Isaiah 49:10

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

לא לֹא

not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3808

I. לֹא or לוֺא (approximate number of occurrences: 5048) adverb — not.

Cognates:

• Arabic لا
• Aramaic לָא
• Sabean לא
• Assyrian lâ
• (Not in Ethiopic: compare Kö¹ ii. 1. 236; Walker²)

— לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr³), 35 times; besides בְּלוֺא 6 times, and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much, e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Masora, written לו (קרי לֹא), 1 Samuel 2:16; 1 Samuel 20:2, once לה Deuteronomy 3:11 כתיב: — not — denying objectively, like Greek οὐ (not μὴ = אַל).

1. In predication

a. With a verb

• With finite tenses: Genesis 2:5, Genesis 4:5 (perfect); Genesis 3:4, Genesis 8:21–22 (imperfect).
• In circumstantial clauses: Genesis 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isaiah 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט.
• With final force: Isaiah 41:7; Exodus 28:32 (see GKC⁴ §156. 3).
• Governing two verbs: Exodus 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Leviticus 19:12.
• Expressing prohibition: Genesis 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Exodus 20:13 לא תגנב.
• With jussive/cohortative (rare): Genesis 24:8; 1 Samuel 14:36.

b. With the infinitive

Only once in בְּלֹא (4a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot or must not:

• Judges 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not possible to dispossess.
• Amos 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳.

c. Negating the word immediately following

• Genesis 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֺד not Jacob shall thy name be called any more.
• Genesis 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי not ye have sent me hither, but God.
• Rhetorically: 2 Kings 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly).

d. Standing alone

• אִם לֹא if not: Genesis 18:21, Genesis 42:16.
• In answer to a question (Nay): Judges 12:5 ויאמר לא, Genesis 23:11 לא אדני.

e. With interrogative force

• Jonah 4:11, Job 2:10, Exodus 8:22.

2. Not in predication

a. Coupled to an adjective (litotes)

• Hosea 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son.
• Psalm 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good.

b. With a participle

• Jeremiah 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה.
• Isaiah 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה.

c. With nouns or prepositional phrases

• Genesis 15:13 בארץ לא להם.
• Habakkuk 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹא־לוֺ.

d. With a substantive forming a compound (un-)

• Deuteronomy 32:21 בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God.
• Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר at a thing which is not.
• Isaiah 10:15 מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ what is no wood.

e. In circumstantial clauses

• 2 Samuel 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds.
• Job 34:24 לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry.

3. As a substantive

Job 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing (compare Aramaic Daniel 4:32).

4. With prefixes

a. בְּלֹא — without

• Jeremiah 22:13 בלא־צדק without justice.
• Job 8:11 בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire.
• Of time: Leviticus 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָהּ outside the time of her impurity.

b. הֲלֹא — nonne?

Inviting an affirmative answer; often used in conversation to win assent:

• Genesis 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee?
• Exodus 4:11 Do not I?
• As a rhetorical affirmative: 1 Kings 11:41 הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים are they not written...?

c. וָלֹ֕א — and if not

• 2 Samuel 13:26; 2 Kings 5:17.

d. כְּלוֺא — as though not

• Obadiah 1:16 והיו כלוא היו as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא — without

• 2 Chronicles 15:3; Amos 6:13.

Note on Orthography: Fifteen times, according to Masora, לא is written by error for לוֺ, e.g., Exodus 21:8; Leviticus 11:21; Isaiah 9:2; Psalm 100:3; Job 13:15 (always with קרי לוֺ).

Aramaic

I. לָא (לָה Daniel 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא).

1. literally not
   • Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:5, 9, 10 etc.
   • before a participle: Daniel 2:27, 43; Daniel 3:16.
   • Daniel 4:32 כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין as men not accounted of.
2. with infinitive and לְ (must not / cannot)
   • Daniel 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be altered.
   • Ezra 6:8.
3. interrogative הֲלָא
   • Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:13.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Dean A. Walker, "The Semitic Negative," American Journal of Semitic Languages (1896).

³ S. Frensdorff, Die Massora Magna (1876).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892).

Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

ירעבו יִרְעָבוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רעב

râʻêb

Definition

to hunger

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to hunger; (suffer to) famish, (be, have, suffer, suffer to) hunger(-ry).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7456

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָעֵב

adjective / m. • Root רעב • Strongs / High • Page 1346

hungry; adj. fem. רְעֵבָה; fig. mischievous, famished or enfeebled.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָעֵב

verb • Page 623

To be hungry, to hunger; to suffer from famine, to be famished. References: Ps. 34:11; Gen. 41:55. Hiphil: to cause to hunger (Deut. 8:3).

רָעֵב

adjective • Root רעב • Page 623

Hungry; consumed or weakened by hunger. Feminine: רְעֵבָה. References: 2 Sam. 17:29; Job 5:8; Is. 8:22.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7456

I. רָעֵב (approximate number of occurrences: 13) verb — be hungry.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id. Hiph`il and derivatives
• Assyrian rûbatu, hunger
• Arabic رغب be roomy, voracious, رغب desire vehemently
• Ethiopic ርኅበ be hungry

1. Qal

— רָעֵב Perfect 3 masculine singular Isaiah 9:19, Isaiah 44:12; 3 plural רָעֵבוּ Psalm 34:11; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִרְעַב Isaiah 8:21, 1 plural נִרְעַב Jeremiah 42:14, etc.; — be hungry:

• Isaiah 8:21
• Genesis 41:55 (Elohist Source; of land, = have famine)
• Jeremiah 42:14 (+ לַלֶּחֶם)
• Isaiah 49:10 ("" צָמֵא)
• Isaiah 65:13 ("" id.; opposed to אָכַל)
• Psalm 50:12 if I should be hungry (of י׳)
• Proverbs 6:30
• Proverbs 19:15

2. Hiph`il

— allow one to hunger, subject י׳:

• Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיַּרְעִבֶךָ Deuteronomy 8:3 (opposed to וַיַּאֲכִלְךָ)
• יַרְעִיב נֶפֶשׁ Proverbs 10:3

¹ Elohist Source.

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: πεινάσει

LXX Usage Statistics

H7456:

πεινάσει 2× (17.3%)

ולא וְלֹא

and not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3808

I. לֹא or לוֺא (approximate number of occurrences: 5048) adverb — not.

Cognates:

• Arabic لا
• Aramaic לָא
• Sabean לא
• Assyrian lâ
• (Not in Ethiopic: compare Kö¹ ii. 1. 236; Walker²)

— לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr³), 35 times; besides בְּלוֺא 6 times, and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much, e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Masora, written לו (קרי לֹא), 1 Samuel 2:16; 1 Samuel 20:2, once לה Deuteronomy 3:11 כתיב: — not — denying objectively, like Greek οὐ (not μὴ = אַל).

