Jeremiah 48:20

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

הביש הֹבִישׁ

he disgraced/put to shame

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בוש

bûwsh

Definition

properly, to pale, i.e. by implication to be ashamed; also (by implication) to be disappointed or delayed

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H954

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בּוּשׁ

verb • Root בוש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 230

To be bad, hated (in a subjective sense).

בּוּשׁ

verb • Root בוש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 230

To extend (spoken of time); hence very long.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בּוֹשׁ

verb • Root בוש • Page 91

To be ashamed, disappointed. Connected with being put to shame or frustrated hope. (Ps. 22:6, 25:2, 3, 20, 31:2, 18, 71:13; Jer. 2:36, 12:13, 48:13; Hos. 4:19, 10:6; Ps. 69:7; Judg. 3:25; 2 Kgs 2:17, 8:11)

בּוֹשׁ

verb • Page 91

II. To delay; found only in Pilpel בּוֹשֵׁשׁ. (Ex. 32:1, Judg. 5:28)

בּוֹשׁ

verb • Page 90

To be ashamed or to be made ashamed, especially to be deceived in one's expectation. Job 6:20, Ezr. 8:22, Ezek. 36:32.

בּוּשׁ

verb • Page 177

To be ashamed.

בּוּשׁ

verb • Page 120

see בּוּשׁ no. II.

Verb Hiphil perfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0954:

No stats available

מואב מוֹאָב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מואב

Môwʼâb

Definition

Moab, an incestuous son of Lot; also his territory and descendants

Root

from a prolonged form of the prepositional prefix m-and H1 (אב); from (her (the mother's)) father;

Exhaustive

from a prolonged form of the prepositional prefix m-and אב; from (her (the mother's)) father; Moab, an incestuous son of Lot; also his territory and descendants; Moab.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4124

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מוֹאָב

proper name • Root מים אב , אוה • Strongs / High • Page 820

A proper name for: 1. A son of Lot. 2. The people descended from him, the Moabites. 3. The land of Moab.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מוֹאָב

noun proper • Page 360

Moab, Moabitis; a people and country on the east side of the Dead Sea. Jer. 48: 11, 13; Deut. 34: 1, 8; Num. 22: 1. Also mentions the gentile noun מוֹאָבִי.

Noun proper name

LXX: μωαβ '' μωαβίτιδοσ μωαβῖτισ μωαβιτῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H4124:

μωαβ 158× (88.6%)

'' 6× (3.0%)

μωαβίτιδοσ 5× (2.6%)

μωαβῖτισ 4× (2.0%)

μωαβιτῶν 2× (1.2%)

αραβωθ 2× (1.0%)

כי כִּי־

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

חתה חַתָּה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חתת

châthath

Definition

properly, to prostrate; hence, to break down, either (literally) by violence, or (figuratively) by confusion and fear

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to prostrate; hence, to break down, either (literally) by violence, or (figuratively) by confusion and fear; abolish, affright, be (make) afraid, amaze, beat down, discourage, (cause to) dismay, go down, scare, terrify.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2865

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָתַת

verb • Root חתת • Strongs / High • Page 547

(Kal) to be overthrown, brought to shame, disgraced, confounded, dismayed, terrified, or broken in pieces; (Nif.) to be afraid; (Pi.) to terrify or be broken; (Hif.) to break down or terrify.

חָתַת

verb • Root חתת • Strongs / High • Page 548

to put in fear, to scare, to scare with anguish, to terrify.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חָתַת

verb • Page 258

1. to break or be broken in pieces. 2. to be terrified, confounded, or made ashamed. Also includes Niph. (not to be confounded with נָחַת), Pi. (to be broken in pieces, to terrify), and Hiph. (to break in pieces, to terrify, to make afraid).

תְּחֹת

chald. • Page 714

Chaldee equivalent of the Hebrew word תַּחַת (tahat), meaning 'under' or 'from under'. Cited in Dan. 4:11 [4:14].

תַּחַת

noun masculine • Page 713

1. what is under or below. Used as an accusative adverbially, below, beneath. In the construct state used as a preposition: under. Ex. 20:4, Gen. 1:7. 2. what is under a person, a place, spot. Zech. 6:12. (1) as an accusative used adverbially, on or in the place or spot. Ex. 16:29. (2) in the place of, instead of, loco. Lev. 16:32. Est. 2:17.

