Psalms 107:7

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

וידריכם וַ֭יַּדְרִיכֵם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

דרך

dârak

Definition

to tread; by implication, to walk; also to string abow (by treading on it in bending)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to tread; by implication, to walk; also to string abow (by treading on it in bending); archer, bend, come, draw, go (over), guide, lead (forth), thresh, tread (down), walk.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1869

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּרַךְ

verb • Root דרך • Strongs / High • Page 377

prop. to go along, to advance, to ascend. Hence 1. intr. to go, to wander, to walk. 2. tr. to tread, to tread down, an enemy.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּרַךְ

verb • Page 174

To stretch (the arrows); Hiph. 1. to cause to tread or walk; 2. (intrans.) to bend (the bow), used figuratively for lying; 3. (as in Arab.) to overtake.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1869

I. דָּרַךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 63) verb — tread, march.

Cognates:

• Aramaic דְּרַךְ
• Late Hebrew Hiph`il lead, conduct
• Arabic IV. أدرك reach, overtake
• Ethiopic ደረከ be rough, serve (from calcavit, Dillmann¹)
• Assyrian threshold, vestibule

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular דָּרַךְ Numbers 24:17 (6 times); 3 feminine singular דָּֽרְכָה Joshua 14:9; 2 masculine singular דָּרַכְתָּ Habakkuk 3:15; 1 singular דָּרַכְתִּי Isaiah 63:3, Zechariah 9:13; plural דָּֽרְכוּ Job 22:15 (3 times); Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִדְרֹךְ Micah 5:4 (6 times) + ידרך Jeremiah 51:3 (כתיב ולא קרי); 3 feminine singular תִּדְרֹךְ Deuteronomy 11:24, Joshua 1:3; 2 masculine singular תִּדְרֹךְ Deuteronomy 33:29 (2 times); 2 feminine singular תִּדְרְכִי Judges 5:21; 1 singular suffix וְאֶדְרְכֵם Isaiah 63:3; 3 masculine plural יִדְרְכוּ 1 Samuel 5:5, יִדְרְכוּן Psalm 11:2, וַיִּדְרְכוּ Judges 9:27; 2 masculine plural תִּדְרְכוּ Deuteronomy 11:25; Participle active דֹּרֵךְ Amos 4:13 (5 times), דּוֺרֵךְ Job 9:8, plural דֹּרְכִים Jeremiah 25:30, Nehemiah 13:15, construct דֹּרְכֵי Jeremiah 46:9 (5 times); passive feminine דְּרוּכָה Isaiah 21:15, plural דְּרֻכוֺת Isaiah 5:28.

1. Qal Meanings and Uses

a. tread, march, march forth

• absolute, תִּדְרְכִי נַפְשִׁי עֹז Judges 5:21
• דָּרַךְ כּוֺכָב מִיַּעֲקֹב Numbers 24:17 (poem) a star hath marched forth from Jacob

b. tread upon (land, path, sea, or heights)

• Followed by בְּ Deuteronomy 1:36, 11:25 (subject person), Joshua 14:9 (subject רֶגֶל)
• Subject כַּף רַגְלְכֶם Deuteronomy 11:24, Joshua 1:3
• In a path (figurative of mode of life) Isaiah 59:8
• On the sea Habakkuk 3:15 (text dubious, compare VB²)
• Of an invader יִדְרֹךְ בְּאַרְמְנוֺתֵינוּ Micah 5:4 (+ יָבוֺא בְּאַרְצֵנוּ)
• Followed by עַל 1 Samuel 5:5, Psalm 91:3
• On heights of earth (of God) Micah 1:3, Amos 4:13, Job 9:8; of Israel subduing enemies Deuteronomy 33:29
• Followed by accusative (אֹרַח) Job 22:15

c. Technical senses: tread wine- (or oil-) press

• Followed by accusative of press Job 24:11, Nehemiah 13:15
• Followed by accusative of thing pressed Amos 9:13, Micah 6:15
• יַיִן בַּיְקָבִים לֹא יִדְרֹךְ הַדֹּרֵךְ Isaiah 16:10
• Figurative of judgment Isaiah 63:3; גַּת דָּרַךְ אֲדֹנָי Lamentations 1:15

d. Technical senses: tread (i.e. bend) the bow

• Followed by accusative קֶשֶׁת Jeremiah 51:3
• Figurative of wicked Psalm 11:2, 37:14; of God's judgment Psalm 7:18, Lamentations 2:4, 3:12
• Of Judah as God's bow Zechariah 9:13
• With object חֵץ arrow Psalm 58:8 (text dubious, compare Che³), 64:4
• דֹּרְכֵי קֶשֶׁת = archers Jeremiah 50:14, 29, 1 Chronicles 5:18, 8:40, 2 Chronicles 14:7

— Hiphil Perfect וְהִדְרִיךְ Isaiah 11:15; suffix הִדְרִיכָהּ Jeremiah 51:33; 1 singular suffix הִדְרַכְתִּיךָ Proverbs 4:11; 3 plural suffix הִדְרִיכֻ֑הוּ Judges 20:43, הִדְרִיכוּהוּ Job 28:8; Imperfect יַדְרֵךְ Psalm 25:9, suffix יַדְרִכֵנִי Habakkuk 3:19, וַיַּדְרִיכֵם Psalm 107:7; 1 singular suffix אַדְרִיכֵם Isaiah 42:16, וַיַּדְרְכוּ Jeremiah 9:2 (compare GKC⁴ § 53.3, R 4); Imperative masculine singular suffix הַדְרִיכֵנִי Psalm 25:5, 119:35; Participle suffix מַדְרִיכְךָ Isaiah 48:17.

2. Hiphil Meanings and Uses

a. tread, tread down

• In battle Judges 20:43
• Of treading a path Job 28:8
• Levelling threshing-floor Jeremiah 51:33

b. tread (bend) the bow

• figurative וַיַּדְרְכוּ אֶת־לְשׁוֹנָם קַשְׁתָּם שֶׁקֶר Jeremiah 9:2 and they have bent their tongue as their bow in falsehood

c. causative, lead

• Lead returning exiles Isaiah 11:15; Psalm 107:7 (+ בְּדֶרֶךְ יְשָׁרָה); Isaiah 42:16
• Moral application: Proverbs 4:11, Psalm 119:35, 25:5, 25:9, Isaiah 48:17
• Giving security and triumph: עַל־בָּמוֹתַי יַדְרִכֵנִי Habakkuk 3:19

¹ August Dillmann, Lexicon linguae Aethiopicae (1865).

² VB: The Ancient Versions (Septuagint, Vulgate, etc.).

³ T. K. Cheyne, Critical Notes on the Psalms.

