Malachi 3:2

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ומי וּמִי

and who

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מי

mîy

Definition

who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also (indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction with prefix or suffix

Root

an interrogative pronoun of persons, as H4100 (מה) is of things,

Exhaustive

an interrogative pronoun of persons, as מה is of things,; who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also (indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction with prefix or suffix; any (man), [idiom] he, [idiom] him, [phrase] O that! what, which, who(-m, -se, -soever), [phrase] would to God.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4310

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִי

pronoun interrogative • Strongs / High • Page 843

Interrogative pronoun: who? what? (of persons, as מַה is of things). It is used in direct and indirect questions, without distinction of gender and number. Main uses include: 1. As a substantive, often in a genitive sense (e.g., whose?). 2. When seeming to refer to things, it still implies a person (e.g., who are the men... of the camp?). 3. Used for emphasis or modification (e.g., who then?). 4. With the meaning of 'how?' or 'what kind?'. 5. Taking a negative turn to mean 'nobody' or 'none'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִי

interrogative pronoun • Page 372

1. Who? (Gen. 24:23; Judg. 21:8). 2. How? (Am. 7:2,5; Ruth 3:16).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4310

I. מִי (approximate number of occurrences: 423) pronoun interrogative — who? of persons, as מָה of things.

Cognates:

• Ethiopic ምንት (only = What? and How?)
• Assyrian mî, me (rare)¹, but usual form mannu, manu²
• Ethiopic መኑ manū
• Aramaic מַן
• Arabic مَنْ, Vulgar Arabic min, mên (rejection of n probably in Hebrew מִי)³

— מִי absolute Genesis 3:11 הִגִּיד לְךָ מִי who told thee? Genesis 24:65 מִי הָאִישׁ הַלָּזֶה who is this man? Genesis 27:18 מִי אַתָּה בְּנִי who art thou, my son? Numbers 22:9; Judges 1:1; Judges 6:29; Judges 15:6; Judges 18:3; Judges 20:18; 2 Samuel 1:8 + often; Ruth 3:9 מִי אָתּ who art thou, (feminine)? Isaiah 51:12; of more than one, מִי אֵלֶּה who are these? Genesis 33:5; Genesis 48:8; Isaiah 60:8; מִי אַתֶּם 2 Kings 10:13; once, more explicitly, מִי וָמִי הַהֹלְכִים Exodus 10:8; = as who? (i.e. in what condition, or capacity), Amos 7:2 יַעֲקֹב מִי יָקוּם Amos 7:5; Isaiah 51:19 מִי אֲנַחֲמֵךְ (but Vrss Che Lag Brd Du מִי יְנַחֲמֵךְ, as "" מִי יָנוּד), Ruth 3:16 (Be Ke Kö⁴).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Used of things

Rarely used of things, and usually where persons are understood or implied:

• Genesis 33:8 מִי לְךָ כָּל־הַמַּחֲנֶה הַזֶּה who (or what) to thee is all this camp?
• Deuteronomy 4:7
• Judges 9:28 שְׁכֶם מִי who is Shechem (i.e. the Shechemites)?
• Micah 1:5 מִי־פֶשַׁע יַעֲקֹב הֲלֹא שֹׁמְרוֹן
• Songs 3:6
• Judges 13:17 מִי שְׁמֶךָ (but מָה Genesis 32:28; Exodus 3:13; compare Aramaic מַן Ezra 5:4)⁵

b. In the Genitive or with prepositions

• Genitive: בַּת־מִי אַתְּ whose daughter art thou? Genesis 24:23, 47; 1 Samuel 12:3 (3 times in verse); 1 Samuel 17:55; Jeremiah 44:28; Job 26:4; Job 33:28
• אַחֲרֵי מִי 1 Samuel 24:15 (twice in verse)
• אֶל־מִי 1 Samuel 6:20; 2 Kings 9:5 +
• בְּמִי by whom? 1 Kings 20:14
• לְמִי to whom? whose? Genesis 32:18, Genesis 38:25; Proverbs 20:20 +
• מִמִּי Ezekiel 32:19; Psalm 27:1 (twice in verse)
• עַל־מִי 2 Kings 18:20; 2 Kings 19:22; Isaiah 57:4 +
• אֶת־מִי (accusative), 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8; = with whom? Job 12:3

c. In an indirect question

• Genesis 21:26
• Genesis 43:22 לֹא יָדַעְנוּ מִי שָׂם we do not know who put
• Deuteronomy 21:1; Psalm 39:7
• Joshua 24:15 בַּחֲרוּ... אֶת־מִי תַעֲבֹדוּן choose whom ye will serve
• After verbs: רָאָה 1 Samuel 14:17, שָׁאַל 1 Samuel 17:56, הִגִּיד 1 Kings 1:20, הוֹדִיעַ 1 Kings 1:27

d. Partitive: who among ... ?

• 1 Samuel 22:14; Isaiah 36:20; Isaiah 43:9; Isaiah 48:14 (בָּהֶם); Isaiah 42:23; Isaiah 50:10; Haggai 2:3 (בָּכֶם)
• מִי מִן who of ... ? Judges 21:8; 2 Kings 6:11; Isaiah 50:1

e. Strengthened and emphatic forms

• מִי זֶה, מִי הוּא, מִי הוּא זֶה Psalm 24:10; Jeremiah 30:21; Esther 7:5
• מִי אֶחָד what single one ... ? Judges 21:8, compare 2 Samuel 7:23 ( = 1 Chronicles 17:21)

2. Rhetorical Uses

a. To express a wish

The question implies a desire that the person asked for were present (followed by imperfect):

• 2 Samuel 15:4 מִי יְשִׂמֵנִי שֹׁפֵט who will set me judge? i.e. would that some one would make me judge!
• 2 Samuel 23:15 מִי יַשְׁקֵנִי מַיִם = O that one would give me to drink!
• Phrase מִי יִתֵּן who will give? i.e. would that there were...! Numbers 11:29; Deuteronomy 28:67; Judges 9:29

b. To express contempt, modesty, or surprise

• Contempt (implying no one): Exodus 5:2 מִי יְהוָה who is Yahweh that I should listen? Judges 9:28; 1 Samuel 17:26; 1 Samuel 25:10 מִי דָוִד וּמִי בֶן־יִשָׁי
• Modesty: Exodus 3:11 מִי אָנֹכִי כִּי אֵלֵךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹה; 1 Samuel 18:18 וּמִי חַיַּי מִי אָנֹכִי; 2 Samuel 7:18; 1 Chronicles 29:14; 2 Chronicles 2:5
• Surprise: Isaiah 44:10; Isaiah 49:21

c. As a rhetorical negative

Implying the answer few or none:

• Deuteronomy 9:2 מִי יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי בְנֵי עֲנָק who can stand, etc.?
• Deuteronomy 30:12–13; 1 Samuel 4:8; Job 9:12 מִי יֹאמַר who shall say?
• Perfect of experience: Numbers 23:10; Isaiah 66:8; Jeremiah 18:13 מִי שָׁמַע כָּאֵלֶּה
• In poetry: Genesis 49:9 מִי יְקִימֶנּוּ; Exodus 15:11 מִי כָמֹכָה; Isaiah 53:1; Psalm 18:32

d. Who knoweth? (= perchance)

• 2 Samuel 12:22 מִי יוֹדֵעַ יְחָנֵּנִי יְהוָה it may be Yahweh will be gracious
• Joel 2:14 ( = Jonah 3:9) מִי יוֹדֵעַ יָשׁוּב וְנִחָם
• Esther 4:14 מִי יוֹדֵעַ אִם

e. Rendered "whosoever"

Does not strictly mean it, but functions as a conditional interrogative:

• Exodus 24:14 מִי בַעַל דְּבָרִים יִגַּשׁ אֲלֵהֶם literally, Who hath a cause? let him draw nigh
• Judges 7:3 מִי יָרֵא וְחָרֵד יָשֹׁב who is fearful? let him return
• Exodus 32:26 מִי לַיהוָה אֵלָי who is on Yahweh's side? (let him come) to me!
• 2 Samuel 18:12 שִׁמְרוּ־מִי בַּנַּעַר Have a care, whosoever ye be, of the young man (but read לִי with ᵐ5)

¹ Jäger, Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, ii. 277.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch, 419 (Dl HWB).

³ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, 123 f. (W SG).

⁴ Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache, iii. 388 (Kö).

⁵ Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik, p. 341 (Nö M).

Conjunction, Pronoun interrogative

LXX: τίσ τίνι ἐστιν τίνα τίνοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4310:

τίσ 302× (65.2%)

τίνι 27× (5.9%)

ἐστιν 24× (4.2%)

τίνα 23× (4.9%)

τίνοσ 15× (3.3%)

'' 10× (1.9%)

---% 9× (1.6%)

τί 8× (1.7%)

--- 6× (1.3%)

τίνεσ 5× (1.1%)

מכלכל מְכַלְכֵּל

can endure

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כול

kûwl

Definition

properly, to keep in; hence, to measure; figuratively, to maintain (in various senses)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to keep in; hence, to measure; figuratively, to maintain (in various senses); (be able to, can) abide, bear, comprehend, contain, feed, forbearing, guide, hold(-ing in), nourish(-er), be present, make provision, receive, sustain, provide sustenance (victuals).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3557

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כּוּל

verb • Root כול • Strongs / High • Page 682

tr. 1. to keep or hold together. 2. to measure, to measure off, to weigh. The primary meaning is considered to be 'to contain' or 'hold in'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כּוּל

verb • Page 311

To measure (in Kal only). In Pilp. כִּלְכֵּל: 1. to hold in itself, comprehend, contain; 2. to support or sustain with means of living; 3. to hold out, endure; 4. to hold up, defend. In Hiph. הֵכִיל: 1. to contain; 2. to hold out.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3557

I. כּוּל (approximate number of occurrences: 37) verb — comprehend, contain.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew כּוּל
• Aramaic כּוּל id., measure, measure out
• Syriac Aph‘el ܟܘܠ id.
• Arabic كال measure grain

— כּוּל Qal Perfect only Isaiah 40:12; Pilpel Perfect כִּלְכֵּל 2 Samuel 19:33, suffix כִּלְכְּלָם 1 Kings 18:4, suffix כִּלְכַּלְתָּם Nehemiah 9:21; Imperfect יְכַלְכֵּל Zechariah 11:16 +; Infinitive construct כַּלְכֵּל Jeremiah 20:9 +; Participle מְכַלְכֵּל Malachi 3:2; Polpal Perfect כָּלְכְּלוּ 1 Kings 20:27; Hiph‘il Imperfect יָכִיל 1 Kings 7:26; Infinitive construct הָכִיל Jeremiah 6:11.

1. Qal

• Isaiah 40:12 מִי־כָל בַּשָּׁלִשׁ עֲפַר הָאָרֶץ who hath comprehended the dust of the earth in a shalish-measure?

2. Pilpel meanings

sustain, maintain, contain:

a. sustain, support, nourish

• Followed by accusative of person: Genesis 45:11; Genesis 50:21 (Elohist Source); 2 Samuel 19:33–34; 2 Samuel 20:3; 1 Kings 4:7; 1 Kings 5:7; 1 Kings 17:4, 9; Nehemiah 9:21; Ruth 4:15; Psalm 55:23; Zechariah 11:16 (of sheep).
• Followed by accusative of person + of thing (food): Genesis 47:12 (Jehovist Source); 1 Kings 18:4, 13.

b. contain

• Followed by accusative of person: 1 Kings 8:27; 2 Chronicles 2:5; 2 Chronicles 6:18 (heavens cannot contain ׳י).
• hold in, restrain Yahweh's word within one: Jeremiah 20:9.

c. support, endure

• Sickness: רוּחַ אִישׁ יְכַלְכֵּל מַחֲלֵ֑הוּ Proverbs 18:14.
• The day of his coming: Malachi 3:2.
• sustaining a cause in court: יְכַלְכֵּל דְּבָרָיו בְּמִשְׁפָּט Psalm 112:5.

3. Polpal

were supplied with food:

• 1 Kings 20:27 (Klostermann¹ proposes בַּגִּלְבֹּעַ).

4. Hiph‘il meanings

contain, hold, hold in, endure:

a. contain

• Followed by accusative (of liquid): 1 Kings 7:26, 38; 2 Chronicles 4:5.
• In figure: Jeremiah 2:13; absolute Ezekiel 23:32.
• Of burnt-offering: 1 Kings 8:64; 2 Chronicles 7:7.
• hold in (wrath of ׳י): Jeremiah 6:11 (opposed to שָׁפַךְ).

b. sustain, endure

• Followed by accusative: Amos 7:10; Jeremiah 10:10; Joel 2:11.

Proper Name

כִּלְכֵּל, כַּלְכֹּל proper name masculine — see below כול.

¹ August Klostermann, Die Bücher Samuelis und der Könige (1887).

Verb Piel participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: ἀρκέσουσίν διαθρέψω διέθρεψεν διατρέφειν αὐτοὺσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3557:

ἀρκέσουσίν 2× (5.4%)

διαθρέψω 2× (5.0%)

διέθρεψεν 2× (5.0%)

διατρέφειν 2× (5.0%)

αὐτοὺσ 2× (4.2%)

ὑπενεγκεῖν 2× (4.1%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

יום יוֹם

manifestation/day

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3117

I. יוֺם (approximate number of occurrences: 2285) noun masculine — day.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic יומָא
• Phoenician ים
• Moabite Inscription¹ ימן
• Siloam Inscription² ים
• Zinjirli יום
• Palmyrene יום
• Arabic يوم
• Ethiopic ዮም
• Sabean יום, ים
• Assyrian ummu, ûmu

— יוֺם absolute Genesis 1:5 +; construct Genesis 2:4 +; suffix יוֺמְךָ Jeremiah 50:31; יוֺמוֺ Exodus 5:13 (22 times); יוֺמָם Jeremiah 50:27; dual יוֺמַ֫יִם Exodus 21:21, יוֺמָ֑יִם Exodus 16:29; plural יָמִים Genesis 4:3 +; יָמִין (Aramaic form) Daniel 12:13; construct יְמֵי Genesis 3:14 +; יְמוֺת Deuteronomy 32:7, Psalm 90:15; suffix יָמַי Job 7:6 + etc.

1. Day, opposed to night

• Genesis 7:12, 14; Genesis 8:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 1:5, 14, 16, 18 (Priestly Code)
• חֹם הַיּוֺם the heat of the day Genesis 18:1 (Jehovist Source); 1 Samuel 11:11
• עוֺד גָּדוֺל הַיּוֺם the day is still high Genesis 29:7 (Jehovist Source)
• רוּחַ הַיּוֺם cool of the day Genesis 3:8
• מַחֲצִית הַיּוֺם mid-day Nehemiah 8:3
• עַד נְטוֺת הַיּוֺם until the declining of the day Judges 19:8

2. Day as division of time

a. Working-day

• Exodus 20:9–10 (Elohist Source) = Deuteronomy 5:18
• יְמֵי הַמַּעֲשֶׂה Ezekiel 46:1

b. Day's journey

• דֶּרֶךְ יוֺם Numbers 11:31 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים a three days' journey Genesis 30:36; Exodus 3:18 (Jehovist Source)

c. Duration of acts or states

• forty days Genesis 7:17; Genesis 8:6 (Jehovist Source)
• שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים לַיְלָה וָיוֺם Esther 4:16

e. Day of month

• Genesis 7:11; Genesis 8:4, 14 (Priestly Code)
• Haggai 1:1, 15

f. Defined by substantive or clause

• יוֺם הַשֶּׁלֶג the snowy day 2 Samuel 23:20
• יוֺם הֻלֶּדֶת birthday Genesis 40:20 (Elohist Source)

i. Holy day

• יוֺם הַשַּׁבָּת the sabbath day Exodus 20:8 (Elohist Source)
• יוֺם הַכִּמֻּרים Leviticus 23:27

3. Day of Yahweh

יוֺם יְהוָה day of Yahweh, chiefly as time of his coming in judgment:

• Amos 5:18, 20
• Zephaniah 1:7, 14
• יוֺם עֶבְרַת יְהוָה Zephaniah 1:18
• יוֺם נָקָם Isaiah 34:8

4. Plural: days as lifetime or age

• Genesis 6:3 (Jehovist Source)
• כָּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ all the days of thy life Genesis 3:14, 17 (Jehovist Source)
• בָּא בַּיָּמִים advanced in days (age) Genesis 18:11; Genesis 24:1 (Jehovist Source)
• אֹרֶךְ יָמִים length of days Proverbs 3:2, 16

5. Indefinite or ancient time

• יָמִים אֲחָדִים some days, a few days Genesis 27:44 (Jehovist Source)
• יְמוֺת עוֺלָם days of old Deuteronomy 32:7
• יְמֵי קֶדֶם Micah 7:20
• אַחֲרִית הַיּוֺם coming time Proverbs 31:25

6. Time or Year

• חֹדֶשׁ יָמִים a month of time Genesis 29:14 (Jehovist Source)
• זֶבַךְ הַיָּמִים yearly sacrifice 1 Samuel 1:21; 2:19
• מִיָּמִים יָמִ֫ימָה from year to year, yearly Exodus 13:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

7. Particular Phrases

a. Today

• הַיּוֺם to-day Genesis 4:14; Genesis 31:43

c. Lo! days are coming

• הִנֵּה יָמִים בָּאִים Amos 4:2; Jeremiah 7:32

f. Always / Continually

feminine כָּל הַיָּמִים always, continually:

• Genesis 43:9 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 4:40; Deuteronomy 6:24

g. On a particular day

• בַּיּוֺם הַהוּא on that day Genesis 15:18
• עַד הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה until this day Genesis 26:33 (Jehovist Source); Joshua 4:9

h. As daily

masculine עַל יוֺם טוֺב upon a good day 1 Samuel 25:8.

¹ MI: Moabite Inscription (Mesha Stele).

² SI: Siloam Inscription.

³ COT: Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament).

⁴ J: Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁵ E: Elohist Source.

⁶ P: Priestly Code / Narrative.

⁷ D: Deuteronomic Source.

⁸ H: Holiness Code.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

בואו בּוֹאוֹ

of His coming

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בוא

bôwʼ

Definition

to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H935

נו

Definition

he, subject pronoun - subject 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal subject pronoun - suffix for some adverbs and infinitives: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9043

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בּוֹא

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 224

1. To go, to wander; usually with announcing the limit of one's going. 2. To arrive, to come at (distinguished from הָלַךְ in expressing the limit of going). In this sense metaphorically: a) to be born, to appear; b) to reach to one, to be equal to him; c) to reach inanimate things; d) to come upon, to fall upon (suddenly), e.g., of an enemy or calamity; e) to come to pass, to be fulfilled (of wishes, promises); f) of inanimate things, to come near; g) applied to time; h) with the preposition בְּ, to come with somewhat, i.e., to bring.

בּוֹא

verb • Root בוא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 225

To go in, to enter, to come; to arrive; to go down (of the sun).

בּוֹא

verb • Root בוא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to come to

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בּוֹא

verb • Page 88

1. to go or come in, to enter. Gen. 6:18. Frequently opposed to יָצָא. 2. to lie with a woman, inire feminam. Gen. 16:2. 3. spoken of the sun, to set, go down (below the horizon). Gen. 15:17. 28:11.

בּוֹא

verb • Page 89

To go in, to enter, to come. Includes many specific idioms: to conduct oneself (Josh. 15:18); to come in as revenue (1 K. 10:14); to enter into a covenant (2 Chr. 15:12); to come upon someone or befall them (Lam. 1:10); to come to pass or be fulfilled (Prov. 13:12); to bring something (with ב, Ps. 66:13); to obtain (Ps. 69:28). Hiphil: to bring in, carry in, or lead (2 Sam. 9:10). Hophal: passive (Lev. 10:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H935

I. בּוֹא (2569) verb come in, come, go in, go (Assyrian bāʾu Hpt KAT 499, Ethiopic , Arabic بَاءَ return¹) —

Cognates:

• Assyrian bāʾu
• Ethiopic
• Arabic بَاءَ

Qal

Perfect בָּא Genesis 6:13 +; 3 feminine singular בָּאתָה Genesis 15:17 +; suffix בָּאתֶנוּ Psalm 44:18; 2 masculine singular בָּאתָ Joshua 13:1 +, בָּאתָה 2 Samuel 3:7; 2 feminine singular בָּאתְ Genesis 16:8; Ruth 2:12, and consecutive וְבָאתְ Ruth 3:4; 2 Samuel 14:3; Micah 4:10; 3 plural בָּאוּ Genesis 7:9 +; 1 plural בָּאנוּ Genesis 32:7 + (בָּנוּ 1 Samuel 25:8), etc.; Imperfect יָבוֹא Genesis 32:9 +, יָבא Genesis 49:10 +; 3 feminine singular תָּבוֹא Genesis 41:50 +; suffix תְּבוֹאֶתְּךָ Job 22:21 (but text dubious see Kö i. 644); 2 masculine singular תָּבוֹא Genesis 15:15 +; 2 feminine singular תָּבוֹאִי Ruth 3:17 +; 1 singular אָבוֹא Genesis 33:14 +; cohortative אָבֹאָה Judges 15:1, אָבִיאָה Genesis 29:21 +, וְתָּבֹאתִי 1 Samuel 25:34 (Qr וְתָּבֹאת, but text probably wrong, see Kö i. 647 Dr, read וְתָּבֹאִי); 3 plural masculine יָבוֹאוּ Genesis 6:20 +, also (by text error) בֹּאוּ Jeremiah 27:18 compare Kö i. 645, יְבֹאֻנִי Psalm 95:11; suffix יְבֹאוּנִי Psalm 119:77, וִיבֹאֻנִי Psalm 119:41; 3 feminine plural תָּבֹאנָה Genesis 30:38, תָּבוֹאנָה 1 Samuel 10:7 +; תְּבֹאֵינָה 1 Samuel 10:7; Psalm 45:16, etc.; Imperative בּוֹא, בֹּא Genesis 7:1 +, בֹּאָה 1 Samuel 20:21; 1 Kings 13:7, בִּיאִי, בֹּאִי 2 Samuel 13:11 +; masculine plural בֹּאוּ Genesis 45:17 +; Infinitive בּוֹא, בֹּא Genesis 39:16 +; suffix בֹּאִי, בּוֹאִי Genesis 48:5 +, בּוֹאֲךָ 1 Samuel 29:6 +, בֹּאֲכָה Genesis 10:19 +, etc., בֹּאָם Genesis 34:5 +, בֹּאָן Genesis 30:38 compare Ezekiel 42:12 (where Co for לְבוֹאָן reads לְבוֹא לָהֶן); Participle בָּא Genesis 33:1 +; feminine בָּאָה Genesis 29:6 +, הַבָּאָה Genesis 18:21 + (accent wrong Ew § 331 b N.); plural בָּאִים Genesis 18:11 +; construct בֹּאֵי Genesis 23:10; feminine absolute בֹּאוֹת Genesis 41:29; (see further on forms Kö i. 643 f.); —

1. Meanings and Usages

• a. Come in, followed by אֶל Genesis 6:18; Genesis 7:9,13, followed by בְּ Genesis 19:8 & so (subject רוּחַ) Ezekiel 2:2; Ezekiel 37:10, followed by לְ Esther 6:4, followed by accusative (בַּיִת) Judges 18:18; 2 Kings 11:19 compare Psalm 100:4 (שַׁעֲרֵיכֶם), & בֹּאֵי שַׁעַר עִירוֹ Genesis 23:10,18; even of lifeless things 2 Kings 18:21, וְבָא בְּכַמּוֹ (of broken reed) = pierce; of food and drink (followed by אֶל) Daniel 10:3 compare Genesis 41:21 (fat kine when eaten by lean kine); see also (followed by בְּ) Numbers 5:22,24,27; absolute Genesis 7:16; Genesis 24:31; 1 Kings 1:42; 1 Kings 14:6 compare 2 Kings 11:5,9 2 Chronicles 23:4,8 +.
• b. Opposed to יָצָא, go out and come in (Sabean וצאם או באם Hal 152) Joshua 6:1; 2 Kings 11:8 2 Chronicles 23:7; especially in sense of going about one's affairs (including all one's undertakings) Deuteronomy 28:6,19; Zechariah 8:10; Psalm 121:8; idem + יָשַׁב 2 Kings 19:27; also followed by לִפְנֵי הָעָם etc. = act as ruler (judge) of, Numbers 27:17; 2 Chronicles 1:10 compare 1 Kings 3:7; of leading an army 1 Samuel 18:13,16 compare also Joshua 14:11; see further Deuteronomy 31:2; 1 Samuel 29:6 & below c. below.
• c. Of taking part in worship of congregation Deuteronomy 23:2; Deuteronomy 23:3 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 23:4 (twice in verse) + (followed by בְּ); or entering into tabernacle for priestly service Exodus 28:29,35; Leviticus 16:23 (all followed by אֶל), Exodus 28:30 (followed by לִפְנֵי יְהוָה), Leviticus 16:17 (followed by infinitive) +.
• d. With of entering on official duty 2 Kings 11:9 2 Chronicles 23:8; 1 Chronicles 27:1 (all opposed to יָצָא).
• e. Of bride coming into her husband's house Joshua 15:18 = Judges 1:14.
• f. Of entering a woman's tent or apartment (with implication coire cum femina, compare Syriac ܒܝܐܗ coitio; on origin of this use of word compare RS K 90, 167, 291) Judges 15:1 אֶל אִשְׁתּוֹ הֶחָדְרָה, Judges 16:1; Genesis 6:4; Genesis 16:2; Genesis 30:3; Genesis 38:8; Genesis 38:9; Genesis 39:14; Deuteronomy 22:13; 2 Samuel 12:24; 2 Samuel 16:21; 2 Samuel 20:3; Ezekiel 23:44 (3 times in verse); Proverbs 6:29 (all followed by אֶל); followed by עַל Genesis 19:31; Deuteronomy 25:5 יָבֹא עַל אָחִיו וְלָקַח לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה compare בֹּאֶיהָ Proverbs 2:19; — subject rarely woman Genesis 19:34; 2 Samuel 11:4. feminine of associating with (followed by בְּ) Joshua 23:7,12 compare Genesis 49:6 בְּסֹדָם אַל תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי (אַל תֵּחַד "" בִּקְהָלָם).
• g. Of entering into specific relations, בֹּא אֶלָּה בְּרִית, בִּבְרִית (see אֱלֹהִים, בְּרִית); בּוֹא בְּדָמִים come into blood-guiltiness, became guilty of murder 1 Samuel 25:26.
• h. Of burial, אֶל קֶבֶר בּוֹא 1 Kings 13:22; 1 Kings 14:13 compare תָּבוֹא אֶל אֲבוֹתֶיךָ Genesis 15:15 ("" תִּקָּבֵר).
• i. Of sun, set (go in, enter, compare Assyrian ērib šanši COT Genesis 19:23; opposed to יָצָא go forth, rise) Genesis 15:12,17; Genesis 28:11; Exodus 17:12; Exodus 22:25; Leviticus 22:7; Deuteronomy 16:6; Deuteronomy 23:12,15; Joshua 8:29; Joshua 10:13,27; Judges 19:14; Ecclesiastes 1:5; 2 Samuel 2:24; 2 Samuel 3:35; 1 Kings 22:36; 1 Kings 18:34; so also figurative Jeremiah 15:9 of calamity בָּאָה שִׁמְשָׁה בְּעֹד יוֹמָם ("" אֻמְלְלָה יָלְדָה הַשִּׁבְעָה etc.), compare Isaiah 60:20; Micah 3:6 הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ עָלָה עַל הַנְּבִיאִים בּוֹא of ignorance and confusion.
• j. Of harvest, come in = be gathered Leviticus 25:22 (compare תְּבוֹאָה); so of revenue (income) 1 Kings 10:14 2 Chronicles 9:13 (followed by לְ person), — opposed to יָצָא be expended.
• k. In other phrases: וְתָּבֹא הָעִיר בַּמָּצוֹר 2 Kings 24:10 + and the city came into siege; compare Psalm 105:18 בַּבַּרְזֶל בָּאָה נַפְשׁוֹ his soul came into iron (see AV RVm; Che felt iron chains, compare Ew Ol Hup Pe; áḥ7 Hi De and others iron came upon his soul); בָּא בַּיָּמִים come into (the) days, = advanced in age Genesis 24:1; Joshua 13:1; Joshua 23:1 (all "" זָקֵן); on 1 Samuel 17:12 see Dr.

• 2. Come (approach, arrive) opposed to הָלַךְ Genesis 16:8; 1 Samuel 20:21 (compare 1 Samuel 20:22) Nehemiah 6:17; Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 5:15 (of birth opposed to death); followed by אֶל person or of thing Genesis 14:7; Genesis 37:23; followed by עַל Exodus 18:23; 2 Chronicles 20:24 (come up upon, almost = ascend); compare also Leviticus 21:11; Numbers 6:6; followed by לְ 1 Samuel 9:12; 2 Chronicles 29:17; followed by עַד Numbers 13:22; Judges 15:14; 2 Samuel 16:5; compare בָּאוּ בָּנִים עַד מַשְׁבֵּר 2 Kings 19:3 = Isaiah 37:3 children have come to the birth; followed by עַד + אֶל 2 Kings 9:20 בָּא עַד אֵלָיו; followed by accusative 1 Samuel 4:12; 2 Kings 8:7; Jeremiah 32:24; compare also Lamentations 1:4 בֹּאֵי מוֹעֵד those coming to an appointed feast; absolute Genesis 45:16 Joseph's brethren are come, & often; also of lifeless things, ark of יְהוָה 1 Samuel 4:6; wind Job 1:19; so כַּסְפְּכֶם בָּא אֵלַי Genesis 43:23 your money came unto me = I received your money; our inheritance has fallen to us Numbers 32:19 (with אֶל); so 1 Samuel 9:16 its cry is come unto me, compare Genesis 18:21; Exodus 3:9; Lamentations 1:22; of time, often of imminent future, esp in phrase הִנֵּה יָמִים בָּאִים Isaiah 39:6 = 2 Kings 20:17; Jeremiah 7:32; Jeremiah 9:24; Jeremiah 16:14; Jeremiah 19:6; compare also 1 Samuel 26:10; Ezekiel 7:7 +; of day of יְהוָה Joel 2:1; Joel 3:4; Zechariah 14:1; Malachi 3:2; Malachi 3:19; Malachi 3:23; also participle as adjective הַיָּמִים הַבָּאִים Ecclesiastes 2:16 compare Jeremiah 47:4; as substantive הַבָּאוֹת Isaiah 41:22 things to come, future things; & הַבָּאִים alone = adverb in (days) to come Isaiah 27:6.
• a. Come with, i.e. come, bringing, followed by אָבוֹא בְּיִתְּךָ בְּעֹלֹת Psalm 66:13; בֹּא בִּגְבוּרוֹת אֱלֹהִים Psalm 71:16 ("" אַזְכִּיר צִדְקָתְךָ) so Leviticus 16:3 & perhaps Proverbs 18:6 — compare בִּי III. 1.
• b. Come upon, fall or light upon, of enemy, attack, followed by עַל Genesis 34:27; 1 Samuel 11:12 compare Genesis 32:9 (followed by אֶל); followed by suffix Job 15:21, so also Job 20:22; Ezekiel 32:11; of calamity, etc. Proverbs 10:24; Proverbs 28:22; Psalm 44:18 (all with suffix); followed by לְ Job 3:25 ("" אָתָה with suffix) Isaiah 47:9 ("" בֹּא עַל); of blessing, followed by עַל Joshua 23:15; followed by suffix Job 22:21 (compare Di) Psalm 119:41 Psalm 77:1.
• c. Come to pass, of signs, wonders, predictions, etc. Deuteronomy 13:3; Joshua 23:14; 1 Samuel 9:6 (בֹּא יָבֹא) Isaiah 42:9; Jeremiah 28:9; Proverbs 13:12; Job 6:8 +.
• d. Genesis 6:13 קֵץ כָּל בָּשָׂר בָּא לְפָנַי perhaps has presented itself before me (see Kn), compare Lamentations 1:22 above & 2 Chronicles 7:11 (where בֹּא for usual עָלָה); but perhaps (compare Di) has come to pass before me, i.e. in my mind it is already a fact.
• e. In phrase עַד בּוֹאֲךָ עַד Judges 6:4; compare Judges 11:33; 1 Samuel 17:52; 2 Samuel 5:25; 1 Kings 18:46 (עַד בֹּאֲכָה) until thou comest to = as far as; so also בֹּאֲךָ (בֹּאֲכָה) alone, = as far as, or in the direction of, Genesis 10:19 (twice in verse); Genesis 10:30; Genesis 13:10; Genesis 25:18; 1 Samuel 27:8 (all followed by accusative locative) 1 Samuel 15:7; so לְבוֹא חֲמָת Numbers 13:21; Numbers 34:8; Ezekiel 48:1, compare Ezekiel 47:15 (in a different connection לָבוֹא אַפְרַתָּה Genesis 35:16; Genesis 48:7); בֹּא מִלְּבוֹא ח Joshua 13:5; Judges 3:3; 1 Chronicles 13:5, compare 1 Chronicles 5:9; 2 Chronicles 26:8; Ezekiel 47:20; בֹּא מִמִּלְּבוֹא ח Amos 6:14; 1 Kings 8:65; 2 Kings 14:25; 2 Chronicles 7:8; of Isaac בָּא מִבּוֹא בְּאֶרַחַיִם לְחַיִּים Genesis 24:62 (but text dubious).
• f. Attain to עַד הַשְּׁלִישִׁית לֹא בָּא 2 Samuel 23:19 = 1 Chronicles 11:21.
• g. Be enumerated הַבָּאִים בִּשְׁמֹות, literally those coming with names 1 Chronicles 4:38.

• 3. Go, i.e. walk, associate with (עִם) Psalm 26:4, so with אֵת Proverbs 22:24 (compare הָלַךְ אֵת Proverbs 13:20 & הִתְהַלֵּךְ אֵת Genesis 5:22,24; Genesis 6:9).
• 4. Go (compare הָלַךְ) from speaker, but with limit of motion given Isaiah 22:15 לֵךְ בֹּא אֶל, so Ezekiel 3:4,11; Genesis 45:17 וּלְכוּ בֹּאוּ אַרְצָה כְּנַעַן; 1 Samuel 22:5 לֵךְ וּבָאתָ לִּי אֶרֶץ יְהוּדָה; Isaiah 47:5; Jonah 1:3 אֲנִי הָלַכְתִּי בָּאָה תַּרְשִׁישָׁה a ship going to Tarshish; go to war יָבֹאוּ לַמִּלְחָמָה Numbers 32:6.

Hiphil

Perfect הֵבִיא Genesis 4:4 +; suffix הֵבִיאֶנִּי Deuteronomy 9:4 +, etc.; 2 masculine singular הֵבֵאתָ Isaiah 43:23, הֵבֵאתָ Genesis 20:9 +, etc.; suffix הֵבֵאתֶּנִי 2 Samuel 7:18; 1 Chronicles 17:16, הֵבֵאתֶּנוּ Numbers 16:14, הֵבֵאתֶּנוּ Psalm 66:11; 1 singular הֵבֵאתִּי Genesis 31:39 +, וְהֵבֵאתִּי Jeremiah 25:13 Kt (Qr וְהֵבֵאתִּי); suffix וְהֵבֵאתֶּנִי Ezekiel 38:16 +, הֵבֵאתֶּנִי Isaiah 37:26, etc.; 3 plural הֵבִיאוּ Genesis 43:2 +; suffix הֵבִיאוּהוּ 2 Chronicles 28:27 etc.; 2 masculine plural הֵבֵאתֶּם Numbers 20:4 +; וְהֵבֵאתֶּם 1 Samuel 16:17; 1 plural suffix הֵבֵאֲנוּם Numbers 32:17; Imperfect (יַבִּיא) יַבִּיא Leviticus 4:32 +, וְיַבִּיא Genesis 2:19 +; suffix וְיַבִּיאֶנִּי Ezekiel 40:17, etc.; 2 masculine singular תָּבִיא Job 14:3; suffix תְּבִיאֶנִּי Jeremiah 13:1, וְתְּבִיאֶנִּי Nehemiah 9:23, תְּבִיאֶנִּי Exodus 15:17, אַבִּיא Exodus 11:1 + (אַבִּי 1 Kings 21:29; Micah 1:15), etc.; Imperative הָבִיא Genesis 43:16; Exodus 4:6, הָבִיאָה Genesis 27:7 +; feminine singular הָבִיאִי 2 Samuel 13:10 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute הָבִיא Haggai 1:6; construct הָבִיא Genesis 18:19 +; Participle מֵבִיא Exodus 10:14 +, מֵבִי 1 Kings 21:21 3t., מֵבִיאֲךָ Deuteronomy 8:7; plural מֵבִיאִים (מֵבִיאִים) 1 Kings 10:25 +; construct מֵבִיאֵי Jeremiah 17:26, מֵבִיאֵיהָ Daniel 11:6; —

1. Cause to come in, bring in (conduct, lead, object persons and animals)

• followed by אֶל Genesis 6:19; Song of Solomon 2:4; Song of Solomon 3:4; followed by בְּ Leviticus 26:41; Psalm 66:11; followed by לְ Judges 19:21; 1 Samuel 9:22; followed by לִפְנֵי Esther 1:11,17; followed by accusative (חֶדֶר) Song of Solomon 1:4; 2 Kings 9:2; also bring, carry in (lifeless things), followed by אֶל Numbers 31:54; Malachi 3:10; followed by בְּ Jeremiah 17:21; send, of sending (shooting) arrows (figurative) Lamentations 3:13; compare Leviticus 26:36; of sending breath (רוּחַ) into dry bones Ezekiel 37:5 (Co עַל); followed by לְ Nehemiah 13:12; followed by accusative locative Exodus 26:33; 2 Kings 20:20 וְיַבִּיא אֹתָהּ הַמַּיִם הָעִירָה; followed by accusative (חֶדֶר) 2 Samuel 13:10; also 2 Chronicles 15:18 (בַּיִת); absolute 2 Samuel 6:17.
• a. Opposed to הוֹצִיא (bring out) Deuteronomy 9:28 (followed by אֶל); especially in combination with הוֹצִיא lead out and in (to and from battle) Numbers 27:17; 1 Chronicles 11:2.
• b. Bring in women as wives for sons (followed by מִן הֶחָצֵר) Judges 12:9 (opposed to שָׁלַח הֶחוּץ).
• c. Bring into judgment וְאֹתִי תָּבִיא בַּמִּשְׁפָּט עִמָּךְ Job 14:3 compare Ecclesiastes 11:9; Ecclesiastes 12:4.
• d. Cause sun to go down Amos 8:9 (symbol of judgment).
• e. Of harvest, bring in, gather 2 Samuel 9:10; Haggai 1:6 (opposed to זָרַע) compare Nehemiah 13:15.
• f. Put staves into (בְּ) rings Exodus 25:14; Exodus 37:5; Exodus 38:7; compare Exodus 26:11; Leviticus 14:42; hand into (בְּ) bosom Exodus 4:6 (twice in verse); girdle into (בְּ) water Jeremiah 13:1.
• g. Other phrases, הֵבִיאוּ צַוָּארָם בַּעֲבֹדָה Nehemiah 3:5 put their necks to the work, etc.; figurative הָבִיא אֶת צַוָּארֵיכֶם בְּעֹל Jeremiah 27:12; הָבִיאָה לַמּוּסָר לִבֶּךָ Proverbs 23:12 apply to instruction thy heart; וְנָבִיא לְבַב חָכְמָה Psalm 90:12 that we may gain a heart of wisdom.

