Ruth 1:14

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ותשנה וַתִּשֶּׂנָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נשא

nâsâʼ

Definition

to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative

Root

or נסה; (Psalm 4:6 (H7 (אבד))), a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or נסה; (Psalm 4:6 (אבד)), a primitive root; to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative; accept, advance, arise, (able to, (armor), suffer to) bear(-er, up), bring (forth), burn, carry (away), cast, contain, desire, ease, exact, exalt (self), extol, fetch, forgive, furnish, further, give, go on, help, high, hold up, honorable ([phrase] man), lade, lay, lift (self) up, lofty, marry, magnify, [idiom] needs, obtain, pardon, raise (up), receive, regard, respect, set (up), spare, stir up, [phrase] swear, take (away, up), [idiom] utterly, wear, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5375

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 755

to lift, carry; give

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 991

To stretch up, to raise up, to make ascend. Intr. to extend upward, to rise high, to grow, to be projecting, prominent, stretched out. Hence: 1. to raise the feet for walking; to lift up the hand in swearing; to entreat, pray; to lift up the head; to rise in repute, riches, dignity; to lift up the countenance, i.e. to walk along with face raised; to lift up the eyes, i.e. to look at, to behold.

נָשָׂא

verb qal • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 994

IV. (Kal unused) tr. same as נָשָׁה III. to extend, to stretch out, to widen.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָשָׂא

verb • Page 458

1. To lift or raise up (Gen. 7:17). (1.) To lift up the eyes (Gen. 13:10). (2.) To lift up the hand, as an oath (Ex. 6:8) or against someone (2 Sam. 20:21). (3.) To raise one's heart to long for something (Deut. 24:15). (4.) To lift up the head of anyone, to exalt or release from prison (2 K. 25:27). (5.) To lift up the voice, as in weeping or rejoicing (Gen. 27:38, Is. 24:14). (6.) To utter, speak (Ex. 20:7). (7.) To begin.

נְשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

Chald. 1. to take. Ezra 5: 15. 2. to take or carry away, spoken of the wind. Dan. 2: 35.

נִשָּׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 459

1. To rise, to be raised up, to be elevated (Ezek. 1:19—21, Is. 2:2). 2. To be borne (Ex. 25:28), or to be carried away (2 K. 20:17).

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 459

To lift up, bear, or take. Meanings on this page include: (8) one's heart raises or excites him (Ex. 35:21); (9) to put or set on anything (Gen. 31:17); (10) to raise oneself, to rise (Ps. 89:10). (2) To bear fruit (Ezek. 17:8), to bear away (1 Sam. 17:34), to suffer (Is. 1:14), to bear guilt or sin (Lev. 5:1, 17), or to bring (as wind, 1 K. 10:11). (3) To take (Gen. 27:3), to accept/be gracious to a person (Gen. 32:21), to take away (Dan. 1:16), to take the number or sum (Ex. 30:12), or to receive (Ps. 24:5).

נָשָׁא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

I. in Kal not used; perhaps to err, wander (kindred with נָשָׁה to forget.) Hiph. הִשִּׁיא to lead astray; hence 1. to deceive; 2 K. 18 : 29. 2. to seduce. Gen. 3: 13. Jer. 49: 16. Niph. to be deceived. Is. 19: 13.

נָשָׁא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

II. i. q. נָשָׁה no. II. to lend on usury, Neh. 5: 7. Hiph. to press, spoken of a creditor. Ps. 89: 23.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person feminine plural

LXX: λήμψεται αἴρων λήμψονται ἔλαβεν λαβὲ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5375:

λήμψεται 20× (3.0%)

αἴρων 20× (2.6%)

λήμψονται 17× (2.4%)

ἔλαβεν 16× (2.4%)

λαβὲ 16× (2.5%)

ἦρα 16× (2.4%)

ἔλαβον 16× (2.2%)

αἴροντεσ 16× (2.4%)

ἦραν 15× (2.1%)

ἀναβλέψασ 14× (2.0%)

קולן קוֹלָן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

קול

qôwl

Definition

a voice or sound

Root

or קל; from an unused root meaning to call aloud;

Exhaustive

or קל; from an unused root meaning to call aloud; a voice or sound; [phrase] aloud, bleating, crackling, cry ([phrase] out), fame, lightness, lowing, noise, [phrase] hold peace, (pro-) claim, proclamation, [phrase] sing, sound, [phrase] spark, thunder(-ing), voice, [phrase] yell.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6963

הן

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9029

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קוֹל

noun masculine • Root קול • Strongs / High • Page 1266

1. the voice, expressing various human feelings (joy, sorrow, rage), or the voice of speakers or God. 2. the voice or cry of animals (bleating, roaring). 3. the sound, noise, rattle, crack, crash, of inanimate things, especially thunder.

