Psalms 18:43

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ואשחקם וְאֶשְׁחָקֵ֗ם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שחק

shâchaq

Definition

to comminate (by trituration or attrition)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to comminate (by trituration or attrition); beat, wear.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7833

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְשַׁחְקֵק

verb • Root חקק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 657

see חָקַק.

מִשְׁחָק

masculine noun • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 917

an object of laughter, mocking.

שִׂחֵק

verb piel • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

To jest; to dance (of the religious dance).

שָׂחַק

verb • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

Prop. to be clear, serene, therefore to laugh. Also, to smile upon, to laugh at, to scorn; to rejoice at one's misfortune; to sport, to dance.

שַׁחַק

noun masculine • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

1. A thing small or insignificant, which has no weight, hence fine dust. 2. Thinness, a thin vapour, a thin cloud. (Plural שְׁחָקִים refers to the sky or heavens, the seat of the angels/God).

שָׁחַק

verb • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

To press into, to engrave, to cut into, hence to hollow out. Also, to wear out, reduce, make thin, fine, small; generally to rub or beat in pieces, such as spices; figuratively, to destroy.

שְׁחָקִים

noun masculine plural • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

Plural of שְׁחֹק, referring to the sky or heavens (see significance 2 of שְׁחֹק).

שַׁחֲקָן

unknown • Root שחק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1409

See שִׂחֵק (a derivative related to laughing/sporting).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7833

I. שָׁחַק (approximate number of occurrences: 4) verb — rub away, beat fine, pulverize.

Cognates:

• Arabic سحق, also worn garment, thin clouds
• Aramaic שְׁחַק pulverize
• Ecclesiasticus שחק Ecclesiasticus 6:36 go often (wear by treading), Strack² compare iter terere

— שָׁחַק Perfect 3 plural אֲבָּנִים שָֽׁחֲקוּ מַיִם Job 14:19; 2 masculine singular וְשָׁחַקְתָּ֫ Exodus 30:36; figurative, accusative of foes, Imperfect 1 singular suffix וְאֶשְׁחָקֵם 2 Samuel 22:43 = Psalm 18:43.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Literally

• Of waters rubbing away stones: Job 14:19
• Of pulverizing incense: Exodus 30:36 (Priests' Code¹; compare דקק Hiph`il)

b. Figuratively

• Of pulverizing or crushing enemies: 2 Samuel 22:43 = Psalm 18:43

¹ Priests' Code (Pentateuchal source).

² Strack, H. L., Hebrew Lexicography.

Conjunction, Verb Qal first person common singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: αὐτοὺσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7833:

αὐτοὺσ 2× (24.1%)

כעפר כְּעָפָר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עפר

ʻâphâr

Definition

dust (as powdered or gray); hence, clay, earth, mud

Root

from H6080 (עפר);

Exhaustive

from עפר; dust (as powdered or gray); hence, clay, earth, mud; ashes, dust, earth, ground, morter, powder, rubbish.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6083

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָפָר

noun masculine • Root עפר • Strongs / High • Page 1118

Dust, a dry, bruised, crushed part of earth (out of which the body of the first man was formed); hence 1. dust; 2. dry earth, clay; 3. sand; 4. earth generally; 5. something earthly, transitory, or a corpse.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָפָר

m. dec. iv. c. • Page 519

dust, earth. Gen. 2:7. 26:15. Lev. 14:42. Used for the grave (to lie in the dust). Gen. 3:19. Ps. 104:29. figurative for humility or frailty, Gen. 18:27.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6083

I. עָפָר (compare Leviticus 14:42) noun masculine — dry earth, dust.

— עָפָר absolute Genesis 2:7 +; construct עֲפַר Genesis 13:16 +; suffix עֲפָרֵךְ Ezekiel 26:12, עֲפָרוֹ Deuteronomy 9:21, etc.; plural construct עַפְרֹת Job 28:6; Proverbs 8:26.

1. Literally

a. Dry, loose earth

• 2 Samuel 16:13 (thrown in malice; "" אֲבָנִים)
• Joshua 7:6 (Jehovist Source; sign of grief), so Ezekiel 27:30; Lamentations 2:10; Job 2:12
• 1 Kings 18:38; Amos 2:7; Micah 1:10; Isaiah 34:7, 9
• Leviticus 17:13 (Holiness Code); Ezekiel 24:7; Numbers 5:17
• Job 14:19; Job 38:38; Job 39:14
• Genesis 26:15 (Redactor); Habakkuk 1:10 (made into siege works)
• Deuteronomy 28:24 (of sand-storm; + אָבָק)
• Genesis 3:14 (Yahwist Source); Isaiah 65:25 (serpent's food, token of punishment)
• Deuteronomy 32:24 (זֹחֲלֵי עָפָר)

