Proverbs 23:25

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ישמח יִשְׂמַח־

he is rejoicing

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שמח

sâmach

Definition

probably to brighten up, i.e. (figuratively) be (causatively, make) blithe or gleesome

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; probably to brighten up, i.e. (figuratively) be (causatively, make) blithe or gleesome; cheer up, be (make) glad, (have, make) joy(-ful), be (make) merry, (cause to, make to) rejoice, [idiom] very.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8055

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׂמַח

verb intransitive • Root שמח • Strongs / High • Page 1445

Intransitive verb: to shine, glitter, lighten, to be clear; figuratively, to be cheerful or joyful, used for calm joy or loud mirth.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8055

I. שָׂמַח, שָׂמֵחַ (approximate number of occurrences: 154) verb — rejoice, be glad.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Assyrian šamâḫu, flourish
• Arabic שמח (be high, proud)
• Punic proper name, feminine שמחת

— Qal (126 occurrences) Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׂמַח Psalm 16:9; וְשָׂמֵ֑חַ consecutive Proverbs 29:6; 3 feminine singular שָׂמֵ֑חָה Esther 8:15; 2 masculine singular וְשָׂמַחְתָּ֫ Deuteronomy 12:18 +; 3 masculine plural שָׂמֵ֑חוּ Nehemiah 12:43 etc.; Imperfect יִשְׂמַח Isaiah 9:16 +, 3 masculine plural יִשְׂמָ֑חוּ Isaiah 65:13, Psalm 69:33, 3 feminine plural תִּשְׂמַחְנָה 2 Samuel 1:20 etc.; Imperative masculine singular שְׂמַח Deuteronomy 33:18 +, feminine singular שִׂמְחִי Zephaniah 3:14 +, שְׂמָ֑חִי Joel 2:21 etc.; Infinitive construct שְׂמֹחַ Ezekiel 35:14 +, etc.; Participle see שָׂמֵחַ adjective; — 24 times parallel with גיל, less often with רָנַן, עָלַז, שִׂישׂ, etc.; —

1. In common life

a. rejoice, take pleasure in

• With ב of person or thing Judges 9:19; Deuteronomy 33:18; Ecclesiastes 3:22
• With בְּכָל־יָמֵינוּ Psalm 90:14 (others ב temporal), compare Ecclesiastes 11:8
• With עַל of person Isaiah 39:2 + parallel 2 Kings 20:13 (וַיִּשׂמַח for וַיִּשְׁמַע in Versions)
• With עַל of thing Jonah 4:6; 2 Chronicles 15:15
• With temporal clause Jeremiah 41:13
• In the heart Proverbs 23:15; Exodus 4:14 (Jehovist Source)
• With כִּי because Isaiah 14:29
• With אֵת with Isaiah 66:10
• With מִן of person get pleasure from Proverbs 5:18
• Absolute 1 Samuel 11:9; Ecclesiastes 3:12; Proverbs 13:9 (figurative of prosperity, subject אוֺר; opposed to דָּעַךְ)
• With ל of thing at Job 21:12

b. rejoice arrogantly, exult at

• With ל of person Micah 7:8; Isaiah 14:8; Obadiah 1:12; Psalm 35:19; Psalm 35:24; Psalm 38:17
• With אֶלֿ of thing Ezekiel 25:6
• With ב of thing Job 31:29; Psalm 35:15; Proverbs 24:17
• Absolute Hosea 9:1 (+ אֶל־גִּיל); 2 Samuel 1:20; Job 22:19

2. Religious usage

a. rejoice religiously

• With ב of thing 1 Samuel 2:1; Deuteronomy 12:7; Psalm 21:2
• With בַּיהוָֹה Joel 2:23; Psalm 32:11; Psalm 9:3 (+ אֶעֶלְצָה בָ֑ךְ)
• With עַל of thing 2 Chronicles 29:36; 1 Chronicles 29:9
• With לְמַעַן of thing Psalm 48:12
• With כִּי because Psalm 119:74
• Absolute Zechariah 2:14; Zechariah 4:10; Joel 2:21; 1 Chronicles 29:9 (with cognate accusative); 1 Chronicles 16:31 = Psalm 96:11; Psalm 97:1
• Of heart Zechariah 10:7; Psalm 16:9; 1 Chronicles 16:10; בְּכָל־לֵב Zephaniah 3:14 (compare Exodus 4:14)
• With לִפְנֵי יְהוָֹה Isaiah 9:2; Leviticus 23:40 (Holiness Code); Deuteronomy 12:12, 18; Deuteronomy 16:11; Deuteronomy 27:7; Deuteronomy 14:26; 1 Samuel 11:15

b. of God as subject

• With עַל person Isaiah 9:16 (parallel רחם; Perles¹ be gentle)
• With ב of thing Psalm 104:31

— Pi`el Perfect 3 masculine singular וְשִׂמַּח consecutive Deuteronomy 24:5, suffix שִׂמְּחָהוּ Jeremiah 20:15 etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יְשַׂמַּח Psalm 104:15 etc.; Imperative masculine singular שַׂמֵּחַ Psalm 86:4, שַׂמַּח Proverbs 27:11 etc.; Infinitive absolute שַׂמֵּחַ Jeremiah 20:15; Participle מְשַׂמֵּחַ Judges 9:13, plural construct מְשַׂמְּחֵי Psalm 19:9; — cause to rejoice, gladden.

• With accusative of person, subject person: Deuteronomy 24:5; Jeremiah 20:15; Proverbs 10:1; Proverbs 15:20; Proverbs 27:11; Proverbs 29:3
• Subject God: Jeremiah 31:13 (with מִן); Isaiah 56:7; 2 Chronicles 20:27 (with מִן); Ezra 6:22; Nehemiah 12:43 (+ cognate accusative); Psalm 86:4; Psalm 90:15; Psalm 92:5 (ב instrumental)
• With ל person cause to exult at Psalm 30:2; with עַל person Lamentations 2:17
• Subject of thing: Judges 9:13; Psalm 19:9; Psalm 45:9; Psalm 46:5; Psalm 104:15; Ecclesiastes 10:19; Proverbs 12:25; Proverbs 15:30; Proverbs 27:9

— Hiph`il (= Pi`el) Perfect 2 masculine singular הִשְׂמַחְתָּ Psalm 89:43 (subject God).

¹ Félix Perles, Revue des Études Juives (RÉJ), xxxiv. 63.

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: εὐφρανθήσεται εὐφρανθήτωσαν εὐφραίνει εὐφρανθήσονται εὐφρανθήσῃ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8055:

εὐφρανθήσεται 13× (8.7%)

εὐφρανθήτωσαν 8× (5.0%)

εὐφραίνει 6× (4.0%)

εὐφρανθήσονται 6× (3.8%)

εὐφρανθήσῃ 6× (3.4%)

εὐφραίνου 5× (3.1%)

εὐφρανθῆναι 5× (2.8%)

ηὐφράνθησαν 5× (3.1%)

εὐφράνθη 5× (3.1%)

εὐφρανθήτω 5× (3.3%)

אביך אָבִיךָ

father of yourself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אב

ʼâb

Definition

father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application; chief, (fore-) father(-less), [idiom] patrimony, principal. Compare names in 'Abi-'.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1

ך

Definition

your, personal posessive - noun suffix: 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9021

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָב

noun masculine • Root אבה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 43

Father; benefactor, care-taker, supporter; spiritual benefactor (teacher, instructor, counsellor); chief adviser, Visier; lord, possessor, holder (figuratively in compounds); founder of a domestic society or race; spiritual begetter, i.e. Creator, God.

אָב

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 44

God, as the creator, benefactor, care-taker, ruler; frequently used in compound proper names denoting God.

אָב

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 254

Father (used here as master/teacher)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָב

m. prim. irreg. • Page 16

1. father, properly so called; freq. 2. grandfather, forefather, ancestor (Gen. 28: 13, 1 K. 15: 11, 1 Chr. 2: 45, Gen. 4: 20, 21). 3. maker, creator (Job 38: 28). In this sense, applied to Jehovah (Is. 63: 16, 64: 7). 4. benefactor, guardian (Job 29: 16, Ps. 68: 6). Applied to the expected Messiah as אֲבִי עַד 'the eternal father of his people' (Is. 9: 5). 5. a title of respect for prophets and priests, even from kings (2 K. 6: 21, 13: 14, Judg. 17: 10). 6. 'father of the king', an oriental expression to designate a vizier or prime minister (Gen. 45: 8).

אָב

noun masculine • Page 17

Father. Beyond the literal sense, it is used for a counsellor or teacher (Gen. 41:43) and figuratively for the grave (Job 17:14). It appears in compound proper names (e.g., Abraham, Abigail) and includes the Chaldee form (Dan. 2:23).

אָב

noun masculine • Root אבה • Page 17

Wish, desire. Core biblical reference: Job 34:36.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1

I. אָב (approximate number of occurrences: 1191) noun masculine — father.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אב
• Assyrian abu
• Arabic أب
• Sabean אב (Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, 1, 37 1. 2 and others)
• Ethiopic አብ
• Aramaic אַבָּא
• Arabic (Kufic style) أب

— אָב absolute Genesis 44:19 (47 times); construct אַב Genesis 17:4, Genesis 17:5; (compare in אַבְרָהָם Genesis 17:5 and elsewhere in proper names. On Halévy's proposed אֲבִר see אַבְרָהָם); אֲבִי (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar¹ §90, §3b, §96) Genesis 4:20 +; suffix אָבִי Genesis 19:34 + (Massoretic Text אבי); אָבִיךָ Genesis 12:1 +; אָבִיו Genesis 2:24 +; אָבִיהָ Judges 14:10 + (6 times); plural אָבוֹת Exodus 12:3 +; construct אֲבוֹת Exodus 6:25 (7 times); suffix אֲבוֹתַי (אֲבֹתַי, אֲבוֹתָי) Genesis 47:9 (15 times); אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם 1 Chronicles 4:38 (32 times, late); אֲבוֹתָם Exodus 4:5 (106 times) etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Biological father

• Genesis 2:24 (+ אֵם)
• Genesis 11:28–29
• Genesis 19:31–33
• + often (mostly Jehovist Source², Elohist Source³, Deuteronomist)

b. Father as authority / commander

• Genesis 50:16 (Jehovist Source)
• Jeremiah 35:6–7
• Proverbs 6:20
• compare Genesis 18:19; Jehovist Source Genesis 28:1, 6 Priests' Code / Narrative; 1 Samuel 17:20; 1 Kings 2:1

c. Instructor / disciplinarian

• מוֹסֵר Proverbs 1:8
• Proverbs 4:1
• compare Deuteronomy 8:5

d. Begetter (genitor)

• Proverbs 23:22
• Zechariah 13:3 (+ אֵם)
• Isaiah 45:10 (+ אֵם)
• compare Genesis 49:4 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 18:7, 8, 11 (Priests' Code / Narrative)

e. Emotional and relational roles

• Rebuking: Genesis 37:10
• Loving: Genesis 37:4; Genesis 44:20 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source; compare Genesis 22:2; Genesis 25:28; Genesis 37:3; 2 Samuel 14:1)
• Pitying: Psalm 103:13 (in simile, compare 2 Samuel 18:5)
• Blessing: Genesis 27:41 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source; compare Genesis 27:4; also Genesis 28:1 Priests' Code / Narrative +)
• Glad: Proverbs 10:1; Proverbs 15:20; compare Proverbs 29:3
• Grieving: Genesis 37:35 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source; compare 2 Samuel 12:22; 2 Samuel 19:1–2) etc.

f. Object of honor and obedience

• Exodus 20:12 (Elohist Source) = Deuteronomy 5:16
• Exodus 21:15, 17 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 21:18–19
• Genesis 28:7 (Priests' Code / Narrative); 1 Kings 19:20 (all + אֵם); 1 Kings 50:1; 1 Kings 50:5 (Jehovist Source); Malachi 1:6 etc.

2. Metaphorical Extension

Hence metaphor of intimate connection Job 17:14 to corruption I cry, My father art thou (parallel אִמִּי and אֲחֹתִי).

3. Of God as father

Of God as father of his people (see Revue Sémitique Sem 42), who constituted, controls, guides and lovingly watches over it:

• Deuteronomy 32:6
• Jeremiah 3:4, 19
• Jeremiah 31:9
• Isaiah 63:16 (twice in verse)
• Isaiah 64:7
• Malachi 1:6
• Malachi 2:10
• compare Exodus 4:22; Exodus 19:4 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 32:11; Hosea 11:1
• compare Jeremiah 2:27 (of idolatrous Israel) אֹמְרִים לָעֵץ אָבִי אַתָּה וְלָאֶבֶן אַתְּ יִלַּדְתַּנִי
• especially God as father of Davidic line 2 Samuel 7:14; Psalm 89:27
• of needy (late) Psalm 68:6 (compare Psalm 103:13)

4. Head of household, family or clan

• בֵּית אָבִי as abode Genesis 38:11 (twice in verse); Leviticus 22:13 +
• = family Genesis 24:40 (parallel מִשְׁמַחְתִּי); Genesis 41:51; Genesis 46:31; Numbers 18:1–2; Joshua 2:12, 18; Joshua 6:25
• especially technical of divisions of Israel בֵּית אָב לְמִשְׁפָּחוֹת Numbers 3:30, 35 = a father's house, i.e. a family or clan
• more often plural (אֲבוֹתָם, אֲבוֹתִיו) בֵּית אָבוֹת = father's houses = families, clans (compare Dillmann on Exodus 6:14) Exodus 6:14; Exodus 12:3; Numbers 1:2, 18 ff (often in Numbers); Joshua 14:1; Joshua 19:51; Joshua 21:1 (twice in verse); Joshua 22:14 (twice in verse) (always Priests' Code / Narrative in Hexateuch); also 1 Chronicles 5:13, 15 + often in Chronicles
• compare רָאשֵׁי אֲבוֹת הַלְוִיִּם (= בֵּית אָב) Exodus 6:25 compare 1 Kings 8:1; 1 Chronicles 6:4; 1 Chronicles 7:11; Ezra, Nehemiah

5. Ancestor

• (a) of individual; grandfather (instead of precise term) Genesis 28:13; Genesis 32:10 (Jehovist Source; where used by Jacob of Abraham & then of Isaac); great-grandfather 1 Kings 15:13; great-great-grandfather 1 Kings 15:11 etc.
• often plural (= fathers, forefathers) Genesis 15:15; Genesis 46:34 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source); 1 Kings 19:4; 1 Kings 21:3–4; 2 Kings 19:12; 2 Kings 20:17 +
• particularly שָׁכַב עִם אֲבוֹתָיו 1 Kings 1:21; 1 Kings 2:10; 1 Kings 11:21; 1 Kings 22:40 +
• joined with וַיִּשְׁכַּב עִם אָב 1 Kings 14:31; 1 Kings 15:24; 1 Kings 22:51; 2 Kings 8:24; 2 Kings 15:38 compare 2 Kings 15:7, 2 Kings 16:20 + (all of kings of Judah)
• intensive, אֲבֹתֶיךָ וַאֲבוֹת אֲבֹתֶיךָ Exodus 10:6 compare Daniel 11:24
• (b) of people Genesis 10:21 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 17:4–5 (Priests' Code / Narrative); Genesis 19:37–38 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 36:9, 43 (Priests' Code / Narrative); Deuteronomy 26:5; Isaiah 51:2; Isaiah 43:27 (where אֲבִיךָ הָרִאשׁוֹן thy first father, see Cheyne); compare also Ezekiel 16:3, 45 + often
• plural Exodus 3:13–16 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 1:8; Joshua 1:6; Judges 2:1; 1 Samuel 12:6 +; 1 Samuel 12:15 near the end read וּבְמַלְכְּכֶם (We⁴, Driver⁵)

6. Originator or patron of a class, profession, or art

• Genesis 4:20–21

7. Figurative of producer, generator

• Job 38:28 הֲיֵשׁ לַמָּטָר אָב (parallel הוֹלִיד אֶגְלִיטָל)

8. Figurative of benevolence and protection

• Job 29:16 אָב אָנֹכִי לָאֶבְיוֹנִים, compare Job 31:18
• of Eliakim Isaiah 22:21
• perhaps also of gracious Messianic king אֲבִי עַד Isaiah 9:5 everlasting father (Gesenius, Ewald, Delitzsch, Cheyne, Briggs, Dillmann) — others divider of spoil (Abulwalid, Hitzig, Knobel, Kuenen, Briggs, Marti)

9. Term of respect and honor

(Abbas, Pater, Papa, Pope); applied to:

• master 2 Kings 5:13
• priest Judges 17:10; Judges 18:19
• prophet 2 Kings 2:12 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 6:21; 2 Kings 13:14 (twice in verse); compare 2 Kings 8:9; counsellor Genesis 45:8 (Elohist Source; compare διοικητὴρ πατρός — add. Esther 3:13; τὸ πατρὶ 1 Maccabees Esther 11:32); king 1 Samuel 24:12; artificer 2 Chronicles 2:12; 2 Chronicles 4:16

10. Specifically, ruler, chief (late)

• 1 Chronicles 2:24, 42 (twice in verse); etc. (compare Ewald §273b) see also Ewald Geschichte i. 524. H i. 365

On the force of אָב in proper names (in many probably a divine title), see Cheyne Encyclopaedia Biblica, ABI, NAMES WITH; Nöldeke ibid., NAMES, §§44, 45.

א, Aleph, first letter; in post-Biblical Hebrew = numeral 1 (and so in margin of printed Massoretic Text); א׳ = 1000; no evidence of this usage in Old Testament times.

אָב see II. אַבָּה.

אַבַּב (fresh, bright, Assyrian abābu Delitzsch Wörterbuch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch).

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ J. Wellhausen.

⁵ S. R. Driver.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0001:

No stats available

ואמך וְאִמֶּךָ

and mother of yourself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אם

ʼêm

Definition

a mother (as the bond of the family); in a wide sense (both literally and figuratively (like father))

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; a mother (as the bond of the family); in a wide sense (both literally and figuratively (like father)); dam, mother, [idiom] parting.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H517

ך

Definition

your, personal posessive - noun suffix: 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9021

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵם

noun feminine • Root אמה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 146

Mother; figuratively: ancestress, princess, collective people, mother-earth, mother-city (metropolis), or the head/beginning of a way.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵם

f. prim. dec. viii. k. • Page 54

1. mother. Gen. 2: 24. Also grandmother, 1 K. 15: 10. 2. protectress, instructress. Judg. 5: 7. 3. mother city, chief city, metropolis. 2 Sam. 20: 19. 4. with דֶּרֶךְ, mother of the way for a cross road. Ezek. 21: 26.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H517

I. אֵם (approximate number of occurrences: 221) noun feminine — mother.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אֵם
• Arabic أم
• Syriac ܐܡܐ
• Ethiopic እም
• Sabean אֵם (only in proper names, compare for example Bae Rel 118¹)
• Assyrian ummu (COT Gloss)
• Aramaic אֵם, אִמָּא, ܒܪ)

— אֵם absolute Genesis 32:12 +; construct Genesis 3:20 +; suffix אִמִּי Genesis 20:12 + etc.; plural only suffix אִמֹּתֵינוּ Lamentations 5:3; אִמֹּתָם Jeremiah 16:3; Lamentations 2:12 (twice in verse).

1. Literal (Human) Mother

• As parent: Genesis 20:12; Genesis 32:12; Genesis 44:20; Exodus 2:8; Psalm 51:7; Psalm 113:9 (opposed to עֲקֶרֶת); Jeremiah 15:8, 10; Jeremiah 20:14; Jeremiah 22:26; Jeremiah 50:12; 1 Chronicles 4:9; Canticles 6:9; Canticles 8:5 +
• Hence of Eve אֵם כָּל־חַי Genesis 3:20
• In poetry of birth: יָצָא מִבֶּטֶן אֵם Job 1:21; Ecclesiastes 5:14; יָצָא מֵרֶחֶם אֵם Numbers 12:12 compare Psalm 139:13; Jeremiah 20:18 & מִמְּעֵי אִמִּי גּוֹזִי Psalm 71:6 (subject יְהוָה, compare גָּחָה Psalm 22:10; > גּוֹזִי = my benefactor from birth Thes Ew Hup Pe); also וַתְּהִי אִמִּי קִבְרִי Jeremiah 20:17; מִבֶּטֶן אֵם = from earliest existence Judges 16:17; Job 31:18; Psalm 22:11; so מִמְּעֵי אֵם Isaiah 49:1
• As giving suck: Canticles 8:1 (שַׁדֵּי אֵם) Psalm 22:10; compare Psalm 131:2 (see Exodus 2:9 compare Exodus 2:8)
• As exercising authority: Genesis 21:21; Genesis 24:28; Genesis 27:11, 13, 14; Judges 17:2 f; Ruth 1:8; Canticles 3:4; Canticles 8:2 etc.
• Especially of queen-mother as possessing dignity & influence: 1 Kings 1:11; 1 Kings 2:13, 19, 20; 2 Chronicles 22:2, 3; Canticles 3:11; Proverbs 31:1; compare names of mothers of kings of Judah 1 Kings 14:21, 31; 1 Kings 15:2, 10, 13 +
• As showing love & care: 1 Samuel 2:19; 1 Kings 3:27; 1 Kings 17:23; 2 Kings 4:30; Isaiah 66:13 (simile of יְהוָה comforting his people; compare also Genesis 27:45)
• As beloved & lamented: 1 Kings 19:20 (parallel to אָב) Genesis 24:67; Psalm 35:14
• בֶּן־אִמּוֹ = own (uterine) brother Genesis 43:29; & parallel to אָח Genesis 27:29; Deuteronomy 13:7; Judges 8:19; Psalm 50:20; Psalm 69:9; Canticles 1:6; compare Canticles 8:1; so בַּת־אִמּוֹ Leviticus 18:9; Leviticus 20:17; Deuteronomy 27:22 (parallel to בַּת־אָבִיו) Genesis 20:12
• Often with אָב, as parents: Jeremiah 16:3; Zechariah 13:3 (twice in verse); Isaiah 8:4
• As rightfully claiming honour, authority, etc., compare above, Genesis 28:7 (P) compare Genesis 37:10 (E) Judges 14:2 f, so in precept Proverbs 1:8; Proverbs 6:20; Proverbs 10:1; Proverbs 15:20 etc. compare Ezekiel 22:7
• Laws enjoining these: Exodus 20:12 = Deuteronomy 5:16; Leviticus 19:3 compare Deuteronomy 22:15
• Laws prohibiting contrary: Exodus 21:15, 17 (E) Leviticus 20:9 (twice in verse) (H) Deuteronomy 21:18, 19; Deuteronomy 27:16
• Laws as to mourning for: Leviticus 21:2, 11 (H) Numbers 6:7 (P) compare Jeremiah 16:7; Ezekiel 44:25
• Left for wife: Genesis 2:24
• For mother-in-law: Ruth 2:24
• For husband: Deuteronomy 21:13 (law for captive women); compare Deuteronomy 33:9 (of devoted service of Levites)
• Loving, caring for children: Proverbs 4:3 (on the opposite compare Psalm 27:10)
• Loved, cared for: Joshua 2:13 compare Joshua 2:18; Joshua 6:23; 1 Samuel 22:3; 1 Kings 19:20 compare 2 Samuel 19:38

2. Figurative Uses

• Of Deborah as caring for her people אֵם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל Judges 5:7 (compare אָב Isaiah 22:21; Job 29:16)
• So of a city: 2 Samuel 20:19 ('stock, race, community' RS K 28 compare Proph. iv. n 8)
• Of Israel: Hosea 2:4; Hosea 2:7; Hosea 4:5; compare Hosea 10:14
• Of Judah: Isaiah 50:1 (twice in verse)
• Of Hittite as mother of Jerusalem אָבִיךְ הָאֱמֹרִי וְאִמְּךְ חִתִּית Ezekiel 16:3, 45 compare Ezekiel 16:44; 45; also Ezekiel 19:2, 10 & see Ezekiel 23:2

3. Of Animals

• Dam: Exodus 22:29 (of ox & sheep) Leviticus 22:27 (of bullock, sheep, or goat); Exodus 23:19 = Exodus 34:26 = Deuteronomy 14:21 (of kid); mother-bird Deuteronomy 22:6 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 22:7
• Figurative: Job 17:14 לַשַּׁחַת קָרָאתִי אָבִי אַתָּה אִמִּי וַאֲחֹתִי לָרִמָּה

4. Point of Departure or Division

• אֵם הַדֶּרֶךְ Ezekiel 21:26 (parallel to רֹאשׁ שְׁנֵי הַדְּרָכִים)

¹ F. Baethgen, Beiträge zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Berlin, 1888.

^† Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

^|| Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

⁼ Equivalent / equals.

⁺ Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

^> Indicates that the preceding is to be preferred to the following.

^< Indicates that the following is to be preferred to the preceding.

^° Additions / glosses.

^* Assumed form (not actually found).

^? Sign of doubt.

^t. Times (following a number).

Conjunction, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0517:

No stats available

ותגל וְ֝תָגֵ֗ל

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גיל

gîyl

Definition

properly, to spin round (under the influence of any violent emotion), i.e. usually rejoice, or (as cringing) fear

Root

or (by permutation) גול; a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or (by permutation) גול; a primitive root; properly, to spin round (under the influence of any violent emotion), i.e. usually rejoice, or (as cringing) fear; be glad, joy, be joyful, rejoice.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1523

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גִּיל

verb • Root גיל • Strongs / High • Page 313

To turn in a circle, go in a whirling motion. Figuratively: 1. To exult, rejoice. 2. To writhe from fear, to quake. 3. To turn or move in a circle (of time). 4. To surround or enclose a district. Other related meanings include serving God with a religious dance, and to mourn with pain.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גִּיל

verb • Page 137

To rejoice, exult, with a more intense signification than שָׂמַח. References: Prov. 23:24; Job 3:22.

גִּיל

verb • Root גיל • Page 138

To rejoice even to exultation; to leap for joy. Used with prepositions בְּ and עַל. References include Ps. 9:15, 13:6, 21:2, 149:2, Zeph. 3:17, Hos. 10:5, Ps. 89:17, Is. 29:19, 41:16, 61:10. Spoken also of inanimate nature in 1 Chr. 16:31, Ps. 96:11.

גִּיל

ii. v. • Page 138

To fear, to reverence (like the Arab. to tremble, to fear). Ps. 2:11, Hos. 10:5.

גִּיל

m. n. verbal • Root גיל • Page 138

1. joy, exultation (Ps. 45:16. 65:13). 2. age, generation (Dan. 1:10).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1523

I. גִּיל (approximate number of occurrences: 45) verb — rejoice (Nö¹; compare Arabic جال go round or about, be excited to levity, etc.).

Cognates:

• Arabic جال

— גִּיל Qal Perfect גַּלְתִּי Isaiah 65:19; Imperfect יָגִיל, תָּגִיל Psalm 21:2 (4 times; Kethiv יגיל, Qere יָ֫גֶל with retracted tone); יָגֵל, תָּגֵל Psalm 13:6 (11 times), וַיָּגֶל Psalm 16:9, אָגִילָה, נָגִילָה Psalm 9:15 (5 times), יָגִילוּ Psalm 13:5 (5 times), יְגִילוּן Psalm 89:17, תָּגֵלְנָה Psalm 48:12 (2 times); יָגִו֯ל Proverbs 23:24; Imperative גִּילוּ Psalm 2:11 (4 times), גִּילִי Isaiah 49:13 (2 times).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. absolute

• Psalm 13:5
• Psalm 51:10
• Zechariah 9:9
• (+ שׂמח) Psalm 14:7; Psalm 16:9; Psalm 32:11; Psalm 48:12; Psalm 53:7; Psalm 96:11; Psalm 97:1; Psalm 97:8; Proverbs 23:24–25; 1 Chronicles 16:31; Habakkuk 1:15
• (+ שׂושׂ, שׂישׂ) Isaiah 35:1; Isaiah 65:18

b. with בְּ

• Psalm 149:2
• Proverbs 2:14
• Proverbs 24:17
• Isaiah 9:2
• (+ בירושׁלם) Isaiah 65:19; Isaiah 66:10
• (+ בישׁועתך) Psalm 9:15; Psalm 13:6; Psalm 21:2
• (+ ביהוה) Psalm 35:9; Isaiah 41:16; Zechariah 10:7
• (+ באלהים) Isaiah 61:10; Habakkuk 3:18
• (+ בשׁם יהוה) Psalm 89:17
• (+ בקדושׁ ישׂראל) Isaiah 29:19
• (+ גיל ושׂמח ב) Psalm 31:8; Psalm 118:24; Song of Solomon 1:4; Isaiah 25:9; Joel 2:23
• (+ גילי ושׂמחי כ) Joel 2:21

c. with עַל

• Zephaniah 3:17

Besides persons the subject is לֵב Psalm 13:6; Proverbs 24:17; Zechariah 10:7; נפשׁ Psalm 35:9; Isaiah 61:10, כבוד (= נפשׁ) Psalm 16:9, ארץ 1 Chronicles 16:31; Psalm 96:11; Psalm 97:1; Isaiah 49:13, ערבה Isaiah 35:1–2.

