Judges 20:34

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויבאו וַיָּבֹאוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בוא

bôwʼ

Definition

to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H935

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בּוֹא

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 224

1. To go, to wander; usually with announcing the limit of one's going. 2. To arrive, to come at (distinguished from הָלַךְ in expressing the limit of going). In this sense metaphorically: a) to be born, to appear; b) to reach to one, to be equal to him; c) to reach inanimate things; d) to come upon, to fall upon (suddenly), e.g., of an enemy or calamity; e) to come to pass, to be fulfilled (of wishes, promises); f) of inanimate things, to come near; g) applied to time; h) with the preposition בְּ, to come with somewhat, i.e., to bring.

בּוֹא

verb • Root בוא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 225

To go in, to enter, to come; to arrive; to go down (of the sun).

בּוֹא

verb • Root בוא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to come to

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בּוֹא

verb • Page 88

1. to go or come in, to enter. Gen. 6:18. Frequently opposed to יָצָא. 2. to lie with a woman, inire feminam. Gen. 16:2. 3. spoken of the sun, to set, go down (below the horizon). Gen. 15:17. 28:11.

בּוֹא

verb • Page 89

To go in, to enter, to come. Includes many specific idioms: to conduct oneself (Josh. 15:18); to come in as revenue (1 K. 10:14); to enter into a covenant (2 Chr. 15:12); to come upon someone or befall them (Lam. 1:10); to come to pass or be fulfilled (Prov. 13:12); to bring something (with ב, Ps. 66:13); to obtain (Ps. 69:28). Hiphil: to bring in, carry in, or lead (2 Sam. 9:10). Hophal: passive (Lev. 10:18).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0935:

No stats available

מנגד מִנֶּגֶד

from opposite

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נגד

neged

Definition

a front, i.e. part opposite; specifically a counterpart, or mate; usually (adverbial, especially with preposition) over against or before

Root

from H5046 (נגד);

Exhaustive

from נגד; a front, i.e. part opposite; specifically a counterpart, or mate; usually (adverbial, especially with preposition) over against or before; about, (over) against, [idiom] aloof, [idiom] far (off), [idiom] from, over, presence, [idiom] other side, sight, [idiom] to view.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5048

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶגֶד

noun / masculine / preposition • Root נגד • Strongs / High • Page 941

The front, the visible part. Used as a preposition: before, in the presence of, in front of, opposite to, over against. Can be used for 'straight on' or 'directly forward'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶגֶד

substantive / adv. • Page 425

What is before or in front. As an adverb: (1.) over against (2 K. 2:7, 15), (2.) against (2 Sam. 18:13). As a preposition: (1.) before, coram (Job 4:16; Ex. 34:10), (2.) over against (Ex. 19:2), (3.) against (1 K. 21:10), (4.) near, in the neighborhood of (1 Chr. 8:32).

Prep-M, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἐναντίον ἐναντίασ ἀπέναντι ἐνώπιον κατέναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H5048:

ἐναντίον 27× (17.6%)

ἐναντίασ 20× (11.2%)

ἀπέναντι 18× (11.8%)

ἐνώπιον 16× (10.1%)

κατέναντι 15× (9.8%)

ἐνώπιόν 8× (5.2%)

'' 5× (2.8%)

κατεναντίον 4× (2.6%)

ἔναντι 3× (2.0%)

τρόπον 2× (1.0%)

לגבעה לַגִּבְעָ֜ה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גבעה

Gibʻâh

Definition

Gibah; the name of three places in Palestine

Root

the same as H1389 (גבעה);

Exhaustive

the same as גבעה; Gibah; the name of three places in Palestine; Gibeah, the hill.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1390

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גִּבְעָה

proper noun • Root גבע • Strongs / High • Page 300

(hill) A proper name of a city in Benjamin. It is probably identical with Geba in Judah.

Preposition -For/Into Art, Noun proper name

LXX: γαβαα pεἰσ βουνοῦ βουνὸν γαβαων

LXX Usage Statistics

H1390:

γαβαα 25× (49.2%)

pεἰσ 4× (9.3%)

βουνοῦ 3× (5.9%)

βουνὸν 3× (4.9%)

γαβαων 2× (4.3%)

γαβεε 2× (3.9%)

βουνῷ 2× (3.2%)

עשרת עֲשֶׂרֶת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עשר

ʻeser

Definition

ten (as an accumulation to the extent of the digits)

Root

masculine of term עשרה; from H6237 (עשר);

Exhaustive

masculine of term עשרה; from עשר; ten (as an accumulation to the extent of the digits); ten, (fif-, seven-) teen.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6235

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֲשָׂרָה

fem. prop. collect. • Root עשר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1143

(from עֶשֶׂר; without a constr. state) fem. prop. collect. union, association, hence multitude, heap, multiplicity; but only as a card. number fem. ten.

Matched via consonantal key only

עֲשָׂרָה

numeral • Root עשר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1144

Ten (feminine form, for עֶשֶׂר). Joined only to feminine numbers from 1 to 9, to make up 11 to 19.

Matched via consonantal key only

עֶשְׂרָה

numeral (aramaic) • Root עשר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1144

Aramaic feminine numeral, same as Hebrew עֶשֶׂר.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עֲשָׂרָה

noun • Page 531

Cross-reference: see עֶשֶׂר

עָשְׂרָה

noun • Page 531

Cross-reference: see עֶשֶׂר

Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX: δέκα '' ἑκατὸν ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H6235:

δέκα 146× (77.4%)

'' 6× (2.8%)

ἑκατὸν 5× (2.8%)

--- 4× (2.2%)

δέκα 4× (2.2%)

εἴκοσι 3× (1.7%)

δεκαδάρχουσ 3× (1.4%)

δώδεκα 2× (1.1%)

δώδεκα 2× (1.1%)

ὡσεὶ 2× (1.1%)

אלפים אֲלָפִים

thousands

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אלף

ʼeleph

Definition

hence (the ox's head being the first letter of the alphabet, and this eventually used as a numeral) a thousand

Root

prop, the same as H504 (אלף);

Exhaustive

prop, the same as אלף; hence (the ox's head being the first letter of the alphabet, and this eventually used as a numeral) a thousand; thousand.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H505

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֶלֶף

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 143

Oxen, heifers, cattle for the yoke; tame house-animals; the name of the first letter of the alphabet.

אֶלֶף

numeral / noun masculine • Root אלף • Strongs_Numbers • Page 144

As a numeral, a thousand; properly the union of many individuals, a mass; then fixed to a definite number.

אֶלֶף

noun masculine • Root אלף • Strongs_Numbers • Page 144

Properly a union of family members, therefore association of the members of a family or tribe, larger communities into which every race was divided; a smaller division of a tribe or race.

אֶלֶף

noun proper • Root אלף • Strongs_Numbers • Page 144

A city in Benjamin's territory (Josh. 18, 28).

אֶלֶף

unknown • Strongs_Numbers • Page 145

see אַלּוּף

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶלֶף

masc. epicene / dec. vi. b. • Root אלף • Page 54

I. ox, animal of the ox kind. Deut. 7: 13. 28: 4. Ps. 8: 8. Perhaps denoting literally tame cattle.

אֶלֶף

m. prim. dec. vi. b. • Page 54

II. 1. thousand. Dual אַלְפַּיִם. Plur. אֲלָפִים. 2. family, subdivision of a tribe, originally of a thousand, i. q. מִשְׁפָּחָה. Judg. 6: 15. 1 Sam. 10: 19. 23: 23.

Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0505:

No stats available

איש אִישׁ

a man/each one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

איש

ʼîysh

Definition

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

Root

contracted for H582 (אנוש) (or perhaps rather from an unused root meaning to be extant);

Exhaustive

contracted for אנוש (or perhaps rather from an unused root meaning to be extant); a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation); also, another, any (man), a certain, [phrase] champion, consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-, husband-) man, (good-, great, mighty) man, he, high (degree), him (that is), husband, man(-kind), [phrase] none, one, people, person, [phrase] steward, what (man) soever, whoso(-ever), worthy. Compare אשה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H376

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 117

1. a man, prop. strong; generally a man with relation to strength, courage and valour; a husband; with reference to sex, male, masculine (applied to men and beasts).

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אנש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 119

Used distributively as 'any one', 'each', 'every one'; used reciprocally as 'one another' (lit. a man to his brother); also used to express an antithetic or additional member.

