Joshua 12:5

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ומשל וּ֠מֹשֵׁל

and ruler

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

משל

mâshal

Definition

to rule

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to rule; (have, make to have) dominion, governor, [idiom] indeed, reign, (bear, cause to, have) rule(-ing, -r), have power.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4910

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָשַׁל

verb • Root משל • Strongs / High • Page 920

I. To be hard, powerful, strong, mighty; Metaphor. to rule, reign, govern, command, have power; to rule over, to manage.

מָשַׁל

verb • Root משל • Strongs / High • Page 920

II. (Kal not used) to compare, to put together or beside one another for comparison, two things, from the fundamental signification to bind, to unite, to weave or twist together.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מְשֹׁל

an infin. used as a noun • Root משל • Page 414

equivalent to משל no. 4. Job 17:6.

מָשַׁל

verb • Root משל • Page 414

I. to rule, to be master. Prov. 6:7. Construed with בְּ, Gen. 3:16; 4:7; Is. 3:4. more rarely with עַל, Prov. 28:15. Sometimes it signifies to be placed over any thing, Gen. 24:2. Construed with לְ and an infin. to have power to do any thing, Ex. 21:8. Hiph. הִמְשִׁיל to cause to rule, to appoint ruler. Ps. 8:7; Dan. 11:39. used substantively, dominion, Job 25:2.

מָשַׁל

verb qal • Root משל • Page 414

II. 1. to utter a metaphor or comparison. Ezek. 24:3. 2. to utter a proverb. Ezek. 12:23; 17:2; 18:2, 3. 3. to sing satires. Joel 2:17. Niph. to be or become similar, to be like; construed with לְ, Is. 14:10; with כְּ, Ps. 28:1; 143:7; with בְּ, Ps. 49:13, 21. Pi. to speak in parables. Ezek. 21:5. Hiph. to compare. Is. 46:5. Hithpa. to be like, similar; construed with בְּ. Job 30:19.

מָשָׁל

m. prim. • Root משל • Page 414

1. a comparison, similitude, parable. Ezek. 17:2; 24:3. 2. a sentiment, maxim, expressed for the most part by the orientalists in a pithy comparison. Prov. 26:1, 2, 3... 3. a proverb. Sam. 10:12; Ezek. 18:2, 3... 4. figurative discourse generally; hence a song, poem. Num. 23:7, 18; Job 27:1; 29:1. Particularly a satiric song, or a song of triumph over the destruction of enemies, Is. 14:4; Mic. 2:4; Hab. 2:6.

מֹשֶׁל

m. verbal • Root משל • Page 414

I. dominion. Zech. 9:10.

מֹשֶׁל

verb • Root משל • Page 414

II. something like or similar. Job 41:25.

Conjunction, Verb Qal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: ἄρχων κρατήσει δεσπόζει ἡγούμενοσ ἀρχόντων

LXX Usage Statistics

H4910:

ἄρχων 6× (6.8%)

κρατήσει 3× (3.5%)

δεσπόζει 3× (3.5%)

ἡγούμενοσ 3× (3.3%)

ἀρχόντων 3× (3.3%)

ἄρχοντα 3× (3.1%)

'' 3× (3.1%)

κυριεύσουσιν 2× (2.5%)

ἡγουμένων 2× (2.5%)

ἄρξει 2× (2.5%)

בהר בְּהַר

in the mountain

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הר

har

Definition

a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)

Root

a shortened form of H2042 (הרר);

Exhaustive

a shortened form of הרר; a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively); hill (country), mount(-ain), [idiom] promotion.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2022

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הַר

noun / masculine • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 411

1. a mountain, a hill. 2. Figuratively, a great power, kingdom, or obstacle. 3. A mountain-district or hill country.

