Joshua 19:18

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויהי וַיְהי

and he is being

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

גבולם גְּבוּלָם

the borders of themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

גבול

gᵉbûwl

Definition

properly, a cord (as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extension the territory inclosed

Root

or גבל; (shortened) from H1379 (גבל);

Exhaustive

or גבל; (shortened) from גבל; properly, a cord (as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extension the territory inclosed; border, bound, coast, [idiom] great, landmark, limit, quarter, space.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1366

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גְּבוּל

noun masculine • Root גבל • Strongs / High • Page 295

The extremity or last part of a thing, by which it is enclosed or encompassed. Hence: 1. border, edge, surrounding margin. 2. border in the widest sense, such as the border of a province, a district with its border, territory.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גְּבוּל

noun masculine • Root גבל • Page 125

1. bound, limit, border. Num. 34: 3 ff. Deut. 3 : 16, 17. Josh. 13: 23, 27. 15:47. 2. territory. Ex. 10: 14. 3. edge, border, margin. Ezek. 43: 13, 17, 20. Plur. גְּבוּלִים territory, like the Lat. fines. 1 Sam. 5: 6. 2 K. 15: 16. 18: 8.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ὅρια ὁρίων ὅριον ὅριά ὁρίοισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1366:

ὅρια 85× (34.5%)

ὁρίων 63× (25.0%)

ὅριον 30× (12.5%)

ὅριά 13× (5.1%)

ὁρίοισ 11× (4.1%)

αὐτῆσ 8× (2.5%)

ὁρίου 5× (2.3%)

ὁρίῳ 4× (1.6%)

--- 3× (1.4%)

ὁριεῖ 3× (1.4%)

יזרעאלה יִזְרְעֶאלָה

God Sowed (Jezreel)

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יזרעאל

Yizrᵉʻêʼl

Definition

Jizreel, the name of two places in Palestine and of two Israelites

Root

from H2232 (זרע) and H410 (אל); God will sow;

Exhaustive

from זרע and אל; God will sow; Jizreel, the name of two places in Palestine and of two Israelites; Jezreel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3157

ה

Definition

to

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9011

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יִזְרְעֵאל

noun proper • Root יזרע • Strongs / High • Page 600

A proper name of a city in the tribe of Issachar, meaning 'El is founder'. Also appears as יִזְרְעֶאל.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יִזְרְעֶאל

proper name • Page 280

(God sows); 1. A city in the tribe of Manasseh (1 K. 18:46). 2. A town in the hill-country of Judah (Josh. 15:56). Also refers to the 'valley of Jezreel' (Josh. 17:16).

Noun proper name , Suffix directional he

LXX: ιεζραελ ιεζραηλίτου t? ιεζραηλῖτισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3157:

ιεζραελ 29× (58.1%)

ιεζραηλίτου 4× (7.7%)

t? 4× (6.3%)

ιεζραηλῖτισ 3× (5.8%)

והכסולת וְהַכְּסוּלֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כסלות

Kᵉçullôwth

Definition

Kesulloth, a place in Palestine

Root

feminine plural of passive participle of H3688 (כסל); fattened;

Exhaustive

feminine plural of passive participle of כסל; fattened; Kesulloth, a place in Palestine; Chesulloth.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3694

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כְּסוּלֹת

noun proper • Root כסל • Consonantal / Low • Page 720

A proper name of a city in Issachar, with the sense of 'fatness, fruitfulness'.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Conjunction, Particle definite article, Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H3694:

No stats available

ושונם וְשׁוּנֵם׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שונם

Shûwnêm

Definition

Shunem, a place in Pal

Root

probably from the same as H7764 (שוני); quietly;

Exhaustive

probably from the same as שוני; quietly; Shunem, a place in Pal; Shunem.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7766

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שׁוּנֵם

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1399

Noun Proper of a locality in Issachar (uneven place), identified with שׁוּלֶם.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שׁוּנֵם

proper name • Page 661

A city in the tribe of Issachar. (Josh. 19:18, 1 Sam. 28: 4, 2 K. 4: 8.) According to Eusebius, was a place Sulem.

Conjunction, Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H7766:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And their bound will be Jezreel and Chesulloth, and Shunem,

LITV Translation:
And their border was toward Jezreel, and Chesulloth, and Shunem,

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And their borders were Jezreel, and Chesulloth, and Shunem,