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אנש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 929

Man. Example of a word where Nun is absorbed, from an older form אִנְשׁ.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אִישׁ

m. prim. irreg. • Root אנש אנוש • Page 46

1. man, i. q. Lat. vir; used collectively; often in apposition before other substantives (e.g., אִישׁ סָרִיס an eunuch, Jer. 38:7). Used as a designation of sex, even in animals (Gen. 7:2); hence a husband (Gen. 3:16). 2. joined with substantives to denote a possessor of a quality (e.g., אִישׁ אָוֶן a wicked wretch). 3. followed by אָח or רֵעַ, 'the one... the other'. 4. any one, some one (Ex. 16:29). 5. every one (Ex. 16:29). 6. used impersonally like French 'on' or German 'man' (1 Sam. 9:9).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0376:

No stats available

בחור בָּחוּר

he who is chosen

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בחר

bâchar

Definition

properly, to try, i.e. (by implication) select

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H977

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בַּחַר

noun masculine • Root בחר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 233

same as בָּחוּר (young man/select)

בָּחַר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 233

I. 1. to prove (metals by the fire), to glow, to purify; to try, to examine. 2. to choose, to seek out, to select, to test; to have pleasure in, to love. (Niph. to be chosen; Puh. to be selected)

בָּחַר

verb • Root בחר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 233

II. (not used) 1. to mature, ripen. 2. to hasten forwards, to advance.

בָּחַר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 233

III. (not used) to be deep, low, prop. divided through, deepened.

בַּחֻרִים

noun proper • Root בחר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 234

Low ground, low land; a Benjaminite city in the vicinity of Jerusalem.

בַּחֻרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 234

Youth.

בַּחֲרֻם

noun proper • Root בחר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 234

Low ground; a city whence one of David's heroes sprang.

יִבְחַר

noun proper masculine • Root בחר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 571

chooser, selecter (viz. Jah is); a proper name.

מִבְחָר

masculine noun / proper noun • Root בחר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 803

1. The select, finest, best. 2. A youth; also a proper masculine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בָּחַר

verb • Page 92

1. To choose, select, elect. 2. To take pleasure in any thing or any body, to like, be pleased. 3. As in Aram. to prove, examine.

Verb Qal participle passive masculine singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0977:

No stats available

מכל מִכָּל־

from all/every

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כל

kôl

Definition

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

Root

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from H3634 (כלל);

Exhaustive

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from כלל; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense); (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3605

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּל

noun / masculine • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 695

Properly 'all, whole, totality'. 1. Used adjectivally to mean 'all' or 'the whole of', as in 'all the earth'. 2. Describes a plurality of individual persons or things, translated as 'all'.

כֹּל

substantive / adverb • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 696

A substantive meaning all, the whole, every, any. When used with a negative, it means none at all. It can also function as an adverb meaning wholly or altogether.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּל

chald. • Page 316

Same as Hebrew (all, every). Often appears with Makkeph as -כֹּל. References: Dan. 2:40, 4:9, 18, 25.

כֹּל

m. verbal • Root כלל • Page 315

A substantive meaning 'all', 'the whole', or 'totality'. Frequently used as an adjective (Jer. 33:8). 1. all. 2. every one.

Prep-M, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πάντα πᾶσ πάντεσ πᾶν πάντασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3605:

πάντα 921× (17.0%)

πᾶσ 451× (8.4%)

πάντεσ 441× (8.4%)

πᾶν 351× (6.5%)

πάντασ 297× (5.6%)

πᾶσαν 267× (4.9%)

πάντων 242× (4.4%)

πάσασ 230× (4.4%)

--- 227× (4.5%)

πᾶσα 214× (4.0%)

ישראל יִשְׂרָאֵל

God-Contends

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישראל

Yisrâʼêl

Definition

Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

Root

from H8280 (שרה) and H410 (אל); he will rule as God;

Exhaustive

from שרה and אל; he will rule as God; Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity; Israel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3478

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יִשְׂרָאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root שרה • Strongs / High • Page 662

A proper name with multiple meanings: the patriarch Jacob; the Israelite people; an honorary title for the pious; the northern kingdom of Israel; the whole kingdom after the exile.

יִשְׂרָאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root ישר • Strongs / High • Page 662

A proper name, meaning 'El is a true, honest one.' Described as a ground-form to יְשַׂרְאֵלָה.

Noun proper name

LXX: ισραηλ '' --- ιακωβ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3478:

ισραηλ 2245× (92.9%)

'' 57× (2.1%)

--- 50× (2.2%)

ισραηλ 8× (0.3%)

ιακωβ 4× (0.2%)

t? 4× (0.1%)

ιερουσαλημ 4× (0.2%)

[b] 3× (0.1%)

ισραηλίτου 3× (0.1%)

ισραηλίτιδοσ 3× (0.1%)

והמלחמה וְהַמִּלְחָמָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מלחמה

milchâmâh

Definition

a battle (i.e. the engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare)

Root

from H3898 (לחם) (in the sense of fighting);

Exhaustive

from לחם (in the sense of fighting); a battle (i.e. the engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare); battle, fight(-ing), war(-rior).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4421

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִלְחָמָה

noun feminine • Root לחם • Strongs / High • Page 856

war, fight, strife.