הַר

noun • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 412

A mountain, height. The noun comes from a stem meaning to be high or elevated. It is used to refer to mountainous districts and in combination with place names.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַר

noun masculine • Page 192

a mountain, often a chain of mountains, mountainous country (Gen. 14:10). Plural: הָרִים.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὄροσ ὄρουσ ὄρει ὄρη ὀρέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H2022:

ὄροσ 157× (27.0%)

ὄρουσ 100× (17.5%)

ὄρει 92× (14.0%)

ὄρη 79× (14.2%)

ὀρέων 46× (8.1%)

ὄρεσιν 14× (2.2%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

ὀρεινὴν 7× (1.0%)

pεἰσ 6× (1.2%)

ὀρέων 5× (0.8%)

חרמון חֶרְמוֹן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חרמון

Chermôwn

Definition

Chermon, a mount of Palestine

Root

from H2763 (חרם); abrupt;

Exhaustive

from חרם; abrupt; Chermon, a mount of Palestine; Hermon.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2768

אבים

ʼĂbîyâm

Definition

Abijam (or Abijah), a king of Judah

Root

from H1 (אב) and H3220 (ים); father of (the) sea (i.e. seaman);

Exhaustive

from אב and ים; father of (the) sea (i.e. seaman); Abijam (or Abijah), a king of Judah; Abijam.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H38

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֶרְמוֹן

noun proper • Root חרם • Strongs / High • Page 531

prominent, rugged mountain. Name of the highest peak of a mountain range in the north-east of Palestine, part of the Anti-Lebanon range, Mount Hermon.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חֶרְמוֹן

proper name • Page 249

proper name of a mountainous ridge of Antilibanus.

Noun proper name

LXX: αερμων ερμων

LXX Usage Statistics

H2768:

αερμων 10× (77.7%)

ερμων 2× (14.0%)

Hermon_§Hermon_Mount@Deu.3.8:

No stats available

ובסלכה וּבְסַלְכָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

סלכה

Çalkâh

Definition

Salcah, a place East of the Jordan

Root

from an unused root. meaning to walk; walking;

Exhaustive

from an unused root. meaning to walk; walking; Salcah, a place East of the Jordan; Salcah, Salchah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5548

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סַלְכָה

noun proper • Root סלח • Strongs / High • Page 1023

(Wandering) Proper name of a locality in the eastern boundary of Bashan.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סַלְכָה

proper name • Page 477

proper name of a city on the borders of the kingdom of Bashan. Deut. 3: 10. Josh. 12: 5. 13: 11. 1 Chr. 5: 11.

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun proper name

LXX: σελχα

LXX Usage Statistics

H5548:

σελχα 4× (100.0%)

ובכל וּבְכָל־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כל

kôl

Definition

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

Root

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from H3634 (כלל);

Exhaustive

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from כלל; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense); (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3605

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּל

noun / masculine • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 695

Properly 'all, whole, totality'. 1. Used adjectivally to mean 'all' or 'the whole of', as in 'all the earth'. 2. Describes a plurality of individual persons or things, translated as 'all'.

כֹּל

substantive / adverb • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 696

A substantive meaning all, the whole, every, any. When used with a negative, it means none at all. It can also function as an adverb meaning wholly or altogether.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּל

chald. • Page 316

Same as Hebrew (all, every). Often appears with Makkeph as -כֹּל. References: Dan. 2:40, 4:9, 18, 25.

כֹּל

m. verbal • Root כלל • Page 315

A substantive meaning 'all', 'the whole', or 'totality'. Frequently used as an adjective (Jer. 33:8). 1. all. 2. every one.

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πάντα πᾶσ πάντεσ πᾶν πάντασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3605:

πάντα 921× (17.0%)

πᾶσ 451× (8.4%)

πάντεσ 441× (8.4%)

πᾶν 351× (6.5%)

πάντασ 297× (5.6%)

πᾶσαν 267× (4.9%)

πάντων 242× (4.4%)

πάσασ 230× (4.4%)

--- 227× (4.5%)

πᾶσα 214× (4.0%)

הבשן הַבָּשָׁן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בשן

Bâshân

Definition

Bashan (often with the article), a region East of the Jordan

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; Bashan (often with the article), a region East of the Jordan; Bashan.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1316

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בָּשָׁן

verb • Strongs / High • Page 284

Intr. to be hard, rocky, spoken of basaltic ground; to be fruitful.

בָּשָׁן

noun proper • Root בשן • Strongs / High • Page 284

(Basalt-land) 1) Name of a mountainous, fruitful country on the other side of Jordan, celebrated for its oak-forests and fat pastures. 2) Name of a city in Bashan.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בָּשָׁן

proper name • Page 119

A country beyond Jordan, between the rivers Jabbok and Arnon, celebrated for its pastures, whence the mention of the bulls and rams of Bashan.

