Jeremiah 13:23

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

היהפך הֲיַהֲפֹךְ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

ha

Definition

? (interrog.)

Root

Interrogative particle

Exhaustive

the / or (interrog. particle)

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הפך

hâphak

Definition

to turn about or over; by implication, to change, overturn, return, pervert

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to turn about or over; by implication, to change, overturn, return, pervert; [idiom] become, change, come, be converted, give, make (a bed), overthrow (-turn), perverse, retire, tumble, turn (again, aside, back, to the contrary, every way).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2015

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָפַךְ

verb • Root הפך • Strongs / High • Page 410

1. to turn, to turn about, to change, to restore to health; to turn over, to invert; to renew; to turn oneself. 2. to destroy, to overthrow, to tumble over. 3. to pervert, to turn away words, to lie, to act with moral perversity, foolishly, deceitfully.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הָפַךְ

verb • Page 191

1. trans. to turn, to turn about. (2 K. 21:13; Hos. 7:8; 1 K. 22:34). 2. intrans. to turn one's self, to turn, to flee. (2 K. 5:26; Judg. 20:39, 41; Ps. 78:9). 3. to overturn, or destroy (a city).

Particle interrogative, Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: μετέβαλεν ἐστράφη μετέστρεψεν κατέστρεψεν ἐπέστρεψεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2015:

μετέβαλεν 10× (10.1%)

ἐστράφη 5× (5.1%)

μετέστρεψεν 5× (4.9%)

κατέστρεψεν 5× (4.9%)

ἐπέστρεψεν 3× (3.0%)

μετεστράφη 3× (3.0%)

'' 3× (2.7%)

---% 3× (2.5%)

ἐστράφησαν 2× (2.1%)

ἔστρεψασ 2× (2.1%)

כושי כּוּשִׁי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כוש

Kûwsh

Definition

Cush (or Ethiopia), the name of a son of Ham, and of his territory; also of an Israelite

Root

probably of foreign origin;

Exhaustive

probably of foreign origin; Cush (or Ethiopia), the name of a son of Ham, and of his territory; also of an Israelite; Chush, Cush, Ethiopia.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3568

כושי

Kûwshîy

Definition

a Cushite, or descendant of Cush

Root

patronymically from H3568 (כוש);

Exhaustive

patronymically from כוש; a Cushite, or descendant of Cush; Cushi, Cushite, Ethiopian(-s).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3569

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כּוּשׁ

root • Strongs / High • Page 686

A root word related to being heated or glowing. The organic root is identified as כּוּר.

כּוּשׁ

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 686

(contracted from כָּוֶשׁ, from כבשׁ II.). n. p. of the oldest son of Ham; the head of the great Ethiopian race.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כּוּשִׁי

gent. m. • Root כוש • Lemma_Lookup • Page 687

An Ethiopian man or woman, i.e., he or she of Cush. This can refer to: a) a real, dark-coloured Ethiopian, a moor; b) one who is employed as the guardian of a harem; c) an Ethiopian and Libyan in foreign service; d) a Philistine and Aramaean; e) a Midianite.

כּוּשִׁי

noun proper masculine • Root כוש • Lemma_Lookup • Page 687

(black) a masculine proper name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כּוּשׁ

noun feminine • Page 312

Ethiopia, in the widest sense, including the southern part of Arabia and the original seat of the Ethiopians. Mentioned in Gen. 10:7, 8; Num. 12:1; 2 Chr. 14:8; 21:16; Hab. 3:7; Jer. 13:23; Is. 18:1; Zeph. 3:10; Job 28:19; Am. 9:7; Jer. 38:7, 10, 12; 39:16; Gen 2:13.

Noun gentilic both singular absolute

LXX: αἰθιόπων χουσι χουσ αἰθιοπίασ αἰθίοπεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3568a:

αἰθιόπων 9× (17.2%)

χουσι 9× (15.8%)

χουσ 6× (11.4%)

αἰθιοπίασ 6× (11.1%)

αἰθίοπεσ 6× (10.5%)

αἰθίοψ 3× (5.3%)

αἰθιοπία 2× (3.6%)

αἰθίοπασ 2× (3.3%)

αἰθιοπίαν 2× (3.3%)

αἰθίοψιν 2× (3.0%)

H3569:

No stats available

עורו עוֹרוֹ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עור

ʻôwr

Definition

skin (as naked); by implication, hide, leather

Root

from H5783 (עור);

Exhaustive

from עור; skin (as naked); by implication, hide, leather; hide, leather, skin.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5785

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עוֹר

noun • Root עור • Strongs / High • Page 1070

As a noun, see עֹר (cross-reference).

עוֹר

noun masculine • Root עור • Strongs / High • Page 1070

1. The skin, of a man, of animals; leather, corium, hide. Applied covering and overlaying. Poet. = body. Used in the proverb 'skin for skin'. (Includes alternative spelling עֹר).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עוֹר

m. dec. i. • Root עור • Page 497

1. the human skin (Ex. 34:30, 35; Job 7:5). 2. the hide or skin of an animal (Gen. 3:21). 3. leather (Lev. 13:48).

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: δέρματι δέρμα δέρματα δέρματοσ δερματίνῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5785:

δέρματι 27× (23.2%)

δέρμα 16× (15.9%)

δέρματα 15× (15.0%)

δέρματοσ 15× (14.6%)

δερματίνῳ 6× (6.9%)

δερμάτινον 4× (4.6%)

βύρσαν 3× (2.8%)

--- 2× (2.3%)

?ἡ 2× (2.1%)

'' 2× (1.9%)

ונמר וְנָמֵר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נמר

nâmêr

Definition

a leopard (from its stripes)

Root

from an unused root meaning properly, to filtrate, i.e. be limpid (comp H5247 (נמרה) and H5249 (נמרים)); and thus to spot or stain as if by dripping;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning properly, to filtrate, i.e. be limpid (comp נמרה and נמרים); and thus to spot or stain as if by dripping; a leopard (from its stripes); leopard.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5246

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָמֵר

verb • Root נמר • Strongs / High • Page 973

To be liquid, of water, opposite to stagnant; hence to be clear, fresh, of water; not used in this form.

נָמֵר

verb • Root נמר • Strongs / High • Page 973

To be cut in, indented, notched, therefore to be striped; not used in this form.

נָמֵר

noun masculine • Root נמר • Strongs / High • Page 973

The spotted, striped, hence a panther, a leopard; sometimes perhaps a striped tiger.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָמֵר

m. dec. v. a. • Root נמר • Page 445

A leopard (Is. 11:6; Jer. 5:6; Hab. 1:8).

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: πάρδαλισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5246:

πάρδαλισ 4× (41.7%)

חברברתיו חֲבַרְבֻּרֹתָיו

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חברברה

chăbarburâh

Definition

a streak (like a line), as on the tiger

Root

by reduplication from H2266 (חבר);

Exhaustive

by reduplication from חבר; a streak (like a line), as on the tiger; spot.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2272

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H2272:

No stats available

גם גַּם־

also

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

גם

gam

Definition

properly, assemblage; used only adverbially also, even, yea, though; often repeated as correl. both...and

Root

by contraction from an unused root meaning to gather;

Exhaustive

by contraction from an unused root meaning to gather; properly, assemblage; used only adverbially also, even, yea, though; often repeated as correl. both...and; again, alike, also, (so much) as (soon), both (so)...and, but, either...or, even, for all, (in) likewise (manner), moreover, nay...neither, one, then(-refore), though, what, with, yea.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1571

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גַּם

conjunct. / substantive • Root גמם • Consonantal / Medium • Page 330

A multifaceted particle. 1. As an unused substantive, it meant assembly, congregation, or heap. 2. As a conjunction, it means: a) also, adding to something preceding; b) in corresponding clauses, 'as well...as' or 'not only...but also'; c) for emphasis, meaning 'even', 'truly', or 'really'.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גַּם

primitive particle • Root גם • Page 142

1. Conj. cop. also, and (Joel 1: 12). 2. At the beginning of a sentence, yea! (Job 18: 5). 3. Conj. concess. although (Ps. 95: 9). 4. Conj. advers. yet (Ps. 129: 2). 5. both...and, as well...as (Gen. 24: 25).

Adverb

LXX: καὶ γε --- κἀγὼ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H1571:

καὶ 383× (57.4%)

γε 124× (15.6%)

--- 56× (8.4%)

κἀγὼ 18× (2.7%)

'' 17× (2.2%)

οὐδὲ 11× (1.6%)

καίγε 6× (0.9%)

οὔτε 5× (0.7%)

ἐὰν 4× (0.5%)

dκαὶ 4× (0.6%)

אתם אַתֶּם

your/their eternal selves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אתה

ʼattâh

Definition

thou and thee, or (plural) ye and you

Root

or (shortened); את; or את; feminine (irregular) sometimes אתי; plural masculine אתם; feminine אתן; or אתנהlemma אתנה missing vowel, corrected to אתנה; or אתנה; a primitive pronoun of the second person;

Exhaustive

or (shortened); את; or את; feminine (irregular) sometimes אתי; plural masculine אתם; feminine אתן; or אתנהlemma אתנה missing vowel, corrected to אתנה; or אתנה; a primitive pronoun of the second person; thou and thee, or (plural) ye and you; thee, thou, ye, you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H859

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֱלִיאָתָה

noun proper masculine • Root איות • Lemma_Lookup • Page 138

Proper name masculine, 'El is [coming/consent]'.

