Job 11:17

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ומצהרים וּ֭מִצָּהֳרַיִם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

צהר

tsôhar

Definition

a light (i.e. window); dual double light, i.e. noon

Root

from H6671 (צהר);

Exhaustive

from צהר; a light (i.e. window); dual double light, i.e. noon; midday, noon(-day, -tide), window.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6672

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צֹהַר

noun • Strongs / High • Page 1218

Properly light, splendour; then meaning place of light, opening for light, window.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צֹהַר

noun masculine • Page 564

m. dec. VI. n. light. (Comp. זֹהַר and טֹהַר) Gen. 6:16. צֹהַר תַּעֲשֶׂה לַתֵּבָה light, i. e. a window, shalt thou make for the ship. Dual צָהֳרַיִם noon, midday, liter. double light. Gen. 43:16, 25. Deut. 28:29. Used as an emblem of prosperity, Job 11:17. Ps. 47:6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6672

I. צֹ֫הַר noun masculine only plural צָהֳרַ֫יִם — midday, noon.

— צָהֳרַ֫יִם Deuteronomy 28:29 +; צָהֳרָ֑יִם Genesis 43:16 + (when sun mounts its highest; on form as expanded plural (not dual) see GKC¹ § 88c and references); — usually:

1. Midday as a specific time of day

• 1 Kings 18:29
• בַּצָּהֳרַ֫יִם at noon Genesis 43:16, 25; Amos 8:9; 1 Kings 18:27; 1 Kings 20:16; Song of Solomon 1:7 (resting-time for flock), Jeremiah 6:4 (opposed to evening)
• בְּעֵת צָהֳרַ֫יִם Jeremiah 20:16 (distinguished from morning) as time of supposed security Jeremiah 15:8; Zephaniah 2:4
• מֵהַבֹּקֶר וְעַד הַצָּהֳרַ֫יִם 1 Kings 18:26
• עַד הַצָּהֳרַ֫יִם 2 Kings 4:20
• As adverb, צָהֳרַ֫יִם as time of prayer Psalm 55:18 (+ בֹּקֶר, עֶרֶב)
• As time of wasting קֶטֶב Psalm 91:6
• מִשְׁכַּב הַצָּהֳרַ֫יִם 2 Samuel 4:5 noonday repose

2. Figurative of brightness and blessing

• Isaiah 58:10 (opposed to אֲפֵלָה)
• Psalm 37:6 (parallel to כָּאוֺר)
• Job 11:17 (see GKC¹ § 133e)
• בְּתוֺךְ הַצָּהֳרַ֫יִם Isaiah 16:3 (opposed to צִלֵּךְ)
• בַּצָּהֳרַ֫יִם Deuteronomy 28:29; Isaiah 59:10; Job 5:14

---

II. צֹ֫הַר noun feminine — probably roof.

Cognates:

• Arabic ظهر (back)
• Assyrian ṣêru (back)
• Tel Amarna back

— צֹ֫הַר תַּעֲשֶׂה לַתֵּבָה Genesis 6:16.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun common both dual absolute

LXX: μεσημβρίασ μεσημβρίᾳ ὡσ μεσημβρίαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6672a:

μεσημβρίασ 12× (44.9%)

μεσημβρίᾳ 4× (14.2%)

ὡσ 2× (8.0%)

μεσημβρίαν 2× (6.8%)

יקום יָקוּם

he is standing up

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

קום

qûwm

Definition

to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative); abide, accomplish, [idiom] be clearer, confirm, continue, decree, [idiom] be dim, endure, [idiom] enemy, enjoin, get up, make good, help, hold, (help to) lift up (again), make, [idiom] but newly, ordain, perform, pitch, raise (up), rear (up), remain, (a-) rise (up) (again, against), rouse up, set (up), (e-) stablish, (make to) stand (up), stir up, strengthen, succeed, (as-, make) sure(-ly), (be) up(-hold, -rising).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6965