b. Material of human body

• Genesis 2:7; Genesis 3:19 (Yahwist Source)
• Ecclesiastes 3:20; Job 4:19; Job 8:19; Psalm 103:14
• Returns to it (שׁוּב אֶל־): Genesis 3:19; Job 10:9; Psalm 104:29; Ecclesiastes 3:20; Job 34:15; Ecclesiastes 12:7

c. Surface of ground or soil

• Exodus 8:12; 8:13 (Priestly Code; עֲפַר הָאָרֶץ)
• Job 19:25; Isaiah 25:12; Isaiah 26:5 ("" אֶרֶץ)
• Job 41:25 (whole earth)
• Isaiah 2:19 (מְחִלוֹת עָפָר), Isaiah 2:10; Job 30:6 (חֹרֵי עָפָר)
• Job 5:6; Job 14:8 (soil)

d. Powder of anything pulverized

• Deuteronomy 9:21 (compare דַּק "" Exodus 32:20)
• 2 Kings 23:6, 12, 15
• 2 Samuel 22:43 = Psalm 18:43 (in simile)
• Numbers 19:17 (ashes)

e. Debris of ruined city

• 1 Kings 20:10; Ezekiel 26:4, 12
• Nehemiah 3:34; Nehemiah 4:4; Psalm 102:15

f. Earth of the grave (Late)

• Job 7:21 (לֶעָפָר אֶשְׁכַּב); Job 20:11; Job 21:26; Job 17:16
• Psalm 22:30 (יוֹרְדֵי עָפָר); Isaiah 26:19 (שֹׁכְנֵי עָפָר)
• Daniel 12:2 (יְשֵׁנֵי אַדְמַת־עָפָר)
• Psalm 22:16 (עֲפַר־מָוֶת); Psalm 30:10 (in figure)

g. Mortar (dried mud) for plastering houses

• Leviticus 14:41, 42, 45 (Priestly Code)

h. Iron-ore or gold-dust

• Job 28:2 (ore); Job 28:6 (עַפְרֹת זָהָב, gold-dust)

i. Material of earth

• Isaiah 40:12; Proverbs 8:26 (רֹאשׁ עַפְרֹת תֵּבֵל, the first of the earth particles of the world)

2. Figurative

a. Of abundance

• Genesis 13:16; Genesis 28:14 (Yahwist Source)
• 2 Chronicles 1:9; Job 27:16; Psalm 78:27 ("" חוֹל יַמִּים)
• Numbers 23:10 (Jehovist Source; עֲפַר יַעֲקֹב)
• With added idea of commonness/worthlessness: Zephaniah 1:7; Zechariah 9:3

b. Of worthlessness (alone)

• Job 22:24

c. Simile of the scattered, dispersed

• 2 Kings 13:7; Isaiah 41:2

d. Of self-abasement

• Genesis 18:27 (+ אֵפֶר)
• Job 42:6 (וְנִחַמְתִּי עַל־עָפָר וָאֵפֶר)
• Lamentations 3:29 (יִתֵּן בֶּעָפָר פִּיהוּ)

e. Of humiliation (sitting or lying in dust)

• Isaiah 47:1; Isaiah 29:4; Job 16:15; Job 40:13
• Psalm 7:6; Psalm 44:26; Psalm 119:25; Job 30:19 (simile)
• Licking dust: Psalm 72:9; Isaiah 49:23; Micah 7:17
• Compare Tel Amarna tikalu ipra (of enemies)¹
• Of Yahweh raising from the dust: 1 Samuel 2:8 = Psalm 113:7; 1 Kings 16:2
• Of lifting oneself: Isaiah 52:2

¹ Hugo Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen, iii. 291.

Preposition, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: χοῦν γῆν γῆσ ὡσ χοῦσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6083:

χοῦν 31× (23.5%)

γῆν 19× (14.7%)

γῆσ 15× (11.4%)

ὡσ 8× (7.1%)

χοῦσ 7× (5.3%)

---% 6× (4.3%)

χῶμα 5× (3.9%)

γῇ 4× (2.8%)

γῆ 4× (3.3%)

αὐτῆσ 3× (1.6%)

על עַל־

upon/against/yoke

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

פני פְּנֵי־

faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

רוח רוּחַ

spirit

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רוח

rûwach

Definition

wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions)

Root

from H7306 (רוח);

Exhaustive

from רוח; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions); air, anger, blast, breath, [idiom] cool, courage, mind, [idiom] quarter, [idiom] side, spirit(-ual), tempest, [idiom] vain, (whirl-) wind(-y).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7307

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1325

To be extended, wide, broad, roomy; to be well, unrestrained, alleviated, easy, refreshed.