מִלְחָמָה

noun / feminine • Root לחם • Strongs / High • Page 857

War, battle. Figuratively used for warriors, weapons of war, armour, antagonism, opposition, a hostile house, and the reward of battle or victory.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִלְחָמָה

noun feminine • Root לחם • Page 379

1. War; עָשָׂה מִלְחָמָה to carry on war. אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה a man of war. 2. Battle, slaughter (Ex. 13:17). 3. By metonymy, a weapon (Ps. 76:4).

Conjunction, Particle definite article, Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: πόλεμον πόλεμοσ πολέμου πολέμῳ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H4421:

πόλεμον 114× (34.5%)

πόλεμοσ 44× (13.5%)

πολέμου 34× (10.7%)

πολέμῳ 25× (6.7%)

'' 12× (3.5%)

πολεμιστὴσ 9× (2.9%)

πολεμισταὶ 9× (2.8%)

πολεμιστῶν 6× (1.8%)

pεἰσ 5× (1.7%)

πολεμισταί 5× (1.6%)

כבדה כָּבֵדָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כבד

kâbad

Definition

to be heavy, i.e. in a bad sense (burdensome, severe, dull) or in a good sense (numerous, rich, honorable; causatively, to make weighty (in the same two senses)

Root

or כבד; a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or כבד; a primitive root; to be heavy, i.e. in a bad sense (burdensome, severe, dull) or in a good sense (numerous, rich, honorable; causatively, to make weighty (in the same two senses); abounding with, more grievously afflict, boast, be chargeable, [idiom] be dim, glorify, be (make) glorious (things), glory, (very) great, be grievous, harden, be (make) heavy, be heavier, lay heavily, (bring to, come to, do, get, be had in) honour (self), (be) honourable (man), lade, [idiom] more be laid, make self many, nobles, prevail, promote (to honour), be rich, be (go) sore, stop.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3513

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כָּבַד

verb • Root כבד • Strongs / High • Page 671

To be heavy, weighty; to be a heavy burden upon; to be troublesome, burdensome. Metaphorically: to be sore, severe; to be numerous; to be rich, abundant; to be exalted, renowned, honoured, valued; to be heavy, stiff, dull (of body parts), hard of hearing; to be obdurate (of mind).

Verb Qal perfect third person feminine singular

LXX: ἐβάρυνεν ἔνδοξοσ ἐβαρύνθη --- βαρεῖα

LXX Usage Statistics

H3513:

ἐβάρυνεν 8× (7.0%)

ἔνδοξοσ 7× (6.2%)

ἐβαρύνθη 7× (6.0%)

--- 5× (4.5%)

βαρεῖα 5× (4.4%)

ἐνδοξασθήσομαι 4× (3.1%)

τίμα 3× (2.7%)

τιμήσω 3× (2.7%)

δοξάσω 3× (2.5%)

ἔσται 3× (2.3%)

והם וְהֵם

and themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הם

hêm

Definition

they (only used when emphatic)

Root

or (prolonged) המה; masculine plural from H1981 (הלך);

Exhaustive

or (prolonged) המה; masculine plural from הלך; they (only used when emphatic); it, like, [idiom] (how, so) many (soever, more as) they (be), (the) same, [idiom] so, [idiom] such, their, them, these, they, those, which, who, whom, withal, ye.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1992

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הֵם

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 404

Personal pronoun, third person masculine plural: they.

הֵם

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 405

Pronoun of the 3rd person plural masculine, they. Can also be used to express the verb 'to be' or with the article הָהֵם for emphasis, 'they themselves'.