2. Meaning Tremble

tremble (compare Arabic root for excitement/shaking):

• Psalm 2:11 ("" עבד; so Thes² Ew Hi Che, but ᵐ5³ Hu De Pe AV RV rejoice)
• Hosea 10:5 ("" אבל; so Thes and most modern, but AV RV rejoiced over it), possibly error for חיל (Ew Gr Che).

¹ Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1883, 537.

² Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae veteris Testamenti.

³ Septuagint.

Conjunction, Verb Qal third person feminine singular

LXX: ἀγαλλιάσθω ἀγαλλιάσεται ἀγαλλιάσονται ἀγαλλιάσομαι χαῖρε

LXX Usage Statistics

H1523:

ἀγαλλιάσθω 7× (15.3%)

ἀγαλλιάσεται 5× (11.4%)

ἀγαλλιάσονται 4× (9.4%)

ἀγαλλιάσομαι 3× (6.7%)

χαῖρε 2× (4.7%)

ἀγαλλιασώμεθα 2× (4.7%)

ἀγαλλιάσθωσαν 2× (4.7%)

ἀγαλλιᾶσθε 2× (4.0%)

יולדתך יוֹלַדְתֶּךָ׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ילד

yâlad

Definition

to bear young; causatively, to beget; medically, to act as midwife; specifically, to show lineage

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to bear young; causatively, to beget; medically, to act as midwife; specifically, to show lineage; bear, beget, birth(-day), born, (make to) bring forth (children, young), bring up, calve, child, come, be delivered (of a child), time of delivery, gender, hatch, labour, (do the office of a) midwife, declare pedigrees, be the son of, (woman in, woman that) travail(-eth, -ing woman).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3205

ך

Definition

you, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9031

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָלַד

verb • Root ילד • Strongs / High • Page 608

To bear, to bring forth, spoken of women giving birth to children, beasts bearing young, or birds laying eggs.

יָלַד

verb • Root ילד • Strongs / High • Page 609

To bear, bring forth (of a woman); to beget (of a father). Figuratively: to bring forth, make appear, cause to take place; to create, produce, appoint.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָלַד

verb • Root ילד • Page 283

1. to bring forth, as a mother (Gen. 4:1; Prov. 17:25). 2. to beget, as a father (Gen. 4:18; Ps. 2:7). 3. to lay eggs (Jer. 17:11). Includes stems: Niph. נוֹלַד (to be born, Gen. 4:18), Pi. יִלֵּד (to help to bring forth, as a midwife, Ex. 1:16), Pu. יֻלַּד (to be born, Gen. 10:21), and Hiph. הוֹלִיד (to cause to bring forth, Is. 66:9).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3205

I. יָלַד (approximate number of occurrences: 497) verb — bear, bring forth, beget.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic יְלִיד, יְלֵיד
• Arabic ولد
• Ethiopic ወለደ
• Assyrian alâdu³

Qal

— יָלַד Perfect יָלַד Genesis 4:18 (3 times in verse) + 16 times; יָלָ֑ד Jeremiah 17:11; וְיָלַד consecutive Psalm 7:15; suffix יְלָֽדְךָ Deuteronomy 32:18; 2 masculine singular suffix ילדתני Jeremiah 2:27 Kt; Qr יְלִדְתָּנוּ (König¹ i. 410, GKC² § 70, 2. R. 4); 1 singular suffix יְלִדְתִּ֫יךָ Psalm 2:7; יְלִדְתִּ֫יהוּ Numbers 11:12, etc.; Imperfect יֵלֶד (יֹום) Proverbs 27:1; 3 feminine singular תֵּלֵד Genesis 17:17 6 times; וַתֵּ֫לֶד Genesis 4:1 61 times; 2 feminine singular תֵּלְדִי Genesis 3:16; אֵלֵד Genesis 18:13; וָאֵלֵד 1 Kings 3:17; יֵ˜לְדוּ Isaiah 65:23; 3 feminine plural תֵּלַדְנָה Jeremiah 29:6; וַתֵּלַדְנָה Ezekiel 23:4; וַתֵּלַדְןָ Genesis 30:39, etc.; Infinitive absolute יָלֹד Job 15:35; construct לֵדָה Hosea 9:11 3 times; לֶ֫דֶת Genesis 4:2 10 times; לָלַת 1 Samuel 4:19 (König¹ i, 402, but probably text error Driver⁴); suffix לִדְתִּי 1 Kings 3:18, etc.; Participle active יֹלֵד Proverbs 17:21; Jeremiah 30:6, etc.; feminine יוֺלֵדָה Hosea 13:13 12 times; יֹלֶ֫דֶת Genesis 17:19 4 times; יֹלַדְתְּ Genesis 16:11 2 times (König¹ i. 404 f.; perhaps יֹלֶדֶת intended by Kt, compare Stade⁵ § 213 b); suffix Proverbs 23:25; יוֺלַדְתּוֺ Proverbs 17:25; etc.; plural יֹלְדוֺת Jeremiah 16:3; Passive participle יָלוּד 1 Kings 3:26, 27; construct יְלוּד Job 14:1 2 times; plural יְלוּדִים 1 Chronicles 14:4.

