Nehemiah 10:2

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ועל וְעַל

and upon

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Conjunction, Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

החתומים הַחֲתוּמים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חתם

châtham

Definition

to close up; especially to seal

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to close up; especially to seal; make an end, mark, seal (up), stop.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2856

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָתַם

verb • Root חתם • Strongs / High • Page 545

To shut up, to enclose, to close, to veil; to seal.

חָתַם

verb • Root חתם • Strongs / High • Page 546

To seal, to close, to seal up; to press the seal upon a thing. Figuratively: to seal, not to publish; to confirm; to justify; to keep.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חָתַם

verb • Page 257

I. to seal, to seal up; hence to complete, finish, fulfil. Job 9: 7, 37: 7; Dan. 9: 24; Ezek. 28: 12. Includes Niph. to be sealed, Pi. to shut up, Hiph. to be closed.

חָתַם

verb • Root חתם • Page 257

II. prob. i. q. Arab. to reveal or suggest to any one. Job 33: 16 he revealed their admonition.

חֹתָם

noun masculine • Root חתם • Page 257

a seal.

Particle definite article, Verb Qal participle passive masculine plural absolute

LXX: κατασφραγίζει ἐσφράγισται ---%

LXX Usage Statistics

H2856:

κατασφραγίζει 2× (7.6%)

ἐσφράγισται 2× (7.1%)

---% 2× (6.5%)

נחמיה נְחֶמְיָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נחמיה

Nᵉchemyâh

Definition

Nechemjah, the name of three Israelites

Root

from H5162 (נחם) and H3050 (יה); consolation of Jah;

Exhaustive

from נחם and יה; consolation of Jah; Nechemjah, the name of three Israelites; Nehemiah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5166

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נְחֶמְיָה

noun proper • Root נחם • Strongs / High • Page 962

Jah is Consolation

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: νεεμιασ νεεμια

LXX Usage Statistics

H5166:

νεεμιασ 4× (51.0%)

νεεμια 3× (36.3%)

התרשתא הַתִּרְשָׁתָא

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

תרשתא

Tirshâthâʼ

Definition

Tirshatha, the title of a Persian deputy or governor

Root

of foreign derivation;

Exhaustive

of foreign derivation; Tirshatha, the title of a Persian deputy or governor; Tirshatha.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8660

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הַתִּרְשָׁתָא

noun proper • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1535

It is given to the governor Nehemiah sometimes as a title, while at other times he is so called Ezr. 2, 63, as was Zerubbabel also Neh. 7, 65. (governor; etymologically improbable.)

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַתִּרְשָׁתָא

title • Root , • Page 728

A title given to Nehemiah and others as governor (Ezra 2:63; Neh. 7:65, 70; Neh. 8:9; 10:2). Probably derived from Persian roots meaning 'dark, rigid, austere' (governor).

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: αθερσαθα ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H8660:

αθερσαθα 2× (41.2%)

--- 2× (41.2%)

בן בֶּן־

builder/son

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בן

bên

Definition

a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)

Root

from H1129 (בנה);

Exhaustive

from בנה; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.); [phrase] afflicted, age, (Ahoh-) (Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-) ite, (anoint-) ed one, appointed to, ([phrase]) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-) ian, one born, bough, branch, breed, [phrase] (young) bullock, [phrase] (young) calf, [idiom] came up in, child, colt, [idiom] common, [idiom] corn, daughter, [idiom] of first, [phrase] firstborn, foal, [phrase] very fruitful, [phrase] postage, [idiom] in, [phrase] kid, [phrase] lamb, ([phrase]) man, meet, [phrase] mighty, [phrase] nephew, old, ([phrase]) people, [phrase] rebel, [phrase] robber, [idiom] servant born, [idiom] soldier, son, [phrase] spark, [phrase] steward, [phrase] stranger, [idiom] surely, them of, [phrase] tumultuous one, [phrase] valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1121

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בֵּן

masc. noun • Root בין • Strongs / High • Page 253

1. A child, begotten, born, often without distinction of sex (frequently pluralized as children). 2. Specifically, a son, a male child (opposite daughter). 3. Used metaphorically to denote personal characteristics (virtuous or vicious personality, heir of virtue/vice) or objects (e.g., young animals, plants, or inanimate objects). 4. A grandson; also used as boy, youth, prince, heir to the throne.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: υἱοὶ υἱὸσ υἱῶν υἱοῦ υἱοῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1121a:

υἱοὶ 1075× (22.0%)

υἱὸσ 753× (16.8%)

υἱῶν 607× (12.2%)

υἱοῦ 368× (8.1%)

υἱοῖσ 329× (6.1%)

υἱοὺσ 292× (5.7%)

υἱὸν 213× (4.6%)

--- 116× (2.6%)

υἱὲ 96× (2.2%)

'' 84× (1.6%)

חכליה חֲכַלְיָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חכליה

Chăkalyâh

Definition

Chakaljah, an Israelite

Root

from the base of H2447 (חכליל) and H3050 (יה); darkness of Jah;

Exhaustive

from the base of חכליל and יה; darkness of Jah; Chakaljah, an Israelite; Hachaliah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2446

אבדון

ʼăbaddôwn

Definition

abstract, a perishing; concrete, Hades

Root

intensive from H6 (אבד);

Exhaustive

intensive from אבד; abstract, a perishing; concrete, Hades; destruction.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H11

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֲכַלְיָה

proper noun / masculine • Root חכל • Strongs / High • Page 483

Proper name, meaning 'Jah is one speaking obscurely'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲבַדּוֹן

m. verbal • Root אבד • Page 18

1. Destruction (Job 31: 12). 2. Place of destruction, specifically the subterranean world or region of the dead (Job 26: 6, Prov. 15: 11).

אֲבַדּוֹן

m. verbal • Root אָבַד • Page 18

m. verbal from אָבַד. 1. destruction (Job 31: 12). 2. place of destruction, hence i. q. שְׁאוֹל, the region of the dead (Job 26: 6; 28: 22; Prov. 15: 11).

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: αχαλια

LXX Usage Statistics

H2446:

αχαλια 2× (100.0%)

Hacaliah_§Hacaliah@Neh.1.1:

No stats available

וצדקיה וְצִדְקִיָּה׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

צדקיה

Tsidqîyâh

Definition

Tsidkijah, the name of six Israelites

Root

or צדקיהו; from H6664 (צדק) and H3050 (יה); right of Jah;

Exhaustive

or צדקיהו; from צדק and יה; right of Jah; Tsidkijah, the name of six Israelites; Zedekiah, Zidkijah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6667

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צִדְקִיָּהוּ

noun proper • Root צדק • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1217

The same (Jah is Might). Name of a king of Judah, previously called מַתַּנְיָה.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צִדְקִיָּהוּ

proper name • Page 564

(righteousness of Jehovah) proper name of a king of Judah, which was given to him by king Nebuchadnezzar, instead of his former name מַתַּנְיָה. 2 K. 24:17. 1 Chr. 3:15. Jer. 1:3.

Conjunction, Noun proper name masculine

LXX: σεδεκιασ σεδεκιαν σεδεκιου σεδεκια ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H6667:

σεδεκιασ 17× (30.7%)

σεδεκιαν 13× (22.5%)

σεδεκιου 8× (14.9%)

σεδεκια 7× (12.4%)

'' 7× (11.0%)

βασιλεῖ 2× (3.2%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Seraiah, Azariah, Jeremiah,

LITV Translation:
Seraiah, Azariah, Jeremiah,