2. Cause to come, bring, bring near, etc. (animate object)

• followed by אֶל Genesis 2:19,22; Genesis 43:9; Leviticus 24:11; Numbers 5:15; often of bringing Israel to Canaan Exodus 6:8; Exodus 23:23 +, compare Isaiah 14:2; Isaiah 56:7; Nehemiah 1:9; absolute Deuteronomy 4:38; Deuteronomy 6:23; followed by לְ Genesis 39:14,17; followed by accusative locative Ezekiel 12:13; followed by הֲלֹם Judges 18:3, & עַד הֲלֹם (figurative of Yahweh's prospering care) 2 Samuel 7:18 = 1 Chronicles 17:16; absolute Genesis 46:32; also with lifeless object, Genesis 27:10 (followed by לְ), so 2 Chronicles 36:7; Genesis 31:39 (followed by אֶל); followed by accusative 2 Kings 12:5; 2 Chronicles 36:18; Daniel 1:2 (twice in verse); followed by accusative locative Exodus 26:33; Jeremiah 20:5; followed by לִפְנֵי 2 Chronicles 24:14; of time, cause a day to come Lamentations 1:21; cause cry to come (עַל) Job 34:28; = carry בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּאוּ עַל כַּנְפֵיהֶם נְשָׁאִים Isaiah 49:22 ("" עַל כַּתֵּפֶיךָ נְשָׂאתִיךָ); carry God in (בְּ) the hand Job 12:6 (compare אֱלֹהִים p. 43); allow to come, almost = invite Esther 5:12 (followed by אֶל) compare Esther 5:10.
• a. Followed by עַל bring against, or upon, bring enemies against Jeremiah 25:9 compare Ezekiel 23:22; object sword Leviticus 26:25; Ezekiel 5:17; Ezekiel 11:8; Ezekiel 14:17; Ezekiel 33:2; plague Exodus 11:1; curse or calamity Genesis 27:12; Deuteronomy 29:26; 1 Kings 9:9 2 Chronicles 7:22; Job 42:11 compare Jeremiah 25:13; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 44:2; Jeremiah 49:8,37; Ezekiel 14:22; sin Genesis 20:9; Genesis 26:10; Exodus 32:21; compare also followed by אֶל Jeremiah 32:42; Jeremiah 49:36.
• b. Bring to pass 2 Kings 19:25 = Isaiah 37:26 compare 1 Chronicles 4:10.
• c. Bring, bring forward, bring on the scene Micah 1:15; Zechariah 3:8.
• d. Bring for a purpose, followed by infinitive Psalm 78:71 מֵאַחֲרֵי הָעִזִּים הֵבִיאוֹ לִרְעוֹת בְּיַעֲקֹב עַמּוֹ.
• e. Bring, procure בְּנַפְשֹׁתֵינוּ הֵבֵאנוּ לָחֶם Lamentations 5:9.

Hophal

Perfect הוּבָא Leviticus 10:18 +; 3 feminine singular הֻבָּאת Genesis 33:11 (see below); 2 masculine singular הֻבָּאתָה Ezekiel 40:4; 3 plural הֻבָּאוּ Genesis 43:18; Imperfect יוּבָא Leviticus 6:23 +, יוּבָּאוּ Jeremiah 27:22; Participle מוּבָא 2 Kings 12:10 +; plural מוּבָאִים Genesis 43:18; Ezekiel 30:11 + Ezekiel 23:42 (Co מְרַבִּדִים), מוּבָאוֹת Psalm 45:15; —

• a. Be brought in (of person and things), absolute Genesis 43:18; followed by בַּיִת into a house Genesis 43:18; temple 2 Kings 12:5; 2 Kings 12:10; 2 Kings 12:14; 2 Kings 12:17; 2 Kings 22:4; 2 Chronicles 34:9,14.
• b. Be brought, followed by לְ Genesis 33:11 (but áḥ5 rd Hiphil I have brought), Psalm 45:15; followed by אֶל unto Leviticus 6:23; Leviticus 10:18; Leviticus 13:2,9; Leviticus 14:2; compare Ezekiel 23:42 (but see Co VB); followed by הִנֵּה Ezekiel 40:4; followed by בַּבָּבֶל Jeremiah 27:22; followed by infinitive Leviticus 16:27; Ezekiel 30:11; followed by מִן Jeremiah 10:9.
• c. Be introduced, put, followed by בְּ, staves into rings Exodus 27:7; vessel into water Leviticus 11:32.

¹ Arabic cognate is بَاءَ 'come', but text has "return" possibly a mistranslation or OCR error.

Verb Qal infinitive construct common, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0935:

No stats available

ומי וּמִי

and who

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מי

mîy

Definition

who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also (indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction with prefix or suffix

Root

an interrogative pronoun of persons, as H4100 (מה) is of things,

Exhaustive

an interrogative pronoun of persons, as מה is of things,; who? (occasionally, by a peculiar idiom, of things); also (indefinitely) whoever; often used in oblique construction with prefix or suffix; any (man), [idiom] he, [idiom] him, [phrase] O that! what, which, who(-m, -se, -soever), [phrase] would to God.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4310

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִי

pronoun interrogative • Strongs / High • Page 843

Interrogative pronoun: who? what? (of persons, as מַה is of things). It is used in direct and indirect questions, without distinction of gender and number. Main uses include: 1. As a substantive, often in a genitive sense (e.g., whose?). 2. When seeming to refer to things, it still implies a person (e.g., who are the men... of the camp?). 3. Used for emphasis or modification (e.g., who then?). 4. With the meaning of 'how?' or 'what kind?'. 5. Taking a negative turn to mean 'nobody' or 'none'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִי

interrogative pronoun • Page 372

1. Who? (Gen. 24:23; Judg. 21:8). 2. How? (Am. 7:2,5; Ruth 3:16).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4310

I. מִי (approximate number of occurrences: 423) pronoun interrogative — who? of persons, as מָה of things.

Cognates:

• Ethiopic ምንት (only = What? and How?)
• Assyrian mî, me (rare)¹, but usual form mannu, manu²
• Ethiopic መኑ manū
• Aramaic מַן
• Arabic مَنْ, Vulgar Arabic min, mên (rejection of n probably in Hebrew מִי)³

— מִי absolute Genesis 3:11 הִגִּיד לְךָ מִי who told thee? Genesis 24:65 מִי הָאִישׁ הַלָּזֶה who is this man? Genesis 27:18 מִי אַתָּה בְּנִי who art thou, my son? Numbers 22:9; Judges 1:1; Judges 6:29; Judges 15:6; Judges 18:3; Judges 20:18; 2 Samuel 1:8 + often; Ruth 3:9 מִי אָתּ who art thou, (feminine)? Isaiah 51:12; of more than one, מִי אֵלֶּה who are these? Genesis 33:5; Genesis 48:8; Isaiah 60:8; מִי אַתֶּם 2 Kings 10:13; once, more explicitly, מִי וָמִי הַהֹלְכִים Exodus 10:8; = as who? (i.e. in what condition, or capacity), Amos 7:2 יַעֲקֹב מִי יָקוּם Amos 7:5; Isaiah 51:19 מִי אֲנַחֲמֵךְ (but Vrss Che Lag Brd Du מִי יְנַחֲמֵךְ, as "" מִי יָנוּד), Ruth 3:16 (Be Ke Kö⁴).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Used of things

Rarely used of things, and usually where persons are understood or implied:

• Genesis 33:8 מִי לְךָ כָּל־הַמַּחֲנֶה הַזֶּה who (or what) to thee is all this camp?
• Deuteronomy 4:7
• Judges 9:28 שְׁכֶם מִי who is Shechem (i.e. the Shechemites)?
• Micah 1:5 מִי־פֶשַׁע יַעֲקֹב הֲלֹא שֹׁמְרוֹן
• Songs 3:6
• Judges 13:17 מִי שְׁמֶךָ (but מָה Genesis 32:28; Exodus 3:13; compare Aramaic מַן Ezra 5:4)⁵

b. In the Genitive or with prepositions

• Genitive: בַּת־מִי אַתְּ whose daughter art thou? Genesis 24:23, 47; 1 Samuel 12:3 (3 times in verse); 1 Samuel 17:55; Jeremiah 44:28; Job 26:4; Job 33:28
• אַחֲרֵי מִי 1 Samuel 24:15 (twice in verse)
• אֶל־מִי 1 Samuel 6:20; 2 Kings 9:5 +
• בְּמִי by whom? 1 Kings 20:14
• לְמִי to whom? whose? Genesis 32:18, Genesis 38:25; Proverbs 20:20 +
• מִמִּי Ezekiel 32:19; Psalm 27:1 (twice in verse)
• עַל־מִי 2 Kings 18:20; 2 Kings 19:22; Isaiah 57:4 +
• אֶת־מִי (accusative), 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8; = with whom? Job 12:3

c. In an indirect question

• Genesis 21:26
• Genesis 43:22 לֹא יָדַעְנוּ מִי שָׂם we do not know who put
• Deuteronomy 21:1; Psalm 39:7
• Joshua 24:15 בַּחֲרוּ... אֶת־מִי תַעֲבֹדוּן choose whom ye will serve
• After verbs: רָאָה 1 Samuel 14:17, שָׁאַל 1 Samuel 17:56, הִגִּיד 1 Kings 1:20, הוֹדִיעַ 1 Kings 1:27

d. Partitive: who among ... ?

• 1 Samuel 22:14; Isaiah 36:20; Isaiah 43:9; Isaiah 48:14 (בָּהֶם); Isaiah 42:23; Isaiah 50:10; Haggai 2:3 (בָּכֶם)
• מִי מִן who of ... ? Judges 21:8; 2 Kings 6:11; Isaiah 50:1

e. Strengthened and emphatic forms

• מִי זֶה, מִי הוּא, מִי הוּא זֶה Psalm 24:10; Jeremiah 30:21; Esther 7:5
• מִי אֶחָד what single one ... ? Judges 21:8, compare 2 Samuel 7:23 ( = 1 Chronicles 17:21)

2. Rhetorical Uses

a. To express a wish

The question implies a desire that the person asked for were present (followed by imperfect):

• 2 Samuel 15:4 מִי יְשִׂמֵנִי שֹׁפֵט who will set me judge? i.e. would that some one would make me judge!
• 2 Samuel 23:15 מִי יַשְׁקֵנִי מַיִם = O that one would give me to drink!
• Phrase מִי יִתֵּן who will give? i.e. would that there were...! Numbers 11:29; Deuteronomy 28:67; Judges 9:29

b. To express contempt, modesty, or surprise

• Contempt (implying no one): Exodus 5:2 מִי יְהוָה who is Yahweh that I should listen? Judges 9:28; 1 Samuel 17:26; 1 Samuel 25:10 מִי דָוִד וּמִי בֶן־יִשָׁי
• Modesty: Exodus 3:11 מִי אָנֹכִי כִּי אֵלֵךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹה; 1 Samuel 18:18 וּמִי חַיַּי מִי אָנֹכִי; 2 Samuel 7:18; 1 Chronicles 29:14; 2 Chronicles 2:5
• Surprise: Isaiah 44:10; Isaiah 49:21

c. As a rhetorical negative

Implying the answer few or none:

• Deuteronomy 9:2 מִי יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי בְנֵי עֲנָק who can stand, etc.?
• Deuteronomy 30:12–13; 1 Samuel 4:8; Job 9:12 מִי יֹאמַר who shall say?
• Perfect of experience: Numbers 23:10; Isaiah 66:8; Jeremiah 18:13 מִי שָׁמַע כָּאֵלֶּה
• In poetry: Genesis 49:9 מִי יְקִימֶנּוּ; Exodus 15:11 מִי כָמֹכָה; Isaiah 53:1; Psalm 18:32

d. Who knoweth? (= perchance)

• 2 Samuel 12:22 מִי יוֹדֵעַ יְחָנֵּנִי יְהוָה it may be Yahweh will be gracious
• Joel 2:14 ( = Jonah 3:9) מִי יוֹדֵעַ יָשׁוּב וְנִחָם
• Esther 4:14 מִי יוֹדֵעַ אִם

e. Rendered "whosoever"

Does not strictly mean it, but functions as a conditional interrogative:

• Exodus 24:14 מִי בַעַל דְּבָרִים יִגַּשׁ אֲלֵהֶם literally, Who hath a cause? let him draw nigh
• Judges 7:3 מִי יָרֵא וְחָרֵד יָשֹׁב who is fearful? let him return
• Exodus 32:26 מִי לַיהוָה אֵלָי who is on Yahweh's side? (let him come) to me!
• 2 Samuel 18:12 שִׁמְרוּ־מִי בַּנַּעַר Have a care, whosoever ye be, of the young man (but read לִי with ᵐ5)

¹ Jäger, Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft, ii. 277.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch, 419 (Dl HWB).

³ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, 123 f. (W SG).

⁴ Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache, iii. 388 (Kö).

⁵ Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik, p. 341 (Nö M).

Conjunction, Pronoun interrogative

LXX: τίσ τίνι ἐστιν τίνα τίνοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4310:

τίσ 302× (65.2%)

τίνι 27× (5.9%)

ἐστιν 24× (4.2%)

τίνα 23× (4.9%)

τίνοσ 15× (3.3%)

'' 10× (1.9%)

---% 9× (1.6%)

τί 8× (1.7%)

--- 6× (1.3%)

τίνεσ 5× (1.1%)

העמד הָעֹמֵד

can stand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עמד

ʻâmad

Definition

to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive); abide (behind), appoint, arise, cease, confirm, continue, dwell, be employed, endure, establish, leave, make, ordain, be (over), place, (be) present (self), raise up, remain, repair, [phrase] serve, set (forth, over, -tle, up), (make to, make to be at a, with-) stand (by, fast, firm, still, up), (be at a) stay (up), tarry.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5975

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1102

(Intransitive) To stand upright, be set up (of a pillar); to stand still, stop; to stand before (in service), serve, wait upon; to assist, protect. (Figurative) To stand firm, endure, persist, persevere; to hold good; to continue to live.

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1103

To stand, stand up, stand still, stop, endure, continue, abide, be calm, stay, remain (Kal); To be established, preserved, set (Niph.); To be placed, continue to stand upright (Hoph.); To set up, to erect, place, make firm, appoint, constitute, establish, impart, set forth for a law, to make stand (Hif.).

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1103

Intransitive: to waver (Kal not used); causative (Hif. הֶעֱמִיר): to make waver, to cause to shake; to make rigid, to lame. (Transposed from עָמַק.)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עִמָּד

preposition • Root עם • Page 513

Equivalent to עִם; a preposition found only with the suffix עִמָּדִי, meaning 'with'.

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Page 513

I. 1. To stand, stay (1 Sam. 20:38); to stand before someone as a servant (Gen. 41:46). 2. To stand firm, to abide (Ps. 33:11, 102:27). 3. To continue, stay (Ex. 9:28, Lev. 13:5). 4. To keep (a covenant) (Ezek. 17:14); to stand up, arise (Dan. 12:1, 8:23). 5. Passive of Hiphil: to be set, placed, appointed (Ezra 10:14).

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Page 513

Found only in Hiphil (Ezek. 29:7), by transposition for הַמְעַדְתָּ meaning 'thou causedst their loins to shake.'

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5975

I. עָמַד (approximate number of occurrences: 520) — take one’s stand, stand.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Phoenician עמד
• Assyrian emêdu stand, set up
• Arabic عمد prop up, support
• Ethiopic ዐመደ pillar
• Targum עַמּוּדָא pillar
• Syriac ܥܡܘܕܐ
• Palmyrene עמודא
• Sabean עמד pillar¹, plural אעמדן²

— עָמַד Perfect Genesis 19:27 +; 3 feminine singular עָֽמְדָה 2 Kings 13:6 +; Imperfect יַעֲמֹד Exodus 21:21, יַעֲמוֺד Nahum 1:6 +, יַעֲמָדֿ 1 Samuel 16:22 +; 1 singular אֶעֱמֹ֑דָה Habakkuk 2:1, וָאֶעֱמֹד 2 Samuel 1:10; 3 masculine plural יַעַמְדוּ Jeremiah 32:14 +, יַעֲמֹ֑דוּ Ezekiel 1:21 +, 2 masculine plural וַתַּעַמְדוּן Deuteronomy 4:11; Imperative עֲמֹד 1 Samuel 9:27 +, עֲמָדֿ 2 Samuel 1:9; feminine singular עִמְדִי Isaiah 47:12, Jeremiah 48:19; Infinitive absolute עָמֹד Esther 9:16; construct עֲמֹד Exodus 18:23 +, suffix עָמְדִי Jeremiah 18:20, עֲמָדְךָ Obadiah 11; Participle עֹמֵד Isaiah 3:13 +, feminine עֹמֶ֫דֶת Haggai 2:5 +.

Qal

1. a. take one’s stand, and (especially participle) stand, be in a standing attitude

• with עַל by, 1 Samuel 26:13; 2 Samuel 2:25; 2 Kings 2:7; participle Genesis 18:8 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 41:1, 17 (Elohist Source)
• with עַל on, Exodus 3:5 (Elohist Source), Deuteronomy 27:12
• with ב location, Exodus 32:26; Numbers 22:24, 26 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)
• with אֶל location, 1 Kings 20:38 (+ לְ person), Jeremiah 48:19; Ezekiel 21:26; Ezekiel 27:29
• with אֶל person, 1 Samuel 17:51; 2 Kings 5:25
• with אֵצֶל, Genesis 41:3 (Elohist Source), Ezekiel 9:2; Ezekiel 10:6; Nehemiah 8:4
• with לִפְנֵי, Genesis 18:22; 1 Kings 3:16; 1 Kings 8:22
• before Yahweh, for intercession, Genesis 19:27 (Jehovist Source), Deuteronomy 4:10; Jeremiah 15:1; Jeremiah 18:20
• take one's stand and do a thing, 1 Samuel 17:8; 1 Kings 8:55; 2 Kings 18:28 = Isaiah 36:13

b. stand forth (to speak, etc.)

• 2 Kings 10:9

c. take a stand against (עַל), in opposition to

• Judges 6:31; Ezra 10:15 (but stand over, = have charge of³); Leviticus 19:16 (Holiness Code) עַל־דַּֿם against the blood of, i.e. seek one's blood; with יָ֑חַד Isaiah 50:8 together, i.e. against each other

d. present oneself before (לִפְנֵי)

• Genesis 43:15 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 9:10 (Elohist Source), Numbers 27:2, 21 (Priests' Code), 1 Samuel 16:21; before Yahweh (in sanctuary) Deuteronomy 19:17; Jeremiah 7:10; Leviticus 9:5 (Priests' Code); in heaven 1 Kings 22:21

e. attend upon, be(come) servant of

• with לִפְנֵי, 1 Samuel 16:22 (see Driver), 1 Kings 1:2; servant of Yahweh 1 Kings 17:1; Jeremiah 15:19; priests לִפְנֵי י׳ (לְשָֽׁרְתוֺׅ Deuteronomy 10:8; Judges 20:28; Ezekiel 44:15; of Levites, stand before congregation for menial duties Ezekiel 44:11; Numbers 16:9 (Priests' Code)

f. stand afar

• מֵרָחוֺק Exodus 20:18, 21 (Elohist Source), Isaiah 59:14; Psalm 38:12, בְּר׳ Psalm 10:1; stand aloof מִנֶֹּגֶד Obadiah 11

g. stand (silent)

• Job 32:16

h. stand (appealingly)

• Job 30:20 (but read עָמַדְתָּ, of God)

i. stand, subject רֶגֶל

• Zechariah 14:4 (on עַל); Psalm 122:2 (in ב); Psalm 26:12 (figurative)

j. stand, of water

• עַל־הָֿרִים Psalm 104:6

2. a. stand still, stop, cease moving

• of moon Joshua 10:13 (Jehovist/Elohist Source), sun Joshua 10:13, both Habakkuk 3:11; of person 1 Samuel 9:27; stop flowing (oil) 2 Kings 4:6; of eruption in skin = remain unchanged Leviticus 13:23, 28 (Priests' Code)

b. be inactive

• 2 Chronicles 20:17 (opposed to לְהִלָּחֵם)

c. be attentive

• Job 37:14

d. stop, cease doing a thing

• 2 Kings 13:18; with מִן, Genesis 29:35, Genesis 30:9 (Jehovist Source)

3. a. tarry, delay

• Genesis 45:9 (Elohist Source), Joshua 10:19 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)

b. remain

• with ב location, 2 Kings 15:20; Deuteronomy 10:10; with עִמָּדִי Deuteronomy 5:28

c. continue, abide

• Jeremiah 32:14; Isaiah 66:22; Psalm 102:27; dwell Exodus 8:18 (Jehovist Source); לָעַד Psalm 19:10; Ecclesiastes 1:4; of plan = be established Psalm 33:11; maintain itself Ecclesiastes 2:9

d. endure

• Exodus 18:23 (Elohist Source), Ezekiel 22:14

e. be steadfast

• Deuteronomy 25:8; Ruth 2:7

4. make a stand, hold one's ground

• Amos 2:15; 2 Kings 10:4; with לִפְנֵי, Judges 2:14; with עַל for one's life, Esther 8:11

5. a. remain upright

• 2 Kings 13:6; of house (endurance) Job 8:15; Proverbs 12:7

b. stand up (opposed to sit or prostrate)

• Nehemiah 8:5; Job 29:8; Ezekiel 2:1 (עַל־רַגְלֶיךָ); of revival after death Daniel 12:13

c. stand up, rise (water)

• Joshua 3:13 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)

d. be erect, upright (of boards)

• Exodus 26:15; Exodus 36:20 (Priests' Code)

6. a. arise, appear, come on the scene

• Ezra 2:63 = Nehemiah 7:65; Daniel 8:22; Daniel 11:2; of war 1 Chronicles 20:4

b. stand forth, appear = come into being

• Isaiah 48:13; Psalm 33:9

c. rise up as foe

• with עַל against, 1 Chronicles 21:1; Daniel 8:25; Daniel 11:14

Hiphil

— הֶעֱמִיד Perfect 1 Kings 12:32 +; 2 masculine singular הֶעֱמַדְתָּה Psalm 30:8, וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ֫ Numbers 3:6 +; Imperfect יַעֲמִיד Proverbs 29:4 +, וַיַּעֲמֵד 2 Kings 8:1; Imperative הַעֲמֵד Isaiah 21:6; Infinitive construct הַעֲמִיד 1 Kings 15:4.

1. station, set

• Judges 16:25 (with בֵּין); for duty Numbers 11:24 (Elohist Source); Nehemiah 13:11; with עַל against Nehemiah 4:3

2. cause to stand firm, maintain

• Psalm 18:34; Exodus 9:16 (Jehovist Source); 1 Kings 15:4

3. cause to stand up, set up, erect

• with עַל־רַגְלַי Ezekiel 2:2; temple Ezra 2:68; doors Nehemiah 3:1

4. present before (לִפְנֵי)

• Genesis 47:7 (Priests' Code); in sanctuary Leviticus 14:11 (Priests' Code); (goat) Leviticus 16:7

5. appoint, ordain, establish

• Nehemiah 7:3; with עַל over Nehemiah 13:9; establish covenant Psalm 105:10; fulfill vision Daniel 11:14

Hophal

— Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָעֳמַדֿ Leviticus 16:10 be presented; Participle הָיָה מָעֳמָד 1 Kings 22:35 he was propped up in his chariot.

¹ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS), iv. 91.

² D. H. Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Abessinien, 80.

³ Abraham Kuenen, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Kue Ges. Abh.), 247 f.

⁴ S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament.