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

(Kal unused) intr. To breathe, to blow (of wind); to smell, of plants and scents; hence sometimes to breathe, to draw breath, generally to live and move; also fig. to have or feel pleasure in it, to perceive, to smell.

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

(II. not used) intr. to go, to wander; adopted for יָרַח, יָרַד and the proper name יָרִיחַ (wanderer).

רוּחַ

noun feminine / m. • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

1. The blowing, air, wind (breeze or storm); quarter, region, district (Metaphor). 2. The breath (often associated with anger/wrath, or word/oracle) or quick vanishing breath/nothingness/vanity. 3. Breath of life, animal life, anima, spirit (including sensuous feelings, passions, or moving force/restlessness).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רוּחַ

hiph. • Page 610

To smell. See רֵיחַ

רוּחַ

com. gen. • Page 610

1. Wind, air in motion (Gen. 8:1; Job 1:19); also the four quarters of heaven (Ezek. 37:9). 2. A breathing or exhalation; a breath (Job 7:7), creative power (Ps. 33:6), or vital breath in men and animals (Gen. 6:17). 3. A snuffing (of the nose), hence anger (Judg. 8:3). 4. The anima or animal soul, the vital principle (1 Sam. 30:12; Judg. 15:19).

רוּחַ

noun feminine • Page 611

The spirit, considered as coming from God; metaphorically a principle of life (Ezek. 10:17). The rational soul (animus), mind, intellect (Gen. 41:8). Inclination or disposition (Num. 5:14, Hos. 4:12). The Spirit of God or Jehovah, denoting life-giving power in men and nature (Gen. 1:3, Ps. 104:30), and the source of extraordinary gifts and prophecy (Num. 24:2, 1 Sam. 10:6).

רוּחַ

chald. n. • Page 611

1. wind. 2. a spirit.

רוּחַ

verb • Page 611

To be or become wide. Impers. 'I find room, I am relieved' (Job 32:20). Pu. מְרֻוָּח: wide, spacious (Jer. 22:14).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7307

I. רוּחַ (approximate number of occurrences: 378) noun feminine (less often masculine) — breath, wind, spirit.

— רוּחַ absolute Genesis 8:1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jeremiah 52:23; construct רוּחַ Genesis 6:17 +; suffix רוּחִי Genesis 6:3 +, רוּחֲךָ Psalm 104:30 + etc.; plural רוּחוֺת Psalm 104:4 +, רֻחוֺת Jeremiah 49:36, רוּחֹת Numbers 16:22; Numbers 26:16 (see Briggs¹, full statement of all passages).

1. Breath of mouth or nostrils

a. Literally

• רוּחַ מִּיו Job 15:30, compare Job 19:17
• רוּחַ אַמֵּינוּ Lamentations 4:20 (figurative of king)
• Of idols: לֹא רוּחַ בָּם Jeremiah 10:14, Jeremiah 51:17, Habakkuk 2:19, Psalm 135:17
• Compare Job 9:18

b. As mere breath (compare 2.e.)

• דִּבְרֵי רוּחַ Job 16:3 (windy words)
• נוֺאָשׁ לְרוּחַ אִמְרֵי Job 6:26
• הַנְּבִיאִים יִהְיוּ לְרוּחַ Jeremiah 5:13

c. As word of command

• Of God: בְּרוּחַ מִּיו כָּל צְבָאָם Psalm 33:6, compare Isaiah 34:16 (+ מֶּה)
• Of Messianic king: בְּרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע Isaiah 11:4

d. As hard breathing in anger

• Of God: Job 4:9; Exodus 15:8; 2 Samuel 22:16 = Psalm 18:16; Isaiah 30:28, Isaiah 59:19
• Of man: רוּחַ עָרִיצִים Isaiah 25:4

e. As sign and symbol of life

• רוּחַ חַיִּים Genesis 6:17, Genesis 7:15 (Priests' Code)
• נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַמָּיו Genesis 7:22 (Priests' Code)
• Ezekiel 37:5, 37:6, 37:8, 37:9, 37:10, 37:14; Ecclesiastes 3:19