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קוּם

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1267

To be, to stand in a place, to stand fast, subsist, live, exist, rule (over a kingdom), endure, keep hold, remain, stand up, rise (from falling, kneeling, sitting, or generally), appear (as a witness or hostilely), succeed, prepare, or start up. Also metaphorically to be brought about (a plan, prediction, etc.) or to be firm/decided.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קוּם

verb • Page 583

fut. יָקוּם. 1. to stand or get up, to rise, arise. Gen. 22: 3. Job 1: 20. With redundant dative קוּמִי לָךְ rise up, Cant. 2: 10. 2. to stand, in different relations; to last, endure. Job 15: 29. Amos 7: 2, 5. to continue, construed with לְ to a person, Lev. 25: 30. 3. to prosper, construed with בְּ. Job 22: 28. Is. 8: 10. 4. to come to pass, to be fulfilled, spoken of a prediction. Jer. 44: 28. 5. to be legal, valid; spoken e. g. of testimony, Deut. 19: 15; of a vow, Num. 30: 5 ff. 6. to stand by, assist, Ps. 94: 16. 7. to stand before, resist. Josh. 7: 13. 8. קָמוּ עֵינַיִם the eyes were fixed or set, 1 K. 14: 4. 9. pass. of Pi.

קוּם

verb • Page 584

1. to rise up. (Dan. 3:24). 2. to stand. (Dan. 3:3; 7:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6965

I. לֵב קָמָי probably late Atbash (compare שֵׁשַׁךְ) for כשׂדים the original reading (ᵐ5¹) Jeremiah 51:1.

II. קוּם (approximate number of occurrences: 628) — arise, stand up, stand. (Late Hebrew in derived species and derivatives).

Cognates:

• Phoenician Hiph`il Participle and מקם place
• Arabic قام stand, rise
• Ethiopic ቆመ stand, stop
• Sabean מקם place
• Aramaic קוּם, קָם; Old Aramaic Nabataean קום
• Palmyrene Aph`el אקים erect statue
• Assyrian kumu place, dwelling, kaiamânu enduring
• Samaritan live

— קוּם absolute Jeremiah 44:29; construct קָוּם Amos 5:2; Perfect 3 masculine singular קָם 1 Samuel 17:48 +, וְקָאם Hosea 10:14; 2 masculine singular קַמְתָּ 2 Samuel 12:21; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָקוּם Exodus 21:19, jussive יָקֻם Genesis 27:31; Imperative masculine singular קוּם Genesis 13:17; feminine plural קֹמְנָה Isaiah 32:9; Participle feminine singular קָמָה Micah 7:6; masculine plural קָמִים 2 Samuel 18:31.

Qal (460 occurrences)

1. Arise

מִתַּחְתָּיו Exodus 10:23 (Elohist Source).

a. After lying down

• (Sleep, sickness, mourning) 1 Samuel 3:6, 8; 2 Samuel 12:21; Genesis 19:33, 35
• From lying dead 2 Kings 13:21, Job 14:12; Isaiah 26:14, 19
• After falling Amos 5:2; Amos 8:14; Jeremiah 8:4
• From sitting or reclining, at meals Genesis 25:34; 1 Samuel 1:9; Esther 7:7
• In respect/honor Genesis 19:1; Leviticus 19:32; Job 29:8
• From kneeling 1 Kings 8:54; from bending over dead Genesis 23:3 (Priests' Code)

b. Out of a condition or state

• Ezra 9:5

c. Of bear rising

• 1 Samuel 17:35

d. Arise and stand

• Exodus 33:8; Psalm 20:9 figurative
• Of a sheaf Genesis 37:7; of waters Joshua 3:16

e. Construction Praegnans

• Numbers 11:32 (Elohist Source)
• Over a person 2 Samuel 12:17

f. Preliminary to formal speech or act

• Judges 20:8; Micah 6:1; Proverbs 31:28
• To testify Deuteronomy 19:15–16; Psalm 35:11
• To read aloud Nehemiah 9:3; to bless 2 Chronicles 30:27

g. To listen to God's word

• Numbers 23:18; Isaiah 32:9

h. Of noise, tumult, or light

• Hosea 10:14; Job 25:3

2. Hostile sense (rise against)

• With עַל Deuteronomy 19:11; Judges 9:18; Psalm 27:3
• Of God arising Amos 7:9; Isaiah 14:22
• With אֶל Genesis 4:8; 1 Samuel 24:8
• Participle with suffix (enemies) Exodus 15:7; Deuteronomy 33:11
• Revolt Numbers 16:2; 2 Kings 12:21