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ W. Robertson Smith, Journal of Philology, xvi. (1888) 72.

conjunctive, Verb Hiphil sequential imperfect third person masculine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐνέτειναν ἐνέτεινεν ἐπάτησαν τείνοντεσ ἐπιβῇ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1869:

ἐνέτειναν 4× (6.0%)

ἐνέτεινεν 3× (4.7%)

ἐπάτησαν 3× (4.7%)

τείνοντεσ 3× (4.4%)

ἐπιβῇ 2× (3.1%)

ὁδήγησόν 2× (3.1%)

ἐπιβῆτε 2× (3.1%)

πατήσουσιν 2× (3.1%)

ὁδὸν 2× (2.9%)

---% 2× (2.4%)

בדרך בְּדֶרֶךְ

within a road

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

דרך

derek

Definition

a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb

Root

from H1869 (דרך);

Exhaustive

from דרך; a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb; along, away, because of, [phrase] by, conversation, custom, (east-) ward, journey, manner, passenger, through, toward, (high-) (path-) way(-side), whither(-soever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1870

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּרַךְ

verb • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 377

prop. to go along, to advance, to ascend. Hence 1. intr. to go, to wander, to walk. 2. tr. to tread, to tread down, an enemy.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֶּרֶךְ

noun / common gender • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 378

A derivative of the verb דָּרַךְ. 1. A going, walking, journey. 2. A way, path, via. 3. An accessible, level road. 4. Metaphorically, conduct, undertaking, or way of acting.

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּרַךְ

verb • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 378

To tread, to walk. Specific uses include treading a wine-press, stretching or bending a bow by treading on it. Figuratively, to spur, drive, urge on, or in a bad sense, to despise.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דֶּרֶךְ

com. gen. • Page 174

1. way, the place to which the way leads; 2. walk, manner of life, conduct; 3. religious walk, devotion to God, religion; 4. way, manner, method; 5. work.

דָּרַךְ

verb • Page 173

1. To tread, to tread on; often used with an accusative or various prepositions (Job 22: 15, Judg. 5: 21, Ps. 91: 13). 2. To bend or stretch a bow by resting it on the ground and treading on it (Ps. 7: 13, 11: 3, 37: 14, 1 Chr. 5: 18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1870

I. דֶּ֫רֶךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 715) noun masculine^{Deuteronomy 17:16} & (less often) feminine^{Exodus 18:20} — way, road, distance, journey, manner.

— דֶּ֫רֶךְ absolute Genesis 38:16 +; דָּ֫רֶךְ Genesis 38:21 +; construct דֶּ֫רֶךְ Genesis 3:24; suffix דַּרְכִּי Genesis 24:42 (4 times) + 2 Samuel 22:33 דַּרְכִּו; דַּרְכְּךָ Hosea 10:13, 1 Kings 19:15; דַּרְכֶּ֫ךָ Psalm 5:9 (9 times); דַּרְכֵךְ Jeremiah 2:23 (8 times); דַּרְכּוֹ Genesis 6:12 +; דַּרְכָּהּ 1 Samuel 1:18, Job 28:23; דַּרְכֵּ֫נוּ Judges 18:5 (2 times); דַּרְכְּכֶם Genesis 19:2 (3 times); דַּרְכָּם 1 Kings 2:4 +; dual דְּרָכַיִם Proverbs 28:6, 18; plural דְּרָכִים Deuteronomy 28:7 (6 times); construct דַּרְכֵי Proverbs 3:17 (24 times); suffix דְּרָכַי Job 13:15 (17 times), דְּרָכָ֑י Psalm 95:10 (4 times); דְּרָכֶ֫יךָ Deuteronomy 28:29 (16 times); דְּרָכֶ֫ךָ Exodus 33:13 (2 times); דְּרָכַ֫יִךְ Jeremiah 3:18 (4 times); דְּרָכָ֑יִךְ Ezekiel 7:3 (3 times); דְּרָכָיו Deuteronomy 10:12 +; דְּרָכֶ֫יהָ Proverbs 3:17 (3 times); דְּרָכֵ֫ינוּ Lamentations 3:40, Zechariah 1:6; דַּרְכֵיכֶם Leviticus 26:22 (17 times); דַּרְכֵיהֶם Jeremiah 16:17 (5 times); דַּרְכֵיהֶן Ezekiel 16:47.

1. way, road, path
   • Genesis 35:3 (Elohist Source)
   • Genesis 38:16, 21 (Jehovist Source)
   • Genesis 48:7 (Priestly Code)
   • Leviticus 26:22 (Holiness Code)
   • construct way of (often = to, toward): דֶּ֫רֶךְ עֵץ הַחַיִּים Genesis 3:24 (Jehovist Source); דֶּ֫רֶךְ שׁוּר Genesis 16:7 (Jehovist Source); דֶּ֫רֶךְ אֶ֫רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים Exodus 13:17 (Elohist Source).
   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ הַמֶּ֫לֶךְ Numbers 20:17; 21:22 i.e. the highway.
   • Of the path of God: בַּיָּם דַּרְכֶּ֫ךָ Psalm 77:20; Nahum 1:3.
   • figurative of death: בְּדֶ֫רֶךְ כָּל־הָאָ֫רֶץ Joshua 23:14 (Deuteronomic Source); 1 Kings 2:2.
2. journey
   • Genesis 24:21, 40, 42 (Jehovist Source)
   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ שְׁלֹ֫שֶׁת יָמִים journey of three days Genesis 30:36 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 3:18.
   • go one's way הָלַךְ לְדַרְכּוֹ Genesis 19:2 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 32:2 (Elohist Source).
3. direction, toward
   • 1 Kings 8:44, 48 pray toward the city.
   • In Ezekiel (c. 28 times): דֶּ֫רֶךְ צָפ֫וֹנָה Ezekiel 8:5; דֶּ֫רֶךְ הַקָּדִים Ezekiel 40:10.
4. way, manner
   • a. usage דֶּ֫רֶךְ כָּל־הָאָ֫רֶץ Genesis 19:31.
   • b. customary experience דֶּ֫רֶךְ נָשִׁים Genesis 31:35 (Elohist Source).
   • c. manner of Egypt דֶּ֫רֶךְ מִצְרַ֫יִם Amos 4:10.
5. figurative of course of life, or action, undertakings
   • Deuteronomy 28:29; Joshua 1:8; Psalm 37:5; Proverbs 3:6.
   • In summary of a king's life: 2 Chronicles 13:22; 2 Chronicles 27:7.
6. of moral action and character

   a. In general

   • הִשְׁחִית כָּל־בָּשָׂר אֶת־דַּרְכּוֹ Genesis 6:12 (Priestly Code).
   • Psalm 119:5, 59; Proverbs 16:9; Jeremiah 7:3.

   b. Of duty (commanded by God)

   • Exodus 18:20 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 13:6; Psalm 25:8; Isaiah 30:21.

   c. Specifically in good sense

   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ הַטּוֹבָה וְהַיְשָׁרָה 1 Samuel 12:23.
   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ צַדִּיקִים Psalm 1:6; דֶּ֫רֶךְ חַיִּים Proverbs 6:23.

   d. Oftener in bad sense

   • דַּרְכָּם הַקָּשָׁה Judges 2:19; דֶּ֫רֶךְ רָעָה 1 Kings 13:33.
   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ שֶׁ֫קֶר Psalm 119:29; דֶּ֫רֶךְ מָ֫וֶת Proverbs 14:12.

   e. Way of Yahweh

   • (α) Creative activity: Job 26:14; Proverbs 8:22.
   • (β) Moral administration: Deuteronomy 32:4; Psalm 103:7; Isaiah 55:9.
   • (γ) His commandments: Genesis 18:19 (Jehovist Source); Deuteronomy 5:30; Psalm 25:4; Malachi 2:9.