1. In predication

a. With a verb

• With finite tenses: Genesis 2:5, Genesis 4:5 (perfect); Genesis 3:4, Genesis 8:21–22 (imperfect).
• In circumstantial clauses: Genesis 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isaiah 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט.
• With final force: Isaiah 41:7; Exodus 28:32 (see GKC⁴ §156. 3).
• Governing two verbs: Exodus 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Leviticus 19:12.
• Expressing prohibition: Genesis 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Exodus 20:13 לא תגנב.
• With jussive/cohortative (rare): Genesis 24:8; 1 Samuel 14:36.

b. With the infinitive

Only once in בְּלֹא (4a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot or must not:

• Judges 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not possible to dispossess.
• Amos 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳.

c. Negating the word immediately following

• Genesis 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֺד not Jacob shall thy name be called any more.
• Genesis 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי not ye have sent me hither, but God.
• Rhetorically: 2 Kings 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly).

d. Standing alone

• אִם לֹא if not: Genesis 18:21, Genesis 42:16.
• In answer to a question (Nay): Judges 12:5 ויאמר לא, Genesis 23:11 לא אדני.

e. With interrogative force

• Jonah 4:11, Job 2:10, Exodus 8:22.

2. Not in predication

a. Coupled to an adjective (litotes)

• Hosea 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son.
• Psalm 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good.

b. With a participle

• Jeremiah 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה.
• Isaiah 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה.

c. With nouns or prepositional phrases

• Genesis 15:13 בארץ לא להם.
• Habakkuk 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹא־לוֺ.

d. With a substantive forming a compound (un-)

• Deuteronomy 32:21 בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God.
• Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר at a thing which is not.
• Isaiah 10:15 מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ what is no wood.

e. In circumstantial clauses

• 2 Samuel 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds.
• Job 34:24 לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry.

3. As a substantive

Job 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing (compare Aramaic Daniel 4:32).

4. With prefixes

a. בְּלֹא — without

• Jeremiah 22:13 בלא־צדק without justice.
• Job 8:11 בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire.
• Of time: Leviticus 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָהּ outside the time of her impurity.

b. הֲלֹא — nonne?

Inviting an affirmative answer; often used in conversation to win assent:

• Genesis 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee?
• Exodus 4:11 Do not I?
• As a rhetorical affirmative: 1 Kings 11:41 הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים are they not written...?

c. וָלֹ֕א — and if not

• 2 Samuel 13:26; 2 Kings 5:17.

d. כְּלוֺא — as though not

• Obadiah 1:16 והיו כלוא היו as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא — without

• 2 Chronicles 15:3; Amos 6:13.

Note on Orthography: Fifteen times, according to Masora, לא is written by error for לוֺ, e.g., Exodus 21:8; Leviticus 11:21; Isaiah 9:2; Psalm 100:3; Job 13:15 (always with קרי לוֺ).

Aramaic

I. לָא (לָה Daniel 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא).

1. literally not
   • Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:5, 9, 10 etc.
   • before a participle: Daniel 2:27, 43; Daniel 3:16.
   • Daniel 4:32 כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין as men not accounted of.
2. with infinitive and לְ (must not / cannot)
   • Daniel 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be altered.
   • Ezra 6:8.
3. interrogative הֲלָא
   • Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:13.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Dean A. Walker, "The Semitic Negative," American Journal of Semitic Languages (1896).

³ S. Frensdorff, Die Massora Magna (1876).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892).

Conjunction, Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

יצמאו יִצְמָאוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

צמא

tsâmêʼ

Definition

to thirst (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to thirst (literally or figuratively); (be a-, suffer) thirst(-y).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6770

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צָמֵא

adjective • Root צמא • Strongs / High • Page 1234

Thirsty, dry, waste.

צָמֵא

adject. m. • Root צמא • Strongs / High • Page 1235

Thirsty, then subst. Is. 29, 8; 55, 1; coupled with רָעָב and עָיֵף; dry, desert, of a country Is. 44, 3.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צָמֵא

verb • Page 570

To thirst. Ex. 17:3. Metaphorically to long after a person or thing. Ps. 42:3; 63:2.

צָמֵא

m. verbal adj. • Root צמא • Page 570

Thirsty. Is. 21:14.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6770

I. צָמֵא verb — be thirsty (Late Hebrew צָמֵא; Arabic ظَمِئَ; Ethiopic ጸምአ; Assyrian ṣûmu, thirst).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew צָמֵא
• Arabic ظَمِئَ
• Ethiopic ጸምአ
• Assyrian ṣûmu

— צָמֵא Qal Perfect 3 feminine singular צָֽמְאָה Psalm 42:3, Psalm 63:2; 2 feminine singular וְצָמִת consecutive Ruth 2:9¹; 1 singular צָמֵתִי Judges 4:19²; 3 plural צָֽמְאוּ Isaiah 48:21; Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיִּצְמָא Exodus 17:3, Judges 15:18; 3 masculine plural יִצְמָ֑אוּ Isaiah 49:10, וַיִּצ׳ Job 24:11; 2 masculine plural תִּצְמָ֑אוּ Isaiah 65:13.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Literal thirst

• Judges 4:19
• Judges 15:18
• Ruth 2:9
• Isaiah 48:21
• Isaiah 49:10 (+ יִרְעָ֑בוּ)
• Isaiah 65:13 (+ תִּרְעָ֑בוּ)
• Job 24:11
• with ל: Exodus 17:3 (Elohist Source)

b. Figurative of the soul

• צָֽמְאָה נַפְשִׁי לֵאלֹהִים Psalm 42:3 my soul thirsteth for God
• Psalm 63:2

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC), § 75qq.

² GKC, § 74k.

³ Elohist Source.

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐδίψησεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6770:

ἐδίψησεν 3× (28.6%)

ולא וְלֹא־

and not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3808

I. לֹא or לוֺא (approximate number of occurrences: 5048) adverb — not.

Cognates:

• Arabic لا
• Aramaic לָא
• Sabean לא
• Assyrian lâ
• (Not in Ethiopic: compare Kö¹ ii. 1. 236; Walker²)

— לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr³), 35 times; besides בְּלוֺא 6 times, and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much, e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Masora, written לו (קרי לֹא), 1 Samuel 2:16; 1 Samuel 20:2, once לה Deuteronomy 3:11 כתיב: — not — denying objectively, like Greek οὐ (not μὴ = אַל).

1. In predication

a. With a verb

• With finite tenses: Genesis 2:5, Genesis 4:5 (perfect); Genesis 3:4, Genesis 8:21–22 (imperfect).
• In circumstantial clauses: Genesis 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isaiah 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט.
• With final force: Isaiah 41:7; Exodus 28:32 (see GKC⁴ §156. 3).
• Governing two verbs: Exodus 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Leviticus 19:12.
• Expressing prohibition: Genesis 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Exodus 20:13 לא תגנב.
• With jussive/cohortative (rare): Genesis 24:8; 1 Samuel 14:36.

b. With the infinitive

Only once in בְּלֹא (4a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot or must not:

• Judges 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not possible to dispossess.
• Amos 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳.

c. Negating the word immediately following

• Genesis 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֺד not Jacob shall thy name be called any more.
• Genesis 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי not ye have sent me hither, but God.
• Rhetorically: 2 Kings 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly).

d. Standing alone

• אִם לֹא if not: Genesis 18:21, Genesis 42:16.
• In answer to a question (Nay): Judges 12:5 ויאמר לא, Genesis 23:11 לא אדני.

e. With interrogative force

• Jonah 4:11, Job 2:10, Exodus 8:22.

2. Not in predication

a. Coupled to an adjective (litotes)

• Hosea 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son.
• Psalm 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good.

b. With a participle

• Jeremiah 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה.
• Isaiah 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה.

c. With nouns or prepositional phrases

• Genesis 15:13 בארץ לא להם.
• Habakkuk 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹא־לוֺ.

d. With a substantive forming a compound (un-)

• Deuteronomy 32:21 בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God.
• Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר at a thing which is not.
• Isaiah 10:15 מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ what is no wood.

e. In circumstantial clauses

• 2 Samuel 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds.
• Job 34:24 לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry.

3. As a substantive

Job 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing (compare Aramaic Daniel 4:32).

4. With prefixes

a. בְּלֹא — without

• Jeremiah 22:13 בלא־צדק without justice.
• Job 8:11 בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire.
• Of time: Leviticus 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָהּ outside the time of her impurity.

b. הֲלֹא — nonne?

Inviting an affirmative answer; often used in conversation to win assent:

• Genesis 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee?
• Exodus 4:11 Do not I?
• As a rhetorical affirmative: 1 Kings 11:41 הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים are they not written...?

c. וָלֹ֕א — and if not

• 2 Samuel 13:26; 2 Kings 5:17.

d. כְּלוֺא — as though not

• Obadiah 1:16 והיו כלוא היו as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא — without

• 2 Chronicles 15:3; Amos 6:13.

Note on Orthography: Fifteen times, according to Masora, לא is written by error for לוֺ, e.g., Exodus 21:8; Leviticus 11:21; Isaiah 9:2; Psalm 100:3; Job 13:15 (always with קרי לוֺ).

Aramaic

I. לָא (לָה Daniel 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא).

1. literally not
   • Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:5, 9, 10 etc.
   • before a participle: Daniel 2:27, 43; Daniel 3:16.
   • Daniel 4:32 כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין as men not accounted of.
2. with infinitive and לְ (must not / cannot)
   • Daniel 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be altered.
   • Ezra 6:8.
3. interrogative הֲלָא
   • Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:13.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Dean A. Walker, "The Semitic Negative," American Journal of Semitic Languages (1896).

³ S. Frensdorff, Die Massora Magna (1876).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892).

Conjunction, Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

יכם יַכֵּם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נכה

nâkâh

Definition

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively); beat, cast forth, clap, give (wounds), [idiom] go forward, [idiom] indeed, kill, make (slaughter), murderer, punish, slaughter, slay(-er, -ing), smite(-r, -ing), strike, be stricken, (give) stripes, [idiom] surely, wound.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5221

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָכָה

verb • Root נך • Strongs / High • Page 969

(Kal not used) tr. to strike, to hurt, to injure, hence to destroy, to kill; figurat. to strike down, to vex. Nif. (נִכָּה) to be smitten or slain. Pih. (נִכָּה) to smite, to make war upon. Puh. (נֻכָּה) to be smitten.

נָכָה

verb • Root נכה • Strongs / High • Page 970

To be smitten, to be beaten down. Hif. (הִכָּה): to strike, smite, chastise, torment, punish, kill, tear in pieces, destroy, afflict. Hof. (הֻכָּה, pass. of Hif.): to be beaten, chastised, punished, visited, killed, stormed, conquered.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָכָה

verb • Page 442

in Kal not used.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5221

I. נָכָה (approximate number of occurrences: 501) verb — smite (not in Qal).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew Hiph`il idem
• Siloam Inscription<sup>1</sup> הכו
• Syriac laesit, nocuit, repugnavit; Aph`el laesit, vulneravit
• Ethiopic laesit, nocuit
• Arabic be defeated, the inflicting of injury on an enemy²

— Niph`al Perfect וְנִכָּה וָמֵת consecutive 2 Samuel 11:15 and he shall be smitten [struck by weapon in battle] and die.

— Pu`al Perfect 3 feminine singular נֻכָּ֑תָה Exodus 9:31; 3 plural נֻכּוּ Exodus 9:32 (Jehovist Source), both be smitten down by the hail.

— Hiph`il (482 times) Perfect 3 masculine singular הִכָּה Exodus 9:25 +; suffix וְהִכַּ֫נִי consecutive Genesis 32:12, הִכָּם Jeremiah 5:6; 2 masculine singular הִכִּ֫יתָ Exodus 17:5 +; 1 singular הִכֵּיתִי Judges 15:16 +, וְהִכֵּתִ֫י Exodus 3:20 +; 3 plural הִכּוּ Genesis 19:11 +; 2 masculine plural הִכִּיתֶם Jeremiah 37:10 3 times consecutive; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַכֶּה Exodus 21:20 +, יַךְ Hosea 6:1 (read וַיַּךְ³); וְיַח Hosea 14:6; וַיַּכֶּה Joshua 10:40 +, usually וַיַּךְ Exodus 2:12 +; suffix 2 masculine singular יַכֶּ֫כָּה Jeremiah 40:15, 3 masculine singular וַיַּכּוֺ 2 Samuel 14:6 (read וַיַּךְ with Septuagint, Peshitta, Vulgate), יַכֶּ֫נּוּ 1 Samuel 17:25; usually וַיַּכֵּ֫הוּ Numbers 21:24 +; 3 feminine singular וַתַּךְ Jonah 4:7–8; 1 singular אַכֶּה 1 Samuel 18:11 +, וָאַךְ Exodus 9:15; 3 masculine plural יַכוּ Micah 4:14; usually וַיַּכּוּ Genesis 14:5 +; 1 plural נַכֶּהֿ Numbers 22:6; וַנַךְ Deuteronomy 2:33; Imperative הַכֵּה Ezekiel 6:11, הַךְ Amos 9:1 +; Infinitive absolute הַכֵּה Deuteronomy 3:16 +, הַכּוֺת 2 Kings 3:24⁴; construct הַכּוֺת Genesis 4:15 +; Participle מַכֶּה Exodus 2:11 +; construct מַכֵּה Exodus 21:12 +; plural מַכִּים 1 Samuel 4:8 + etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Literally smite (single, non-fatal blow), strike