Particle definite article, Verb Qal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: ἔστη ἔστησαν εἱστήκει στήσεται στήσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H5975:

ἔστη 65× (11.6%)

ἔστησαν 56× (10.2%)

εἱστήκει 21× (4.2%)

στήσεται 18× (3.5%)

στήσονται 14× (2.7%)

ἔστησεν 14× (2.5%)

στῆθι 12× (2.4%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

στήσει 9× (1.6%)

στῆναι 9× (1.7%)

בהראותו בְּהֵרָאוֹתוֹ

when He appears

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ראה

râʼâh

Definition

to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative); advise self, appear, approve, behold, [idiom] certainly, consider, discern, (make to) enjoy, have experience, gaze, take heed, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] joyfully, lo, look (on, one another, one on another, one upon another, out, up, upon), mark, meet, [idiom] be near, perceive, present, provide, regard, (have) respect, (fore-, cause to, let) see(-r, -m, one another), shew (self), [idiom] sight of others, (e-) spy, stare, [idiom] surely, [idiom] think, view, visions.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7200

נו

Definition

he, subject pronoun - subject 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal subject pronoun - suffix for some adverbs and infinitives: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9043

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1308

To see, look, behold, or observe (physical act); to perceive, experience, or know (metaphorical); of prophets, to have revelations; to live/exist (to see light); to inspect, examine, try; to regard, consider, trust, or choose/appoint.

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1308

To be seen, but when used with a negative, to disappear, to be invisible (only 3 pl. fem. is attested as רָאֲתָה).

רָאָה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1309

To see, look, perceive, appear; sometimes the object follows in a clause introduced by כִּי; to cause to look upon with a mischievous pleasure; to cause one to feel or experience, good or evil; to enjoy.

רָאָה

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 1309

The name of a bird of prey, probably named from its keen sight.

רָאָה

adjective • Strongs / High • Page 1309

Seeing.

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1307

1. Intransitive: to see, to look, to view. 2. Transitive: to see, with the accusative. Often meaning to perceive.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Page 601

To see, look. 1. to see, look (Ps. 64:6, Ex. 5:21, Mal. 3:18). 2. to view with interest or sympathy, to rejoice in a thing (Job 3:9, Ps. 22:18, Ps. 112:8). 3. to look on, to view (Lev. 13:3); specifically of God looking on to relieve affliction (Ex. 4:31, Ps. 9:14). 4. to look or see to a thing, to take care for it (Gen. 39:23, 1 K. 12:16). 5. to see, know, discern (Jer. 20:12, Ecc. 1:16). 6. to visit (2 Sam. 13:5, 2 K. 8:29). 7. to choose, select (Gen. 22:8); passive participle רָאוּי means select or chosen (Est. 2:9). 8. to see or experience good, evil, life, or death (Ps. 34:13, Ecc. 9:9, Ps. 89:49).

רָאָה

verb • Page 602

found only Deut. 14:13. prob. a corrupted reading for דַּיָּה, as in the parallel passage Lev. 11:14.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7200

I. רָאָה (approximate number of occurrences: 1315) verb — see.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Moabite (Mesha Inscription) וארא
• Sabean ראי see, expect
• Arabic رأى see
• Ethiopic ርእየ
• Aramaic רֵו, רֵיוָא appearance

— רָאָה absolute Genesis 29:10; suffix וְרָֽאֲךָ Exodus 4:14; רָֽאֲתָה feminine Genesis 38:14; יִרְאֶה Imperfect Genesis 22:8; יֵרֵא jussive Genesis 41:33; וַיַּרְא Genesis 18:2; רְאֵה Imperative Genesis 27:27; רָאֹה Infinitive absolute Exodus 3:7; רְאוֺת construct Exodus 10:28; רֹאֶה Participle active Ezekiel 13:15.

Qal

1. see
   • a. With subject eye: Isaiah 6:5, Isaiah 30:20; of seeing God Genesis 32:31 (face to face); of access to rank Genesis 43:3.
   • b. With accusative of thing: Joshua 24:7, 1 Samuel 24:11; receiving revelation Isaiah 30:10, Ezekiel 13:3; see the sun (the living) Ecclesiastes 7:11.
2. see, followed by clauses:
   • a. With כִּי (that): Genesis 6:2 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 2:2 (Elohist Source).
   • b. With adjective or participle: Genesis 7:1, Amos 9:1, 2 Samuel 18:10.
3. see, so as to learn or know:
   • Deuteronomy 33:9; have experience of Jeremiah 5:12, Psalm 89:49.
4. absolute, have power of vision:
   • Genesis 27:1; figurative of spiritual vision Isaiah 6:10, Ezekiel 12:2.
5. perceive:
   • Exodus 3:4; Genesis 2:19. Note: combined with ידע (know and see): 1 Samuel 24:12, 1 Samuel 12:17.
6. look at, see by direct volition:
   • a. Inspect or reconnoitre: Joshua 2:1, Leviticus 13:3.
   • b. Of God looking with favour: Psalm 138:6.
   • c. Look after, visit: Genesis 37:14, 1 Samuel 15:35.
   • d. Look out, find, select: 2 Kings 9:2, Genesis 41:33, 1 Samuel 16:1.
7. mental observation:
   • a. Consider, reflect: Genesis 31:50, Ecclesiastes 7:14.
   • b. Distinguish: Malachi 3:18.
8. with preposition ב:
   • a. Gaze at, inspect: 1 Samuel 6:19, Ezekiel 21:26.
   • b. Feast eyes upon, gloat over: Micah 7:10, Obadiah 1:12–13, Psalm 22:18.

Niph`al

— נִרְאָה absolute Genesis 48:3; יֵרָאֶה Imperfect Genesis 22:14.

1. appear
   • a. Of God: Genesis 12:7, Exodus 6:3 (Priests' Code), 1 Kings 3:5.
   • b. Of man, present oneself: Genesis 46:29; appear before Jehovah Exodus 34:23, Psalm 42:3.
   • c. Of things: Genesis 1:9, Songs 2:12.
2. be seen: 1 Kings 10:12; be present Exodus 13:7.

Pu`al

— רֻוְּ plural Job 33:21 be seen, detected (perhaps corrupt).

Hithpa`el

— תִּתְרָאוּ Imperfect Genesis 42:1 look at each other.

• Met in combat: 2 Kings 14:8, 2 Kings 14:11.

Hiph`il

— הֶרְאָה Perfect Genesis 41:28; הַרְאֵנִי Imperative Exodus 33:18; הַרְאוֺת Infinitive Deuteronomy 3:24.

1. cause to see, shew:
   • a. Numbers 13:26, 2 Kings 20:13; of God shewing Genesis 12:1, Exodus 25:9.
   • b. Cause to experience: Habakkuk 1:3, Psalm 60:5.
2. cause to look intently at: Psalm 50:23; feast eyes upon enemies Psalm 59:11.

Hoph`al

— הָרְאֵיתָ Perfect Exodus 26:30; מָרְאֶה Participle Exodus 25:40 be caused to see, be shewn.

¹ Mesha Inscription (MI), line 4.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC), § 75p.

³ D. H. Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG) xxix, 1875.

⁴ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (Dr Sm).

Preposition, Verb Niphal infinitive construct common, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: εἶδεν εἶδον ὄψεται ἰδεῖν ἴδετε

LXX Usage Statistics

H7200:

εἶδεν 159× (11.3%)

εἶδον 154× (11.3%)

ὄψεται 52× (3.8%)

ἰδεῖν 51× (3.6%)

ἴδετε 43× (3.1%)

ἰδὲ 42× (3.0%)

ἰδὼν 34× (2.5%)

ὄψονται 33× (2.5%)

ὤφθη 28× (2.1%)

ἰδοὺ 24× (1.9%)

כי כִּי־

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3588

I. כִּי conjunction — that, for, when.

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician כ
• Aramaic דֵּךְ this¹
• Latin nam

1. That

a. Prefixed to sentences depending on an active verb

Occupying the place of an accusative; after verbs of seeing, knowing, telling, etc.:

• Genesis 1:10 וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי טוֹב (God saw that it was good)
• Genesis 3:6, Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 12:14
• Genesis 14:14, Genesis 22:12 (knowing)
• Genesis 12:18, Genesis 6:6–7 (repenting)
• Genesis 22:16 (swearing)
• Job 36:10, 24 (commanding)
• Psalm 41:12 (after a pronoun)

b. Introducing direct narration

Like the Greek ὅτι recitativum:

• Genesis 21:30
• Genesis 29:33 and she said, כִּי שָׁמַע יְהוָה Yahweh hath heard, etc.
• Exodus 3:12
• Joshua 2:24
• 1 Samuel 10:19 and ye have said to him, כִּי מֶלֶךְ תָּשִׂים עָלֵינוּ

c. Especially after an oath

Introducing the fact sworn to:

• Genesis 42:16 by the life of Pharaoh, כִּי מְרַגְּלִים אַתֶּם
• Numbers 14:22
• 1 Samuel 20:3 as יְהוָה liveth, כִּי כְפֶשַׂע בֵּינִי וּבֵין הַמָּוֶת
• 1 Samuel 14:44 כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה אֱלֹהִים וְכֹה יוֹסִיף כִּי מוֹת תָּמוּת

d. With adverbs and interjections

• אַף כִּי (see אַף)
• הֲכִי is it that...? 2 Samuel 9:1, Genesis 29:15
• אִם לֹא כִּי Deuteronomy 32:30 were it not that...
• כִּי עַתָּה (apodosis) Genesis 31:42, Genesis 43:10

e. Intensive force

Introducing a statement with emphasis: yea, surely, certainly:

• Exodus 18:11
• 1 Samuel 17:25
• Isaiah 32:13
• Lamentations 3:22 (the mercies of יְהוָה, surely they are not consumed)

f. That, expressing consecution

Especially after a question implying surprise or deprecation:

• Genesis 20:9 what have I sinned against thee כִּי הֵבֵאתָ עָלַי that thou hast brought upon me?
• Exodus 3:11 who am I כִּי אֵלֵךְ that I should go?
• Psalm 8:5 what is man כִּי תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ?
• Genesis 40:15 (after a negative)

2. Of time

a. When

• Of the past: Genesis 6:1, Genesis 26:8, 2 Samuel 6:13
• Of the present: Exodus 18:16 כִּי יִהְיֶה לָהֶם דָּבָר when they have a matter
• Of the future: Genesis 4:12 כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת הָאֲדָמָה, Exodus 7:9

b. Approximating to "if"

Representing a case likely to occur (mostly with imperfect):

• Genesis 38:16
• Often in laws: Exodus 21:14, 21:33; Leviticus 1:2

c. Concessive force (though)

• Jeremiah 49:16 כִּי תַגְבִּיהַּ כַּנֶּשֶׁר קִנֶּךָ though thou make high like the vulture thy nest
• Micah 7:8 כִּי נָפַלְתִּי קָמְתִּי though I have fallen, I rise

3. Because, since

a. General causal

• Genesis 3:14 because thou hast done this, cursed art thou
• Genesis 18:20
• In answer to a question: Genesis 27:20, Exodus 1:19

b. Following the causal sentence (for)

• Genesis 2:3 כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת because on it he rested
• Psalm 6:3 heal me כִּי נִבְהֲלוּ עֲצָמָי for my bones are vexed
• Ironical: 1 Kings 18:27 for he is a god

c. Subtle or explicative causal

Justifying a statement by unfolding particulars:

• Isaiah 3:8, Job 6:21
• 2 Samuel 23:5, Isaiah 5:7

d. After a negative (but / sondern)

• Genesis 17:15 not Sarai, כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ but Sarah shall be her name
• Exodus 16:8 not against us... כִּי עַל יְהוָה but against Yahweh
• לֹא כִּי nay, but: Genesis 18:15 לֹא כִּי צָחָקְתְּ

4. Combined with Other Particles

a. כִּי אִם (except, but rather, surely)

• Except: Genesis 32:27 כִּי אִם בֵּרַכְתָּנִי except thou bless me
• But rather: Genesis 15:4, Genesis 32:29
• Surely (after oath): 2 Kings 5:20 כִּי אִם רַצְתִּי surely I will run

b. כִּי עַל כֵּן (forasmuch as / for therefore)

• Genesis 18:5 כִּי עַל כֵּן עֲבַרְתֶּם for therefore are ye come
• Numbers 14:43, Judges 6:22

¹ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W. SG 110 f.).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (Dr).

³ Ewald's Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

הוא הוּא

Himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

הוא

hûwʼ

Definition

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are

Root

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is היא; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular;

Exhaustive

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is היא; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular; he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are; he, as for her, him(-self), it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they, this, those, which (is), who.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1931

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הוּא

personal pronoun • Root הו • Strongs / High • Page 392

Personal pronoun, 3rd person singular masculine: he, it. It can also be used for emphasis (he himself), as a demonstrative (this, that), to indicate self, or to strengthen other pronouns (I myself, thou thyself).

הוּא

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 393

Personal pronoun, 3rd person singular masculine: he, it. Can also mean 'the same', 'himself'. It is also used as a designation for God, and can include the verb 'to be'.