¹ Elohist Source.

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Priestly Code.

⁴ Deuteronomic Source.

⁵ Holiness Code.

⁶ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel, Oxford, 1890.

⁷ J. Wellhausen, Text der Bücher Samuelis, 1871.

Preposition, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ὁδὸν ὁδῷ ὁδοὺσ ὁδοῦ ὁδοῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1870:

ὁδὸν 148× (20.8%)

ὁδῷ 125× (15.6%)

ὁδοὺσ 59× (8.0%)

ὁδοῦ 57× (7.4%)

ὁδοῖσ 54× (6.7%)

ὁδόν 41× (5.5%)

ὁδὸσ 35× (4.9%)

ὁδούσ 25× (3.3%)

ὁδοὶ 19× (2.8%)

ὁδόσ 13× (1.7%)

ישרה יְשָׁרָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישר

yâshâr

Definition

straight (literally or figuratively)

Root

from H3474 (ישר);

Exhaustive

from ישר; straight (literally or figuratively); convenient, equity, Jasher, just, meet(-est), [phrase] pleased well right(-eous), straight, (most) upright(-ly, -ness).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3477

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יִשַּׁר

verb • Root ישר • Consonantal / Low • Page 661

(Piel) to make straight, of moral conduct; to make even or level; to direct, to lead straightly; to approve, to esteem as right.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

יֵשֶׁר

masculine proper noun • Root ישר • Consonantal / Low • Page 661

righteousness, viz. of El; a proper name.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

יֶשֶׁר

masculine noun • Root ישר • Consonantal / Low • Page 661

honest, see יְשָׁרוּן.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

יָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Consonantal / Low • Page 661

1. to be straight, to go straight; to be even, level. 2. Figuratively, to be right, good, pleasing; of the soul, to be even, tranquil, composed.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

יָשָׁר

adjective • Root ישר • Consonantal / Low • Page 661

1. straight, not bent, upright; even, plain. 2. Figuratively: right, good, pleasing; just, righteous; honest, morally good; pious. As a substantive: the best.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

יֹשֶׁר

masculine noun • Root ישר • Consonantal / Low • Page 661

accommodation, settlement, properly a making smooth.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

יֹשֶׁר

masculine noun • Root ישר • Consonantal / Low • Page 661

1. straightness, of a way; 2. right, righteousness.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

יֻשַּׁר

verb • Root ישר • Consonantal / Low • Page 661

(Pual part.) to be made right, prepared; spoken of a thin plate of gold which is cut into ornaments.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3477

I. יָשָׁר (approximate number of occurrences: 119) adjective — straight, right.

— יָשָׁר absolute 1 Samuel 29:6 (70 times); construct יְשַׁר Proverbs 29:27; feminine יְשָׁרָה Ezekiel 1:7 (4 times); plural יְשָׁרִים Numbers 23:10 (31 times); construct יִשְׁרֵי Psalm 7:11 (8 times); feminine plural יְשָׁרוֺת Ezekiel 1:23.

1. Straight, level

• of a way: Isaiah 26:7; Jeremiah 31:9; Psalm 107:7; Ezra 8:21
• of a foot: Ezekiel 1:7
• of wings: Ezekiel 1:23 (but see footnote 1)

2. Right, pleasing

a. To God

הַיָּשָׁר בעיני that which is right, pleasing in the eyes of, agreeable to (either construct before יהוה, or with suffixes referring to him), especially in Deuteronomic writers:

• Exodus 15:26 (Redactor)
• Deuteronomy 12:25; Deuteronomy 13:19; Deuteronomy 21:9
• 1 Kings 11:33, 38; 1 Kings 14:8; 1 Kings 15:5, 11; 1 Kings 22:43
• 2 Kings 10:30; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 14:3; 2 Kings 15:3, 34; 2 Kings 16:2; 2 Kings 18:3; 2 Kings 22:3
• 2 Chronicles 20:32; 24:2; 25:2; 26:4; 27:2; 28:1; 29:2; 34:2
• Jeremiah 34:15
• הישׁר והטוב בעיני יהוה Deuteronomy 6:18
• הטוב והישׁר בעיני יהוה Deuteronomy 12:28; 2 Chronicles 14:1
• הטוב והישׁר והאמת לפני יהוה 2 Chronicles 31:20

b. To man

• (ה)ישׁר בעיני Deuteronomy 12:8; Judges 17:6; Judges 21:25; 2 Samuel 19:7; Jeremiah 40:5; Proverbs 12:15; Proverbs 21:2
• (ה)טוב ו(ה)ישׁר בעיני Joshua 9:25 (Deuteronomic Source); Jeremiah 26:14; Jeremiah 40:4
• יֵשׁ דֶּרֶךְ יָשָׁר לִפְנֵי־אִֿישׁ there is a way which is pleasing before a man Proverbs 14:12 = Proverbs 16:25

3. Straightforward, just, upright

a. Of God

• צַדִּיק וְיָשָׁר הוא Deuteronomy 32:4 (song)
• טוב וישׁר יהוה Psalm 25:8
• ישׁר יהוה Psalm 92:16
• of his ways: Hosea 14:10; of his משׁפטים Nehemiah 9:13; Psalm 119:137; of his מִּקּוּדִים Psalm 19:9; of his דָּבָר Psalm 33:4
• of the words of divine wisdom: Proverbs 8:9

b. Of man

• God made him upright: Ecclesiastes 7:29
• יָשָׁר בָּאָדָם אָ֑יִן an upright man among men there is none: Micah 7:2
• Job is תָּם וְיָשָׁר: Job 1:1 (compare Davidson²), 1:8; 2:3, compare Psalm 37:37
• זַךְ וישׁר: Job 8:6
• of David as an upright man: 1 Samuel 29:6
• of man's doings (+ זַךְ): Proverbs 20:11, compare Proverbs 21:8
• of his way of life (+ טובה): 1 Samuel 12:23
• יְשַׁר־דֶּֿרֶךְ: Proverbs 29:27; יִשְׁרֵי־דֶּֿרֶךְ Psalm 37:14
• upright of heart, mind, and will: יִשְׁרֵי לֵבָב 2 Chronicles 29:34; יִשְׁרֵי־לֵב Psalm 7:11; 11:2; 32:11; 36:11; 64:11; 94:15; 97:11; יְשָׁרִים בְּלִבּוֺתָם Psalm 125:4

c. As a noun

• (1) With reference to things: יָשָׁר הֶעֱוֵיתִי the right I have perverted Job 33:27; הַיְשָׁרָה יְעַקֵּ֑שׁוּ pervert the right (literally twist that which is straight) Micah 3:9; דֹּבֵר יְשָׁרִים speaketh right things Proverbs 16:13, compare 2 Kings 10:15
• (2) More commonly of men: in singular (ה)יָשָׁר Micah 2:7; Micah 7:4; 2 Kings 10:3; Proverbs 21:29; Job 23:7; collective Psalm 11:7
• in סֵפֶר הַיָּשָׁר book of the upright (a collection of ancient national poetry): Joshua 10:13; 2 Samuel 1:18 (compare 1 Kings 8:53 in Septuagint; Driver³)
• in plural יְשָׁרִים the upright, of pious Israel: Numbers 23:10 (song E); elsewhere of the upright among the people of God as distinguished from the wicked, in Wisdom Literature: Job 4:7; 17:8; Proverbs 2:7, 21; 3:32; 11:3, 6, 11; 12:6; 14:9, 11; 15:8, 19; 16:17; 21:18; 28:10; 29:10; in late Psalms: Psalm 33:1; 49:15; 107:42; 111:1; 112:2, 4; 140:14; and Daniel 11:17

4. Abstract

uprightness: בֶּאֱמֶת וְיָשָׁר Psalm 111:8 (Gesenius' Thesaurus), but read rather ישֶׁר after Septuagint, Syriac, Targum, and Jerome (according to Hitzig, Rieb, Baethgen).

¹ C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

² A. B. Davidson, The Book of Job, with Notes, Introduction and Appendix (1884).

³ S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament (1891).

Adjective adjective feminine singular absolute

LXX: εὐθὲσ εὐθεῖσ εὐθὴσ ἀρεστὸν εὐθεῖα

LXX Usage Statistics

H3477:

εὐθὲσ 26× (18.9%)

εὐθεῖσ 12× (8.8%)

εὐθὴσ 6× (4.6%)

ἀρεστὸν 6× (3.9%)

εὐθεῖα 4× (3.3%)

ἀληθινόσ 4× (3.1%)

'' 4× (2.9%)

εὐθέσι 4× (2.7%)

εὐθεῖαν 3× (2.3%)

ὀρθὰ 3× (2.2%)

ללכת לָ֝לֶ֗כֶת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הלך

hâlak

Definition

to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)

Root

akin to H3212 (ילך); a primitive root;

Exhaustive

akin to ילך; a primitive root; to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively); (all) along, apace, behave (self), come, (on) continually, be conversant, depart, [phrase] be eased, enter, exercise (self), [phrase] follow, forth, forward, get, go (about, abroad, along, away, forward, on, out, up and down), [phrase] greater, grow, be wont to haunt, lead, march, [idiom] more and more, move (self), needs, on, pass (away), be at the point, quite, run (along), [phrase] send, speedily, spread, still, surely, [phrase] tale-bearer, [phrase] travel(-ler), walk (abroad, on, to and fro, up and down, to places), wander, wax, (way-) faring man, [idiom] be weak, whirl.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1980

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָלַךְ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 401

An intransitive verb meaning to go, to walk, or to move forward in the widest sense. It applies to people, animals, and inanimate objects (e.g., a border extending, a report spreading, a ship sailing, the moon walking). The fundamental signification is varied by numerous prepositions indicating direction or manner, such as to go to/against (אֶל), to go with/accompany (עִם), to go after/follow (אַחֲרֵי), and to go before (לִפְנֵי).

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Strongs / High • Page 402

To go, to walk; to disappear, pass, retire; to stalk; also used as an auxiliary verb.

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Strongs / High • Page 755

to go to

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Page 186

To go, in whatever manner; applied to things animate and inanimate (e.g., ark floating, boundary extending, report circulating). Various constructions include: (1) with accusative 'to go through' (Deut. 1:19); (2) with 'ב' 'to go with' (Ex. 10:9); (3) with 'עם' or 'את' 'to be conversant with' (Job 34:8); (4) with 'אַחֲרֵי' 'to go after, follow' (Gen. 24:5, 37:17).

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Page 187

To go, walk. (Continued senses on this page): 2. To walk, figuratively for to live. Ps. 15:2, Is. 33:15, Mic. 2:11. 3. To depart, to die. Gen. 15:2, Ps. 39:14. 4. To pass away, to perish. Ps. 78:39, Job 19:10, 14:20. 5. To run, flow (spoken of water). Is. 8:8, Joel 4:18, Ezek. 7:17, 21:12. 6. To go on, continue, last. Gen. 26:13, Judg. 4:24, 1 Sam. 14:19, 2 Sam. 5:10, 18:25, Gen. 8:3.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1980

I. הָלַךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 1545) verb — go, come, walk.

Cognates:

• Moabite ואהלך, לך
• Siloam Inscription וילכו
• Late Hebrew הִלֵּךְ (rare)
• Aramaic הֲלַךְ, הַךְ, Pa`el הַלֵּיךְ
• Palmyrene אתילכא
• Assyrian alâku
• Arabic هلك perish

— הָלַךְ Perfect 3masculine singular הָלַךְ Genesis 26:26 +; הָלָ֑ךְ 2 Samuel 8:6 +; 3 plural הָֽלְכוּ Genesis 14:24 +; (הֶ)הָֽלְכוּא Joshua 10:24; Imperfect rarely 3masculine singular יִהֲלֹךְ Jeremiah 9:3; 3feminine singular תִּהֲלַךְ Psalm 73:9; usually (629 times) as if from ילך: יֵלֵךְ Exodus 10:24 +; וַיֵּלֶךְ Genesis 12:4 +; Imperative rarely הֲלוֺךְ Proverbs 13:20; usually לֵךְ Genesis 26:16 +; לְכָה Genesis 19:32 +; Infinitive absolute הָלוֺךְ Genesis 8:3 +; construct לֶ֫כֶת Micah 6:8 +; Participle הֹלֵךְ Genesis 18:16 +; feminine הֹלְכָה Jeremiah 3:6.

I. Literal Meanings

1. Of persons

• a. Go, proceed, move, walk Genesis 22:6, 8; Exodus 17:5; Amos 3:3; opposed to sitting (ישׁב) Deuteronomy 6:7; Deuteronomy 11:19.
• b. Depart, go away Genesis 18:33 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 34:17 (Priests' Code); 1 Samuel 14:3; figurative of exile 1 Chronicles 5:41.
• c. Come, approach, arrive 1 Samuel 17:44; in prayer to Yahweh Psalm 80:3; Isaiah 55:1.
• d. With modifiers of space traversed Deuteronomy 1:19; with accusative דֶּרֶךְ Genesis 35:3; of time Deuteronomy 2:14; with preposition אֶל Genesis 22:3; with לְ idem 1 Kings 10:13.

2. Of animals

• Nahum 2:12 (prowling lions); 1 Samuel 6:12 (cows); Leviticus 11:20 (swarming things); of serpent Genesis 3:14.

3. Of inanimate things

• Of the ark Genesis 7:18; ships 1 Kings 22:49; streams (flowing) Ecclesiastes 1:7; figurative of knees Ezekiel 7:17; of fire Exodus 9:23; of pestilence Psalm 91:6; of fame Esther 9:4.