• ass Numbers 22:23, 25, 27 (+ בְּמַקֵּל), 28; 32 (Jehovist Source)
• man Exodus 21:15, 19 (Elohist Source)
• cheeks Job 16:10; Lamentations 3:30; Psalm 3:8
• rock Exodus 17:6 (Elohist Source), Numbers 20:11 (Priests' Code)
• figurative of regret וַיַּךְ לֵב דָּוִד אֹתוֺ 2 Samuel 24:10 and David's heart smote him
• hit with missile 1 Samuel 17:49; 1 Kings 22:34

b. Smite repeatedly, beat, scourge

• man Exodus 2:11, 13 (Elohist Source), Exodus 5:16 (Jehovist Source)
• scourge Jeremiah 20:2; Jeremiah 37:15; Deuteronomy 25:2–3 (+ מַכָּה רַבָּה)

c. Clapping hands (in applause or mockery)

• וַיַּכּוּ כַף 2 Kings 11:12
• כַּף אֶלכַּֿף Ezekiel 21:19, 22

2. Smite fatally

a. Kill, slay, man or beast

• man Exodus 21:12, 20 (Elohist Source); Joshua 10:26 (Jehovist / Elohist Source)
• וְהִכָּהוּ נֶפֶשׁ Deuteronomy 19:11 smite him in his life (mortally)
• slay firstborn Exodus 12:2 (Jehovist Source), 12:29; Numbers 3:13 (Priests' Code)
• לְפִיחֶֿרֶב Deuteronomy 13:16; Joshua 11:11 (Deuteronomic Source)

3. Attack and destroy

a. Attack and capture a city or army

• city Judges 1:8, 12 = Joshua 15:16 (Jehovist / Elohist Source)
• defeat king or army (approx. 95 times) Genesis 14:5, Numbers 21:24 (Jehovist / Elohist Source)
• conquer land Genesis 14:7; Joshua 10:40 (Deuteronomic Source)

4. Of God

a. Smite with a plague, disease

• blindness Genesis 19:11 (Jehovist Source)
• Egyptian plagues Exodus 3:20; 9:15 (Jehovist Source), 12:13 (Priests' Code)
• disease Deuteronomy 28:22; 1 Samuel 5:6; Job 2:7

b. Chastise or send judgment

• Isaiah 5:25; 30:31; Jeremiah 5:3
• punish for sin Leviticus 26:24 (Holiness Code)

— Hoph`al Perfect הֻכָּה Hosea 9:16, הוּכָּה Psalm 102:5; 1 singular הֻכֵּ֫יתִי Zechariah 13:6; 3 plural הֻכּוּ 1 Samuel 5:12; Imperfect 3 masculine plural וַיֻּכּוּ Exodus 5:14; Participle מֻכֶּה Numbers 25:14, construct מֻכֵּה Isaiah 53:4; — be smitten:

1. receive a blow
   • Isaiah 1:5 (Judah under figure of man)
2. be wounded
   • Zechariah 13:6
3. be beaten
   • Exodus 5:14, 16 (Jehovist Source)
4. be killed, slain
   • Exodus 22:1 (Elohist Source)
   • מֻכֵּיחֶֿרֶב Jeremiah 18:21
5. be attacked and captured
   • of city Ezekiel 33:21; 40:1
6. be smitten with disease
   • 1 Samuel 5:12; Isaiah 53:4
7. be blighted (of plant)
   • Hosea 9:16 (Ephraimitic source); Psalm 102:5

¹ Siloam Inscription (ca. 700 B.C.).

² Edward William Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon (1863-93).

³ Wellhausen, Nowack, G. A. Smith.

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC) § 75ff.

Verb Hiphil imperfect third person masculine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐπάταξεν ἐπάταξαν αὐτοὺσ πατάξῃ πατάξω

LXX Usage Statistics

H5221:

ἐπάταξεν 157× (28.3%)

ἐπάταξαν 38× (6.9%)

αὐτοὺσ 29× (4.3%)

πατάξῃ 19× (3.4%)

πατάξω 18× (3.4%)

πατάξαι 17× (3.3%)

'' 14× (2.4%)

ἐπάταξα 11× (2.1%)

ἐπάταξασ 11× (2.2%)

πατάξεισ 10× (1.8%)

שרב שָׁרָב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שרב

shârâb

Definition

quivering glow (of the air), expectation. the mirage

Root

from an unused root meaning to glare;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to glare; quivering glow (of the air), expectation. the mirage; heat, parched ground.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8273

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁרָב

noun masculine / noun proper • Root שרב • Strongs / High • Page 1480

Prop. heat, commonly the mirage, a peculiar phenomenon in the sandy deserts of the east, in which the horizon assumes the appearance of a waving and trembling expanse of water.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁרָב

noun masculine • Page 699

1. the heat (of the sun.) Is. 49: 10. (Chald. שַׁרְבָּא idem. Arab. سَرَابٌ an undulous motion of the sand in the deserts of Arabia, occasioned by the rays of the sun. See the Koran, sur. 24: 39.) 2. the parched ground or glimmering waste. Is. 35: 7.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8273

I. שָׁרָב (approximate number of occurrences: 2) noun masculine — burning heat, parched ground.

— only absolute: שָׁרָב Isaiah 49:10; הַשָּׁרָב Isaiah 35:7.

1. Burning heat

• Isaiah 49:10 (+ וָשָׁ֑מֶשׁ)

2. Parched ground

• Isaiah 35:7 ("" צִמָּאוֹן)

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H8273:

No stats available

ושמש וָשָׁמֶשׁ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שמש

shemesh

Definition

the sun; by implication, the east; figuratively, a ray, i.e. (architectural) a notched battlement

Root

from an unused root meaning to be brilliant;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be brilliant; the sun; by implication, the east; figuratively, a ray, i.e. (architectural) a notched battlement; [phrase] east side(-ward), sun (rising), [phrase] west(-ward), window. See also בית שמש.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8121

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֶׁמֶשׁ

comm. • Root שמש • Strongs / High • Page 1455

Common gender noun. Properly, the light-giving or shining thing; hence the sun (a luminous body by day, diffusing heat). Also used figuratively for grace, and to denote geographical directions (east: מִזְרַח שֶׁמֶשׁ, west: מְבוֹא שֶׁמֶשׁ).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֶׁמֶשׁ

com. gen. • Page 689

1. the sun. Frequent expression 'under the sun', i.e. on the earth. Eccl. 1: 3, 9. Ps. 84: 12. 2. Plur. שִׁמְשׁוֹת battlements, pinnacles, turrets (on a wall). Is. 54: 12.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8121

I. שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 133) noun feminine (Judges 19:14) and masculine (Genesis 19:23) (Albr¹) — sun.