הוּא

aramaic personal pronoun (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 393

Aramaic personal pronoun of the 3rd person, he.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הוּא

chald. • Page 178

idem. behold, as for as simply. So in Syr. Dan. 2:43.

הוּא

pronoun • Page 182

1. he, and as a neuter it. In the Pentateuch, used for both genders. 2. self, same, selfsame. Is. 7:14, Ps. 44:5. 3. serves as the substantive verb 'to be' (copula). Is. 43:25. Also used as 'thou (art) the same' in 2 Sam. 7:28.

הוּא

chald. pron. • Page 182

idem (the same). Dan. 2:21.

הוּא

chald. • Page 182

see הֲוָה.

הוּא

unknown • Page 217

see הָוָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1931

I. הוּא masculine, הִיא feminine (approximate number of occurrences: 440) — pronoun of the 3rd person singular; he, she, it (Latin is, ea, id).

Cognates:

• Moabite הא
• Phoenician הא
• Aramaic of Zinjirli הא, הו
• Aramaic (Targum) הוּא, הִיא
• Syriac ܗܘ, ܗܝ
• Arabic هو, هي
• Ethiopic ውእቱ (weʾetū), ይእቲ (yeʾetī)
• Assyrian šû, šî

— הוּא masculine; הִיא feminine; plural masculine הֵ֫מָּה, הֵם; plural feminine הֵ֫נָּה, הֵן; variant הוּ Jeremiah 29:23 Kethibh.

In the Pentateuch, הוא is frequently of common Gender, the feminine form הִיא occurring only 11 times, namely Genesis 14:2; Genesis 20:5; Genesis 38:25, Leviticus 11:39; Leviticus 13:10, 21; Leviticus 16:31; Leviticus 20:17; Leviticus 21:9; Numbers 5:13, 14. The punctuators however pointed it הִוא as a Qr perpetuum. Outside the Pentateuch the same Qr occurs 1 Kings 17:15; Isaiah 30:33; Job 31:11.

1. Emphatic pronoun (he, she, it, they)

a. Used for emphasis or contrast

• Genesis 3:15 הוא ישׁופך ראשׁ he (αὐτὸς) shall bruise thee (opposed to אתה thou)
• Genesis 3:20 for she was the mother of all living
• Judges 14:3; Psalm 24:2; Psalm 33:9; Job 5:18; Hosea 6:1 (in causal sentences)
• Genesis 2:11 הוּא הַסֹּבֵב that is the one which encompasseth
• Genesis 14:3 הוּא יָם הַמֶּלַח that is the salt sea

b. Pointing back to subject and contrasting it

• Genesis 4:4 הבל גסהֿוא Abel, he also
• Genesis 20:5 וְהִיאגַֿםהִֿוא and she, herself also said

c. Appended alone to a verb for intentional emphasis

• Exodus 4:14 כי דבר ידבר הוא that he can speak
• 1 Samuel 22:18 ויפגע הוא בכהנים and he smote the priests
• Isaiah 7:14 הוא אֲדֹנָי

d. Joined with another subject

• Genesis 13:1 הוּא וְאִשְׁתּוֺ himself and his wife
• Genesis 14:15 הוּא וַעֲבָדָיו he and his servants

2. Resumes the subject with emphasis

a. When the predicate is a verb

• Genesis 15:4 הוּא יִירָשֶׁ֑ךָ he shall be thy heir
• Genesis 3:12 הוא נתנה לי she gave to me
• Isaiah 63:5; Psalm 68:36

b. When the predicate is a noun (acting as copula)

• Genesis 2:14 הוּא פְרָת it was the Euphrates
• Deuteronomy 4:35 יהוה הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים Yahweh, he is God
• Joshua 13:14, 33; Hosea 11:5

3. Following the predicate (minimum emphasis)

a. Simple assertion

• Genesis 12:18 כי אשׁתך הוא that she was thy wife
• Genesis 21:13 כי זרעך הוא for he is thy seed
• Genesis 31:20 כִּי בֹרֵחַ הוּא

b. After a casus pendens

• Genesis 31:16 לנו הוא it is ours
• Exodus 3:5 אַדְמַת קֹדֶשׁ הוּא it is holy ground
• Genesis 41:26 חלום פרעה אחד הוא the dream of Pharaoh is one

4. Anticipating the subject

a. Preceding the subject

• Songs 6:9 אַחַת הִיא יוֺנָתִי one is she, my dove
• Leviticus 25:11; Lamentations 1:18

b. Following interrogative or demonstrative pronouns

• 2 Samuel 7:28 אַתָּה הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים Thou art he — God
• Psalm 44:5 אתה הוא מלכי thou art he — my king
• Psalm 24:10 מִי הוּא זֶה who is he, then?
• 1 Chronicles 22:1 זֶה הֿוּא

5. Of God as "He" (the Self-Existent)

As an emphatic predicate, "I am He," the Self-consistent Ruler:

• Deuteronomy 32:39 אֲנִי אֲנִי הוּא I, I am he
• Isaiah 41:4; Isaiah 43:10, 13
• Psalm 102:28 ואתה הוא thou art he (σὺ δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς εἶ)

6. In a neuter sense (that, it)

a. Referring to a matter or action

• Joshua 2:21 כֶּן הֿוּא so be it
• Genesis 42:14 הוא אשׁר דברתי that is what I said
• Job 8:19 הן הוא משׂושׂ דרכו lo that is the joy of his way

b. Affirming existence

• 2 Kings 18:36 כִּי מִצְוַת הַמֶּלֶךְ הִיא for it was the king's command
• Jeremiah 51:6, 11

7. With the article (that, those)

Joined to a substantive defined by the article:

• Genesis 2:12 הָאָרֶץ הַהִוא that land
• Genesis 19:35 ובלילה ההוא in that night
• Genesis 21:22 בָּעֵת הַהִוא at that time
• Genesis 19:33 (anomalous בַּלַּיְלָה הוּא)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

² MI = Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone).

³ Wright, Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W SG).

⁴ Delitzsch, Assyrian Grammar (Dl).

⁵ S. R. Driver, Hebrew Tenses and 1 Samuel (Dr).

Pronoun personal third person masculine singular

LXX: αὐτὸσ ἐστιν ἐκείνῃ οὗτοσ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H1931:

αὐτὸσ 321× (16.5%)

ἐστιν 260× (13.7%)

ἐκείνῃ 197× (10.6%)

οὗτοσ 160× (8.4%)

--- 103× (5.6%)

ἐκείνῳ 67× (3.6%)

ἐστίν 54× (2.9%)

ἐστὶν 54× (2.7%)

'' 50× (2.3%)

τοῦτο 42× (2.2%)

כאש כְּאֵשׁ

like a fire

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אש

ʼêsh

Definition

fire (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; fire (literally or figuratively); burning, fiery, fire, flaming, hot.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H784

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵשׁ

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 195

Man. Found only in the construct state in compound proper names (e.g., אֶשְׁבַּע).

אֵשׁ

noun feminine • Root אשש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 195

Fire (as an element); lightning; flame of wrath; war-fire. Metaphorically means to burn with fire.

אֵשׁ

noun masculine • Root איש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 196

Man (an abridged construct form of אִישׁ)

אֵשׁ

unknown • Strongs_Numbers • Page 1363

Example of interchange with ר (Resh).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶשׁ

emph. אֶשָּׁא / chald. • Root אש • Page 75

Idem (same as Hebrew אֵשׁ fire). Dan. 7:11.

אֻשׁ

plur. אֻשִּׁין / chald. • Page 75

Foundation. Only Ezra 4: 12. 5: 16. 6: 3.

אֵשׁ

com. gen. • Page 75

1. fire—'fire of God' (lightening), Job 1:16. Figuratively the scorching heat of the sun, Joel 1:19, 20. 2. shining, glittering; e. g. of steel, Nah. 2:4.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H784

I. אֵשׁ noun feminine Exodus 9:23 (masculine Jeremiah 48:45; Psalm 104:4; masculine is dubious: Numbers 16:18 read עָלֵיהָ for second עֲלֵיהֶם (compare B¹); Jeremiah 20:9 see Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar² §132d; Jeremiah 48:45 read (many manuscripts, Numbers 21:23) יָצָאָה; Psalm 104:4 read perhaps (Ol Du): לְשֹׁנֹתָה, or וָלַחַט; Job 20:26 see Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar² §145u (or 121b): compare Albr ZAW xvi {1896}. 63. feminine and masculine Jeremiah 20:9; Job 20:26) — fire (Assyrian išātu COT Gloss, Syriac ܐܫܐ, Ethiopic አማር; derivatives from II. אֵשׁ, ܐܫܐ, sociable, friendly element (MV Wetzst in De Psalmen, ed. 4, p. 888 Lag BN 68 compare أَبْجَدْ, هوشب), improbable especially in view of Assyrian; daghesh probably secondary; compare also Sta §189b).

Cognates:

• Assyrian išātu
• Syriac ܐܫܐ
• Ethiopic አማር

— אֵשׁ absolute Exodus 9:24 +; construct Leviticus 6:2 + (seldom); suffix אִשּׁוֹ Deuteronomy 4:36; Job 18:5; אֵשְׁכֶם Isaiah 50:11; אִשָּׁם Isaiah 66:24.

Meanings and Uses

a. Fire of conflagration, endangering or destroying crops

• Exodus 22:5 (compare Exodus 3:2 both E)

b. Deliberate destruction by fire

• Especially שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ (with qamets pretonic) object golden calf Exodus 32:20 (J), other idols Deuteronomy 7:5, 25, Asherim Deuteronomy 12:3, chariots Joshua 11:6, 9; 2 Kings 23:11, house Judges 12:1; Judges 14:15, tower Judges 9:52, city-gates Nehemiah 1:3; Nehemiah 2:3, 13, 17, city Joshua 6:24; Judges 18:27 compare Isaiah 1:7 +
• Also שִּׂלַח אֵשׁ בְּ Amos 1:4, 7, 10 +
• שִּׂלַח אֵת הָעִיר בָּאֵשׁ Judges 1:8; Judges 20:48 compare 2 Kings 8:12
• הִצִּית אֵת הָעִיר בָּאֵשׁ Joshua 8:8, 19; Jeremiah 17:27 +, compare Judges 9:49; 2 Samuel 14:30, 31 (of field, compare Exodus 22:5 above)

c. Supernatural fire, attending theophany

• Exodus 3:2; Exodus 19:18 (both J E) Deuteronomy 4:11, 12, 15, 33, 36 +
• Specifically עַמּוּד (הָ)אֵשׁ Exodus 13:21, 22; Exodus 14:24 (all J E) Nehemiah 9:12, 19 compare Deuteronomy 1:33 (see מַרְאֵה אֵשׁ Numbers 9:15, 16 P)
• Of destructive fire from יְהוָה Numbers 11:1, 2, 3 (J) Numbers 26:10 (P) Leviticus 10:2 (P)
• Compare אֹכֶלֶת יְהוָה in simile of Yahweh's glory Exodus 24:17 (E) Deuteronomy 4:24; Deuteronomy 9:3
• See also 1 Kings 18:24, 38; 2 Kings 1:10 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 1:12 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 1:14; Job 1:16 (perhaps lightning intended)
• Compare further of lightning Exodus 9:23, 24 (JE) Psalm 18:13; Psalm 18:14; Psalm 148:8 etc.

d. Fire for cooking, roasting, parching, etc.