4. Infinitive absolute uses

• To emphasize duration: הָלוֺךְ וּבָכוֺ Jeremiah 50:4 (continually weeping); הָלוֺךְ וְגָעוֺ 1 Samuel 6:12; הָלוֺךְ וְגָדֵל Genesis 26:13 (growing greater and greater).

II. Figurative Meanings

1. Pass away, die

• Joshua 23:14 (Deuteronomic Source); 1 Kings 2:2; Ecclesiastes 1:4; Psalm 39:14.

2. Live, walk (in a general sense)

• Psalm 23:4 (walk in the valley of deep darkness); Psalm 84:8 (from strength to strength).

3. Of moral and religious life

• a. Walk in ways, counsels, or statutes: in a good sense Deuteronomy 8:6; 1 Kings 8:36; in his law Exodus 16:4. In a bad sense 2 Kings 21:21; Leviticus 18:3.
• b. Walk with: i.e., associate with God Malachi 2:6; Micah 6:8; or with the wicked Job 34:8.
• c. Walk before Yahweh: 1 Kings 2:4; 1 Kings 8:23.
• d. Walk after (follow): after Yahweh Deuteronomy 13:5; after other gods Deuteronomy 6:14; Jeremiah 7:6.

Niph`al

Perfect 1 singular נֶהֱלָ֑כְתִּי Psalm 109:23 — be gone.

Pi`el

— walk, go about, prowl: Perfect הִלַּכְּתִּי Job 30:28; Imperfect יְהַלֵךְ Ezekiel 18:9; Participle מְהַלֵךְ Proverbs 6:11.

Hithpa`el

— walk to and fro, traverse, live: Perfect הִתְהַלָּךְֿ Genesis 6:9; Imperative הִתְהַלַּךְ Genesis 17:1; Participle מִתְהַלֵּךְ Genesis 3:8.

Hiph`il

(treated as from ילך) — lead, bring, cause to flow: Perfect הוֺלִיךְ 2 Kings 24:15; Imperfect יוֺלִיךְ Ecclesiastes 10:20; Participle מוֺלִיךְ Jeremiah 2:6.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896).

³ Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache.

Preposition, Verb Qal infinitive construct common

LXX: ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθησαν δεῦρο πορεύεσθαι ἀπῆλθεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1980:

ἐπορεύθη 192× (11.4%)

ἐπορεύθησαν 77× (4.7%)

δεῦρο 53× (3.5%)

πορεύεσθαι 52× (3.0%)

ἀπῆλθεν 50× (3.0%)

πορευθῆναι 39× (2.3%)

πορεύου 35× (2.3%)

πορεύσονται 35× (2.2%)

πορεύσομαι 34× (2.2%)

ἐπορεύετο 33× (2.1%)

אל אֶל־

toward

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H413

אֵל (nearly always followed by maqqeph), in poetry אֱלֵי (compare עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (1 Samuel 3:22; 1 Samuel 5:26; 1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 29:19), with suffix אֱלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֱלֶיךְ, etc. אֱלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 times) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often); once אֱלֵימוֹ Psalm 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Exodus 1:19 (Assyrian ilî, Arabic عربي), preposition denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).

Cognates:

• Assyrian ilî
• Arabic عربي

1. Motion to or unto a person or place

• Genesis 2:19, Genesis 2:22; Genesis 3:19; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 14:22; Genesis 16:9 etc.
• After every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though לְ is here more common) Genesis 21:14; Genesis 35:4; Deuteronomy 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Deuteronomy 37:36, etc.
• Metaphorical Jeremiah 2:19 וְלֹא פַּחַדְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (compare Job 31:23).
• Peculiarly Genesis 6:16 אֵל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc.
• And metaphor in the phrase אֵל (אֱלֵי) גִּיל unto exultation Hosea 9:11; Job 3:22.
• Once, exceptionally (si vera 1.) = even: Job 5:5 וְאֵל מִצִּגִּים יִקָּחֶהָ and even out of thorns he taketh it.
• Sometimes pregnant, as Isaiah 66:17; Jeremiah 41:7 זָנָה אֵל commit whoredom (by going) to Numbers 25:1; Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29; דָּרַשׁ אֵל seek (by resorting) to Deuteronomy 18:11; Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 11:10 +; חָבַר אֵל join together (& come) unto Genesis 14:3; הִשְׁכִּימוּ אֵל rise early (and go) to Genesis 19:27; Genesis 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֵל made to kneel down at; Genesis 47:18 תַּם אֵל i.e. has been made over to; מָחַד אֵל to come in fear to Hosea 3:5; Micah 7:17.
• Opposite is מִן, as מִן הַקָּצֶה אֵל הַקָּצֶה from end to end Exodus 26:28; מֵה אֵל מֵה Ezra 9:11 (synonym 2 Kings 21:16 מֵה לָפֶה).
• And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֵל עֵת 1 Chronicles 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֵל יוֹם Numbers 30:15 (P) 1 Chronicles 16:23 (in the Psalm 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).

2. Where the limit is actually entered, into

• Genesis 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark Genesis 7:1; Genesis 19:3; Genesis 41:21; Genesis 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting Genesis 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיכוּ) Genesis 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֵל בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Exodus 28:30 (Leviticus 8:8) Deuteronomy 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Genesis 49:29; שָׁחַט to squeeze Genesis 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Numbers 5:23, etc.; metaphor Genesis 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׁם אֵל לֵב, הָשִׁיב to place, bring into ( = lay to ) heart Deuteronomy 4:39; 2 Samuel 19:20 and elsewhere In connection with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 Samuel 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֵל הַכְּלִים in among the baggage, Jeremiah 4:3 sow not אֵל קֹצִים in among thorns.

3. Of direction towards anything

• (a) Of physical acts or states, as Genesis 30:40 נָתַן מִנִּי הַצֹּאן אֵל, Genesis 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֵל, Exodus 25:20; Numbers 6:26, נָשָׂא פָּנָיו אֵל (2 Kings 9:32 differently), 2 Kings 24:1 שָׁת מִנִּיו אֵל, Joshua 8:18; Psalm 28:2; 1 Kings 8:29, 1 Kings 8:30 (to pray towards) 1 Kings 8:38; pregnantly חָרַד אֵל to tremble (turning) to Genesis 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֵל to wonder (turning) towards Genesis 43:33; Isaiah 13:8, מָחַד אֵל Jeremiah 36:16: without a verb מֵנִּים אֵל מֵנִּים face to face Genesis 32:31 +; מֵה אֵל מֵה Numbers 12:8; כִּאֲיִנֵּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).
• (b) With words such as אָמַר to say to Genesis 3:1 + often, דִּבֵּר Genesis 8:15 + often, קָרָא Genesis 19:5, הִגִּיד Genesis 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to Genesis 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to Genesis 12:15 (compare Ezekiel 13:19 חִלֵּל אֵל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר Ezekiel 40:14.
• (c) With words expressing the direction of the mind, as קָוָה to wait Psalm 27:14 +; יָחַל to hope Isaiah 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֵל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; שָׁם לֵב אֵל, שִׁית to set the heart (mind) to Exodus 9:21 and elsewhere; לָמַד אֵל to accustom oneself to Jeremiah 10:2; חָרַד אֵל to shew fear towards 2 Kings 4:13; Genesis 43:30; Deuteronomy 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).