Particle definite article, Noun proper name

LXX: βασαν βασανίτιδι βασανίτιδοσ πῖον βασανῖτιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1316:

βασαν 39× (66.1%)

βασανίτιδι 7× (9.9%)

βασανίτιδοσ 3× (4.9%)

πῖον 2× (4.1%)

βασανῖτιν 2× (3.5%)

עד עַד־

until/perpetually/witness

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עד

ʻad

Definition

as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)

Root

properly, the same as H5703 (עד) (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as עד (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with); against, and, as, at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as), (hither-) to, [phrase] how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that, till, toward, until, when, while, ([phrase] as) yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5704

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַד

particle • Strongs / High • Page 1053

A particle expressing continuance, progress, or duration; until, unto, as far as, up to, during, even, exceedingly. Denotes limits in space, time (till now, forever), or degree (highest limit).

עַד

noun • Root עדה ערה • Strongs / High • Page 1053

Progress, advance (in space); duration, perpetuitas; hence, eternity, perpetuity, everlasting.

עַד

adverb / preposition • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1060

Adverb: again, once more (repetition); continuedly, continually (continuance of action); longer, further, advanced state. Also Preposition/Conjunction: till, now, during (a time), while still.

עַד

preposition / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1054

1. (Of space) To, unto, as far as, even to; also like, as. 2. (Of time/Conj.) Till now, whilst that, until, so that, to the degree that. 3. (Particle) Even (used to intensify meaning).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Booty, spoil (parallel to plunder).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Dress, ornament (found only in proper names).

עַד

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Witness, testimony (collateral form of עֵד).

עַד

aram. prep. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1054

(Aramaic, same as Hebr. עַד 2) During, until, till at the last; to the intent that.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַד

m. subst. / preposition / conj. • Root עדה • Page 491

1. as a subst. eternity, duration. Ps. 9: 19. 19: 10. 2. as a subst. booty, prey. Gen. 49: 27. 3. as a prep. unto, until, spoken of time and space. Hab. 1: 2. 4. as a prep. during, while. Judg. 3: 26. 5. as a conj. until, construed with a pret. Josh.

עַד

chald. prep. and conj. • Page 492

As in Hebrew (preceding page).

Preposition

LXX: ἕωσ εἰσ '' ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H5704:

ἕωσ 1013× (78.3%)

εἰσ 28× (2.2%)

'' 26× (1.7%)

--- 24× (1.9%)

ἕωσ 22× (1.7%)

μέχρι 12× (0.9%)

ἔτι 11× (0.8%)

ἐπὶ 9× (0.7%)

dἕωσ 7× (0.5%)

πρὸσ 7× (0.6%)

גבול גְּבוּל

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

גבול

gᵉbûwl

Definition

properly, a cord (as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extension the territory inclosed

Root

or גבל; (shortened) from H1379 (גבל);

Exhaustive

or גבל; (shortened) from גבל; properly, a cord (as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extension the territory inclosed; border, bound, coast, [idiom] great, landmark, limit, quarter, space.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1366

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גְּבוּל

noun masculine • Root גבל • Strongs / High • Page 295

The extremity or last part of a thing, by which it is enclosed or encompassed. Hence: 1. border, edge, surrounding margin. 2. border in the widest sense, such as the border of a province, a district with its border, territory.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גְּבוּל

noun masculine • Root גבל • Page 125

1. bound, limit, border. Num. 34: 3 ff. Deut. 3 : 16, 17. Josh. 13: 23, 27. 15:47. 2. territory. Ex. 10: 14. 3. edge, border, margin. Ezek. 43: 13, 17, 20. Plur. גְּבוּלִים territory, like the Lat. fines. 1 Sam. 5: 6. 2 K. 15: 16. 18: 8.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὅρια ὁρίων ὅριον ὅριά ὁρίοισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1366:

ὅρια 85× (34.5%)

ὁρίων 63× (25.0%)

ὅριον 30× (12.5%)

ὅριά 13× (5.1%)

ὁρίοισ 11× (4.1%)

αὐτῆσ 8× (2.5%)

ὁρίου 5× (2.3%)