קוֹל

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1267

Voice, sound, utterance, word. Used in various contexts including weeping, crying, shouting for joy, proclaiming, singing, roaring, thundering, giving hearing, listening, obeying, and making known.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קוֹל

noun masculine plural • Page 583

1. a voice. Ps. 142: 2. In the accusative with (all) my voice, i. e. with a loud voice. קוֹל יְהוָה the voice of Jehovah, i. e. the thunder, Ps. 29: 3 ff. נָתַן קוֹל to lift up one’s voice, Gen. 45: 2. to call to, Prov. 2: 3. to proclaim in a country, 2 Chr. 24: 9. 2. a report, rumour. Gen. 45: 16. 3. a sound, noise, of inanimate things. 2 Sam. 15: 10. Ezek. 1: 24.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine plural

LXX: φωνῆσ φωνὴν φωνὴ φωνῇ φωνήν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6963a:

φωνῆσ 153× (26.1%)

φωνὴν 127× (24.6%)

φωνὴ 91× (18.5%)

φωνῇ 51× (9.9%)

φωνήν 18× (3.4%)

--- 11× (2.4%)

φωνή 8× (1.5%)

'' 7× (1.3%)

αὐτῆσ 6× (1.0%)

---% 6× (0.9%)

ותבכינה וַתִּבְכֶּינָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בכה

bâkâh

Definition

to weep; generally to bemoan

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to weep; generally to bemoan; [idiom] at all, bewail, complain, make lamentation, [idiom] more, mourn, [idiom] sore, [idiom] with tears, weep.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1058

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בֶּכֶה

noun masculine • Root בכה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 243

a weeping.

בָּכָה

verb • Root בכה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 243

intr. prop. to flow, therefore to weep (to shed tears); metaph. to mourn, lament, in cases of misfortune; to bemoan.

שְׁבָכָה

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1373

lattice-work (plural form).

שְׁבָכָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1373

a net, a trap, a figure of danger; lattices, balusters; lattice-enclosure, of a window.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בָּכָה

verb • Page 98

To weep, to weep for, to bewail. Often construed with prepositions like לְ ,אֶל ,עַל. Pi. to bewail (Ezek. 8:14). (Gen. 23:2, 37:35, 50:3; Lam. 1:16; Jer. 22:10; Num. 11:13).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person feminine plural

LXX: ἔκλαυσεν ἔκλαυσαν ἔκλαιον ἔκλαιεν κλαίει

LXX Usage Statistics

H1058:

ἔκλαυσεν 28× (23.7%)

ἔκλαυσαν 17× (13.9%)

ἔκλαιον 5× (4.3%)

ἔκλαιεν 4× (3.4%)

κλαίει 3× (2.8%)

κλαίων 3× (2.6%)

κλαύσατε 3× (2.6%)

κλαύσομαι 3× (2.5%)

ἔκλαυσα 3× (2.5%)

κλαῦσαι 3× (2.5%)

עוד עוֹד

going around/he has testified

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עוד

ʻôwd

Definition

properly, iteration or continuance; used only adverbially (with or without preposition), again, repeatedly, still, more

Root

or עד; from H5749 (עוד);

Exhaustive

or עד; from עוד; properly, iteration or continuance; used only adverbially (with or without preposition), again, repeatedly, still, more; again, [idiom] all life long, at all, besides, but, else, further(-more), henceforth, (any) longer, (any) more(-over), [idiom] once, since, (be) still, when, (good, the) while (having being), (as, because, whether, while) yet (within).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5750

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עוֹד

particle • Strongs / High • Page 1053

A particle similar to עַד, denoting continuance, with which עַד is sometimes interchanged.

עוֹד

noun / particle • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1061

A noun on this account. Used adverbially or as a particle with suffix, meaning 'since' or 'as long as'.

עוֹד

aram. (aramaic) • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1061

Aramaic word, same meaning as the related Hebrew particle.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עוֹד

adverb • Root עוד • Page 494

Originally an infin. absol. from עוּד. 1. again, a second time (Gen. 4:25). 2. repeatedly, continually (Gen. 46:29; Ruth 1:14). 3. further, moreover (Ecc. 3:16). 4. yet, still; with a negative, 'no more' (Gen. 7:4; 8:10). Used with suffixes (e.g., עוֹדֶנִּי I am yet).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἔτι οὐκέτι --- ἕωσ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5750:

ἔτι 314× (64.0%)

οὐκέτι 58× (11.6%)

--- 33× (6.8%)

ἕωσ 8× (1.6%)

'' 7× (1.2%)

ἀλλ' 4× (0.8%)

ἦν 4× (0.8%)

πάλιν 3× (0.6%)

ἄλλοσ 3× (0.6%)

---% 3× (0.5%)

ותשק וַתִּשַּׁק

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נשק

nâshaq

Definition

to kiss, literally or figuratively (touch); also (as a mode of attachment), to equip with weapons

Root

a primitive root (identical with H5400 (נשק), through the idea of fastening up; compare H2388 (חזק), H2836 (חשק));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (identical with נשק, through the idea of fastening up; compare חזק, חשק); to kiss, literally or figuratively (touch); also (as a mode of attachment), to equip with weapons; armed (men), rule, kiss, that touched.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5401