— absolute שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ Joshua 10:12 +, שָׁ֑מֶשׁ Judges 20:43 +; suffix שִׁמְשֵׁךְ Isaiah 60:20, שִׁמְשָׁךְ Jeremiah 15:9; plural suffix שִׁמְשֹׁתַ֫יִךְ Isaiah 54:12; —

1. Meanings and Uses

• Genesis 37:9 (Elohist Source; + moon, stars)

a. Marking time

• As rising (verb זָרַח): Exodus 22:2 (Elohist Source) + 8 times + Malachi 3:20 (figurative שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ צְדָקָה, of reward of the faithful, with wings, i.e. rays? Now GASm²; or winged sun-disc [compare We³]?)
• Verb יָצָא: Genesis 19:23 (Jehovist Source), Isaiah 13:10; Judges 5:31 (simile of splendour; see יָצָא 1f)
• Setting (verb בּוֹא): Genesis 15:17 (Jehovist Source), Amos 8:9 + 19 times, + וַיְהִי הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ לָבוֹא Genesis 15:12 (Jehovist/Elohist Source), שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ יָדַע מְבוֹאוֹ Psalm 104:19 (see בּוֹא 1i, מָבוֹא 2)

b. General physical effects

• Giving daylight: Isaiah 60:9
• Hot: 1 Samuel 11:9; Nehemiah 7:3; Exodus 16:21 (Priestly Code), compare Isaiah 49:10; Jonah 4:8; Psalm 121:6
• As ripening crops: Deuteronomy 33:14 (poem), compare (figurative) Job 8:16
• Tanning the face: Song of Solomon 1:6
• Standing still at Joshua's word: Joshua 10:12–13a (poem in Jehovist Source; "" יָרֵחַ), Joshua 10:13b (Jehovist Source), compare Habakkuk 3:11 (+ יָרֵחַ)
• Casting shadow (on dial): יָָֽרְדָה בְמַעֲלוֹת אָחָז בַּשֶּׁמֶשׁ Isaiah 38:8, וַתָּשָׁב הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ Isaiah 38:8

c. Creation and judgment

• Set in sky by Yahweh: Jeremiah 31:25; Psalm 19:5; Psalm 74:16; Psalm 136:8
• Enduring: Psalm 72:5, Psalm 72:17 (compare עִם 1g), also Psalm 89:37
• Personified, called to praise Yahweh: Psalm 148:3 (+ יָרֵחַ)
• To be darkened by Yahweh's judgment: Ezekiel 32:7; Joel 2:10; Joel 3:4; Joel 4:15 (compare Amos 8:9, Micah 3:6)

2. Of direction

• מִמִּזְרַח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ Numbers 21:11 (Elohist Source) toward sun-rise, = East, compare Deuteronomy 4:41, 47 + 16 times (see מִזְרָח p. 280)
• מְבוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ Deuteronomy 11:30 + 3 times (see מָבוֹא 2, p. 99)

3. Object of worship

(usually + moon, stars, etc.):

• 2 Kings 23:5; Jeremiah 8:2; Ezekiel 8:16; Deuteronomy 4:19
• Horses given to שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ: 2 Kings 23:11, מַרְכְּבוֹת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ 2 Kings 23:11

— See also בֵּית שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ p. 112b.

4. Other phrases

a. Openly, publicly

• נֶגֶד הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ 2 Samuel 12:12; Numbers 25:4 (Priestly Code)
• לְעֵינֵי הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ 2 Samuel 12:11

b. Figurative of living

• חָזָה שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ Psalm 58:9
• רָאָה שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ Exodus 6:5; Exodus 7:11; Exodus 11:7, opposed to תֶּחְשַׁךְ הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ Exodus 12:2

c. Under the sun (on the earth)

• תַּחַת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ Ecclesiastes 1:3 + 28 times in Ecclesiastes (compare Greek ὐφ’ ἠλίῳ, Kue⁴)

5. Pinnacle

As glittering, shining:

• plural Isaiah 54:12 thy pinnacles, battlements (of Zion)
• Perhaps singular שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ וּמָגֵן יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים Psalm 84:12 battlement and shield is Yahweh Elohim (Gr Bae Du Buhl; most sun, and so Thes De Che SS; Hup-Now hesitates).

¹ K. Albrecht, ZAW xv (1895), 324.

² George Adam Smith (GASm).

³ J. Wellhausen (We).

⁴ A. Kuenen, Ond. iii. 196; Einl. iii. 192.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἥλιον ἡλίου ἥλιοσ ἡλίῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8121:

ἥλιον 41× (29.0%)

ἡλίου 40× (31.9%)

ἥλιοσ 40× (28.1%)

ἡλίῳ 7× (4.6%)

כי כִּי־

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3588

I. כִּי conjunction — that, for, when.

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician כ
• Aramaic דֵּךְ this¹
• Latin nam

1. That

a. Prefixed to sentences depending on an active verb

Occupying the place of an accusative; after verbs of seeing, knowing, telling, etc.:

• Genesis 1:10 וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי טוֹב (God saw that it was good)
• Genesis 3:6, Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 12:14
• Genesis 14:14, Genesis 22:12 (knowing)
• Genesis 12:18, Genesis 6:6–7 (repenting)
• Genesis 22:16 (swearing)
• Job 36:10, 24 (commanding)
• Psalm 41:12 (after a pronoun)

b. Introducing direct narration

Like the Greek ὅτι recitativum:

• Genesis 21:30
• Genesis 29:33 and she said, כִּי שָׁמַע יְהוָה Yahweh hath heard, etc.
• Exodus 3:12
• Joshua 2:24
• 1 Samuel 10:19 and ye have said to him, כִּי מֶלֶךְ תָּשִׂים עָלֵינוּ

c. Especially after an oath

Introducing the fact sworn to:

• Genesis 42:16 by the life of Pharaoh, כִּי מְרַגְּלִים אַתֶּם
• Numbers 14:22
• 1 Samuel 20:3 as יְהוָה liveth, כִּי כְפֶשַׂע בֵּינִי וּבֵין הַמָּוֶת
• 1 Samuel 14:44 כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה אֱלֹהִים וְכֹה יוֹסִיף כִּי מוֹת תָּמוּת

d. With adverbs and interjections

• אַף כִּי (see אַף)
• הֲכִי is it that...? 2 Samuel 9:1, Genesis 29:15
• אִם לֹא כִּי Deuteronomy 32:30 were it not that...
• כִּי עַתָּה (apodosis) Genesis 31:42, Genesis 43:10

e. Intensive force

Introducing a statement with emphasis: yea, surely, certainly:

• Exodus 18:11
• 1 Samuel 17:25
• Isaiah 32:13
• Lamentations 3:22 (the mercies of יְהוָה, surely they are not consumed)

f. That, expressing consecution

Especially after a question implying surprise or deprecation:

• Genesis 20:9 what have I sinned against thee כִּי הֵבֵאתָ עָלַי that thou hast brought upon me?
• Exodus 3:11 who am I כִּי אֵלֵךְ that I should go?
• Psalm 8:5 what is man כִּי תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ?
• Genesis 40:15 (after a negative)

2. Of time

a. When

• Of the past: Genesis 6:1, Genesis 26:8, 2 Samuel 6:13
• Of the present: Exodus 18:16 כִּי יִהְיֶה לָהֶם דָּבָר when they have a matter
• Of the future: Genesis 4:12 כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת הָאֲדָמָה, Exodus 7:9

b. Approximating to "if"

Representing a case likely to occur (mostly with imperfect):

• Genesis 38:16
• Often in laws: Exodus 21:14, 21:33; Leviticus 1:2

c. Concessive force (though)

• Jeremiah 49:16 כִּי תַגְבִּיהַּ כַּנֶּשֶׁר קִנֶּךָ though thou make high like the vulture thy nest
• Micah 7:8 כִּי נָפַלְתִּי קָמְתִּי though I have fallen, I rise

3. Because, since

a. General causal

• Genesis 3:14 because thou hast done this, cursed art thou
• Genesis 18:20
• In answer to a question: Genesis 27:20, Exodus 1:19

b. Following the causal sentence (for)

• Genesis 2:3 כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת because on it he rested
• Psalm 6:3 heal me כִּי נִבְהֲלוּ עֲצָמָי for my bones are vexed
• Ironical: 1 Kings 18:27 for he is a god

c. Subtle or explicative causal

Justifying a statement by unfolding particulars:

• Isaiah 3:8, Job 6:21
• 2 Samuel 23:5, Isaiah 5:7

d. After a negative (but / sondern)

• Genesis 17:15 not Sarai, כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ but Sarah shall be her name
• Exodus 16:8 not against us... כִּי עַל יְהוָה but against Yahweh
• לֹא כִּי nay, but: Genesis 18:15 לֹא כִּי צָחָקְתְּ

4. Combined with Other Particles

a. כִּי אִם (except, but rather, surely)

• Except: Genesis 32:27 כִּי אִם בֵּרַכְתָּנִי except thou bless me
• But rather: Genesis 15:4, Genesis 32:29
• Surely (after oath): 2 Kings 5:20 כִּי אִם רַצְתִּי surely I will run

b. כִּי עַל כֵּן (forasmuch as / for therefore)

• Genesis 18:5 כִּי עַל כֵּן עֲבַרְתֶּם for therefore are ye come
• Numbers 14:43, Judges 6:22

¹ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W. SG 110 f.).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (Dr).

³ Ewald's Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

מרחמם מְרַחֲמָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רחם

râcham

Definition

to fondle; by implication, to love, especially to compassionate

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to fondle; by implication, to love, especially to compassionate; have compassion (on, upon), love, (find, have, obtain, shew) mercy(-iful, on, upon), (have) pity, Ruhamah, [idiom] surely.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7355

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָחַם

puh • Strongs / High • Page 1334

To find mercy or compassion.

רָחַם

verb intransitive • Root רחמ • Strongs / High • Page 1334

To tarry over a thing, to foster a thing, to cherish; hence to brood, incubate, fovere.

רָחַם

verb intransitive • Root רחמ • Strongs / High • Page 1334

To be variegated.

רָחַם

verb • Root רחם • Strongs / High • Page 1333

I. 1. prop. to be attached to, friendly, united with; hence poet. to love. 2. to be tender, mild, soft; metaphor. to be tender, gracious, compassionate, merciful.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7355

I. רָחַם verb denominative — love.

Qal Imperfect 1 singular suffix אֶרְחָֽמְךָ Psalm 18:2 I love thee (perhaps gloss; see note in parallel 2 Samuel 22:2; Hitzig, Chenery, Siegfried-Stade, Gerber read אֲרֹמִמְךָ).

Pi`el have compassion

— Perfect 3 masculine singular רִחַם Psalm 103:13 +; suffix וְרִחַמְךָ consecutive Deuteronomy 13:18, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יְרַחֵם Isaiah 9:16 +; suffix יְרַחֲמֵהוּ Isaiah 55:7, etc.; Infinitive absolute רַחֵם Jeremiah 31:20; Habakkuk 3:2; construct רַחֵם Isaiah 49:15; Psalm 103:13; suffix רַחֶמְכֶם Isaiah 30:18; Participle מְרַחֵם Psalm 116:5, etc.; — have compassion, compassionate.

1. Usually of God

a. With accusative of his people

• Exodus 33:19 (twice in verse) (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 13:18
• Deuteronomy 30:3
• 2 Kings 13:23
• Isaiah 9:16
• Isaiah 14:1
• Isaiah 27:11
• Isaiah 30:18
• Isaiah 49:10, 13
• Isaiah 54:8, 10
• Isaiah 55:7
• Isaiah 60:10
• Jeremiah 12:15
• Jeremiah 30:18
• Jeremiah 31:20 (twice in verse)
• Jeremiah 33:26
• Ezekiel 39:25
• Hosea 1:6, 7
• Hosea 2:6
• Hosea 2:25
• Micah 7:19
• Zechariah 1:12
• Zechariah 10:6
• Psalm 102:14

b. With עַל

• Psalm 103:13

c. Absolute

• Jeremiah 13:14
• Habakkuk 3:2
• Psalm 116:5
• Lamentations 3:32

2. Of man, usually a conqueror

a. With accusative

• 1 Kings 8:50
• Jeremiah 42:12

b. Absolute

• Jeremiah 6:23
• Jeremiah 21:7
• Jeremiah 50:42

c. Elsewhere of children

• with accusative Isaiah 13:18; Isaiah 49:15
• with עַל Psalm 103:13

Pu`al be shown compassion

— Perfect 3 feminine singular רֻחָ֑מָה Hosea 2:3; Hosea 2:25¹; — Imperfect 3 masculine singular יְרֻחַם Hosea 14:4; יְרֻחָ֑ם Proverbs 28:13; — be shown compassion, compassionated:

• of orphans Hosea 14:4
• children of Israel wife of Yahweh Hosea 2:3; Hosea 2:25 (compare לֹא רֻחָ֑מָה Hosea 1:6, 8)
• penitent sinner Proverbs 28:13

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC) § 152a; N. König, i. 270.

