Jeremiah 51:37

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

והיתה וְהָיְתָה

and she has become

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person feminine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

בבל׀ בָבֶל׀

Confusion ("Babel")

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בבל

Bâbel

Definition

Babel (i.e. Babylon), including Babylonia and the Babylonian empire

Root

from H1101 (בלל); confusion;

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H894

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בָּבֶל

noun proper • Root בלל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 217

Babylon, metropolis of the Babylonian-Chaldean empire on the Euphrates; 2. as the name of the Assyrian empire; 3. a name of Persia.

בָּבֶל

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 218

The same [as Hebrew Babel], used of the city or province.

בָּבֶ֫לָה

proper noun with locative he • Lemma_Lookup • Page 384

to Babylon

בִּבְלִי

particle • Root בלי • Lemma_Lookup • Page 248

Before a noun, properly nothing but an intensive בְּלִי, without

בַּבְלָי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 218

Babylonian, i.e. belonging to the city of Babel.

זְרֻבָּבֶל

noun proper • Root זרב • Lemma_Lookup • Page 443

Proper name, one of the descendants of David in Babylonia, who led back the first Jewish colony to Palestine. Possibly means 'shoot of Babylon'.

זְרוּבָבֶל

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 443

see זְרֻבָּבֶל.

מִבְּבֶ֫לָה

adverb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 384

from Babylon (with directional sense)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בָּבֶל

noun feminine • Root בלל • Page 85

Babel, Babylon, the celebrated metropolis of Babylonia on the Euphrates (Gen. 11:9). Signifies 'confusion'.

Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0894:

No stats available

לגלים׀ לְגַלִּים׀

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גל

gal

Definition

something rolled, i.e. a heap of stone or dung (plural ruins), by analogy, a spring of water (plural waves)

Root

from H1556 (גלל);

Exhaustive

from גלל; something rolled, i.e. a heap of stone or dung (plural ruins), by analogy, a spring of water (plural waves); billow, heap, spring, wave.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1530

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גֵּל

noun masculine • Root גלל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 322

A masculine noun with multiple meanings: 1. a heap, something heaped together, hence a dung-hill. 2. a tomb. 3. stubble, chaff.

Matched via consonantal key only

גַּל

noun proper • Consonantal / Medium • Page 322

Used in the proper name אֲבִיגַל (Abigail); see גִּיל.

Matched via consonantal key only

גַּל

noun masculine • Root גלל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 322

A masculine noun with multiple meanings: 1. a heap of stones, a hill, used as a memorial or for ignominy. 2. a heap of ruins. 3. a spring, wave, or billow.

Matched via consonantal key only

גַּל

noun proper • Root גיל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 322

Used in the proper name אֲבִיגֹל; see גַּיִל.

Matched via consonantal key only

גֹּל

noun • Root גלל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 322

A cruse for oil, an oil-vessel, named for its round form.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גַּל

noun masculine • Root גלל • Page 138

1. a heap, especially a heap of stones (Gen. 31:46, Josh. 7:26, Is. 25:2); ruins (Jer. 9:10). 2. running spring (Ecc. 4:12, Job 8:17); plur. waves of the sea (Ps. 42:8, 89:10, 107:25, 29).

גַּל

noun masculine • Root גלה • Page 138

oil-cruise, oil-vessel, i. q. גֻּלָּה no. 2. Zech. 4:2.

גֵּל

noun masculine • Root גלל • Page 141

dung, ordure (1 K. 14:10). Literally roundish dung, as of camels, horses, etc.

Preposition, Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: αὐτῆσ κύματα σωρὸν --- κυμάτων

LXX Usage Statistics

H1530:

αὐτῆσ 9× (16.9%)

κύματα 7× (14.9%)

σωρὸν 3× (7.7%)

--- 3× (7.7%)

κυμάτων 3× (7.3%)

ὡσ 2× (5.1%)

βουνὸσ 2× (4.4%)

κύματά 2× (3.6%)

מעון מְעוֹן־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מעון

mâʻôwn

Definition

an abode, of God (the Tabernacle or the Temple), men (their home) or animals (their lair); hence, a retreat (asylum)

Root

or מעין; (1 Chronicles 4:41), from the same as H5772 (עונה);

Exhaustive

or מעין; (1 Chronicles 4:41), from the same as עונה; an abode, of God (the Tabernacle or the Temple), men (their home) or animals (their lair); hence, a retreat (asylum); den, dwelling((-) place), habitation.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4583

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָעוֹן

noun masculine / noun proper • Root עון • Strongs / High • Page 881

1. A habitation, dwelling-place, of Jerusalem, the temple, or heaven; metaphorically, a lair for wild beasts. 2. An orthographical variation of מָעוֹן, a refuge. 3. The eye, look. 4. As a proper name (Maon), it refers to a city in Judah. 5. Another city near Petra. Also, a city in Reuben, often in compounds like Baal-meon.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מָעוֹן

noun masculine • Root עון • Page 391

1. A dwelling of God (Ps. 68: 6) or of wild beasts (Nah. 2: 12). 2. A place of refuge (Ps. 90: 1). 3. Proper name of a city in the tribe of Judah (Josh. 15: 55). 4. Name of a people mentioned with the Amalekites (Judg. 10: 12).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: κατοικητήριον

LXX Usage Statistics

H4583:

κατοικητήριον 3× (13.9%)

תנים תַּנִּים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

תנין

tannîyn

Definition

a marine or land monster, i.e. sea-serpent or jackal

Root

or תנים; (Ezekiel 29:3), intensive from the same as H8565 (תן);

Exhaustive

or תנים; (Ezekiel 29:3), intensive from the same as תן; a marine or land monster, i.e. sea-serpent or jackal; dragon, sea-monster, serpent, whale.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8577

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תַּנִּים

noun • Root תנן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1521

m. prop. howler, then a howling animal of the desert Is. 13, 22, parallel אִי, or along with יַעֲנָה וּבְנוֹת יַעֲנָה Is. 43, 20, Mic. 1, 8, Job 30, 29, which announced itself by terrible howlings. Understood to mean the jackal.

Matched via consonantal key only

תַּנִּים

plur. • Root תן תנין • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1522

1. plur. from תַּן which see. — 2. sing. for תַּנִּין which see.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תַּנִּים

masc. sing. • Root תנין • Page 721

A great serpent, a sea monster, i.q. תַּנִּין, which is the reading of several MSS. Ezek. 29: 3.

תַּנִּין

m. plur. תַּנִּינִים • Root תן • Page 721

1. a great fish, a sea monster. Gen. 1: 21. Job 7: 12. Is. 27: 1. 2. a serpent, Ex. 7: 9 ff. Deut. 32: 33. Ps. 91: 13. a dragon, Jer. 51: 34. also a crocodile, comp. Ezek. 29: 3.

Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: δράκων δρακόντων ὡσ δράκοντεσ δράκοντα

LXX Usage Statistics

H8577a:

δράκων 5× (17.2%)

δρακόντων 4× (13.5%)

ὡσ 3× (11.0%)

δράκοντεσ 3× (11.0%)

δράκοντα 3× (9.3%)

σειρήνων 2× (7.3%)

--- 2× (7.3%)

שמה שַׁמָּה

there/her name

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שמה

shammâh

Definition

ruin; by implication, consternation

Root

from H8074 (שמם);

Exhaustive

from שמם; ruin; by implication, consternation; astonishment, desolate(-ion), waste, wonderful thing.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8047

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁמַהּ

verb • Root שמה • Consonantal / Low • Page 1444

I. (not used) tr. to engrave, to inscribe, of a memorial-sign or mark.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

שָׁמָּה

adverb • Root שם • Consonantal / Low • Page 797

There (adverb).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שַׁמָּה

f. verbal noun • Root שמם • Page 686

Idem (for שְׁמָמָה); desolation, waste (Ezek. 35:7, 9).

Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: ἀφανισμὸν ἄβατον ἔρημον ἐρήμωσιν ἀφανισμόν

LXX Usage Statistics

H8047:

ἀφανισμὸν 13× (33.6%)

ἄβατον 7× (17.4%)

ἔρημον 3× (8.3%)

ἐρήμωσιν 3× (7.9%)

ἀφανισμόν 3× (7.9%)

ושרקה וּשְׁרֵקָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שרקה

shᵉrêqâh

Definition

a derision

Root

from H8319 (שרק);

Exhaustive

from שרק; a derision; hissing.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8322

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁרֵקָה

noun feminine • Root שרק • Strongs / High • Page 1486

The hissing of a person, scorn, derision.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁרֵקָה

f. verbal n. • Root שרק • Page 701

a hissing, derision, scorn (Jer. 19:8; 25:9; 29:18).