4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, against

• Genesis 4:8 אֵל הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 Samuel 24:8) 1 Samuel 22:12; Exodus 14:5; Numbers 32:14; with נִקַּם Joshua 10:6, הָלַךְ Judges 1:10; Judges 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Genesis 42:21; Judges 9:57; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Kings 14:10 +; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֵלִי Isaiah 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֵל) Hosea 7:15 (compare Nahum 1:9) Hosea 12:5 וַיָּשַׁר אֵל מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in particular the phrase הִנְנִי אֵל Behold I am against (thee, you, etc.) Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Jeremiah 21:13 (Jeremiah 23:30-32 עַל) Jeremiah 50:31; Jeremiah 51:25; Ezekiel 13:8, Ezekiel 13:20; Ezekiel 21:8; Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:22; Ezekiel 34:10; Ezekiel 35:3; Ezekiel 38:3; Ezekiel 39:1 (Ezekiel 5:8; Ezekiel 26:3; Ezekiel 28:22; Ezekiel 29:3 עַל: on Ezekiel 36:9 see above)

5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

• As Leviticus 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֵל אֲחֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Joshua 13:22 (Numbers 31:8 עַל); 1 Samuel 14:34 at eat אֵל הַחֹם together with the blood (1 Samuel 14:32 & Generally עַל); 1 Kings 10:7 הוֹסַף אֵל (generally עַל); Jeremiah 25:26; Ezekiel 7:26 שְׁמֻעָה אֵל שְׁמֻעָה (עַל); Ezekiel 44:7; Lamentations 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֵל כַּפֵּינוּ our hearts together with the hands (compare Arabic عربي, Qor 4:2; W AG ii. § 51 c).

6. Metaphor in regard to, concerning, on account of

• Thus הִתְאַבֵּל אֵל to mourn concerning 1 Samuel 15:35; הִנָּחֵם אֵל to repent as regards 2 Samuel 24:16; הִתְפַּלֵּל אֵל to pray with regard to 1 Samuel 1:27; 2 Kings 19:20; צָעַק אֵל to cry 2 Kings 8:3 (2 Kings 8:5 עַל); נֶעֱצַב אֵל be pained 1 Samuel 20:34; נִחַם אֵל to comfort 2 Samuel 10:2; more Generally 1 Kings 16:13; 1 Kings 21:22; אֵל נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one's life 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 7:7 (Genesis 19:17 עַל). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר אֵל Genesis 20:2; Isaiah 29:22; Isaiah 37:21, Isaiah 37:33 +; דִּבֵּר אֵל 2 Samuel 7:19; Jeremiah 40:16 b; סִמֵּר אֵל Psalm 2:7; Psalm 69:27; צָוָה אֵל Isaiah 23:11; שָׁמַע אֵל Ezekiel 19:4; הַשְׁמֻעָה אֵל the report regarding . . . 1 Samuel 4:19. (Not frequently, ext. in the case of אָמַר.)

7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare)

• אֵל מִצְוָה according to the command of, Joshua 15:13; Joshua 17:4; Joshua 21:3 (generally עַל מִצְוָה); אֵל נָבוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4 (see Dr); perhaps Psalm 5:1; Psalm 80:1 (Psalm 45:1 עַל).

8. Expressing presence at a spot, against; at, by

• Not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (compare 1), as Joshua 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֵל מֵי מְרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 Samuel 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 Samuel 2:23 and elsewhere and smote him אֵל הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Deuteronomy 33:28; Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7; but also in other cases, as Joshua 5:3 and he circumcised the Israelites אֵל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלִים at the hill of the foreskins, Joshua 22:11 have built an altar אֵל גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Judges 12:6; 2 Samuel 3:32, 2 Samuel 14:30 & 2 Samuel 18:4 אֵל יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 Kings 13:20 as they were sitting אֵל הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 Kings 11:14 אֵל הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Jeremiah 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., Jeremiah 46:10 אֵל נְהַר מְרָתַיִם by the Euphrates, Ezekiel 3:15; Ezekiel 11:11; Ezekiel 17:8; Ezekiel 31:7; Ezekiel 40:18; Ezekiel 43:3; Ezekiel 47:7; Ezekiel 48:12.

9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

• Thus אֵל אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18, 2 Kings 9:19 סֹב אֵל אַחֲרֵי turn to behind me, Zechariah 6:5 (where אֵל is pleonastic, probably due to clerical error; note יָצָא אֵל before & after); אֵל בֵּין in between Ezekiel 31:10, Ezekiel 31:14; אֱל בֵּינֹת similarly Ezekiel 10:2; אֵל בֵּית to (the part) within (see below בַּיִת), in within Leviticus 16:15; 2 Kings 11:15 have her forth in within the ranks; אֵל מוּל see מוּל; אֵל מִנֶּגֶב to the south of Joshua 15:3; אֵל מִחוּץ to the outside of Leviticus 4:12, Leviticus 4:21 +; אֵל נֹכַח to the front of Numbers 19:4; אֵל תַּחַת Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6 and elsewhere (see below תַּחַת).

Note I. — In Genesis 20:13 אֵל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה וְג׳; Numbers 33:54 אֵל אֲשֶׁר וְג׳; Proverbs 17:8 (compare Deuteronomy 16:6); — אֵל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֵל to be used instead of בְּ. In Deuteronomy 31:14 אֱלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אֵל III or IV (q. v.); if the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

Note 2. — There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Joshua 5:14 וַיִּמָּל אֵל מָנָיִו; 1 Samuel 13:13 אַתְּמַמְלֵאתָּ אֵלִי שְׂרָאֵל; 1 Samuel 14:34 (see below 5); 1 Samuel 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֵל הָהָר (contracted עַל הָהָר Deuteronomy 11:29); Deuteronomy 19:16; 2 Samuel 6:3; 2 Samuel 20:23 (contracted 2 Samuel 8:16) 1 Kings 13:29; 1 Kings 18:46 (contracted 2 Kings 3:15 עַל) Jeremiah 35:15; Ezekiel 7:18. (b) Judges 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, Judges 6:39 let there be dryness on (אֵל) the fleece; 1 Samuel 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, 1 Samuel 14:12 come up אֱלֵינוּ; 1 Samuel 16:23 & 1 Samuel 16:16 & 1 Samuel 18:10 צָלַח אֵל, 1 Samuel 10:6 and elsewhere צָלַח עַל; 1 Samuel 25:17 evil is determined אֵל אֲדֹנִינוּ וְעַל כָּל בֵּיתוֹ; 1 Samuel 25:25; 1 Samuel 27:10; 2 Samuel 2:9 וַיַּמְלֵךְ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳; 2 Samuel 3:29 יָחֻל עַל וְאֵל; 2 Kings 8:3 & 2 Kings 8:5; Jeremiah 19:15; Jeremiah 25:2; Jeremiah 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֵל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; Jeremiah 27:19; Jeremiah 28:8; Jeremiah 33:14; Jeremiah 34:7; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 37:13, Jeremiah 37:14; Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11 & Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 21:12 etc. Psalm 79:6 (Jeremiah 10:25 עַל twice). It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל, as 1 Samuel 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (1 Samuel 1:26 אֵל); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 25:25 אֵל עַל; 1 Kings 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל בֵּיתוֹ (1 Kings 21:4 אֵל); Isaiah 22:15; Jeremiah 11:2; Jeremiah 23:35; Jeremiah 31:12. compare Dr Sm i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

¹ If the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

² There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences.