Verb Piel participle active masculine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐλεήσω ἐλεήσει οἰκτιρήσω ἐλεῆσαι αὐτοὺσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7355:

ἐλεήσω 9× (17.6%)

ἐλεήσει 5× (9.9%)

οἰκτιρήσω 3× (6.0%)

ἐλεῆσαι 3× (5.3%)

αὐτοὺσ 3× (4.4%)

οἰκτιρήσει 2× (3.9%)

οἰκτίρησεν 2× (3.9%)

ἐλεῶν 2× (3.9%)

αὐτούσ 2× (3.2%)

ינהגם יְנַהֲגֵם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נהג

nâhag

Definition

to drive forth (a person, an animal or chariot), i.e. lead, carry away; reflexively, to proceed (i.e. impel or guide oneself); also (from the panting induced by effort), to sigh

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to drive forth (a person, an animal or chariot), i.e. lead, carry away; reflexively, to proceed (i.e. impel or guide oneself); also (from the panting induced by effort), to sigh; acquaint, bring (away), carry away, drive (away), lead (away, forth), (be) guide, lead (away, forth).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5090

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Strongs / High • Page 949

I. (Kal not used) intr. to sigh, to groan, prop. to utter dull sounds, like the cooing of doves. Pih. (נִדָּה part. f. pl. מְנַדּוֹת) to sigh, to lament, to coo.

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Strongs / High • Page 949

to make go, to drive, a chariot; to conduct or lead, a people; to bring upon; to lead off.

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Strongs / High • Page 949

II. (part. נֹהֵג, imp. נַהֵג, fut. יְנַהֵג) tr. to drive forward, to impel, to lead; to lead forth; to lead away, as captives; to drive; to drive forward; to lead; to drive off.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Page 430

1. to guide, lead (Gen. 31:18, Ex. 3:1). 2. to drive a beast of burden (2 K. 4:24, 2 Sam. 6:3). 3. to lead away, e.g. prisoners (1 Sam. 30:2, Is. 20:4). 4. as in Chald. to be accustomed to any thing (Ecc. 2:3). Pi. נִהֵג: 1. to lead (Deut. 4:27); 2. to cause to drive heavily (Ex. 14:25); 3. to take away (Gen. 31:26).

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Page 430

i. q. נָהַק ,הָגָה, to sigh, pant, gasp. Only in Pi. (Nah. 2:8).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5090

I. נָהַג verb — drive, conduct.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew נָהַג conduct oneself, behave, be accustomed
• Arabic نهج go along the road, keep to the road
• Aramaic נְהַג lead

— נָהַג Perfect Lamentations 3:2; נָָֽהֲגוּ 1 Samuel 30:20; Imperfect יִנְהַג Isaiah 20:4, etc.; Imperative נְהַג 2 Kings 4:24; Participle active נֹהֵג Isaiah 11:6 2t., etc.; passive נְהוּגִים Isaiah 60:11.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Drive flocks or animals

• Exodus 3:1
• Isaiah 11:6 (followed by בְּ)
• Drive an ass for riding 2 Kings 4:24 (+ הָלַךְ)
• Drive a cart (עֲגָלָה) 2 Samuel 6:3 = 1 Chronicles 13:7
• Absolute of driving a chariot 2 Kings 9:20

b. Lead or guide

• figurative, object Joseph Psalm 80:2 (simile of flock)
• Lead on a human being Song of Solomon 8:2 (+ הֵבִיא אֶל)
• figurative, subject י׳ Lamentations 3:2 (+ הוֺלִיךְ)
• Lead out an army to battle (late) 1 Chronicles 20:1; 1 Chronicles 25:11
• Passive participle of kings led in procession Isaiah 60:11 (Dillmann¹; rather than as captives, Cheyne²)

c. Drive away or off (booty/captives)

• Object livestock (מִקְנֶה) Genesis 31:18
• As booty (flocks and herds) 1 Samuel 23:5
• Unjustly taking an ass Job 24:3
• 1 Samuel 30:2 (twice); 1 Samuel 30:22 (+ הָלַךְ)
• Isaiah 20:4

2. Figurative usage

וְלִבִּי נֹהֵג בַּחָכְמָה Ecclesiastes 2:3 my heart behaving itself in wisdom.

3. Pi‘el

a. Drive away, lead off

• Daughters of Laban Genesis 31:26 (+ גָּנַב)
• Subject י׳, leading people into exile Deuteronomy 4:27 (+ הֵפִיץ), Deuteronomy 28:37 (+ הוֺלִיךְ)

b. Lead on, guide

• Subject י׳ Psalm 78:52 (+ הִסִּיעַ כַּצּאֹן)
• Isaiah 49:10 (+ נִהֵל); Isaiah 63:14; Isaiah 48:17
• Guide a wind Exodus 10:13; Psalm 78:26 (+ הִסִּיעַ)

c. Cause to drive

• Subject י׳ Exodus 14:25 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

---

II. [נָהַג] verb Pi‘el — moan, lament.

Cognates:

• Arabic نهق be out of breath, pant, breathe heavily
• Aramaic נְהַג sigh, groan

— Pi‘el Participle feminine plural מְנַהֲגוֹת Nahum 2:8 (כְּקוֹל יוֹנִים).

¹ A. Dillmann, Commentary on Isaiah.

² T. K. Cheyne, The Prophecies of Isaiah (1880–81).

³ We Dr Kit Bu = Wellhausen, Driver, Kittel, Budde.

Verb Piel imperfect third person masculine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἀπήγαγεν ἤγαγεν ἦγον ἄξει ἐπήγαγεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5090a:

ἀπήγαγεν 3× (7.7%)

ἤγαγεν 3× (7.7%)

ἦγον 2× (6.0%)

ἄξει 2× (6.0%)

ἐπήγαγεν 2× (5.6%)

αὐτοὺσ 2× (4.2%)

ועל וְעַל־

and upon

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Conjunction, Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

מבועי מַבּוּעֵי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מבוע

mabbûwaʻ

Definition

a fountain

Root

from H5042 (נבע);

Exhaustive

from נבע; a fountain; fountain, spring.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4002

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בּוּעַ

verb • Consonantal / Low • Page 228

(Not used in Kal) To spring forth, boil up, bubble up; metaphorically to swell up.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מַבּוּעַ

noun masculine • Root נבע • Page 352

plur. -ים. verbal from נָבַע, dec. I. a spring, fountain. Is. 35: 7. 49: 10. Ecc. 12: 6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4002

I. מַבּוּעַ (approximate number of occurrences: 3) noun masculine — spring of water.

Cognates:

• Assyrian namba'u¹
• Arabic منبع
• Syriac ܡܒܘܥܐ

— מַבּוּעַ absolute Ecclesiastes 12:6; plural construct מַבּוּעֵי מַיִם Isaiah 35:7; Isaiah 49:10.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Literal spring of water

• Ecclesiastes 12:6
• Isaiah 35:7
• Isaiah 49:10 (for returning exiles)

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896), 442 (Dl HWB).