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָשַׁק

verb • Root נשק • Strongs / High • Page 997

1. to kiss (from esteem, friendship, love, or to render homage and obedience). 2. to put on armour or a shield, to equip oneself. 3. to unite, to join.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person feminine singular

LXX: ἐφίλησεν κατεφίλησεν καταφιλῆσαι κατεφίλησαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5401a:

ἐφίλησεν 9× (26.4%)

κατεφίλησεν 7× (19.5%)

καταφιλῆσαι 2× (5.9%)

κατεφίλησαν 2× (5.9%)

ערפה עָרְפָּה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ערפה

ʻOrpâh

Definition

Orpah, a Moabites

Root

feminine of H6203 (ערף); mane;

Exhaustive

feminine of ערף; mane; Orpah, a Moabites; Orpah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6204

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָרְפָּה

noun proper feminine • Root ערף • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1137

Youthful vigour, youthful freshness. Proper name (Orpah).

Matched via consonantal key only

Noun proper name feminine

LXX: ορφα

LXX Usage Statistics

H6204:

ορφα 2× (100.0%)

לחמותה לַחֲמוֹתָהּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חמות

chămôwth

Definition

a mother-in-law

Root

or (shortened) חמת; feminine of H2524 (חם);

Exhaustive

or (shortened) חמת; feminine of חם; a mother-in-law; mother in law.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2545

ה

Definition

her, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9024

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָמוֹת

noun feminine • Root חם • Consonantal / Low • Page 497

A mother-in-law.

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חָמוֹת

noun feminine • Root חם • Page 235

A mother-in-law. Ruth 1:14, 2:11. (fem. of חָם i.q. חָמֶה or חָם; comp. the form אָחוֹת).

Preposition, Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX: αὐτῆσ πενθερὰ πενθερὰν πενθερᾶσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2545:

αὐτῆσ 9× (40.1%)

πενθερὰ 4× (22.1%)

πενθερὰν 3× (15.6%)

πενθερᾶσ 2× (11.1%)

ורות וְרוּת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

רות

Rûwth

Definition

Ruth, a Moabitess

Root

probably for H7468 (רעות); friend;

Exhaustive

probably for רעות; friend; Ruth, a Moabitess; Ruth.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7327

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

ר֫וּת

noun proper feminine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1331

N. p. f. (female proper name) Ruth. Meaning: friendship (from רְעוּת = רֵעָה a female friend), or El or Jah is Friendship.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רוּת

proper name • Page 614

Ruth, proper name of an ancestor of the house of David, the heroine of the small book which bears her name. Ruth 1: 4.

Conjunction, Noun proper name feminine

LXX: ρουθ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7327:

ρουθ 12× (100.0%)

דבקה דָּבְקָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דבק

dâbaq

Definition

properly, to impinge, i.e. cling or adhere; figuratively, to catch by pursuit

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to impinge, i.e. cling or adhere; figuratively, to catch by pursuit; abide fast, cleave (fast together), follow close (hard after), be joined (together), keep (fast), overtake, pursue hard, stick, take.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1692

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּבַק

verb • Root דבק • Strongs / High • Page 349

Intransitive verb. 1. To be attached to something, to adhere to, to cleave to, to stick to, actually and mentally. 2. To strive after, unite oneself with, addict oneself to; metaphorically, to hunt after, pursue, and catch.

Verb Qal perfect third person feminine singular

LXX: ἐκολλήθη προσκολληθήσεται προσκολληθήσονται συνάπτουσιν προσεκολλήθη

LXX Usage Statistics

H1692:

ἐκολλήθη 11× (19.8%)

προσκολληθήσεται 3× (5.2%)

προσκολληθήσονται 2× (3.6%)

συνάπτουσιν 2× (3.1%)

προσεκολλήθη 2× (3.1%)

---% 2× (3.1%)

בה בָּהּ׃

within herself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

her, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9034

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּ

preposition • Page 84

A preposition with various meanings: 4. by (swearing, Gen. 22:16); 5. through (Num. 12:2); 6. upon (Num. 14:10); 7. to a place or thing (Judg. 6:35); 8. against (Gen. 16:12); 9. concerning (after 'to speak'); 10. out of, from (Gen. 44:5); 11. among; 12. before (Gen. 23:18); 13. for (Deut. 19:21); 14. on account of (Gen. 18:28); 15. after, according to (Gen. 1:26); 16. as (Job 34:36); 17. used with verbs of sense; 18. Beth essentiae (Jehovah is among my helpers, Ps. 118:7); 19. before an infinitive: when, while, after, since (Gen. 2:4).

בּ

prefix • Page 83

A prefix preposition with various meanings: 1. In or into a place/subject. 2. With, denoting an instrument, aid, or concomitance. 3. On, at, or near.

Preposition -Within Art, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And they will lift up their voice and weep yet. And Orpah will kiss to her mother-in-law; and Ruth adhered to her.

LITV Translation:
And they lifted up their voice and wept again. And Orpah kissed her mother in law, but clung to her.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And they lifted up their voice, and wept again; and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law and returned to her people; but Ruth followed her.