אַתָּה

pronoun • Lemma_Lookup • Page 210

Personal pronoun (2nd person) m. thou (you).

אָתָה

verb • Root אתה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 209

To come.

אָתָה

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 210

(not used) should be assumed for the noun אָתוֹן (she-ass); but according to others אָתַן is the stem.

אָתָה

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 210

See אֲתָא.

אִתְהַעְבַּד

verb pael • Root עבד • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1043

To be made to serve; to be made into; to be done.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַנְתָּה

pronoun • Page 62

thou. Found only in biblical Chaldee.

אֲתָה

chald. v. • Page 82

to come (Dan. 7:22). Aph. הַיְתִי 'to bring' (Dan. 3:13). Pass. היתִי 'be brought' (Dan. 3:13).

אַתָּה

pronoun personal • Page 82

thou (masc.). The Dagesh forte stands for an assimilated Nun. Occurs without final He five times (Eccl. 7:22, Job 1:10, etc.). Comp. fem. אַתְּ, and plur. אַתֶּם, אַתֶּן.

Pronoun personal second person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0859d:

No stats available

תוכלו תּוּכְלוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יכל

yâkôl

Definition

to be able, literally (can, could) or morally (may, might)

Root

or (fuller) יכול; a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or (fuller) יכול; a primitive root; to be able, literally (can, could) or morally (may, might); be able, any at all (ways), attain, can (away with, (-not)), could, endure, might, overcome, have power, prevail, still, suffer.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3201

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָכֹל

verb • Root יכל • Strongs / High • Page 571

(not used) intransitive: to be condensed, tight, strong, proceeding from the idea of being wound together.

יָכֹל

verb • Root יכל • Strongs / High • Page 607

To be able, can; to prevail, overcome. Also used in the sense of to contain, bear, or refrain.

יָכֹל

verb • Root יכל • Strongs / High • Page 608

To be able, I can; to overcome, to prevail. Also used to mean to be powerless, or not to prevail.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָכֹל

verb • Root יכל • Page 283

1. to be able (Gen. 13:6, 45:1; Ex. 7:21). 2. to be permitted (by law) (Gen. 43:32; Num. 9:6). 3. to be able to endure, to suffer (Jer. 44:22; Prov. 30:21). 4. to prevail, or obtain the mastery over any one (Gen. 32:26; Jer. 20:10; Ps. 13:5).

Verb Qal imperfect second person masculine plural

LXX: δυνήσεται δυνήσομαι δυνήσῃ ἠδύναντο δυνησόμεθα

LXX Usage Statistics

H3201:

δυνήσεται 21× (10.0%)

δυνήσομαι 20× (9.6%)

δυνήσῃ 16× (7.6%)

ἠδύναντο 16× (7.7%)

δυνησόμεθα 11× (5.2%)

δύνωνται 10× (4.8%)

ἠδυνάσθησαν 8× (3.8%)

ἐδύναντο 8× (3.8%)

ἠδύνατο 7× (3.4%)

δύνηται 6× (2.9%)

להיטיב לְהֵיטִיב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יטב

yâṭab

Definition

to be (causative) make well, literally (sound, beautiful) or figuratively (happy, successful, right)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to be (causative) make well, literally (sound, beautiful) or figuratively (happy, successful, right); be accepted, amend, use aright, benefit, be (make) better, seem best, make cheerful, be comely, [phrase] be content, diligent(-ly), dress, earnestly, find favour, give, be glad, do (be, make) good(-ness), be (make) merry, please ([phrase] well), shew more (kindness), skilfully, [idiom] very small, surely, make sweet, thoroughly, tire, trim, very, be (can, deal, entreat, go, have) well (said, seen).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3190

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָטַב

verb • Root יטב • Strongs / High • Page 605

to sprout, to grow, to grow after.

יָטַב

verb • Root יטב • Strongs / High • Page 605

I. intransitive verb; prop. to shine, then 1. to be beautiful, lovely, pleasing. 2. to be cheerful, joyous, glad, merry. 3. to go well with, to receive good.