2. Wind

a. Wind of heaven

• Genesis 8:1 (Priests' Code); Exodus 15:10 (Elohist Source); Numbers 11:31 (Yahwist Source); 1 Kings 18:45
• רוּחַ יהוה Hosea 13:15; Isaiah 40:7, compare Job 26:13
• רוּחַ הַקָּדִים (east wind): Exodus 10:13, Exodus 14:21 (Yahwist Source); Psalm 48:8; Jeremiah 18:17; Ezekiel 17:10, 19:12, 27:26; Jonah 4:8
• רוּחַ צָפוֺן (north wind): Proverbs 25:23
• רוּחַ יָם (west wind): Exodus 10:19 (Yahwist Source)
• רוּחַ הַיּוֺם (evening wind): Genesis 3:8 (Yahwist Source), compare Song of Solomon 2:17, 4:6
• אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת (four winds): Jeremiah 49:36, Ezekiel 37:9, Daniel 8:8, 11:4, Zechariah 2:10, 6:5
• רוּחַ סְעְרָה (storm wind): Psalm 107:25, 148:8, Ezekiel 1:4, 13:11, 13:13
• Wind personified: כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2 Samuel 22:11 = Psalm 18:11; Psalm 104:3, 104:4, compare Hosea 4:19

b. Quarter (of wind), side

• רוּחַ הַקָּדִים (east side): Ezekiel 42:16
• רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן (north side): Ezekiel 42:17
• רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם (south side): Ezekiel 42:18
• רוּחַ הַיָּם (west side): Ezekiel 42:19
• אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת (four sides): Ezekiel 42:20, 1 Chronicles 9:24
• ר֑וּחָה (on the sides): Jeremiah 52:23

c. Breath of air

• שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jeremiah 14:6
• רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41:8

d. Air or gas

• כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Isaiah 26:18
• רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם Isaiah 33:11

e. Vain, empty thing

• רוּחַ Job 7:7
• דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15:2
• רְעוּת רוּחַ (striving for wind): Ecclesiastes 1:14, 2:11, 4:4, 6:9 etc.

3. Spirit (Animation or Temper)

As that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with נֶפֶשׁ and לֵבָב):

a. Animation, vivacity, vigour

• 1 Kings 10:5, 2 Chronicles 9:4
• Genesis 45:27 (Elohist Source); Judges 15:19; 1 Samuel 30:12

b. Courage

• Joshua 5:1, 2:11; Psalm 76:13, 77:4, 142:4; Isaiah 19:3

c. Temper, especially anger

• Judges 9:23, 8:3; Proverbs 16:32, 25:28, 29:11; Zechariah 6:8

d. Impatience or patience

• קֹצֶר רוּחַ Exodus 6:9 (Priests' Code); אֶרֶךְ רוּחַ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Compare Micah 2:7; Proverbs 14:29; Job 21:4

e. Spirit as troubled or bitter

• Genesis 41:8 (Elohist Source); Daniel 2:1, 2:3; Genesis 26:35 (Priests' Code)
• עֲצוּבַת רוּחַ Isaiah 54:6

f. As crushed

• Ezekiel 21:12; Isaiah 61:3; Proverbs 15:4, 15:13, 17:22; Psalm 143:7

g. Unaccountable impulse

• 1 Chronicles 5:26; Ezra 1:1, 1:5; Jeremiah 51:11; Haggai 1:14
• רוּחַ קִנְאָה (jealous disposition): Numbers 5:14, 5:30
• רוּחַ עִוְעִים Isaiah 19:14; רוּחַ מִשְׁמָּט Isaiah 28:6

h. Prophetic spirit

• Numbers 27:18 (Priests' Code); 2 Kings 2:9, 2:15
• רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה (spirit of deep sleep): Isaiah 29:10
• רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zechariah 13:2

4. Spirit of the living being

Dwelling in the בָּשָׂר of men and animals, idem נֶפֶשׁ (25 t.):

a. Gift and creation of God

• Zechariah 12:1; Job 27:3; Isaiah 42:5

b. God preserves it

• Job 10:12, 12:10; Numbers 16:22, 27:16 (Priests' Code)

c. God's spirit

• Genesis 6:3 (Yahwist Source)

d. Departs at death

• Psalm 78:39, 104:29, 146:4
• Ecclesiastes 8:8, 12:7; Psalm 31:6

e. Disembodied being

• Job 4:15 (dubious)

5. Spirit as seat of emotion

a. Desire

• Isaiah 26:9 (idem נֶפֶשׁ)

b. Sorrow or trouble

• Job 7:11; 1 Samuel 1:15

6. Seat or organ of mental acts

Idem לֵב, or synonym with it:

• רוּחַ חָכְמָה Exodus 28:3, Deuteronomy 34:9 (Priests' Code)
• תּעֵי רוּחַ Isaiah 29:24; Ezekiel 11:5, 20:32; 1 Chronicles 28:12