Verb Qal perfect third person feminine singular

LXX: πτοηθῇσ ἡττᾶσθε πτοηθῆτε φοβηθῇσ δειλιάσητε

LXX Usage Statistics

H2865:

πτοηθῇσ 5× (10.4%)

ἡττᾶσθε 4× (8.0%)

πτοηθῆτε 3× (6.3%)

φοβηθῇσ 2× (4.2%)

δειλιάσητε 2× (4.2%)

--- 2× (4.2%)

πτοηθήσονται 2× (3.9%)

ἡττηθήσονται 2× (3.9%)

ἐπτοήθησαν 2× (3.9%)

'' 2× (3.5%)

הילילי הֵילִילִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ילל

yâlal

Definition

to howl (with a wailing tone) or yell (with a boisterous one)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to howl (with a wailing tone) or yell (with a boisterous one); (make to) howl, be howling.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3213

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָלַל

verb • Root ילל • Strongs / High • Page 611

to wail, to lament; to howl, yell, cry, cry out.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָלַל

verb • Root ילל • Page 284

Found only in Hiphil (הֵילִיל), meaning 'to lament' or 'to wail'. References: Is. 13:6, 15:4, 23:1, 14, Jer. 25:34, Am. 8:3.

Verb Hiphil imperative second person feminine singular

LXX: ὀλολύζετε θρηνεῖτε ὀλολύξατε θρηνήσατε ἀλαλάξατε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3213:

ὀλολύζετε 8× (27.0%)

θρηνεῖτε 3× (10.3%)

ὀλολύξατε 2× (6.9%)

θρηνήσατε 2× (6.9%)

ἀλαλάξατε 2× (6.4%)

ὀλολύξει 2× (6.4%)

ὀλόλυξον 2× (6.4%)

וזעקי וּזְעָקִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

זעק

zâʻaq

Definition

to shriek (from anguish or danger); by analogy, (as a herald) to announce or convene publicly

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to shriek (from anguish or danger); by analogy, (as a herald) to announce or convene publicly; assemble, call (together), (make a) cry (out), come with such a company, gather (together), cause to be proclaimed.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2199

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זָעַק

verb • Root זעק • Strongs / High • Page 440

To cry, to lament; to cry to, to implore for help; to entreat; to call. A later form of the older צָעַק.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

זָעַק

verb • Page 207

to cry out, to call, especially from pain, sorrow (Ps. 142:6, Judg. 12:2, Hab. 1:2). Includes Niph. (to be called together) and Hiph. (to call together) forms.

Conjunction, Verb Hiphil imperative second person feminine singular

LXX: ἐκέκραξαν κεκράξονται ἐβόησαν ἐβόησεν ἀνεβόησεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2199:

ἐκέκραξαν 8× (10.4%)

κεκράξονται 7× (9.4%)

ἐβόησαν 7× (9.2%)

ἐβόησεν 5× (6.2%)

ἀνεβόησεν 4× (5.0%)

ἐκέκραξα 2× (2.9%)

ἀνεβόησαν 2× (2.7%)

ἀνεβόησα 2× (2.5%)

'' 2× (2.5%)

κεκράξατε 2× (2.5%)

הגידו הַגִּידוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נגד

nâgad

Definition

properly, to front, i.e. stand boldly out opposite; by implication (causatively), to manifest; figuratively, to announce (always by word of mouth to one present); specifically, to expose, predict, explain, praise

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to front, i.e. stand boldly out opposite; by implication (causatively), to manifest; figuratively, to announce (always by word of mouth to one present); specifically, to expose, predict, explain, praise; bewray, [idiom] certainly, certify, declare(-ing), denounce, expound, [idiom] fully, messenger, plainly, profess, rehearse, report, shew (forth), speak, [idiom] surely, tell, utter.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5046

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָגַד

verb • Root נגד • Strongs / High • Page 941

To rise, swell out, be prominent (e.g., of high land or the breast); to be arched. Metaphorically: to be in front, be before, or be opposite; to be manifest, visible, clear. (The Kal form of this verb is unused).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָגַד

verb • Root נגד • Page 424

in Kal not used. Probably literal to be before. Hiph. הִגִּיד: 1. to declare, show, make known (Gen. 3:11; 9:22; 29:12; 37:5; Ezek. 43:10; Job 26:4; 42:3). 2. to announce, publish (Ps. 111:6; 9:12; 71:17; 92:3; 75:10). 3. to betray (Job 17:5). 4. to solve a riddle (Judg. 14:19).