Conjunction, Pronoun personal third person masculine plural

LXX: αὐτοὶ οὗτοι εἰσιν ταῦτα ἐκείναισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1992:

αὐτοὶ 173× (27.9%)

οὗτοι 54× (8.8%)

εἰσιν 48× (7.8%)

ταῦτα 36× (6.1%)

ἐκείναισ 34× (5.8%)

ἐστιν 25× (4.1%)

--- 20× (3.4%)

αὐτῶν 12× (2.0%)

ἦσαν 11× (1.7%)

εἰσίν 11× (1.9%)

לא לֹא

not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

ידעו יָדְעוּ

they have perceived

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ידע

yâdaʻ

Definition

to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including observation, care, recognition; and causatively, instruction, designation, punishment, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including observation, care, recognition; and causatively, instruction, designation, punishment, etc.); acknowledge, acquaintance(-ted with), advise, answer, appoint, assuredly, be aware, (un-) awares, can(-not), certainly, comprehend, consider, [idiom] could they, cunning, declare, be diligent, (can, cause to) discern, discover, endued with, familiar friend, famous, feel, can have, be (ig-) norant, instruct, kinsfolk, kinsman, (cause to let, make) know, (come to give, have, take) knowledge, have (knowledge), (be, make, make to be, make self) known, [phrase] be learned, [phrase] lie by man, mark, perceive, privy to, [idiom] prognosticator, regard, have respect, skilful, shew, can (man of) skill, be sure, of a surety, teach, (can) tell, understand, have (understanding), [idiom] will be, wist, wit, wot.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3045

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָדַע

verb • Root ידע • Strongs / High • Page 583

To know, perceive, understand. It encompasses various meanings including: to perceive by the senses, to know carnally (euphemism), to understand mentally, to discover, to be skilled in, to have a clear consciousness of, to care for, and to have moral perception (to know good and evil).

יָדַע

verb • Root ידע • Strongs / High • Page 584

to know, of the different meanings of Kal, to see, be seen, perceived, observed; to be known, to appear i.e. to be recognised; to be well-known, celebrated.

יָדַע

verb • Root ידע • Strongs / High • Page 584

II. The original idea of the root: to distinguish, separate, divide, lay aside, remove. This meaning appears seldom in Scripture.

יָדַע

verb • Root ידע • Strongs / High • Page 585

To divide, separate, split, cut. Figuratively, to chastise, visit, or punish.

יָדַע

verb • Root ידע • Strongs / High • Page 585

A transposed form of יָדַע. The Kal form is not used.

יָדַע

verb • Root ידע • Strongs / High • Page 582

1. to see, to perceive by the organs of sight, to mark, to perceive; 2. to perceive by hearing, to know by the taste, to experience, to feel; 3. Metaphorically from this, to lie with (sexual intercourse).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָדַע

verb • Root ידע • Page 272

1. To know, understand, know how (Job 32:22, 1 Sam. 16:16). 2. To know, be acquainted with, know by name (Gen. 29:5, Ex. 33:12). 3. To perceive, observe, discern (Gen. 19:33, Judg. 13:21). 4. To learn, be informed, learn by experience (Gen. 9:24, Lev. 5:3, Ex. 6:7). 5. To imagine, expect (Ps. 35:8, Job 9:5). 6. To concern one's self about, take care of (Gen. 39:6, Prov. 27:23); spoken of God's interest in man (Ps. 144:3). 7. Euphemistic expression for sexual intercourse (Gen. 4:17, 25; 1 Sam. 1:19).

Verb Qal perfect third person common plural

LXX: ἔγνω γνώσονται ἔγνωσαν ἔγνων οἶδα

LXX Usage Statistics

H3045:

ἔγνω 57× (5.6%)

γνώσονται 51× (4.5%)

ἔγνωσαν 37× (3.7%)

ἔγνων 37× (3.7%)

οἶδα 30× (3.1%)

γνώσῃ 27× (2.4%)

γνώσεσθε 26× (2.4%)

οἶδεν 25× (2.6%)

γνῶναι 24× (2.2%)

ἔγνωσ 21× (2.1%)

כי כִּי־

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

נגעת נֹגַעַת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נגע

nâgaʻ

Definition

properly, to touch, i.e. lay the hand upon (for any purpose; euphemistically, to lie with a woman); by implication, to reach (figuratively, to arrive, acquire); violently, to strike (punish, defeat, destroy, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to touch, i.e. lay the hand upon (for any purpose; euphemistically, to lie with a woman); by implication, to reach (figuratively, to arrive, acquire); violently, to strike (punish, defeat, destroy, etc.); beat, ([idiom] be able to) bring (down), cast, come (nigh), draw near (nigh), get up, happen, join, near, plague, reach (up), smite, strike, touch.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5060

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָגַע

verb • Root נגע • Strongs / High • Page 943

To strike, beat; hence 1. to smite, punish, inflict plagues upon. 2. with a weaker sense, to touch. 3. in a local sense, to touch upon, to reach. 4. to come to, to arrive.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָגַע

verb • Page 425

To touch, usually construed with בְּ (Gen. 3:3, Lev. 5:3). Applied to denote: (1.) to injure (Gen. 26:11).