• צָלִי אֵשׁ roasted at a fire Exodus 12:8, 9 (P) compare Leviticus 2:14; 2 Chronicles 35:13; Isaiah 44:16, 19
• Of tinder for lighting fire Genesis 22:6, 7 (E)
• Of fire for melting (gold for the idolatrous calf) Exodus 32:24
• For refining Jeremiah 6:29, where read with Qere מֵאֵשׁ תָּם עֹפֶרֶת; compare Malachi 3:2 (simile of purifying work of messenger of covenant)

e. Especially of altar-fire

• Leviticus 1:7 (twice in verse); Leviticus 6:2; Leviticus 6:3; Leviticus 6:5; Leviticus 6:6 +
• In offering incense Leviticus 10:1, also אֵשׁ זָרָה strange fire, i.e. an incense not commanded, offered presumptuously Leviticus 10:1; Numbers 3:4; Numbers 26:61
• Fire from יְהוָה consuming sacrifice (compare c) Leviticus 9:24; 2 Chronicles 7:1, 3
• Of fire in child-sacrifice (usually הֶעֱבִיר בֶּן בָּאֵשׁ (לְ) 2 Kings 16:3; 2 Kings 21:6; compare 2 Kings 17:17; 2 Kings 23:10; 2 Chronicles 33:6; also יְהוָה שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ 2 Kings 17:31, יְהוָה בָּעַר בָּאֵשׁ 2 Chronicles 28:3

f. Figurative of Yahweh's anger

• Psalm 89:47 (simile) compare Nahum 1:6; Lamentations 2:4 אֵשׁ עֶבְרָתִי Ezekiel 21:36; Ezekiel 22:31; Ezekiel 38:19, אֵשׁ קִנְאָתִי Ezekiel 36:5; see also Isaiah 66:15; Psalm 79:5; Psalm 89:47 etc.
• Of word of יְהוָה Jeremiah 23:29
• Figurative of outbursting emotion Psalm 39:4; of flagrant wickedness Isaiah 9:17, etc.

g. In various combinations

• לַמִּיד אֵשׁ Genesis 15:17 (J) a torch of fire (compare Di)
• לַבַּת אֵשׁ Exodus 3:2 flame of fire, לַהֶבֶת אֵשׁ Joel 2:5, לַמִּידֵי אֵשׁ (in simile) Daniel 10:6 compare Zechariah 12:6, לַהֲבוֹת אֵשׁ Psalm 29:7 לַהֲבֵי אֵשׁ Isaiah 66:15 compare לְהָבוֹת יְהוָה Psalm 105:32, לָהָבָה יְהוָה נֹגַהּ אֵשׁ Isaiah 4:5 compare Hosea 7:6
• שְׁבִיב אִשּׁוֹ spark of his fire Job 18:5 compare כִּידוֹדֵי אֵשׁ Job 41:11
• תַּנּוּר אֵשׁ Psalm 21:10 oven of fire, כִּיּוּר אֵשׁ Zechariah 12:6
• אוּר אֵשׁ light of fire Psalm 78:14
• אֵשׁ לֹהֵט flaming fire Psalm 104:4
• לְשׁוֹן אֵשׁ Isaiah 5:24 tongue of fire, גַּחֲלֵי אֵשׁ Ezekiel 1:13 coals of fire, so Ezekiel 10:2, compare רִשְׁפֵּי אֵשׁ Song of Solomon 8:6
• On אַבְנֵי אֵשׁ Ezekiel 28:14, 16 see אֶבֶן
• אֵשׁ דָּת Deuteronomy 33:2, literally fire of a law, or fire was a law, but דָּת law is Persian and late; read perhaps דֹּת [לַמִּד] אֵשׁ compare Exodus 20:18 or דֵּת [יֹקֶד] אֵשׁ compare Isaiah 65:5

II. אֵשָּׁא noun [feminine] — fire (Biblical Hebrew אֵשׁ; K §55, 5. 2b thinks emphatic from onomatopoetic √ אשׁשׁ; D 161 Buhl √ אשׁא compare אִשָּׁא, אִשָּׁה, Syriac ܐܫܐ).

— Daniel 7:11.

אֻשְּׁהִי, אֻשַּׁיָּא see [אֵשׁ].

¹ Vatican MS. of Septuagint.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Preposition, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0784:

No stats available

מצרף מְצָרֵף

of a refiner

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

צרף

tsâraph

Definition

to fuse (metal), i.e. refine (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to fuse (metal), i.e. refine (literally or figuratively); cast, (re-) fine(-er), founder, goldsmith, melt, pure, purge away, try.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6884

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צָרַף

verb / tr. • Root צרף • Strongs / High • Page 1251

I. (Intr.) To glow, to burn. (Tr.) To smelt, gold or silver; to purify, to refine, by fire. Fig. To make clear or bright; to prove.

צָרַף

verb • Root צרף • Strongs / High • Page 1251

II. (Not used) tr. To draw together, to bind, to tie together (only by transpos. for צָפַר II).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צָרַף

verb / fut. יִצְרֹף • Page 576

1. To melt, fuse, particularly the precious metals. Hence צֹרֵף a founder or workman in gold and silver. 2. Particularly to refine gold, silver, etc. by the fire. 3. Metaphorically to refine, purify. 4. To try, examine, prove. Ps. 17: 3, 26: 2, 105: 19.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6884

I. צָרַף (approximate number of occurrences: 33) verb — smelt, refine, test.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Phoenician מצרף smelter
• Assyrian ṣurrupu, refined, ṣarpu, silver, naṣraptu, crucible
• Arabic صرف pure, unmixed (especially of wine); compare pure silver, etc., Schulth¹; also Zim² (Hebrew, etc., borrowed from Assyrian); very doubtful is Sabean צרף silver, money, compare Mordtm³

— צָרַף absolute Jeremiah 6:29; suffix צְרָפָתְהוּ Psalm 105:19; 2 masculine singular suffix צְרַפְתָּנִי Psalm 17:3, etc.; Imperfect 1 singular אֶצְרֹף Isaiah 1:25, suffix אֶצְרְפֶנּוּ Judges 7:4; Imperative masculine singular צרופה Psalm 26:2 Kt, צָרְפָה Qr; Infinitive absolute צָרוֺף Jeremiah 6:29; construct לִצְרוֺף Daniel 11:35, etc.; Participle active suffix צוֺרְפָם Jeremiah 9:6, etc.; passive צָרוּף Psalm 12:7, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. smelt, refine

• Jeremiah 6:29 (twice in verse) figurative of purifying people
• Isaiah 1:25 (accusative of dross; figurative)
• Zechariah 13:9; Psalm 66:10 (simile of silver)
• כֶּסֶף צָרוּף בַּעֲלִיל Psalm 12:7
• Of אִמְרַת י׳ Psalm 18:31 = 2 Samuel 22:31; Psalm 119:140; Proverbs 30:5 (אִמְרַת אֱלוֺהַּ)
• refine (men, by trials) Daniel 11:35 (+ לִבָרֵר, לַלְבֵּן)

b. test, try

• Judges 7:4 I will test them (the warriors)
• Judges 7:3 (doubtful; see צפר)
• Of God's testing the hearts of men (often parallel to בָּחַן): Jeremiah 9:6; Isaiah 48:10; Zechariah 13:9; Psalm 26:2; Psalm 66:10

c. test (and prove true) a man

• Psalm 105:19 (subject God's saying)

d. Participle active as noun

noun masculine smelter, refiner, goldsmith:

• Judges 17:4
• Jeremiah 10:9, 14
• Jeremiah 51:17
• Isaiah 40:19 (twice in verse); Isaiah 41:7; Isaiah 46:6
• Proverbs 25:4
• As a guild: Nehemiah 3:8, 32

Niph`al

— Imperfect 3 masculine plural יִצָּֽרְפוּ Daniel 12:10 many shall be refined (by suffering; + יִתְבָּֽרְרוּ, יִתְלַבְּנוּ).

Pi`el

— Participle מְצָרֵף as noun masculine a refiner:

• כְּאֵשׁ מְצָרֵף Malachi 3:2 (simile of God)
• Malachi 3:3 (+ מְטַהֵר כֶּסֶף)

¹ Friedrich Schulthess, Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen (GGA), 1902, 673.

² Heinrich Zimmern, GGA, 1899, 250; Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (KAT 3), 650.

³ Mordtmann, Himjarische Inschriften, pp. 14, 29; Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS), iv, No. 291, 1.1.

Verb Piel participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: χρυσοχόοσ πυρώσω πεπυρωμένον ἀργυροκοπεῖ ὡσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6884:

χρυσοχόοσ 3× (8.1%)

πυρώσω 3× (7.7%)

πεπυρωμένον 3× (7.7%)

ἀργυροκοπεῖ 2× (5.7%)

ὡσ 2× (5.7%)

πυροῦται 2× (4.9%)

αὐτούσ 2× (4.0%)

וכברית וּכְבֹרית

and like soap

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ברית

bôrîyth

Definition

vegetable alkali

Root

feminine of H1253 (בר);

Exhaustive

feminine of בר; vegetable alkali; sope.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1287

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בְּרִית

noun feminine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 278

Covenant, league (prop. cutting in pieces of the sacrificial animal).

Matched via consonantal key only

בֹּרִית

noun feminine • Root ברר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 278

Lye, vegetable kali, a material for cleansing; salt of lye from soap plants.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּרִית

f. dec. i. • Root ברה • Page 116

covenant, league, compact. Often denotes the person with whom the covenant is made (Lev. 26:45). In some contexts equivalent to law, such as 'the law chest' or 'ark of the covenant' (Josh. 3:6) and 'book of the law' (Ex. 24:7). Referenced in 1 Chr. 7:23, Deut. 4:31, and Mal. 3:2.

בֹּרִית

noun feminine • Root ברר • Page 116

alkali, lie, lixivium; especially vegetable alkali procured from the ashes of alkaline plants used by ancients for cleansing and washing clothes. As to its form, it is probably a denom. from בָּרַר (purification). Referenced in Jer. 2:22 and Mal. 3:2.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1287

בֹּרִית (approximate number of occurrences: 2) noun feminine — lye, alkali, potash, soap, used in washing.

1. Meanings and Uses

• Jeremiah 2:22
• Malachi 3:2

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H1287:

No stats available

מכבסים מְכַבְּסִים׃

launderer's

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כבס

kâbaç

Definition

to trample; hence, to wash (properly, by stamping with the feet), whether literal (including the fulling process) or figurative

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to trample; hence, to wash (properly, by stamping with the feet), whether literal (including the fulling process) or figurative; fuller, wash(-ing).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3526

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כָּבַס

verb / transitive • Root כבס • Strongs / High • Page 674

(in Kal only part. m. כֹּבֵס) To tread (with the feet), to stamp upon clothes (in order to clean them); hence to full, to wash.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כָּבַס

verb • Page 308

*to wash, cleanse*, namely, clothes. In Kal only part. כּוֹבֵס Is. 7:3. Pi. metaphorically *to purify the heart*. Ps. 51:4, 9. Jer. 4:14. Pu. pass. Lev. 13:58. Hothpa. pass. Lev. 13:55, 56.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3526

I. כָּבַס (approximate number of occurrences: 51) verb — (tread), wash.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Phoenician כבס (as participle)
• Assyrian kabâsu, tread (down), subjugate, kibšu, step, path¹

— Qal Participle only מְסִלַּת שְׂדֵה כוֺבֵס highway of fuller's (= treader's, washer's) field Isaiah 7:3; Isaiah 36:2 = 2 Kings 18:17.

— Pi`el Perfect וְכִּבֶּס consecutive Leviticus 13:6 (11 times); כִּבֵּס Genesis 49:11; 2 Samuel 19:25, etc.; Imperfect יְכַבֵּס Leviticus 11:25 (16 times); 2 masculine singular suffix תְּכַבְּסֵנִי Psalm 51:9, etc.; Imperative suffix כַּבְּסֵנִי Psalm 51:4; feminine singular כַּבְּסִי Jeremiah 4:14; Participle plural מְכַבְּסִים Malachi 3:2.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Wash garments (i.e. by treading)

• Exodus 19:10, 14 (Elohist Source)
• 2 Samuel 19:25
• figurative of Judah Genesis 49:11
• Elsewhere chiefly in Priestly Code: Leviticus 6:20; Leviticus 11:25, 28; Leviticus 13:6, 34; Leviticus 15:11; Numbers 8:9 +
• Parallel with רָחץ (which = wash person) Leviticus 14:8–9; Leviticus 15:5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 +
• כָּבַס in Leviticus 27, parallel with רָחץ 15 times; in Numbers 8, parallel with רָחץ 3 times.
• Participle = fuller (compare Qal), only בֹּרִית מְכַבְּסִים Malachi 3:2.

b. Wash person (poetry and figurative)

• אִם תְּכַבְּסִי בַּנֶּתֶר Jeremiah 2:22
• כַּבְּסִי מֵרָעָה לִבֵךְ Jeremiah 4:14
• with suffix Psalm 51:4 (parallel טהר; + מֵעָוֺן)
• Psalm 51:9 (parallel חִטֵּא)

2. Passive Stems

a. Pu`al

• Perfect וְכֻבַּס consecutive Leviticus 13:58; Leviticus 15:17 be washed, of garment.

b. Hothpa`al

• (Compare GKC² §54.3) Infinitive אַחֲרֵי הֻכַּבֵּס אֶת־הַנֶּגַע Leviticus 13:55 after the plague is washed out, so Leviticus 13:56.

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (HWB), Leipzig, 1896.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Verb Piel participle active masculine plural absolute

LXX: πλυνεῖ πλυθήσεται γναφέωσ πλυνάμενοσ πλυθῆναι

LXX Usage Statistics

H3526:

πλυνεῖ 28× (55.4%)

πλυθήσεται 4× (7.6%)

γναφέωσ 3× (5.3%)

πλυνάμενοσ 2× (3.5%)

πλυθῆναι 2× (3.5%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And who enduring the day of his coming? and who standing in his being seen? for he is as the fire of the crucible, as the alkali of the fuller.

LITV Translation:
But who can endure the day of His coming? And who will stand when He appears? For He is like a refiner's fire and like fuller's soap.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And who will abide the day of his coming? or who will withstand at his appearing? for he is coming in as the fire of a furnace and as the herb of fullers.