ὁρίῳ 4× (1.6%)

--- 3× (1.4%)

ὁριεῖ 3× (1.4%)

הגשורי הַגְּשׁוּרי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גשור

Gᵉshûwr

Definition

Geshur, a district of Syria

Root

from an unused root (meaning to join); bridge;

Exhaustive

from an unused root (meaning to join); bridge; Geshur, a district of Syria; Geshur, Geshurite.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1650

גשורי

Gᵉshûwrîy

Definition

a Geshurite (also collectively) or inhabitants of Geshur

Root

patrial from H1650 (גשור);

Exhaustive

patrial from גשור; a Geshurite (also collectively) or inhabitants of Geshur; Geshuri, Geshurites.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1651

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גְּשׁוּר

proper noun • Root גשר • Strongs / High • Page 342

(bridge-land, from גֶּשֶׁר) n.p. of the northern district belonging to Manasseh.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גְּשׁוּרִי

proper noun • Root גשור • Strongs / High • Page 342

1. n. p. of the northern district belonging to Manasseh, on both sides of the Jordan. 2. n. p. of a territory in Syria having its own kings. 3. n. p. of a district in the south of Palestine.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גְּשׁוּר

proper name • Page 149

Literally a bridge. 1. A country on the east of Jordan (Deut. 3:14, Josh. 12:5). 2. A country in the south of Palestine (Josh. 13:2, 1 Sam. 27:8). 3. A place in Syria (2 Sam. 3:3, 13:37, 15:8).

Particle definite article, Noun gentilic both singular absolute

LXX: γεδσουρ γεσιρι

LXX Usage Statistics

H1650:

γεδσουρ 7× (42.8%)

γεσιρι 4× (23.7%)

H1651:

No stats available

והמעכתי וְהַמַּעֲכָתי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מעכה

Maʻăkâh

Definition

Maakah (or Maakath), the name of a place in Syria, also of a Mesopotamian, of three Israelites, and of four Israelitesses and one Syrian woman

Root

or מעכת; (Joshua 13:13), from H4600 (מעך); depression;

Exhaustive

or מעכת; (Joshua 13:13), from מעך; depression; Maakah (or Maakath), the name of a place in Syria, also of a Mesopotamian, of three Israelites, and of four Israelitesses and one Syrian woman; Maachah, Maachathites. See also בית מעכה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4601

מעכתי

Maʻăkâthîy

Definition

a Maakathite, or inhabitant of Maakah

Root

patrial from H4601 (מעכה);

Exhaustive

patrial from מעכה; a Maakathite, or inhabitant of Maakah; Maachathite.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4602

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מַעֲכָה

proper name • Root מעך • Strongs / High • Page 754

A proper name derived from מָעַךְ.

מַעֲכָה

noun proper • Root מעך • Strongs / High • Page 884

Proper name of: 1. a region which bounded the east-Jordan land to the north. 2. the chief city of the small Aramaean kingdom mentioned.

מַעֲכָה

noun proper feminine • Strongs / High • Page 885

queen, princess; also a proper name.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מַעֲכָתִי

noun proper • Root מעכה • Strongs / High • Page 885

A reference to מַעֲכָה, likely a gentilic form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מַעֲכָה

noun • Page 392

A people and country east of Jordan, at the foot of Antilibanus. 2 Sam. 10:6, 8; 1 Chr. 19:6, 7; Josh. 13:13. More fully אֲרָם מַעֲכָה (1 Chr. 19:6).

Conjunction, Particle definite article, Noun gentilic both singular absolute

LXX: μααχα μοωχα μωχα μαχατι μαχαθι

LXX Usage Statistics

H4601:

μααχα 8× (29.9%)

μοωχα 4× (15.5%)

μωχα 3× (11.7%)

μαχατι 3× (8.2%)

μαχαθι 2× (7.2%)

ανα 2× (7.2%)

H4602:

No stats available

וחצי וַחֲצִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חצי

chêtsîy

Definition

the half or middle

Root

from H2673 (חצה)lemma חעה ayin, corrected to חצה;

Exhaustive

from חצהlemma חעה ayin, corrected to חצה; the half or middle; half, middle, mid(-night), midst, part, two parts.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2677

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֵצִי

m. pl. • Root חצץ • Strongs / High • Page 517

m. pl. for חֲצָרִים 1 Sam. 20, 36-38.

