Joshua 18:23

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

והעוים וְהָעַוִּים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עוים

ʻAvvîym

Definition

Avvim (as inhabited by Avvites), a place in Palestine (with the article prefix)

Root

plural of H5757 (עוי);

Exhaustive

plural of עוי; Avvim (as inhabited by Avvites), a place in Palestine (with the article prefix); Avim.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5761

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַו

unknown • Root עוה • Consonantal / Low • Page 1071

Properly, a bending of right; deceit, fraud.

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

Conjunction, Particle definite article, Noun proper name

LXX: ευαῖοι

LXX Usage Statistics

H5761:

ευαῖοι 2× (40.0%)

והפרה וְהַפָּרָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פרה

Pârâh

Definition

Parah, a place in Palestine

Root

the same as H6510 (פרה);

Exhaustive

the same as פרה; Parah, a place in Palestine; Parah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6511

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּרָה

noun • Strongs / High • Page 1189

The noun is a feminine form, meaning young of sheep/goat, young wild cow, or metaphorically, a young woman, heifer (Färse).

פָּרָה

verb • Root פרה • Strongs / High • Page 1190

I. 1. to break through, to burst forth, of the fruit of the body, therefore to bear; 2. of plants, to bring forth fruit.

פָּרָה

verb • Root פרה • Strongs / High • Page 1190

II. unused root, equals פָּרָא II.

Conjunction, Particle definite article, Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H6511:

No stats available

ועפרה וְעָפְרָה׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עפרה

ʻOphrâh

Definition

Ophrah, the name of an Israelite and of two places in Palestine

Root

feminine of H6082 (עפר); female fawn;

Exhaustive

feminine of עפר; female fawn; Ophrah, the name of an Israelite and of two places in Palestine; Ophrah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6084

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַפְרָה

noun proper • Root עפר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1118

2. n. p. of a city in Manasseh, distinguished as 'Ofra of the Abiezrites.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

עָפְרָה

noun proper • Root עפר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1118

1. (From עָפַר II., hamlet) n. p. of a city in Benjamin, not far from the Philistine border.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָפְרָה

proper name • Page 519

1. proper name of a place in the tribe of Benjamin. Josh. 18:23.

Conjunction, Noun proper name

LXX: εφραθα γοφερα

LXX Usage Statistics

H6084:

εφραθα 6× (73.4%)

γοφερα 2× (26.6%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And Avim and Parah, and Ophrah,

LITV Translation:
and Avvites, and Parah, and Ophrah,

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
and Avvim, and Parah, and Ophrah,