נָגַע

verb • Root נגע • Page 426

To touch, reach, or strike. Senses include: to lie with a woman (Josh. 9:19); to reach unto anything (Hos. 4:2); to come to a person or thing (2 Sam. 5:8); to smite (Gen. 32:26). Includes Niph. (to be beaten), Pi. (to smite), Pu. (passive), and Hiph. (to cause to touch, reach unto, or befall).

Verb Qal participle active feminine singular absolute

LXX: ἁπτόμενοσ ἅψηται ἥψατο ἅπτεσθε ἁπτομένη

LXX Usage Statistics

H5060:

ἁπτόμενοσ 24× (13.4%)

ἅψηται 15× (9.9%)

ἥψατο 15× (9.0%)

ἅπτεσθε 4× (2.7%)

ἁπτομένη 4× (2.6%)

ἅψασθαι 4× (2.5%)

ἥπτετο 3× (1.9%)

ἅψαι 3× (1.9%)

ἤγγισεν 3× (1.9%)

ἥψατό 3× (1.8%)

עליהם עֲלֵיהֶם

upon themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

הרעהפ הָרָעָה׃פ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

רע

raʻ

Definition

bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)

Root

from H7489 (רעע);

Exhaustive

from רעע; bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral); adversity, affliction, bad, calamity, [phrase] displease(-ure), distress, evil((-favouredness), man, thing), [phrase] exceedingly, [idiom] great, grief(-vous), harm, heavy, hurt(-ful), ill (favoured), [phrase] mark, mischief(-vous), misery, naught(-ty), noisome, [phrase] not please, sad(-ly), sore, sorrow, trouble, vex, wicked(-ly, -ness, one), worse(-st), wretchedness, wrong. (Incl. feminine raaah; as adjective or noun.).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7451

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רַע

adjective / masculine • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1344

I. bad, unpleasant; expressing what is unsalutary either by its internal unfitness and worthlessness, or injuriousness; hence ill-favoured, envious, wicked, evil, malignant, hurtful, troubled, sorrowful.

רַע

adjective • Strongs / High • Page 1345

1. wild; evil, bad, unpleasant; sad spirit; painful. 2. In a moral sense: evil, sinful. 3. to be displeasing in one's eyes. Without a noun: bad, also as an adv.

רַע

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1345

II. m. 1. abstr. ill, evil (that one does); adversity, calamity, misfortune; in a moral sense, wickedness, sin. 2. concr. an evil one, a sinner.

רַע

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1345

III. m. 1. (from רִיעַ) noise, noise of war, cry of grief, rolling of thunder. 2. (from רֵעָה II) a friend, companion; defect, flaw.

רַע

adjective / noun masculine • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1347

I. Bad, evil, morally wicked (adj.); often in a moral sense, what is bad religiously speaking, wickedness, vice, as a deed, sin; also concrete the wicked (n.).

רַע

adjective / substantive • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1350

Bad, evil, wicked, mischievous, sorrowful, vexed, envious, jealous. (Also functions as a noun meaning an evil-doer, foolishness, viciousness, badness, discord).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רַע

verb • Root רעע • Page 622

1. bad, of a bad quality. Lev. 27: 10. 2. ugly, ill-favoured. Gen. 41: 3. 3. evil, unfortunate, calamitous. Jer. 7: 6. 4. evil, pernicious, dangerous. Gen. 37: 33. 5. having an evil eye, envious. Prov. 23: 6. 6. sad; spoken of the heart or countenance. Gen. 40: 7.

Particle definite article, Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: πονηρὸν κακὰ κακά κακῶν πονηρὰ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7451c:

πονηρὸν 89× (12.6%)

κακὰ 62× (9.4%)

κακά 58× (8.8%)

κακῶν 31× (4.3%)

πονηρὰ 26× (4.0%)

κακίαν 26× (3.8%)

κακία 24× (3.4%)

--- 21× (3.4%)

πονηρόν 18× (2.7%)

κακίασ 18× (2.5%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And there will come forth from before against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men from all Israel, and the battle was heavy: and they knew not that evil touched upon them.

LITV Translation:
And they came in across from Gibeah, ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel. And the battle was heavy. And they did not know that evil was striking against them.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And there came over against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel; and the fight was severe; and they knew not that evil was coming upon them.