1. Bear, bring forth

• a. (a mother a child) so commonly, approximately 208 times: followed by accusative Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:1; = be delivered of a child, 1 Kings 3:17–18; 2 Kings 19:3; of animals Genesis 30:39; Jeremiah 14:5; Job 39:1–2; also of labour וַתְּקַשׁ בְּלִדְתָּהּ Genesis 35:16; (compare Moses as mother of Israel Numbers 11:12).
• b. in simile of distress: Micah 4:9–10; Isaiah 13:8; Isaiah 42:14; Jeremiah 6:24; Jeremiah 30:6; Psalm 48:7; ילד על־ברכים (Stade⁹) Genesis 30:3; Genesis 50:23.
• c. figurative: of wicked וְהָרָה עָמָל וְיָלַד שָׁ֑קֶר Psalm 7:15 (compare Job 15:35); of Tyre Isaiah 23:4; of Jerusalem Isaiah 51:18; of a day לֹא־תֵדַע מַה־יֵּ֫לֶד יוֺם Proverbs 27:1; of God as mother of Israel Deuteronomy 32:18.

2. Less often beget

• a. literal, approximately 22 times: in Hexateuch a mark of Jehovist Source; Genesis 4:18; Genesis 10:8, 13, 15; 1 Chronicles 1:10; Proverbs 17:21; Daniel 11:6.
• b. figurative: Psalm 2:7 of Jehovah's formally installing king.

3. Of both parents

• Zechariah 13:3 (twice in verse); Passive participle 1 Kings 3:26–27; 1 Chronicles 14:4.

Niph`al

— Perfect נוֺלַד 1 Chronicles 2:3 6 times; הנּוֺלַד Genesis 21:3; נוּ֯לְּדוּ Genesis 3:5; Imperfect יִוָּלֵד Genesis 17:17; Infinitive הִוָּ֑לֶד Genesis 21:5; Participle נוֺלָד 1 Kings 13:2. — be born.

• Followed by לְ (born to such and such a man): Genesis 4:18; Genesis 21:3, 5; 1 Chronicles 3:1, 4, 5.
• Without לְ: Job 3:3; Psalm 78:6; Ecclesiastes 7:1.
• Metaphor of Israel: Hosea 2:5; of nation Isaiah 66:8.
• With predicate: רָ֑שׁ Ecclesiastes 4:14 he was born poor; Proverbs 17:17.

Pi`el

— Infinitive יַלֶּדְכֶן Exodus 1:16; Participle מְיַלֶּדֶת Genesis 35:17. — assist or tend as midwife.

• Followed by accusative Exodus 1:16; elsewhere feminine participle as substantive = midwife: Genesis 35:17 (Elohist Source); Genesis 38:28 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 1:15–21.

Pu`al

— Perfect יֻלַּד Genesis 4:26; יֻלְּדוּ Genesis 6:1. — be born (i.q. Niph'al).

• Followed by לְ of father: Genesis 4:26; Genesis 10:21 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 35:26 (Priests' Code).
• Followed by לְ of purpose: אדם לעמל יוּלָּד Job 5:7.
• Figurative of Zion: Psalm 87:4–6; of mountains Psalm 90:2.

Hiph`il

— Perfect הוֺלִיד Genesis 11:27; Imperfect יוֺלִיד Genesis 17:20; Imperative הוֺלִי֫דוּ Jeremiah 29:6; Participle מוֺלִיד Isaiah 66:9.

1. Beget (fathering a child)

• Genesis 5:3–4 (Priests' Code); 1 Chronicles 2:10; Ruth 4:18.
• figurative: of producing dewdrops Job 38:28; of earth bearing grain Isaiah 55:10.

2. Bear

• Only figurative: Isaiah 59:4 of wicked bringing forth iniquity.

Hoph`al

— Infinitive חֻלֶּ֫דֶת Genesis 40:20; Ezekiel 16:4–5. — day of one's birth, birthday.

Hithpa`el

— Imperfect וַיִּתְיִלְּדוּ Numbers 1:18. — declared their pedigree.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (COT).

⁴ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

⁵ B. Stade, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Grammatik (1879).

⁶ August Dillmann, Commentaries on the Hexateuch.

⁷ J. Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (1861).

⁸ C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

⁹ B. Stade, Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 1886.

Verb Qal participle active feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX: ἐγέννησεν ἔτεκεν γεννῆσαι ἔτεκον ἐτέχθησαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3205:

ἐγέννησεν 153× (30.2%)

ἔτεκεν 97× (18.6%)

γεννῆσαι 17× (3.0%)

ἔτεκον 11× (2.2%)

ἐτέχθησαν 9× (1.8%)

τικτούσησ 9× (1.6%)

ὡσ 8× (1.7%)

τεκεῖν 7× (1.3%)

τέξεται 7× (1.3%)

ἐγένοντο 7× (1.4%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Thy father shall rejoice, and thy mother, and she begetting thee shall exult.

LITV Translation:
Your father and your mother shall be glad, and she who bore you shall rejoice.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
Let thy father and thy mother rejoice over thee, And let her that bore thee be glad.