³ It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers.

⁴ Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל.

⁵ Compare Driver, Samuel, i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

Preposition

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

עיר עִיר

an awake city

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עיר

ʻîyr

Definition

a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)

Root

or (in the plural) ער; or עיר; (Judges 10:4), from H5782 (עור)

Exhaustive

or (in the plural) ער; or עיר; (Judges 10:4), from עור; a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post); Ai (from margin), city, court (from margin), town.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5892

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עִיר

noun proper masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1061

Proper name masculine meaning 'one setting up, strengthening'.

עִיר

noun feminine • Root עור • Strongs / High • Page 1083

1. An enclosed, fenced place, proceeding from the verb-idea 'to fence round, encircle, enclose'; hence town, city. 2. dwelling.

עִיר

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 1084

1. A tower, a castle, a tower of watch; 2. A city generally, also a village, hamlet, or encampment; 3. Part of a city; 4. Metaphor for the inhabitants of a city.

עִיר

noun masculine • Root עיר • Strongs / High • Page 1084

Heat, anger, wrath.

עִיר

noun proper masculine • Root עיר • Strongs / High • Page 1084

A proper name (a man mentioned in 1 Chr. 7, 12).

עִיר

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root עיר • Strongs / High • Page 1084

A watcher (Aram.), referring to archangels, good angels, or fallen ones.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הֵעִיר

verb • Root עור • Page 498

1. To awaken from sleep. Zech. 4:1. 2. To stir up (e.g., the leviathan). Job 41:2; Deut. 32:11. 3. intrans. to awake. Ps. 35:23; Job 8:6.

עִיר

noun feminine • Page 505

I. a city. References include city of God (Ps. 46: 5), the holy city (Neh. 11: 1), and several proper names like city of salt and city of palms (Jericho).

עִיר

noun • Page 505

II. perhaps anger, hostile attack. Jer. 15:8; Hos. 11:9. Comp. Arab. med. Vav to attack, assault.

עִיר

m. chald. • Page 505

a watcher, a name of angels in the later Jewish demonology, so called because they watch over the souls of men. Dan. 4: 10, 14, 20.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5892

I. עִיר noun masculine — excitement.

— of terror, ע׳ וּבֶהָלוֺת Jeremiah 15:9; of rage (si vera lectio), לֹא אָבוֺא בְּעִיר Hosea 11:9, but St proposes לְבָעֵר compare We Oort Now GASm. — בָּעִיר Psalm 73:20 see עור.

Hiph`il — II, III. עִיר see below.

II. עִיר (approximate number of occurrences: 1092) noun feminine Genesis 10:12 — city, town.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Phoenician ער
• Sabean ער fortified height
• Sabean ערן, עהרן city

— עִיר absolute Genesis 4:17 +; construct עִיר Genesis 24:10 +; הָעִ֫ירָה 1 Kings 14:12 + 7t.; suffix עִירִי 2 Samuel 19:38 2t., etc.; plural עָרִים Isaiah 6:11 +, עֲיָרִים Judges 10:4 (text error, or word-play); construct עָרֵי Genesis 10:29 +; suffix עָרַי Zechariah 1:17, עָרֵיכֶם Isaiah 1:7 +, etc.

1. City, town, abode of men

Genesis 4:17 (Jehovist Source) and often; גְּדֹלָה Genesis 10:12 (Jehovist Source), +, or קְטַנָּה Ecclesiastes 9:14 (compare Genesis 19:20); especially:

a. fortified:

• עָרִים בְּצֻרוֺת 2 Samuel 20:6 +, etc., see בָּצַר, מִבְצָר
• עִיר מִבְצַר־צֹר Joshua 19:29 (Priests' Code / Narrative) fortified city (of) Tyre
• עִיר מָצוֺר Psalm 31:22 +, etc., see מָצוֺר, מְצוּרָה below צוּר
• עִיר עָז־לָנוּ Isaiah 26:1, עָרֵי מָעוּזּוֺ Isaiah 17:9
• עִיר דְּלָתַיִם וּבְרִיחַ 1 Samuel 23:7
• עִיר חוֺמָה Leviticus 25:29–30 (Priests' Code / Narrative), 1 Kings 4:13

b. opposed to rural/unwalled places:

• opposed to כֹּפֶר הַמְּרָזִי 1 Samuel 6:18
• עָרֵי הַמְּרָזִי Deuteronomy 3:5, עָרֵי הַמְּרָזוֺת Esther 9:19
• distinguished from dependencies חֲצֵרִים Joshua 13:23

c. dependent towns:

• עָרֶיהָ are dependent towns Joshua 13:17 (Priests' Code / Narrative), Jeremiah 19:15

d. royal cities:

• עָרֵי הַמַּמְלָכָה Joshua 10:2 (Jehovist-Elohist Source) royal cities (i.e. with a king, compare Tel Amarna al šarri)
• singular 1 Samuel 27:5, opposed to עָרֵי הַשָּׁדֶה 1 Samuel 27:5 rural towns
• עִיר הַמְּלוּכָה 2 Samuel 12:26 (but read עִיר הַמַּיִם)

e. storage and specialized cities:

• עָרֵי מִסְכְּנוֺת Exodus 1:11 storage-cities, so 1 Kings 9:19, 2 Chronicles 8:6
• עָרֵי הֶרֶכֶב 1 Kings 9:19, 1 Kings 10:26
• עָרֵי הַפָּרָשִׁים 1 Kings 9:19, 2 Chronicles 8:6

f. asylum-cities:

• עִיר הַמִּקְלָט (Priests' Code / Narrative) Numbers 35:11, 13, 14; Joshua 20:2
• עִיר מִקְלַט הָרֹצֵחַ Joshua 21:13 + 4t. in chapter 21

g. City of God (Jerusalem):

• עִיר הָאֱלֹהִים Psalm 46:5, Psalm 87:3
• עִיר יְהוָה Isaiah 60:14, Psalm 101:8
• עִיר יְהוָה צְבָאוֺת Psalm 48:9

h. city = inhabitants:

• 1 Samuel 4:13, 1 Samuel 5:12, Isaiah 22:2, Ruth 1:19

i. combinations of character or condition:

• עִיר רֹכְלִים Ezekiel 17:4 city of merchants
• עִיר מוֺשָׁב Psalm 107:4, 7, 36 city for dwelling
• עִיר הַצֶּדֶק Isaiah 1:26, עִיר הָאֱמֶת Zechariah 8:3
• עִיר הַקּדֶשׁ Isaiah 48:2, Isaiah 52:1, Nehemiah 11:1
• עִיר הַיּוֺנָה Zephaniah 3:1 oppressive city
• עִיר הַדָּמִים bloody city Ezekiel 22:2, Nahum 3:1

2. Of fortress in a city especially

• עִיר דָּוִד 2 Samuel 5:7, 9, 2 Samuel 6:10 + often
• עִיר בֵּית הַבַּעַל 2 Kings 10:25
• עִיר הַמַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:27

3. Apparently fortified place, of any size

• עִיר מִבְצָר 2 Kings 17:9, 2 Kings 18:8
• עִיר עֲמָלֵק 1 Samuel 15:5

Hiph`il — עִיר הַהֶרֶס see הֶרֶס.

¹ Albrecht, Karl. "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter," Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) xvi (1896), 40 f.

² Lidzbarski, Mark. Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (1898), 345 (Lzb).

³ Praetorius, Franz. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG) xxvi (1872), 437.

⁴ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS) iv. pp. 94, 95, 173.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πόλεισ πόλιν πόλεωσ πόλει πόλισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5892b:

πόλεισ 250× (22.9%)

πόλιν 200× (17.5%)

πόλεωσ 192× (17.0%)

πόλει 120× (9.9%)

πόλισ 83× (7.5%)

πόλεσιν 76× (6.1%)

πόλεων 50× (4.4%)

'' 35× (3.1%)

--- 26× (2.7%)

pεἰσ 16× (1.7%)

מושב מוֹשָׁב׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מושב

môwshâb

Definition

a seat; figuratively, a site; abstractly, a session; by extension an abode (the place or the time); by implication, population

Root

or משב; from H3427 (ישב);

Exhaustive

or משב; from ישב; a seat; figuratively, a site; abstractly, a session; by extension an abode (the place or the time); by implication, population; assembly, dwell in, dwelling(-place), wherein (that) dwelt (in), inhabited place, seat, sitting, situation, sojourning.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4186

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מוֹשָׁב

masculine noun • Root ישב • Strongs / High • Page 828

A seat, a place of sitting.

מוֹשָׁב

noun • Root ישב • Strongs / High • Page 829

A social circle of persons, a seat, a dwelling-place, a time of abode, dwellers, or a standing place.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מוֹשָׁב

m. verbal • Root ישב • Page 365

1. a seat, stool (1 Sam. 20: 18, 25). 2. a company or circle of persons sitting together, consessus (Ps. 1: 1; 107: 32). 3. a habitation (Gen. 27: 39). 4. the situation (of a city) (2 K. 2: 19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4186

I. מוֺשָׁב (approximate number of occurrences: 44) noun masculine — seat, assembly, dwelling-place, dwelling, dwellers.

— מוֺשָׁב absolute Psalm 107:4 (4 times); construct מוֺשַׁב Exodus 12:40 (9 times); suffix מוֺשָׁבִי Job 29:7 etc.; plural construct מוֺשְׁבֵי Ezekiel 34:13; suffix 2 masculine plural מוֺשְׁבֹתֵיכֶם Exodus 12:20 (11 times); suffix 3 masculine plural מוֺשְׁבֹתָם Exodus 10:23 (5 times); מוֺשְׁבֹתֵיהֶם Ezekiel 37:23 (but read מְשׁוּב their apostasies ᵐ5¹ Comm.², see VB³); מוֺשְׁבוֺתֵיהֶם Ezekiel 6:14.

1. Seat and Assembly

a. seat

• 1 Samuel 20:18, 25 (twice in verse)
• Job 29:7
• figurative מוֺשַׁב אֱלֹהִים יָשַׁבְתִּי Ezekiel 28:2

b. sitting = those sitting, sitting company or assembly

• מוֺשַׁב עֲבָדָיו 1 Kings 10:5 (parallel to מַעֲמַד מְשָֽׁרְתָיו) = 2 Chronicles 9:4
• Psalm 1:1
• Psalm 107:32 (parallel to קָהָל)

2. Dwelling-place and House

a. dwelling-place of people, tribe, etc.

(often = territory, district, or later, city):

• Genesis 10:39; Genesis 27:39 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 10:23 (Elohist Source)
• Numbers 24:21 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Genesis 36:43 (Priestly Code)
• Ezekiel 6:14; Ezekiel 48:15
• 1 Chronicles 4:33; 1 Chronicles 6:39; 1 Chronicles 7:28
• מוֺשַׁב הָאָרֶץ Exodus 34:13 (habitable places of the land)
• עָרֵיהֶם בְּמוֺשְׁבֹתָם Numbers 31:10 (distinct from city), compare Ezekiel 6:6
• עִיר מוֺשָׁב Psalm 107:4, 7, 36
• Of Zion as מוֺשַׁב י׳ Psalm 132:13

b. abstract dwelling

• עִיר בֵּית מוֺשַׁב Leviticus 25:29 (Priestly Code)
• אֶרֶץ מוֺשְׁבֹתֵיכֶם Numbers 15:2 (land of your dwelling-places, Priestly Code)

c. house

• Exodus 12:20 (parallel to בַּיִת Exodus 12:19), Exodus 35:3
• Leviticus 3:17; Leviticus 7:26; Leviticus 13:46
• Leviticus 23:3, 14, 21, 31; Numbers 35:29 (all Priestly Code)
• Leviticus 23:17 (Holiness Code)

3. Situation and Location

• situation of city 2 Kings 2:19
• location of image Ezekiel 8:3

4. Time of Dwelling

• Exodus 12:40 (Priestly Code)

5. Collective

• collective = those dwelling, כֹּל מוֺשַׁב וגו׳ 2 Samuel 9:12 (all those dwelling in the house of Ziba)

— Ezekiel 37:28 see above and מְשׁוּבָה below שׁוּב.

¹ ᵐ5 Septuagint.

² Commentaries.

³ Variorum Bible.

⁴ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁵ Elohist Source.

⁶ Priestly Code.

⁷ Holiness Code.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: κατοικίᾳ κατοίκησισ καθέδραν κατοικίαν κατοικητηρίου

LXX Usage Statistics

H4186:

κατοικίᾳ 6× (15.6%)

κατοίκησισ 4× (8.7%)

καθέδραν 4× (8.7%)

κατοικίαν 3× (7.2%)

κατοικητηρίου 2× (5.6%)

κατοικίαισ 2× (5.2%)

κατοικία 2× (4.8%)

κατοικίασ 2× (4.4%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And he will cause them to tread in a straight way, to go to a city of dwelling.

LITV Translation:
And He guided them in the right way; to go to a city of dwelling.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
That thy beloved ones may be delivered, Save with thy right hand, and hear me. God has spoken in his sanctuary;