חֵצִי

noun masculine • Root חצה • Strongs / High • Page 517

(in pause חָצִי, with suff. חֶצְיוֹ, חֶצְיְכֶם) m. the half, half part (of a thing divided into two halves); to divide into two parts; the middle.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חֵצִי

m. verbal • Root חצה • Page 243

1. middle, midst (Judg. 16:3). 2. half (Ex. 24:6, 2 Sam. 18:3). 3. i.q. חֵץ an arrow (1 Sam. 20:36, 37, 38, 2 K. 9:24). m. verbal from חָצָה.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ἥμισυ ἡμίσουσ ἡμίσει '' ἡμίσεισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2677:

ἥμισυ 54× (42.6%)

ἡμίσουσ 26× (21.1%)

ἡμίσει 15× (10.9%)

'' 13× (10.8%)

ἡμίσεισ 4× (3.0%)

--- 2× (1.9%)

[d] 2× (1.7%)

הגלעד הַגִּלְעָד

The Uncovered Witness

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גלעד

Gilʻâd

Definition

Gilad, a region East of the Jordan; also the name of three Israelites

Root

probably from H1567 (גלעד);

Exhaustive

probably from גלעד; Gilad, a region East of the Jordan; also the name of three Israelites; Gilead, Gileadite.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1568

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גִּלְעֵד

noun proper masculine • Root גלע • Consonantal / Medium • Page 329

strong, powerful. 1. (designation of a person) A proper name, found especially in the tribes of Manasseh and Gad. 2. (designation of a place, rocky mountain) Known as Gilead-mountain (הַר הַגִּלְעָד), a limestone mountain range east of the Jordan River.

Matched via consonantal key only

גַּלְעֵד

noun proper • Root גלעד • Consonantal / Medium • Page 330

Same as גִּלְעָד, of which it may have been a collateral form. Scripture provides a historical origin in Genesis 31:41.

Matched via consonantal key only

גִּלְעָד

noun proper • Root גלעד • Consonantal / Medium • Page 330

A region east of the Jordan, encompassing the district of the tribes Reuben, Gad, and half Manasseh, as well as Bashan. It is also used more specifically for the territory of Reuben, Gad, or both.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גִּלְעָד

proper name • Root גלעד • Page 142

1. A son of Machir and grandson of Manasseh (Num. 26: 29). 2. A mountain (Gen. 31: 23) and province beyond Jordan; in a restricted sense, the country south of Bashan and Argob. 3. A city in the abovementioned province (Hos. 6: 8).

Particle definite article, Noun proper name

LXX: γαλααδ ραμωθ ρεμμαθ γαλααδίτιδοσ ιαβισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1568:

γαλααδ 110× (65.9%)

ραμωθ 8× (4.9%)

ρεμμαθ 7× (4.2%)

γαλααδίτιδοσ 7× (3.3%)

ιαβισ 6× (4.0%)

γαλααδίτησ 5× (2.8%)

γαλααδίτου 4× (2.2%)

γαλααδῖτιν 4× (2.0%)

pεἰσ 3× (2.0%)

t? 3× (1.2%)

גבול גְּבוּל

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

גבול

gᵉbûwl

Definition

properly, a cord (as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extension the territory inclosed

Root

or גבל; (shortened) from H1379 (גבל);

Exhaustive

or גבל; (shortened) from גבל; properly, a cord (as twisted), i.e. (by implication) a boundary; by extension the territory inclosed; border, bound, coast, [idiom] great, landmark, limit, quarter, space.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1366

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גְּבוּל

noun masculine • Root גבל • Strongs / High • Page 295

The extremity or last part of a thing, by which it is enclosed or encompassed. Hence: 1. border, edge, surrounding margin. 2. border in the widest sense, such as the border of a province, a district with its border, territory.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גְּבוּל

noun masculine • Root גבל • Page 125

1. bound, limit, border. Num. 34: 3 ff. Deut. 3 : 16, 17. Josh. 13: 23, 27. 15:47. 2. territory. Ex. 10: 14. 3. edge, border, margin. Ezek. 43: 13, 17, 20. Plur. גְּבוּלִים territory, like the Lat. fines. 1 Sam. 5: 6. 2 K. 15: 16. 18: 8.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὅρια ὁρίων ὅριον ὅριά ὁρίοισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1366:

ὅρια 85× (34.5%)

ὁρίων 63× (25.0%)

ὅριον 30× (12.5%)

ὅριά 13× (5.1%)

ὁρίοισ 11× (4.1%)

αὐτῆσ 8× (2.5%)

ὁρίου 5× (2.3%)

ὁρίῳ 4× (1.6%)

--- 3× (1.4%)

ὁριεῖ 3× (1.4%)

סיחון סִיחוֹן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

סיחון

Çîychôwn

Definition

Sichon, an Amoritish king

Root

or סיחן; from the same as H5477 (סוח); tempestuous;

Exhaustive

or סיחן; from the same as סוח; tempestuous; Sichon, an Amoritish king; Sihon.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5511

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סִיחוֹן

noun proper • Root סיח • Strongs / High • Page 1017

Name of an Amorite king in Heshbon.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סִיחוֹן

m. proper name • Page 473

Proper name of a king of the Amorites in Heshbon (Numb. 21:21, 23).

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: σηων

LXX Usage Statistics

H5511:

σηων 36× (97.6%)

מלך מֶלֶךְ־

a king

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מלך

melek

Definition

a king

Root

from H4427 (מלך);

Exhaustive

from מלך; a king; king, royal.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4428

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מֶלֶךְ

masculine noun • Root מלך • Strongs / High • Page 859

A king, ruler; properly an abstract concept of rule or government, but commonly used concretely. It can refer to a king of a land, city, people, or tribe. The term is also applied to Jehovah, idols, and animals distinguished for strength. It can also mean an adviser or counsellor, and is used as a proper name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מֶלֶךְ

noun masculine • Page 380

a king. Ezek. 26: 7. 'the king of kings,' a title of the king of Babylon. Spoken frequently of Jehovah, Ps. 5: 3, and of false gods, Am. 5: 26.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: βασιλεὺσ βασιλέωσ βασιλέα βασιλεῖ βασιλεῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4428:

βασιλεὺσ 631× (23.4%)

βασιλέωσ 546× (20.5%)

βασιλέα 419× (15.7%)

βασιλεῖ 196× (7.1%)

βασιλεῖσ 133× (4.9%)

βασιλεύσ 100× (3.5%)

--- 77× (3.2%)

'' 66× (2.3%)

βασιλέων 63× (2.4%)

βασιλεῦσιν 46× (1.6%)

חשבון חֶשְׁבּוֹן׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חשבון

Cheshbôwn

Definition

Cheshbon, a place East of the Jordan

Root

the same as H2808 (חשבון);

Exhaustive

the same as חשבון; Cheshbon, a place East of the Jordan; Heshbon.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2809

זיזה

Zîyzâh

Definition

Zizah, an Israelite

Root

another form for H2124 (זיזא);

Exhaustive

another form for זיזא; Zizah, an Israelite; Zizah.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2125

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֶשְׁבּוֹן

proper noun • Strongs / High • Page 540

Heshbon, a city of Moab which was taken by the Israelites.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חֶשְׁבּוֹן

noun masculine • Root חשב • Page 254

Verbal from חָשַׁב. 1. wisdom, understanding (Ecc. 7: 25, 27; 9: 10). 2. proper name of a city of the Amorites, later belonging to Gad, Reuben, and Moab. Num. 21: 25; 32: 3; Josh. 13: 26; 21: 37; Cant. 7: 5; Is. 15: 4.

Noun proper name

LXX: εσεβων ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H2809:

εσεβων 35× (92.2%)

'' 2× (4.9%)

Heshbon_§Heshbon@Num.21.25:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And he ruled in mount Hermon and in Salcah, and in all Bashan, even to the bound of Geshurite and the Maachathite and half Gilead, the bound of Sihon, king of Heshbon.

LITV Translation:
and reigned in Mount Hermon and in Salecah, and in all Bashan, to the border of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon the king of Heshbon.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
ruling from Mount Hermon and from Salecah, and over all the land of Bashan to the borders of Geshur, and Maacath, and the half of Gilead of the borders of Sihon king of Heshbon.