Joel 1:15

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

אהה אֲהָהּ

Ahah!

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אהה

ʼăhâhh

Definition

Oh!

Root

apparently a primitive word expressing pain exclamatorily;

Exhaustive

apparently a primitive word expressing pain exclamatorily; Oh!; ah, alas.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H162

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲהָהּ

interjection • Strongs_Numbers • Page 72

Interjection. An exclamation of complaint, woe! ah! Used with לַאדֹנָי following or 'alas, my daughter'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲהָהּ

interjection • Page 28

interj. expressive of grief. Ah! wo! alas! (Judg. 6:22; Jer. 1:6, 4:10; Judg. 11:35; Joel 1:15).

Particle interjection

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0162:

No stats available

ליום לַיּוֹם

to a day

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

Preposition -For/Into Art, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

כי כִּי

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

קרוב קָרוֹב

near/close

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

קרוב

qârôwb

Definition

near (in place, kindred or time)

Root

or קרב; from H7126 (קרב);

Exhaustive

or קרב; from קרב; near (in place, kindred or time); allied, approach, at hand, [phrase] any of kin, kinsfold(-sman), (that is) near (of kin), neighbour, (that is) next, (them that come) nigh (at hand), more ready, short(-ly).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7138

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קָרוֹב

adjective / noun masculine • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

1. Of place: near, neighbouring. 2. Of time: immediate, impending, soon. 3. Of relationship: a kinsman. 4. Warlike.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קָרוֹב

m. verbal adj. • Root קרב • Page 596

1. near, in space or time. (Gen. 45: 10. Deut. 22: 2. Ps. 148: 14. Ps. 75: 2). 2. kindred, allied (Ruth 2: 20. Num. 27: 11). 3. short, of short continuance (Job 20: 5).

Adjective adjective both singular absolute

LXX: ἐγγὺσ ἐγγίζει ἐγγύσ ἔγγιστα ἐγγίζοντεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7138:

ἐγγὺσ 26× (33.2%)

ἐγγίζει 6× (7.9%)

ἐγγύσ 5× (6.2%)

ἔγγιστα 5× (5.6%)

ἐγγίζοντεσ 4× (4.9%)

ἐγγίζων 3× (3.9%)

ἐγγίων 3× (3.9%)

ἐγγύθεν 2× (2.6%)

ἐγγίζῃ 2× (2.0%)

יום יוֹם

manifestation/day

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

יהוה יְהוָה

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvâh

Definition

Jehovah, Jewish national name of God

Root

from H1961 (היה); (the) self-Existent or Eternal;

Exhaustive

from היה; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God; Jehovah, the Lord. Compare יה, יהוה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3068

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Strongs / High • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

proper name • Page 275

The proper name of the deity among the ancient Hebrews. Interpreted as 'the eternal, unchangeable, true' or 'he who is as he shall be.' The text discusses various ancient pronunciations (IAΩ, IABE, IETΩ) and its derivation from the future of הָיָה.

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κυρίου κυρίῳ κύριον κύριε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3068:

κύριοσ 2605× (41.8%)

κυρίου 1742× (27.8%)

κυρίῳ 598× (8.8%)

κύριον 473× (7.1%)

κύριε 336× (5.4%)

--- 129× (2.1%)

'' 95× (1.3%)

θεὸσ 76× (1.0%)

θεοῦ 69× (0.9%)

θεῷ 28× (0.4%)

וכשד וּכְשֹׁד

and as destruction

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שד

shôd

Definition

violence, ravage

Root

or שוד; (Job 5:21), from H7736 (שוד);

Exhaustive

or שוד; (Job 5:21), from שוד; violence, ravage; desolation, destruction, oppression, robbery, spoil(-ed, -er, -ing), wasting.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7701

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֹׁד

noun masculine • Root שדד • Strongs / High • Page 1384

masc. 1. (for שָׁדָה, from שָׁדַד I.) same as שַׁד a breast, only figur. of fullness. 2. (once שׁוֹד Job 5, 21, from שָׁדַד) severity, hardness, violence, unusual violence from the Almighty.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֵׁד

noun masculine • Page 656

A lord; an evil demon. The names of idols are often used by the later Jews for demons.

שֹׁד

noun masculine • Root שד • Page 656

A mother's breast. (Identified as equivalent to שַׁד). Job 24: 9; Is. 60: 16.

שֹׁד

verb • Root שדד • Page 656

1. Violence, oppression; either actively or passively. Prov. 21: 7, 24: 2, Ps. 12: 6. 2. Desolation, destruction. Is. 51: 19, 59: 7, Jer. 48: 3, Hab. 2: 17.