יָטַב

verb • Root יטב • Strongs / High • Page 605

II. (not used) intransitive, to flow copiously, of water-brooks.

יָטַב

verb • Root יטב • Strongs / High • Page 606

Aramaic intransitive verb, with the same meaning as the Hebrew verb יָטַב I.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָטַב

verb • Root טוב • Page 281

1. to be good. 2. to be joyful, spoken of the heart. Hiph.: to make good, to do well; to do rightly. Nah. 3:8, Judg. 19:6, Ruth 3:7, Deut. 5:25, Jer. 1:12.

Preposition, Verb Hiphil infinitive construct common

LXX: εὖ ἤρεσεν καλῶσ γένηται σφόδρα

LXX Usage Statistics

H3190:

εὖ 25× (17.2%)

ἤρεσεν 9× (5.6%)

καλῶσ 9× (5.8%)

γένηται 9× (5.3%)

σφόδρα 6× (4.1%)

ποιῆσαι 6× (3.3%)

ὀρθῶσ 5× (3.6%)

ἔσται 4× (2.0%)

ἠγαθύνθη 3× (1.8%)

βέλτιον 3× (1.9%)

למדי לִמֻּדֵי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

למוד

limmûwd

Definition

instructed

Root

or למד; from H3925 (למד);

Exhaustive

or למד; from למד; instructed; accustomed, disciple, learned, taught, used.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3928

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָדִי

gentile • Root מדי • Consonantal / Low • Page 813

A Mede.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

מָדַי

noun proper feminine • Root מדד • Consonantal / Low • Page 813

The middle land, of Asia, Media, i.e., the land lying south of the Caspian Sea. The inhabitants are the Medes.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

מָדַי

noun feminine • Consonantal / Low • Page 813

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew מָדַי (Media).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

מָדָי

gent. • Root מדי • Consonantal / Low • Page 813

Gentilic noun, a Mede.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לִמּוּד

verb • Root למד • Page 347

1. Accustomed, practised (Jer. 2:24, Is. 50:4). 2. A scholar, disciple, follower (Is. 8:16, 54:13).

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H3928:

No stats available

הרע הָרֵעַ׃

causing evil

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רעע

râʻaʻ

Definition

properly, to spoil (literally, by breaking to pieces); figuratively, to make (or be) good fornothing, i.e. bad (physically, socially or morally)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to spoil (literally, by breaking to pieces); figuratively, to make (or be) good fornothing, i.e. bad (physically, socially or morally); afflict, associate selves (by mistake for רעה), break (down, in pieces), [phrase] displease, (be, bring, do) evil (doer, entreat, man), show self friendly (by mistake for רעה), do harm, (do) hurt, (behave self, deal) ill, [idiom] indeed, do mischief, punish, still, vex, (do) wicked (doer, -ly), be (deal, do) worse.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7489

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָעַע

verb • Root רצץ • Strongs / High • Page 1347

III. To reduce to ruins, to beat in pieces, to shatter, to destroy; fig. to oppress.

רָעַע

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1349

1. Transitive: To break in pieces, to dash, to shatter, to destroy, to crush. 2. Intransitive: To be broken, to be rotten, to be crushed. 3. Metaphorically, Intransitive: To rage, to storm; to be restless, bad, injurious; to be disagreeable or displeasing.

רָעַע

verb (aramaic) • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1350

Aramaic translation (רְעַע / רַע): to put in ruins, to crush. Pa'el form (רַעַע) means to break in pieces.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רעע

verb • Page 625

To break in pieces. Dan. 2: 40.

רָעַע

verb • Page 625

1. to break or dash in pieces. Jer. 15: 12. Ps. 2: 9. Job 34: 24. 2. intrans. to be broken in pieces. Jer. 11: 16. 3. intrans. to be terrified. Is. 8: 9.

Verb Hiphil infinitive construct common

LXX: πονηρὸν ἐφάνη πονηρόν '' κακοποιήσωσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7489a:

πονηρὸν 8× (6.4%)

ἐφάνη 6× (3.6%)

πονηρόν 4× (3.5%)

'' 4× (3.1%)

κακοποιήσωσιν 3× (2.7%)

ἐκάκωσασ 3× (2.7%)

πονηρευομένων 3× (2.7%)

βασκανεῖ 2× (1.8%)

πονηρεύσησθε 2× (1.8%)

σκληρὸν 2× (1.8%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Will the Cushite change his skin and the panther his variegated spots? Ye shall also be able to do good, being taught to do evil.

LITV Translation:
Can the Ethiopian change his skin or the leopard his spots? Then you also may do good who are accustomed to doing evil.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
If the Ethiopian shall change his skin, or the leopardess her spots, then shall ye be able to do good, having learned evil.