3. Become powerful

• Proverbs 28:12, 28

4. Arise (appear on scene)

• Of leader, prophet, or king Judges 5:7; Deuteronomy 13:2; Exodus 1:8
• In place of (תַּחַת) 1 Kings 8:20; Numbers 32:14
• Of calamity Nahum 1:9; Proverbs 24:22

5. Arise for, i.e. to become

• For a witness Zephaniah 3:8 (לְעֵד)
• Ezekiel 7:11 (dubious)

6. Arise for action

a. Especially of God arising

• For judgment Psalm 76:10; Job 31:14
• Imperative קוּמָה Numbers 10:35; Psalm 3:8

b. Introducing specific deed

• Genesis 21:18; Exodus 32:1; Judges 8:20

c. Start/Move to go somewhere

• Genesis 13:17; 1 Samuel 9:3; Jonah 1:3

7. Stand (Figurative)

a. Maintain oneself

• Joshua 7:12; Amos 7:2; Psalm 1:5

b. Be established, confirmed

• Of a kingdom 1 Samuel 24:21; of purchase Leviticus 27:19
• Assured to (ל) Leviticus 25:30; Genesis 23:17 (Priests' Code)

c. Stand, endure

• 1 Samuel 13:14; Job 8:15

d. Be fixed (of price)

• Leviticus 27:14

e. Be valid (of vows)

• Numbers 30:5 (Priests' Code)

f. Be proven

• Deuteronomy 19:15

g. Be fulfilled / Succeed

• Jeremiah 44:29; Isaiah 14:24; Proverbs 19:21; Isaiah 7:7

h. Persist

• Isaiah 32:8

i. Represent a name

• Deuteronomy 25:6

j. Of eyes (be set/fixed)

• 1 Samuel 4:15; 1 Kings 14:4

Pi`el — Late (Aramaic)

1. Fulfil

• Ezekiel 13:6; Psalm 119:106

2. Confirm, ratify, establish

• Ruth 4:7; Psalm 119:28
• Impose obligation Esther 9:21, 27, 31

Po`l. raise up (rebuilding)

• Isaiah 44:26; Isaiah 58:2; Isaiah 61:4

Hithpolel raise oneself, rise up (hostile)

• Job 20:27; Job 27:7; Psalm 17:7; Psalm 59:2

Hiph`il (146 occurrences) cause to arise, raise, set up

1. Cause to arise

a. Prostrate person or thing

• 2 Samuel 12:17; Deuteronomy 22:4; Psalm 41:11
• Figurative Amos 9:11; 1 Samuel 2:8

b. From throne

• Isaiah 14:9

c. Lift up shield

• Ezekiel 26:8

2. Raise, set up, erect

a. Physical objects

• Stones Joshua 4:9, 20; Deuteronomy 27:2
• Pillars 1 Kings 7:21; Exodus 40:18
• Idols Judges 18:30; Leviticus 26:1

b. Erect, build

• Altar 2 Samuel 24:18; Tabernacle Exodus 40:2

c. Set up law

• Psalm 78:5

3. Raise up (bring on scene)

• Sons Joshua 5:7; 2 Samuel 7:12
• Seed Genesis 38:8 (Jehovist Source)
• Judges Judges 2:16; Kings Jeremiah 23:5; Prophets Deuteronomy 18:15

4. Rouse, instigate

• Rouse lion Genesis 49:9
• Instigate person against another Amos 6:14; 1 Kings 11:14

5. Constitute

• Deuteronomy 29:12; Amos 2:11

6. Cause to stand / Establish

• Set sentinels Judges 7:19; Jeremiah 51:12
• Establish covenant Genesis 6:18; Genesis 17:7 (Priests' Code)
• Perform oath/word 1 Samuel 1:23; Genesis 26:3

Hoph`al be raised up, be set up, be observed

• 2 Samuel 23:1; Exodus 40:17; Jeremiah 35:14

---

מָקוֹם (approximate number of occurrences: 399) noun masculine (apparently feminine in Job 20:9) — standing-place, place.