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ταλαιπωρίαν σύντριμμα ταλαιπωρία ὄλεθροσ ὡσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7701:

ταλαιπωρίαν 5× (18.2%)

σύντριμμα 3× (11.8%)

ταλαιπωρία 3× (9.9%)

ὄλεθροσ 2× (8.3%)

ὡσ 2× (7.7%)

ἄρχων 2× (6.4%)

ταλαιπωρίασ 2× (6.4%)

משדי מִשַׁדַּי

from Destroyers

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שדי

Shadday

Definition

the Almighty

Root

from H7703 (שדד);

Exhaustive

from שדד; the Almighty; Almighty.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7706

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שַׁדַּי

m. prop. • Strongs / High • Page 1386

The Powerful, the Mighty One (a title used only of God, commonly El Shaddai, God Almighty); also appears in the pause form שַׁדֵּי.

שַׁדַּי

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1387

m. a powerful or mighty one; the K'ri has שָׁדַי with a similar meaning. To derive it from שׁ = אֲשֶׁר and דַּי or דַּיָּן is less suitable.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂדַי

poetical • Root שדה • Page 634

for שָׂדֶה a field. Ps. 8:8. 50:11. 80:14.

שַׁדַּי

noun masculine • Root שדד • Page 656

The Almighty, an epithet of Jehovah. Often in the phrase אֵל שַׁדַּי (Gen. 17:1, 28:3, Ex. 6:3) or standing alone (Job 5:17, Ruth 1:20, 21).

Prep-M, Noun proper name

LXX: κυρίου παντοκράτωρ παντοκράτοροσ θεόσ θεοῦ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7706:

κυρίου 7× (14.1%)

παντοκράτωρ 7× (10.2%)

παντοκράτοροσ 5× (8.9%)

θεόσ 5× (7.4%)

θεοῦ 4× (7.2%)

---% 3× (5.2%)

κύριον 2× (4.0%)

ἱκανοῦ 2× (4.0%)

θεὸσ 2× (3.7%)

ἱκανὸσ 2× (3.1%)

יבוא יָבוֹא׃

he is coming

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בוא

bôwʼ

Definition

to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H935

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בּוֹא

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 224

1. To go, to wander; usually with announcing the limit of one's going. 2. To arrive, to come at (distinguished from הָלַךְ in expressing the limit of going). In this sense metaphorically: a) to be born, to appear; b) to reach to one, to be equal to him; c) to reach inanimate things; d) to come upon, to fall upon (suddenly), e.g., of an enemy or calamity; e) to come to pass, to be fulfilled (of wishes, promises); f) of inanimate things, to come near; g) applied to time; h) with the preposition בְּ, to come with somewhat, i.e., to bring.

בּוֹא

verb • Root בוא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 225

To go in, to enter, to come; to arrive; to go down (of the sun).

בּוֹא

verb • Root בוא • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to come to

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בּוֹא

verb • Page 88

1. to go or come in, to enter. Gen. 6:18. Frequently opposed to יָצָא. 2. to lie with a woman, inire feminam. Gen. 16:2. 3. spoken of the sun, to set, go down (below the horizon). Gen. 15:17. 28:11.

בּוֹא

verb • Page 89

To go in, to enter, to come. Includes many specific idioms: to conduct oneself (Josh. 15:18); to come in as revenue (1 K. 10:14); to enter into a covenant (2 Chr. 15:12); to come upon someone or befall them (Lam. 1:10); to come to pass or be fulfilled (Prov. 13:12); to bring something (with ב, Ps. 66:13); to obtain (Ps. 69:28). Hiphil: to bring in, carry in, or lead (2 Sam. 9:10). Hophal: passive (Lev. 10:18).

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0935:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

Ahah! to a day for near/close day He Is and as destruction from Destroyers he is coming

RBT Paraphrase:

שד משדי - Destruction from Destroyers

Ahah! for the manifestation is near, a manifestation He Who Is, and as destruction from Destroyers ("Shaddai") he is coming!²

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Alas! for the day: for the day of Jehovah is near, and as destruction from the Almighty shall it come.

LITV Translation:
Alas for the day! For the day of Jehovah is at hand. And it shall come as a destruction from the Almighty.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
Alas, alas, alas for the day! for the day of the Lord is nigh, and it will come as trouble upon trouble.

Footnotes

Joe. 1:15

Joe. 1:15

Taking שדי not only as the divine title Shaddai but as a plural noun from the same root as שד (“devastation, plunder”) or the verb שדד (“to devastate, lay waste”),  כשד משדי is literally rendered along the lines of “as a destroyer from destroyers” instead of “like destruction from the Almighty,”:

1. שד – “destruction” (common noun)

2. שַׁדַי – morphologically, it is literally read as a plural intensive or agent noun form “destroyer(s)” from the root ש־ד־ד. The divine epithet, שדי "shaddai" is almost always understood as a proper noun referring to God, but like the plural "elohim" it too has a literal plural meaning.