7. Of the will

• רוּחַ נָכוֺן Psalm 51:12
• רוּחַ נְדִיבָה Psalm 51:14; Exodus 35:21 (Priests' Code)

8. Moral character

Idem לֵב:

• רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה Ezekiel 11:19, 18:31, 36:26
• דַּכְּאֵי רוּחַ Psalm 34:19; שְׁפַל רוּחַ Proverbs 16:19

9. Spirit of God

(94 t.; not D or Jeremiah; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy):

a. Inspiring ecstatic prophecy

• Numbers 11:17, 11:25, 11:29 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Samuel 10:6, 19:20; 1 Kings 22:21
• As רוּחַ רָעָה (evil spirit from God): 1 Samuel 16:14, 16:15, 16:23, 18:10
• In Ezekiel: Ezekiel 2:2, 3:12, 8:3, 11:1, 37:1

b. Impelling prophets to utter instruction

• Numbers 24:2; 2 Samuel 23:2; Zechariah 7:12; Nehemiah 9:30; Joel 3:1

c. Imparting warlike energy or administrative power

• To Judges/Kings: Judges 3:10, 6:34, 11:29, 13:25; 1 Samuel 11:6, 16:13
• To Messianic king/servant: Isaiah 11:2, 42:1

d. Endowing with technical skill or understanding

• Exodus 31:3, 35:31 (Priests' Code); Job 32:8; Proverbs 1:23

e. Energy of life

• Genesis 1:2 (Priests' Code); Job 33:4; Ezekiel 1:12, 39:29

f. Divine Presence

• רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֺ (His holy spirit): Isaiah 63:10, 63:11; Psalm 51:13
• Omnipresence: Psalm 139:7

¹ C. A. Briggs, "The Use of רוח in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1900), pp. 132–145.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: πνεῦμα πνεύματι πνεύματοσ πνεῦμά ἄνεμον

LXX Usage Statistics

H7307:

πνεῦμα 169× (43.2%)

πνεύματι 31× (7.3%)

πνεύματοσ 27× (7.1%)

πνεῦμά 21× (4.9%)

ἄνεμον 14× (3.7%)

ἄνεμοσ 9× (2.2%)

ἀνέμου 7× (1.9%)

'' 6× (1.4%)

ἀνέμουσ 6× (1.7%)

--- 5× (1.4%)

כטיט כְּטיט

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

טיט

ṭîyṭ

Definition

mud or clay; figuratively, calamity

Root

from an unused root meaning apparently to be sticky (rather perb. a demonstrative); from H2894 (טוא), through the idea of dirt to be swept away);

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning apparently to be sticky (rather perb. a demonstrative); from טוא, through the idea of dirt to be swept away); mud or clay; figuratively, calamity; clay, dirt, mire.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2916

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

טִיט

noun masculine • Root טוח • Strongs / High • Page 560

Loam, clay, potter's material, slime. Applied to the soft, kneadable mass into which one sinks.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

טִיט

noun masculine • Page 263

1. clay, potters' clay (Is. 41: 25. Nah. 3: 14.). 2. mud, mire (Ps. 18: 43. 69: 15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2916

I. טִיט (approximate number of occurrences: 11) noun masculine — mud, mire, clay.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Assyrian ṭîṭu, id.¹

— טִיט absolute Job 41:22 (6 times); construct id. Micah 7:10 (5 times).

1. Mud, mire

Of streets (always in simile of contempt, ignominious treatment):

• ט׳ חוּצוֺת Micah 7:10; Psalm 18:43 = 2 Samuel 22:43; Zechariah 9:3; Zechariah 10:5
• Of Jeremiah's dungeon Jeremiah 38:6 (twice in verse)
• Of mire in which crocodile lies Job 41:22
• Cast up by sea Isaiah 57:20 (+ רֶפֶשׁ)
• Of a bog (figurative of distress) Psalm 69:15 and ט׳ הַיָּוֵן Psalm 40:3

2. Potter's clay

Poetic usage:

• Of potter's clay Isaiah 41:25 (+ חֹמֶר)
• Of brick-clay Nahum 3:14 (+ id.)

טוֺטָפֹת, טֹטָפֹת see טטף.