1. Standing-place, station

• Exodus 3:5; Joshua 5:15; Genesis 19:27
• Of the earth Isaiah 13:13; of the heart Job 37:1
• Military station Joshua 8:19; office Ecclesiastes 10:4

2. Place where a thing belongs / Abode

• Genesis 29:3; 1 Samuel 5:3
• Human abode Genesis 13:14; God's abode Hosea 5:15; 1 Kings 8:30

3. City, land, region

• City Genesis 18:24; Canaan Exodus 23:20; plot of ground 1 Chronicles 21:22

4. Locality, spot

• Banquet place 1 Samuel 9:22; sleeping-place 1 Samuel 3:2
• Shrine, sanctuary Genesis 12:6, 28:11
• Temple Deuteronomy 12:5; 1 Kings 8:29; Isaiah 60:3

5. Space, room, direction

• Genesis 24:23; distance 1 Samuel 26:13; direction Ezekiel 10:11

---

Aramaic

I. קוּם — verb arise, stand (Biblical Hebrew קוּם).

Pe`al

1. literally arise
   • From throne Daniel 3:24; from bed Daniel 6:20
2. figurative come on scene
   • Of kingdom Daniel 2:39; of king Daniel 7:17
3. stand / endure
   • Daniel 2:31; Daniel 2:44

Pa`el establish ordinance

• Daniel 6:8

Haph`el set up, establish, appoint

• Set up image Daniel 3:1; establish Daniel 6:9
• Appoint Ezra 6:18; Daniel 5:11

Hoph`al be made to stand

• Daniel 7:4

¹ ᵐ5 Septuagint.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch (GKC).

³ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew.

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀνέστη ἀνάστηθι ἀναστὰσ ἀνέστησαν ἀνάστα

LXX Usage Statistics

H6965b:

ἀνέστη 97× (13.4%)

ἀνάστηθι 38× (6.0%)

ἀναστὰσ 35× (5.2%)

ἀνέστησαν 25× (3.4%)

ἀνάστα 17× (2.7%)

ἀνάστητε 17× (2.7%)

ἔστησεν 16× (2.2%)

'' 15× (2.0%)

ἀναστήσω 15× (2.1%)

ἀναστήσονται 10× (1.6%)

חלד חָלֶד

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חלד

cheled

Definition

life (as a fleeting portion of time); hence, the world (as transient)

Root

from an unused root apparently meaning to glide swiftly;

Exhaustive

from an unused root apparently meaning to glide swiftly; life (as a fleeting portion of time); hence, the world (as transient); age, short time, world.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2465

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֶלֶד

noun masculine • Root חלד • Strongs / High • Page 486

1. prop. the dark, veiled, unlimited time; hence, the world. 2. continuance, duration of life, eternity.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חֶלֶד

noun masculine • Root , • Page 228

1. length of life (Ps. 39:6). 2. life (Job 11:17). 3. world (Ps. 49:2).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2465

I. חֶ֫לֶד (approximate number of occurrences: 5) noun masculine^{Job 11:17} — duration, world (αιὤν).

Cognates:

• Arabic خلد perpetual duration, eternity

— חֶ֫לֶד absolute Psalm 17:14; חָ֑לֶד Job 11:17 (2 times) + Isaiah 38:11 (Cheyne, Delitzsch, Manuscript Babylonian etc.; Baer חָ֑דֶל); suffix חֶלְדִּי Psalm 39:6.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Duration of life

• Job 11:17
• Psalm 39:6 (+ יָמַי)
• זְכֹר אֲנִי מֶה־חָ֑לֶד Psalm 89:48 of what duration I am (Driver¹), or (reading אדני for אני) what is life (?) (Hitzig, Ewald, Nowack and others)

b. World (= αιὤν, not Κόσμος)

• Psalm 17:14
• Psalm 49:2 (יֹשְׁבֵי חֶ֫לֶד cf. כָּל־עַמִּים)
• Isaiah 38:11 (see above; cf. אֶרֶץ הַחַיִּים)

II. חלד (root of following; compare Late Hebrew חלד dig, or hollow out, Aramaic חלד creep, crawl).

¹ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892), § 189. 2.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H2465:

No stats available

תעפה תָּ֝עֻ֗פָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עוף

ʻûwph

Definition

to fly; also (by implication of dimness) to faint (from the darkness of swooning)

Root

a primitive root; to cover (with wings or obscurity); hence (as denominative from H5775 (עוף))

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to cover (with wings or obscurity); hence (as denominative from עוף); to fly; also (by implication of dimness) to faint (from the darkness of swooning); brandish, be (wax) faint, flee away, fly (away), [idiom] set, shine forth, weary.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5774

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עוּף

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1066

Intransitive verb: to fly (of the eagle, fig. of an enemy), to rush rapidly; to come flying to; of the eyes, to look at directly; of a book, to spread out; to fly high; to float, to fly covering (protecting young). Also used to mean to hasten away, or fly away, of life.

עוּף

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1067

1. to fly repeatedly, as a usual thing. 2. to swing above or before, to brandish. (Includes derived forms Pih. to flutter, Hif. to make fly away, Hithp. to vanish/disappear.)

עוּף

verb • Root עוף • Strongs / High • Page 1067

1. to be covered, by obscurity, darkness. 2. (not used) tr. to cover about, to wrap; metaphorically to be gloomy, dark. 3. to be weary, weak, pining, perishing (to distinguish it from עוּף I.).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עוּף

verb • Root עוף • Page 497

I. to fly; spoken of birds (Is. 31:5), of the arrow (Ps. 91:5). Metaphorically to fly away, spoken of a dream (Job 20:8), of human life (Ps. 90:10). Pil. עֵוֹפֵף to fly; Hiph. to let fly (Prov. 23:5).

עוּף

verb • Root עוף • Page 497

II. 1. to be darkened, to be in darkness (Job 11:17). 2. to be wrapt in darkness, to be faint, weary (1 Sam. 14:28; Judg. 4:21). Derived from a root meaning to wrap up.

עוּף

verb • Page 505

to be wearied, exhausted. Jer. 4:31.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5774

I. עוּף (approximate number of occurrences: 28) verb — fly.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id., עוֺף
• Aramaic עוֺפָא
• Ethiopic ዖፍ
• Arabic عِيَافَة augury, عَافَ, تَعَيَّفَ practice augury

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine plural וְעָפוּ consecutive Isaiah 11:14; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָעוּף Job 20:8, Psalm 91:5, Proverbs 23:5b Qr; וַיָּעֹ֑ף 2 Samuel 22:11 = Psalm 18:11, Nahum 3:16; וַיָּ֫עָף Isaiah 6:6; 3 feminine singular הֲתָעוּף Proverbs 23:5a Kt; 3 feminine plural תְּעוּפֶינָה Isaiah 60:8; Infinitive construct עוּף Job 5:7, Proverbs 26:2; Participle feminine singular עָפָה Zechariah 5:1, 2; plural עָפוֺת Isaiah 31:5.

1. Fly and Hover

a. fly

• Of birds Deuteronomy 4:17
• Specifically of swallow (in simile) Proverbs 26:2 (+ נוּד)
• Of seraph Isaiah 6:6
• Yahweh riding (רכב) on cherub 2 Samuel 22:11 = Psalm 18:11
• Roll (in vision) Zechariah 5:1–2
• Arrow Psalm 91:5
• Of swift army Isaiah 11:14, Habakkuk 1:8
• Figurative of ships like clouds or doves Isaiah 60:8
• Soar aloft Job 5:7 (בְּנֵירֶֿשֶׁף יַגְבִּיהוּ עוּף)

b. hover

• Protectingly Isaiah 31:5 (birds, simile of Yahweh; compare Deuteronomy 32:11)

2. Vanish and Depart

• To a distance Psalm 55:7 (figurative; compare Psalm 55:8)
• Vanish, of locusts Nahum 3:16
• Simile of riches Proverbs 23:5b (Qr)
• Of the wicked Job 20:8 (כַּחֲלוֺם)
• End of life Psalm 90:10 (וַנָּעֻ֑פָה)
• Of eyes lighting upon something Proverbs 23:5a (Kt הֲתָעוּף)

3. Derived Stems

Po`el 1. fly about, to and fro

• Of birds Genesis 1:20 (Priests' Code)
• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2
• Flying fiery serpent Isaiah 14:29, Isaiah 30:6 (שָׂרָף מְעוֺפֵף)