שׂרֵקָה

noun masculine / f. • Page 645

1. A choice species of vine with very small stones (Is. 5:2, Jer. 2:21, Gen. 49:11). 2. Name of a valley between Ascalon and Gaza (Judg. 16:4).

Conjunction, Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: συρισμόν συριγμὸν

LXX Usage Statistics

H8322:

συρισμόν 2× (29.0%)

συριγμὸν 2× (26.2%)

מאין מֵאֵין

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אין

ʼayin

Definition

a non-entity; generally used as a negative particle

Root

as if from a primitive root meaning to be nothing or not exist;

Exhaustive

as if from a primitive root meaning to be nothing or not exist; a non-entity; generally used as a negative particle; else, except, fail, (father-) less, be gone, in(-curable), neither, never, no (where), none, nor, (any, thing), not, nothing, to nought, past, un(-searchable), well-nigh, without. Compare אין.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H369

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַיִן

adverb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 115

I. Interrogative adverb: where? Correlative to the words אָן and אֵי.

אַיִן

adv. / adjective • Strongs_Numbers • Page 115

II. A word of negation; primitive meaning sometimes an adverb (not, non), sometimes an adjective (none).

אַיִן

substantive / adv. • Strongs_Numbers • Page 116

Nothing, not, there is not; negation of existence. (Absolute state)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵין

substantive / adv. of negation • Root אין • Page 45

Properly a substantive meaning nothingness, defect, or non-existence. Used as an adverb of negation: 1. not, including the verb 'to be' (Gen. 37:29, Num. 14:42). 2. Used to signify 'to not be' or 'not to exist' (1 Sam. 9:4, 1 K. 18:10). 3. nothing (Ps. 19:7). 4. without (Ex. 21:11, Joel 1:6). 5. Combined with prepositions (Prov. 8:24, Ezek. 38:11).

אֵין

adv. of interr. • Root אי • Page 45

Where? Equivalent to אֵי or אַי with paragogic ן. Found only with the prefix מִ, as in מֵאַיִן meaning 'whence?' (Gen. 29:4).

אֵין

adverb • Page 45

Found only in 1 Sam. 21:9. Equivalent to the negative אֵין, but used interrogatively for הַאֵין meaning 'is there not?'.

Prep-M, Noun common both singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0369:

No stats available

יושב יוֹשֵׁב׃

he who is sitting

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישב

yâshab

Definition

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry; (make to) abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease self, endure, establish, [idiom] fail, habitation, haunt, (make to) inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, [idiom] marry(-ing), (bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(-tle), (down-) sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate), take, tarry.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3427

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָשַׁב

verb • Root ישב • Strongs / High • Page 656

To sit, remain, dwell. The fundamental meaning is to keep firmly in a place, to hold it firmly, to possess it, and therefore to sit. Piel (יִשֵּׁב): to pitch a dwelling. Hifil (הוֹשִׁיב): to cause to sit, to cause to dwell, to cause to be inhabited. Hophal (הוּשַׁב): to be inhabited, to be made to dwell, to be settled in.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָשַׁב

verb • Root ישב • Page 301

1. To seat one's self, to sit (Ps. 9:8, Ps. 80:2, Is. 37:16). Includes sitting as a judge (Ps. 9:8) or lying in wait (Ps. 10:8). 2. To continue (Gen. 24:55, 29:19, Hos. 3:3). 3. To dwell (Gen. 13:6, Gen. 4:20, Ps. 22:4). 4. Passive: to be inhabited or habitable (Is. 13:20, Jer. 17:6). Niph. נוֹשַׁב to be inhabited (Ex. 16:35).

Verb Qal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: κατοικοῦντασ κατοικοῦντεσ ἐκάθισεν ἐκάθισαν κατῴκησεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3427:

κατοικοῦντασ 88× (7.4%)

κατοικοῦντεσ 80× (6.4%)

ἐκάθισεν 61× (5.4%)

ἐκάθισαν 37× (3.4%)

κατῴκησεν 34× (3.1%)

ἐκάθητο 29× (2.8%)

κατῴκησαν 28× (2.6%)

κατῴκει 24× (2.3%)

κατοικοῦσιν 23× (2.0%)

κατοικεῖν 23× (2.2%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And Babel was for heaps, a habitation of jackals, an astonishment and a hissing, from none inhabiting.

LITV Translation:
And Babylon shall become heaps, a home for jackals, a horror and a hissing, without a dweller.