¹ Flood Tablet iii, 10. 25.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πηλὸν ὡσ πηλίνῳ πηλὸσ πηλοῦ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2916:

πηλὸν 5× (26.4%)

ὡσ 4× (24.0%)

πηλίνῳ 2× (12.0%)

πηλὸσ 2× (11.1%)

πηλοῦ 2× (9.3%)

חוצות חוּצוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חוץ

chûwts

Definition

properly, separate by awall, i.e. outside, outdoors

Root

or (shortened) חץ; (both forms feminine in the plural) from an unused root meaning to sever;

Exhaustive

or (shortened) חץ; (both forms feminine in the plural) from an unused root meaning to sever; properly, separate by awall, i.e. outside, outdoors; abroad, field, forth, highway, more, out(-side, -ward), street, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2351

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חוּץ

noun masculine • Root חוץ • Strongs / High • Page 468

A wall of separation. Can mean: 1. what is separated, a street; 2. Figuratively, streets for merchants, bazaars; 3. what is without, i.e. lying outside. Also used as an adverb or preposition for 'outside', 'abroad', 'without'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חוּץ

adv. / substantive • Page 219

1. As an adv.: without, abroad; denoting the place where (Lev. 18:9) or whither (Deut. 23:13). Joined with various prepositions (Gen. 9:22, Ps. 41:7, Gen. 6:14, Num. 5:3). 2. As a subst.: what is without the house, the street (Jer. 37:21, Job 18:17); what is without the city, fields, pastures, deserts (Job 5:10, Prov. 8:26).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2351

I. חוּץ noun masculine — the outside.

— חוּץ; never with suffix in singular; with ָ ה locative חוּצָה, חֻצָה; plural חוּצוֹת, חֻצוֹת; suffix חוּצֹתָיו etc., Isaiah 15:3 etc.

1. The outside

Of a house, tent, city, camp, etc., often used, especially with prepositions, to express the adverb idea of outside, abroad (Aramaic synonym, except in sense 2a, is בַּר):

a. As accusative after verb of motion

• Deuteronomy 23:13 יָצָא חוּץ to go forth outside (that is, a camp)
• Deuteronomy 23:14 (as adverb accusative) בְּשִׁבְתְּךָ חוּץ outside
• הוֹצִיא הַחוּץ to bring forth outside (a house or chamber) Judges 19:25; 2 Samuel 13:18 compare Nehemiah 13:8
• Judges 12:9b בָּנוֹת הֵבִיא לְבָנָיו מִן־הַחוּץ from outside, from abroad
• 2 Kings 4:3 שַׁאֲלִי־לָךְ כֵּלִים מִן־הַחוּץ from outside (opposed to בַּבַּיִת 2 Kings 4:2)
• As Genitive Leviticus 18:9 מוֹלֶדֶת חוּץ one born abroad (i.e. by another father or mother, of a half-sister: opposed to מוֹלֶדֶת בַּיִת)
• Ezekiel 47:2 (twice in verse)
• With ָ ה locative חוּצָה, after a verb of motion Exodus 12:46 מִן־הַבַּיִת ... חוּצָה, Proverbs 5:16
• 2 Chronicles 29:16, 33:15 חוּצָה לָעִיר outside of the city
• Numbers 35:4 מִקִּיר הָעִיר וָחוּצָה from the wall of the city and outwards; = on the outside, without 1 Kings 6:6
• Isaiah 33:7 צָעֲקוּ חוּצָה cry without, 2 Chronicles 24:8
• So הַחוּצָה Genesis 15:5 וַיּוֹצֵא אֹתוֹ הַחוּצָה and brought him outside, Genesis 19:17; Genesis 24:29; Joshua 2:19 +
• 1 Kings 8:8 לֹא יֵרָאוּ הַחוּצָה were not seen towards the outside
• Deuteronomy 25:5 לֹא תִהְיֶה אֵשֶׁת־הַמֵּת הַחוּצָה לְאִישׁ זָר i.e. shall not be married into another family, compare Judges 12:9a

b. With prepositions

• α. אֶל־הַחוּץ towards the outside Ezekiel 41:9; Ezekiel 34:21 pleonastic אֶל־הַחוּצָה.
• β. בַּחוּץ Genesis 9:22 outside (opposed to בְּתוֹךְ אָהֳלֹה Genesis 9:21), Genesis 24:31 לָמָּה תַעֲמֹד בַּחוּץ, Deuteronomy 24:11; Exodus 21:19 אִם־יָקוּם וְהִתְהַלֵּךְ בַּחוּץ (after leaving a sick couch), 2 Kings 10:24; Psalm 31:12; Ezekiel 7:15 (opposed to מִבַּיִת), Hosea 7:1 +.
• γ. לַחוּץ Psalm 41:7 יָצָא לַחוּץ; = on the outside Ezekiel 41:17; Ezekiel 42:7; לַחוּצָה 2 Chronicles 32:5 towards the outside.
• δ. מִחוּץ on the outside Ezekiel 40:19; Ezekiel 46:2; מִבַּיִת וּמִחוּץ within and without (of an ark, building, etc.) Genesis 6:14; Exodus 25:11 = Exodus 37:2; 1 Kings 7:9; Deuteronomy 32:25 מִחוּץ תְּשַׁכֶּל־חֶרֶב (opposed to וּמֵחֲדָרִים אֵימָה), Lamentations 1:20 (compare Ezekiel 7:15 above); so מֵהַחוּץ Ezekiel 41:25. מִחוּץ לְ on the outside of, Genesis 19:16 וַיַּנִּיחֵהוּ מִחוּץ לָעִיר, Genesis 24:11; Exodus 26:35; Exodus 37:7 (twice in verse); Leviticus 8:17; Leviticus 14:8; Numbers 35:5; Joshua 6:23; Jeremiah 21:4 +, even after a verb of motion 1 Kings 21:13 וַיּוֹצִיאוּהוּ מִחוּץ לָעִיר, 2 Kings 23:6, though in this case אֶל־מִחוּץ לְ is more common, Leviticus 4:12, 21 אֶל־מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה, Leviticus 6:4; Leviticus 10:4; Leviticus 14:40, 41 + often P, Deuteronomy 23:11.
• ε. מִחוּצָה Ezekiel 40:40 on the outside, מִחוּצָה לְ Ezekiel 40:44.
• ζ. (late) חוּץ מִן outside of, Ecclesiastes 2:25 who can eat, and who enjoy, חוּץ מִמֶּנִּי outside of me, i.e. except me? (but read rather, with ᵐ5¹ ᵑ6² De³ Now⁴ and others, חוּץ מִמֶּנּוּ apart from, without him, i.e. God). (So Late Hebrew חוּץ מִן except, without, see De^{Ecclesiastes 2:25}; compare the Aramaic synonym בַּר מִן except Exodus 20:3 ᵑ7; apart from, without Isaiah 36:10 ᵑ7; Syriac ܠܒַר id.)

2. Of a definite locality

a. That which is outside the houses of a town, i.e. a street

• Isaiah 51:23 כַּחוּץ לַעֹבְרִים
• Jeremiah 37:21 חוּץ הָאֹפִים the Bakers' street
• Proverbs 1:20 בַּחוּץ ("" בָּרְחֹבוֹת: so Proverbs 7:12; Proverbs 22:13; Jeremiah 9:20)
• Often in plural, as חוּצוֹת אַשְׁקְלוֹן the streets of Ashkelon 2 Samuel 1:20
• חוּצוֹת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Jeremiah 5:1; Jeremiah 7:17, 34 +, Jeremiah passim
• 1 Kings 20:34 וְחֻצוֹת תָּשִׂים לְךָ בְּדַמֶּשֶׂק and streets (i.e. bazaars) shalt thou make thee in D., as my father made in Samaria (a concession involving the right of trading)
• Amos 5:16; Isaiah 15:3; Isaiah 24:11 (as scene of mourning)
• Isaiah 5:25; Jeremiah 51:4; Ezekiel 11:6; Ezekiel 28:23 (as filled with corpses of slain)
• בְּרֹאשׁ כָּל־חוּצוֹת i.e. in conspicuous places, Nahum 3:10; Lamentations 2:19; Lamentations 4:1; Isaiah 51:20
• טִיט חוּצוֹת mire of streets Zechariah 10:5 (trampled on by warriors), in simile, of foes trodden under foot, Psalm 18:43; Micah 7:10 (so כְּחֹמֶר חוּצוֹת Isaiah 10:6), metaphor of cheapness and abundance Zechariah 9:3.

b. More generally, that which is outside enclosed cities, the open country

• Job 18:17 וְלֹא שֵׁם־לוֹ עַל־פְּנֵי־חוּץ, compare Proverbs 24:27
• In the plural Job 5:10 וְשֹׁלֵחַ מַיִם עַל־פְּנֵי חוּצוֹת
• Proverbs 8:26; Psalm 144:13 (as place where flocks abound)

¹ Septuagint.

² Peshitta (Syriac).

³ Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on Ecclesiastes.

⁴ Wilhelm Nowack, Handkommentar zum Alten Testament.

Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: ἔξω ἔξωθεν ὁδοῖσ ἐξόδοισ αὐτῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2351:

ἔξω 81× (50.1%)

ἔξωθεν 33× (19.5%)

ὁδοῖσ 7× (3.1%)

ἐξόδοισ 6× (2.7%)

αὐτῆσ 4× (1.7%)

πλατείαισ 3× (1.3%)

--- 3× (1.9%)

dκαὶ 2× (1.2%)

ἐξόδων 2× (1.2%)

ὁδῶν 2× (1.2%)

אריקם אֲרִיקֵם׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רוק

rûwq

Definition

to pour out (literally or figuratively), i.e. empty

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to pour out (literally or figuratively), i.e. empty; [idiom] arm, cast out, draw (out), (make) empty, pour forth (out).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7324

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָרוֹק

noun masculine • Root ירק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 647

m. same as יֶרֶק green thing, green herb.

מְרוּקִים

m. pl. • Root מרק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 907

prop. rubbings in, anointings, with salve and scented oil, to make the body pliant and beautiful.

מִשְׁרוֹקִיתָא

aramaic feminine noun (aramaic) • Root שרק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 925

An Aramaic word for a pipe or a reed.

ר֫וּק

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1330

I. Intrans. to be poured out, to flow out, to be emptied; prop. to be juicy, wet, fluid.

ר֫וּק

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1330

II. Prop. to be naked, bare, cognate in sense with נָקָה I.; hence to be empty.

ר֫וּק

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1330

III. Intr. same as דִּיק to be dissolved, to be scattered as dust, interchanging ד and ר.

שְׂרוּק

unknown • Root שרק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1483

See שָׂרַק.

שְׁרוּקִים

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1486

1. To be red, of a fox-colour. 2. A noble vine, so called from its dark red colour.

שְׂרוּקִים

pl. • Root שרק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1483

To the plural שְׂרוּקִים, see שָׂרֹק.

תַּמְרוּקִים

noun • Root מרק • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1521

(Referring to מְרוּקִים) m. 1. an abstract, a rubbing in, with salve and oil; a purification or cleansing of the skin Esth. 2, 12; concrete, ointment 2, 3 9. 2. Figur. a remedy Prov. 20, 30 K'ri, for which the K'tib has מִתְרֵק with the same meaning; comp. מְרֵקִים.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7324

I. רִיק verb Hiphil — make empty, empty out.

Cognates:

• Arabic راق (pour out, forth, flow)
• Aramaic רִיק (empty, pour)
• Assyrian rêqu (empty)

— הֲרִיקֹתִי Perfect 1 singular Leviticus 26:33, Malachi 3:10; 3 plural חֵרִיקוּ Ezekiel 28:7, Ezekiel 30:11; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָרִיק Habakkuk 1:17, וַיָּרֶק Genesis 14:14; Imperative masculine singular הָרֵק Psalm 35:3; Infinitive construct הָרִיק Isaiah 32:6; Participle plural מְרִיקִים Genesis 42:35, Zechariah 4:12.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Empty vessels

• Genesis 42:35 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 48:12
• figurative לְהָרִיק נֶפֶשׁ רָעֵב Isaiah 32:6 (i.e. keep hungry)

b. Pour out or down

• Rain: Malachi 3:10, Ecclesiastes 11:3
• Oil: Zechariah 4:12

c. Empty out (i.e. draw) weapon

• Sword (compare Assyrian kakkê ittabbaku): Exodus 15:9 (Poem), Leviticus 26:33 (Holiness Code), Ezekiel 5:2, 12, Ezekiel 12:14, Ezekiel 28:7, Ezekiel 30:11
• Lance: Psalm 35:3
• Probably also Habakkuk 1:17 (חרבו for חרמוֹ)

2. Specific and Textual Notes

• וַיָּרֶק חֲנִיכָיו Genesis 14:14 (Redactor) led forth, but Samaritan וַיָּ֫דֶק (Aramaic דּוּק Aph`el look) i.e. mustered; compare ᵐ5 and others.
• In Psalm 18:43 ᵐ5 ᵑ6 and others read אֲדִקֵּם; so parallel 2 Samuel 22:43 MT; but others suggest אֲרִיקֵם (see דקק).

Hophal

be emptied out from vessel:

• Perfect 3 masculine singular הוּרַק Jeremiah 48:11
• Imperfect 2 masculine singular תּוּרַק Song of Songs 1:3 (some suggest 3 feminine singular; of ointment, in simile)
• Compare also Amos 6:6, where some suggest מוּרְקֵּי for מִזְרְקֵי

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB 699 b).

² E: Elohist Source; H: Holiness Code; R: Redactor.

³ ᵐ5: Septuagint; ᵑ6: Peshitta (Syriac).

Verb Hiphil imperfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐκκενώσω ἐκκενώσουσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7324:

ἐκκενώσω 3× (16.1%)

ἐκκενώσουσιν 2× (9.1%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Thou wilt deliver me from the contentions of the people; thou wilt set me for head of the nations: a people I knew not shall serve me.

LITV Translation:
You have delivered me from the strivings of the people; You have made me head of the nations; a people I have not known shall serve me.