Po`el 2. cause to fly, brandish

• Infinitive construct suffix בְּעוֺפְפִי חַרְבִּי Ezekiel 32:10

Hithpo`el fly away

• Hosea 9:11 (כָּעוּף יִתְעוֺפֵף כְּבוֺדָם)

Hiph`il cause to fly

• Imperfect 2 masculine singular Qr Proverbs 23:5 (dost thou cause thine eyes to fly)

---

II. עוּף verb — be dark.

• Qal Imperfect 2 masculine singular תָּעֻ֫פָה Job 11:17 (though) it be dark

---

II. עִיף verb — be faint.

Cognates:

• Syriac ܥܝܰܦ
• Form of יעף

• Qal Perfect 3 feminine singular עָֽיְפָה נַפְשִׁי לְ Jeremiah 4:31
• Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיָּ֫עַף Judges 4:21, 1 Samuel 14:28, 1 Samuel 14:31, 2 Samuel 21:15

---

Aramaic

עוֺף noun masculine — fowl.

• absolute Daniel 7:6 (wings of a fowl)
• construct Daniel 2:38 (collective)

¹ Julius Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1897.

² Crawford H. Toy, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Proverbs, New York, 1899.

³ Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁴ Payne Smith, Thesaurus Syriacus.

Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: πετόμενα πετόμενον πέταται ἐξεπετάσθη πετασθήσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H5774b:

πετόμενα 2× (7.9%)

πετόμενον 2× (7.9%)

πέταται 2× (7.9%)

ἐξεπετάσθη 2× (7.3%)

πετασθήσονται 2× (6.7%)

ἐπετάσθη 2× (6.7%)

כבקר כַּבֹּקֶר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בקר

bôqer

Definition

properly, dawn (as the break of day); generally, morning

Root

from H1239 (בקר);

Exhaustive

from בקר; properly, dawn (as the break of day); generally, morning; ([phrase]) day, early, morning, morrow.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1242

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קַר

adjective masculine • Root קרר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1292

Cold (of water); figuratively cool, quiet.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

קַר

noun masculine • Root קרר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1292

Cold (noun).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כַּאֲשֶׁר

particle / adv. • Root אשר • Page 80

(1.) *according to what, as*; (2.) *as if*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *when*. References include Gen. 7:9, 34:12, Job 10:19, Num. 27:14, Mic. 3:4.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1242

I. בֹּ֫קֶר (approximate number of occurrences: 214) noun masculine^{Exodus 10:13} — morning.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Etymology: from split, penetrate, as the dawn the darkness, light through cloud-rifts, etc.

— בֹּ֫קֶר Genesis 1:5 + (always absolute); plural בְּקָרִים Job 7:18 4 times.

1. Morning

(Of point of time, time at which, never during which, English morning = forenoon):

a. Of end of night

(Opposed to לַיְלָה):

• Exodus 10:13 (Jehovist Source)
• Leviticus 6:2 (Priests' Code)
• Judges 19:25
• Ruth 3:13 (twice in verse)
• Isaiah 21:12
• 1 Samuel 19:11 ("" מָחָר, opposed to לַיְלָה)
• Opposed to לֵילוֹת Psalm 92:3
• Opposed to לוּן Exodus 23:18; Exodus 34:25 (both Jehovist-Elohist Source); Leviticus 19:13 (Holiness Code); Deuteronomy 16:4
• Opposed to צַלְמָוֶת Amos 5:8
• Genesis 40:6; Genesis 41:8 (both Elohist Source)
• Exodus 12:22; Exodus 34:2 (twice in verse) (both Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• 1 Samuel 3:15 +

b. Implying the coming of dawn, and even daylight

• Genesis 29:25 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 44:3 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Kings 3:21 (but Klostermann¹ here for second בַּבֹּקֶר, reads לְבַקֵּר by looking at it, see בָּקַר)
• Job 24:17; Job 38:12 ("" שַׁחַר)
• לִפְנוֹת הַבֹּקֶר Exodus 14:27 (Jehovist-Elohist Source) at the turn of the morning, so Judges 19:26 ("" בַּעֲלוֹת הַשָּׁחַר Judges 19:25; followed by עַד הָאוֹר, as something later, Judges 19:26)
• Ruth 3:14 ("" בְּטֶרֶם יַכִּיר אִישׁ אֶת רֵעֵהוּ before men could recognise each other)
• כּוֹכְבֵי בֹקֶר Job 38:7 stars of morning
• With אוֹר verb: Genesis 44:3 (Jehovist Source) הַבֹּקֶר אוֹר
• With אוֹר noun: בְּאוֹר הַבֹּקֶר Micah 2:1; and especially עַד אוֹר הַבֹּקֶר Judges 16:2 (opposed to לַיְלָה), so 1 Samuel 14:36, 1 Samuel 25:22, 34, 36; 2 Samuel 17:22; 2 Kings 7:9
• 1 Samuel 29:10 ("" וְאוֹר לָכֶם)

c. Of coming of sunrise

• Judges 9:33; 2 Samuel 23:4 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 3:22
• מוֹצָאֵי בֹקֶר וָעֶרֶב Psalm 65:9 i.e. places of sunrise and sunset ("" קְצוֹת i.e. ends of earth)

d. Of beginning of day

• מֵאָז הַבֹּקֶר וְעַד עַתָּה Ruth 2:7 (compare Ruth 2:14); 2 Samuel 24:15 (but strike out Wellhausen², Driver²)
• Time of prayer and praise: Psalm 5:4 (twice in verse) (see Hupfeld³); Psalm 59:17; Psalm 88:14; Psalm 92:3
• "" צָהֳרַיִם noon: 1 Kings 18:26; Jeremiah 20:16
• Of three hours of prayer: עֶרֶב וָבֹקֶר וְצָהֳרַיִם Psalm 55:18 (compare Daniel 6:10, 13)

e. Opposed to עֶרֶב

• Genesis 49:27 (Poem in Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 16:7, 8, 12, 13; Leviticus 6:13; Numbers 9:21 (all Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 28:67 (twice in verse); 2 Samuel 11:14; 1 Kings 17:6; Isaiah 17:14; Zephaniah 3:3; Ezekiel 24:18 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 33:22; Daniel 8:26; Psalm 30:6; Psalm 90:5, 6; Ecclesiastes 11:6; 1 Chronicles 16:40; 2 Chronicles 2:3; 2 Chronicles 13:11; 31:3; Ezra 3:3; Esther 2:14
• Opposed to בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם: Exodus 29:39, 41; Numbers 28:4, 8 (all Priests' Code)
• מִן הַבֹּקֶר עַד הָעֶרֶב = all day Exodus 18:13 & (without article) Exodus 18:14 (both Elohist Source)
• מִבֹּקֶר לָעֶרֶב Job 4:20 = between morning and evening
• מֵעֶרֶב עַד בֹּקֶר = all night: Exodus 27:21 (Priests' Code); Leviticus 24:3 (Holiness Code); Numbers 9:21 & בָּעֶרֶב עַד בֹּקֶר Numbers 9:15 (both Priests' Code)
• Formula: וַיְהִי עֶרֶב וַיְהִי בֹקֶר and evening came and then morning Genesis 1:5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31 (all Priests' Code), i.e. the day ended with evening, and the night with morning
• Daniel 8:14 of omission of daily sacrifice: עַד עֶרֶב בֹּקֶר אַלְפַּיִם וּשְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת, until 2300 evening-mornings, probably = 2300 half-days (Ewald⁴, Hitzig⁴, Meinhold⁴, Bevan⁴, Driver^{Intr. 464}, compare Daniel 8:26)

f. With prepositions

• בַּבֹּקֶר in the morning: Genesis 19:27 110 times; compare בִּהְיוֹת הַבֹּקֶר Exodus 19:16
• לַבֹּקֶר in (or at) the morning: Amos 4:4 7 times
• לַבֹּקֶר for (against or by) the morning: Exodus 34:2; compare Psalm 130:6; nearly = until (עַד) Exodus 34:25; Deuteronomy 16:4; Zephaniah 3:3
• בַּבֹּקֶר בַּבֹּקֶר morning by morning, every morning: Exodus 16:21; Exodus 30:7; Exodus 36:3; Leviticus 6:5 (all Priests' Code); 2 Samuel 13:4; 1 Chronicles 23:30; 2 Chronicles 13:11; Isaiah 28:19; Isaiah 50:4; Ezekiel 46:13, 14, 15; Zephaniah 3:5; also לַבֹּקֶר לַבֹּקֶר (same sense): 1 Chronicles 9:27
• plural לַבְּקָרִים every morning afresh: Psalm 73:14; Isaiah 33:2; compare Lamentations 3:23; almost = continually Psalm 101:8; לִבְקָרִים Job 7:18 ("" לִרְגָעִים every moment)
• Without preposition or article in the morning: Hosea 7:6; Psalm 5:4; Psalm 55:18

