a covenant confirmed by an oath (Gen. 26:28); 3. imprecation, curse (Num. 5:21).

אָלָה

verb • Page 50

1. to swear (1 K. 8:31); 2. to curse (Judg. 17:2). Hiph. to cause to swear (1 K. 8:31).

אָלָה

verb • Page 50

to lament (Joel 1:8). Equivalent to Syriac usage.

אֵלָה

f. verbal / dec. x • Root אל • Page 50

turpentine-tree, pistacia terebinthus. A common tree in Palestine growing to considerable height with evergreen leaves and clustering fruit (Gen. 35:4).

Conjunction, Particle demonstrative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0423:

No stats available

H0424:

No stats available

H0428:

No stats available

תולדות תּוֹלְדוֹת

descendants

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

תולדה

tôwlᵉdâh

Definition

(plural only) descent, i.e. family; (figuratively) history

Root

or תלדה; from H3205 (ילד);

Exhaustive

or תלדה; from ילד; (plural only) descent, i.e. family; (figuratively) history; birth, generations.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8435

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תּוֹלָדָה

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1504

1. Greeks Θωλάδθ = תּוֹלָדָה, Phenic. תולדת, מולדת, Μόλιττα, Μυλίττα, Μυλήτα (Berosus p. 50). 2. Of a city in Simeon 1 Chr. 4, 29 (Josh. 19, 4 תּוֹלָד), so called from the Phoenician god, like בַּעֲלָה and מִילָךְ.

Noun common feminine plural construct

LXX: γενέσεισ συγγενείασ γενέσεωσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8435:

γενέσεισ 22× (55.7%)

συγγενείασ 14× (35.7%)

γενέσεωσ 2× (6.0%)

פרץ פָּרֶץ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פרץ

Perets

Definition

Perets, the name of two Israelites

Root

the same as H6556 (פרץ);

Exhaustive

the same as פרץ; Perets, the name of two Israelites; Perez, Pharez.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6557

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פֶּרֶץ

noun masculine • Root פרץ • Strongs / High • Page 1196

1. A fissure, stroke (of death), breach (in a wall or city), a rent, a breaking forth or rending made by water. 2. (a bursting through, birth) n. p. m. Patronym.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פֶּרֶץ

m. plur. • Root פרץ • Page 555

1. a gap, breach, in a wall (1 K. 11:27). 2. a breaking out (of water). 3. a breaking in, an attack. 4. an overthrow (Judg. 21:15).

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: φαρεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6557:

φαρεσ 15× (94.5%)

פרץ פֶּרֶץ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פרץ

Perets

Definition

Perets, the name of two Israelites

Root

the same as H6556 (פרץ);

Exhaustive

the same as פרץ; Perets, the name of two Israelites; Perez, Pharez.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6557

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פֶּרֶץ

noun masculine • Root פרץ • Strongs / High • Page 1196

1. A fissure, stroke (of death), breach (in a wall or city), a rent, a breaking forth or rending made by water. 2. (a bursting through, birth) n. p. m. Patronym.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פֶּרֶץ

m. plur. • Root פרץ • Page 555

1. a gap, breach, in a wall (1 K. 11:27). 2. a breaking out (of water). 3. a breaking in, an attack. 4. an overthrow (Judg. 21:15).

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: φαρεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6557:

φαρεσ 15× (94.5%)

הוליד הוֹלִיד

he has begotten

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ילד

yâlad

Definition

to bear young; causatively, to beget; medically, to act as midwife; specifically, to show lineage

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to bear young; causatively, to beget; medically, to act as midwife; specifically, to show lineage; bear, beget, birth(-day), born, (make to) bring forth (children, young), bring up, calve, child, come, be delivered (of a child), time of delivery, gender, hatch, labour, (do the office of a) midwife, declare pedigrees, be the son of, (woman in, woman that) travail(-eth, -ing woman).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3205

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָלַד

verb • Root ילד • Strongs / High • Page 608

To bear, to bring forth, spoken of women giving birth to children, beasts bearing young, or birds laying eggs.

יָלַד

verb • Root ילד • Strongs / High • Page 609

To bear, bring forth (of a woman); to beget (of a father). Figuratively: to bring forth, make appear, cause to take place; to create, produce, appoint.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָלַד

verb • Root ילד • Page 283

1. to bring forth, as a mother (Gen. 4:1; Prov. 17:25). 2. to beget, as a father (Gen. 4:18; Ps. 2:7). 3. to lay eggs (Jer. 17:11). Includes stems: Niph. נוֹלַד (to be born, Gen. 4:18), Pi. יִלֵּד (to help to bring forth, as a midwife, Ex. 1:16), Pu. יֻלַּד (to be born, Gen. 10:21), and Hiph. הוֹלִיד (to cause to bring forth, Is. 66:9).

Verb Hiphil perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐγέννησεν ἔτεκεν γεννῆσαι ἔτεκον ἐτέχθησαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3205:

ἐγέννησεν 153× (30.2%)

ἔτεκεν 97× (18.6%)

γεννῆσαι 17× (3.0%)

ἔτεκον 11× (2.2%)

ἐτέχθησαν 9× (1.8%)

τικτούσησ 9× (1.6%)

ὡσ 8× (1.7%)

τεκεῖν 7× (1.3%)

τέξεται 7× (1.3%)

ἐγένοντο 7× (1.4%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

חצרון חֶצְרוֹן׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חצרון

Chetsrôwn

Definition

Chetsron, the name of a place in Palestine; also of two Israelites

Root

from H2691 (חצר); court-yard;

Exhaustive

from חצר; court-yard; Chetsron, the name of a place in Palestine; also of two Israelites; Hezron.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2696

מעמד

maʻămâd

Definition

(figuratively) a position

Root

from H5975 (עמד);

Exhaustive

from עמד; (figuratively) a position; attendance, office, place, state.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4612

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֶצְרוֹן

noun proper • Root חצר • Strongs / High • Page 520

1. (from חָצֵר; blooming, beautiful) A masculine proper name. 2. (from חָצֵר; hamlet) A proper name of a city in Judah.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מַעֲמָד

m. verbal noun • Root עמד • Page 393

An establishment. Found in 1 K. 10:5.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: εσερων ασρων αρσων εσρων ασρωνι στάσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2696:

εσερων 6× (31.2%)

ασρων 5× (24.4%)

αρσων 3× (15.6%)

εσρων 2× (9.6%)

ασρωνι 2× (8.8%)

Hezron_§Hezron@Gen.46.12:

στάσιν 2× (32.3%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And these the generations of Pharez: Pharez begat Hezron,

LITV Translation:
And these are the generations of Pharez: Pharez fathered Hezron;

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And these are the generations of Perez: Perez begot Hezron: