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Revelation 1:11

Footnote:

1d

The association of Ephesus with a "bee" or a "city of the Mother Goddess" is rooted in the city's ancient religious traditions, particularly its connection with the worship of the goddess Artemis, who was later syncretized with earlier Anatolian mother goddess figures. Here is a more detailed exploration of these concepts:

1. The Bee Symbolism:

  • The Bee as a Sacred Symbol: In Ephesus, the bee was a significant symbol, often associated with the goddess Artemis. Artemis of Ephesus was distinct from the more widely known Greek Artemis as a virgin huntress. In Ephesus, she was worshipped as a fertility goddess, reflecting earlier Anatolian mother goddess traditions. The priestesses of Artemis were sometimes referred to as "Melissae," which means "bees" in Greek.
  • The "Melissae": The term "Melissae" not only referred to the priestesses but also had a symbolic connection with the bees, which were seen as sacred creatures in many ancient cultures, including those of the Aegean and Anatolia. The bee was emblematic of industry, community, and the nurturing aspects of the goddess.
  • Archaeological Evidence: The connection between Ephesus and the bee is supported by archaeological finds, including coins from the city that depict bees, often alongside images of the goddess Artemis. These coins date back to as early as the 6th century BCE.

2. City of the Mother Goddess:

  • Artemis of Ephesus: The worship of Artemis at Ephesus is well-documented, and her cult was one of the most significant in the ancient Mediterranean world. The Ephesian Artemis was depicted differently from the Greek Artemis; she was often shown with multiple breasts or with symbolic elements like beehives, indicating her role as a mother and fertility goddess. This iconography is thought to be a continuation of earlier Anatolian mother goddess worship, which was prevalent in the region before the arrival of the Greeks.
  • The Connection to Cybele: Some scholars suggest that Artemis of Ephesus may have absorbed attributes from Cybele, the Phrygian mother goddess who was also worshipped in Anatolia. Cybele was often associated with fertility, nature, and wild animals, much like Artemis, but her worship was more directly tied to earth and fertility, which may have influenced the depiction of Artemis in Ephesus as a nurturing, motherly figure.