Verb Hiphil imperative second person masculine plural

LXX: ἀπήγγειλεν ἀπηγγέλη ἀνήγγειλαν ἀνήγγειλεν ἀνηγγέλη

LXX Usage Statistics

H5046:

ἀπήγγειλεν 49× (12.8%)

ἀπηγγέλη 27× (6.8%)

ἀνήγγειλαν 21× (5.2%)

ἀνήγγειλεν 16× (4.1%)

ἀνηγγέλη 15× (3.9%)

ἀναγγελεῖ 13× (3.5%)

ἀπαγγελῶ 10× (2.7%)

ἀναγγεῖλαι 10× (2.6%)

ἀπαγγεῖλαι 10× (2.8%)

ἀναγγείλατε 9× (2.5%)

בארנון בְאַרְנוֹן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ארנון

ʼArnôwn

Definition

the Arnon, a river east of the Jordan, also its territory

Root

or ארנןlemma ארנן missing vowel, corrected to ארנן; from H7442 (רנן); a brawling stream;

Exhaustive

or ארנןlemma ארנן missing vowel, corrected to ארנן; from רנן; a brawling stream; the Arnon, a river east of the Jordan, also its territory; Arnon.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H769

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַרְנוֹן

noun proper • Root רנן • Strongs_Numbers • Page 192

1. Name of a river and valley (boundary between Belka and Karrak). 2. Name of the Arnon-district, Arnona.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַרְנוֹן

noun proper • Page 73

A brook and valley forming the northern boundary of the country of Moab. Num. 21: 13; Deut. 3: 8, 12, 16; 4: 48. Its present name is Mujeb.

Preposition, Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0769:

No stats available

כי כִּי

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

שדד שֻׁדַּד

he has violently laid waste

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שדד

shâdad

Definition

properly, to be burly, i.e. (figuratively) powerful (passively, impregnable); by implication, to ravage

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to be burly, i.e. (figuratively) powerful (passively, impregnable); by implication, to ravage; dead, destroy(-er), oppress, robber, spoil(-er), [idiom] utterly, (lay) waste.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7703

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁדַד

verb • Root שדד • Strongs / High • Page 1385

To be strong, firm, hard; hence to make hard, strong, to strengthen, to oppress, to attack with violence.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂדַד

verb • Root שדד • Page 634

found only in Pi. to harrow. Is. 28:24. Job 39:10. Hos. 10:11.

שָׁדַד

verb • Page 656

1. To oppress, destroy. Ps. 17: 9; Prov. 11: 3. 2. To desolate, lay waste a country or city. Ps. 137: 8; Jer. 25: 36, 47: 4, 49: 28, 5: 6. Includes Niph., Pi., Pu., Po., and Hoph. forms.

Verb Pual perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: τεταλαιπώρηκεν ὤλετο ὄλεθροσ ταλαιπωρία ὠλέθρευσεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7703:

τεταλαιπώρηκεν 6× (10.3%)

ὤλετο 6× (9.8%)

ὄλεθροσ 2× (3.4%)

ταλαιπωρία 2× (3.4%)

ὠλέθρευσεν 2× (3.4%)

ἐταλαιπωρήσαμεν 2× (3.4%)

ἀπώλετο 2× (3.4%)

ἀπολεῖται 2× (3.4%)

ταλαίπωροσ 2× (3.2%)

מואב מוֹאָב׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מואב

Môwʼâb

Definition

Moab, an incestuous son of Lot; also his territory and descendants

Root

from a prolonged form of the prepositional prefix m-and H1 (אב); from (her (the mother's)) father;

Exhaustive

from a prolonged form of the prepositional prefix m-and אב; from (her (the mother's)) father; Moab, an incestuous son of Lot; also his territory and descendants; Moab.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4124

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מוֹאָב

proper name • Root מים אב , אוה • Strongs / High • Page 820

A proper name for: 1. A son of Lot. 2. The people descended from him, the Moabites. 3. The land of Moab.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מוֹאָב

noun proper • Page 360

Moab, Moabitis; a people and country on the east side of the Dead Sea. Jer. 48: 11, 13; Deut. 34: 1, 8; Num. 22: 1. Also mentions the gentile noun מוֹאָבִי.

Noun proper name

LXX: μωαβ '' μωαβίτιδοσ μωαβῖτισ μωαβιτῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H4124:

μωαβ 158× (88.6%)

'' 6× (3.0%)

μωαβίτιδοσ 5× (2.6%)

μωαβῖτισ 4× (2.0%)

μωαβιτῶν 2× (1.2%)

αραβωθ 2× (1.0%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Moab was ashamed; for she was broken down: wail, ye, and cry; announce in Arnon that Moab was laid waste,

LITV Translation:
Moab is put to shame, for it is torn down. Wail and cry! Tell it in Arnon that Moab is ravaged.