g. Figurative of bright joy after night of distress

• Job 11:17; compare Psalm 30:6; Psalm 46:6 (לִפְנוֹת בֹּקֶר); Psalm 49:15; Psalm 59:17; Psalm 90:14; Psalm 143:8

h. In phrases

• הִשְׁכִּים בַּבֹּקֶר (or וַיַּשְׁכֵּם etc.) he rose early in the morning: Genesis 19:27; Genesis 20:8; Genesis 21:14; Genesis 22:3; Genesis 26:31; Genesis 28:18; Genesis 32:1; Exodus 8:16; 9:13; 24:4; 34:4; Numbers 14:40; Joshua 3:1; 6:12; 7:16; 8:10 (all Jehovist-Elohist Source); Judges 6:28; 19:5, 8; 1 Samuel 1:19; 5:4; 15:12; 17:20; 29:10 (twice in verse), 11; 2 Kings 3:22; 19:35 = Isaiah 37:36; 2 Chronicles 20:20; Job 1:5; Proverbs 27:14; Isaiah 5:11
• וַיָּקָם בַּבֹּקֶר (or ויקומו etc.): Genesis 24:54; Numbers 22:13, 21 (all Jehovist-Elohist Source); Judges 19:27; 20:19; 2 Samuel 24:11; 1 Kings 3:21
• אַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר morning watch: Exodus 14:24; 1 Samuel 11:11

2. Morrow, next day

(Compare German Morgen, morgen):

• Without article: Exodus 16:19, 20; Leviticus 7:15; Leviticus 22:30 (opposed to הַיּוֹם הַהוּא); Numbers 16:5 ("" מָחָר Numbers 16:7, 16); Exodus 12:10 (twice in verse); Numbers 9:12
• With article: Exodus 16:23, 24; Exodus 29:34; לַבֹּקֶר Exodus 34:25; Numbers 22:41; Zephaniah 3:3
• בַּבֹּקֶר 1 Samuel 9:19 (opposed to הַיּוֹם to-day); compare 1 Samuel 20:35
• To-morrow morning הַבֹּקֶר Judges 6:31 (Studer⁵); בַּבֹּקֶר Exodus 7:15; Joshua 7:14; Esther 5:14; definitely מִמָּחֳרָת בַּבֹּקֶר 1 Samuel 5:4; מֵהַבֹּקֶר 2 Samuel 2:27
• Adverbial use (without preposition or article): Exodus 16:7; Numbers 16:5

¹ August Klostermann.

² Julius Wellhausen and Samuel Rolles Driver.

³ Hermann Hupfeld.

⁴ Heinrich Ewald, Ferdinand Hitzig, Johannes Meinhold, and A. A. Bevan.

⁵ Friedrich Studer.

Preposition -Like Art, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: πρωὶ πρωί πρωίθεν --- πρωίασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1242:

πρωὶ 113× (51.0%)

πρωί 54× (25.4%)

πρωίθεν 7× (3.2%)

--- 6× (3.1%)

πρωίασ 5× (2.3%)

πρωινὴν 3× (1.3%)

ὄρθρου 2× (1.0%)

πρωινὴ 2× (1.0%)

'' 2× (0.9%)

ἡμέραν 2× (0.9%)

תהיה תִּהְיֶה׃

she is becoming

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

Verb Qal imperfect third person feminine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And life shall rise above the noonday: thou shalt shine forth, thou shalt be as the morning.

LITV Translation:
and your lifetime shall rise more than the noonday; you shall fly; you shall be as the morning.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And thy prayer shall be as the morning star, And life shall arise to thee as from the noonday.