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H4002:

No stats available

מים מַיִם

dual water

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מים

mayim

Definition

water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen

Root

dual of a primitive noun (but used in a singular sense);

Exhaustive

dual of a primitive noun (but used in a singular sense); water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen; [phrase] piss, wasting, water(-ing, (-course, -flood, -spring)).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4325

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מַיִם

m. noun • Root מיה • Strongs / High • Page 842

The flowing, pouring, running; hence water (collective noun). Figuratively: juice of a plant, seed, seminal flux, urine.

מַיִם

coll. m. • Strongs / High • Page 845

Water, in the widest sense and with the greatest variety of applications; used for the ocean, sea, lakes, clouds, rain-water, etc. Also used as a figure of multitude, fulness, abundance, numerous enemies, dangers, and fear.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מַיִם

masc. plur. prim. irreg. • Page 372

1. Water or waters. (Gen. 26:19; Num. 5:17). 2. Seed (Is. 48:1).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4325

II. מַי (approximate number of occurrences: 580) noun masculine only plural מַ֫יִם — waters, water.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Moabite Inscription 23 [מן]י
• Siloam Inscription 5 המים
• Aramaic מַיָּא, מַיִּין
• Assyrian mû, plural mê, also mâmu¹
• Arabic ماء
• Ethiopic ማይ
• Sabean [מו], מום, plural מון
• Minaean [מה], plural מהן²

— מַ֫יִם (מָ֑יִם) Genesis 1:2 +; הַמַּ֫יְמָה Exodus 7:15, Exodus 8:16; construct מֵי Genesis 7:7 (71 times); מֵימֵי Exodus 4:9 (10 times) + Qr 2 Kings 18:27 = Isaiah 36:12; suffix מֵימַי Hosea 2:7 + 1 Samuel 25:11 (but read here יֵינִי); מֵימֶ֫יךָ Exodus 23:25; מֵימָיו Numbers 20:8; מֵימֶיהָ Jeremiah 6:7, Jeremiah 50:38; מֵימֵינוּ Lamentations 5:4; מֵימֵיהֶם Exodus 7:19.

Usually with plural adjective, pronoun, or verb; rarely with singular verb (Genesis 9:15; Numbers 19:13, 20).

1. Literal uses of water

a. Water of a spring or well

• Genesis 16:7; Genesis 24:11, 13, 43
• Exodus 15:27 (Jehovist Source)
• For drinking: Amos 4:8; Amos 8:11; Jonah 3:7
• Out of rock: Exodus 17:6 (Elohist Source); Numbers 20:8, 10–11 (Priests' Code)
• מֵי מְרִיבָה waters of Meribah: Numbers 20:13, 24; Deuteronomy 33:8; Psalm 81:8
• For washing: Genesis 18:4; Exodus 29:4; Leviticus 15:5 (Priests' Code)
• For purification: מֵי חַטָּאת Numbers 8:7; מֵי נִדָּה Numbers 19:9

b. Of a river, Nile

• Exodus 2:10; Exodus 4:9 (Jehovist Source)
• Jordan: Joshua 3:8, 15–16
• Euphrates: Isaiah 8:7 (figurative); Jeremiah 2:18

c. Of sea

• Amos 5:8; Amos 9:6
• Red Sea: Exodus 15:8; Exodus 14:21 (Priests' Code)

d. Of flood

• Genesis 7:7, 10 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 6:17 (Priests' Code)
• מֵי־נֹחַ waters of Noah: Isaiah 54:9

e. Other natural forms

• Subterranean: Exodus 20:4; Psalm 136:6
• In clouds: Jeremiah 10:13; Psalm 104:3
• Rain: Judges 5:4; Job 5:10 (+ מָטָר)
• Dew: Judges 6:38
• Primeval deep: Genesis 1:2, 6

2. With proper names of location

To denote springs, streams, or seas belonging to specific places:

• מֵימֵי מִצְרַיִם waters of Egypt Exodus 7:19
• מֵי מֵרוֺם waters of Merom Joshua 11:5
• מֵי יְרִיחוֺ waters of Jericho Joshua 16:1
• מֵי הַשִּׁלֹּחַ waters of Shiloah Isaiah 8:6

3. Special uses

• מֵי רַגְלַיִם water of the feet (urine) 2 Kings 18:27 = Isaiah 36:12
• מַיִם לַחַץ water of distress (drunk in prison) 1 Kings 22:27
• מַיִם קְדשִׁים holy water Numbers 5:17
• מֵי הַמָּרִים bitter water Numbers 5:18; Exodus 15:23
• מַיִם חַיִּים living (running) water Leviticus 14:5; (figurative) Zechariah 14:8; Jeremiah 2:13

4. Figurative uses

a. Of distress

• Isaiah 43:2; Psalm 66:12 (+ אֵשׁ)
• As "many waters": 2 Samuel 22:17; Psalm 18:17
• מֵי־רֹאשׁ water of gall: Jeremiah 8:14

b. Of what is impetuous, violent, overwhelming

• Isaiah 28:2, 17; Job 27:20
• Simile of impetuousness: מַּחַז כַּמַּיִם Genesis 49:4

c. Of psychological states

• Timidity (heart melting like water): Joshua 7:5; Psalm 22:16
• Transitoriness: Job 11:16; Psalm 58:8
• Refreshment: Isaiah 32:2; (spiritual) Isaiah 12:3
• Peace: מֵי מְנֻחוֺת Psalm 23:2

d. Other metaphors

• Reckless bloodshed: Psalm 79:3
• Conjugal enjoyment: Proverbs 5:15; Song of Songs 4:15
• Harlotry: מַיִם גְּנוּבִים stolen waters Proverbs 9:17
• Justice: Amos 5:24

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB 394).

² D. H. Müller, 6th Oriental Congress (Leiden) ii. 1, 451 f.

³ W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites (RS).

Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: ὕδωρ ὕδατοσ ὕδατι ὕδατα ὑδάτων

LXX Usage Statistics

H4325:

ὕδωρ 255× (41.0%)

ὕδατοσ 96× (15.5%)

ὕδατι 65× (10.3%)

ὕδατα 45× (7.3%)

ὑδάτων 37× (6.2%)

ὡσ 17× (2.9%)

--- 17× (3.0%)

---% 7× (1.0%)

ὕδασιν 7× (0.9%)

'' 6× (0.9%)

ינהלם יְנַהֲלֵם׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נהל

nâhal

Definition

properly, to run with asparkle, i.e. flow; hence (transitively), to conduct, and (by inference) to protect, sustain

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to run with asparkle, i.e. flow; hence (transitively), to conduct, and (by inference) to protect, sustain; carry, feed, guide, lead (gently, on).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5095

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָהַל

verb • Root נהל • Strongs / High • Page 950

(Kal not used) intransitive: to pass, to flow, to run, of water; to wander, to go.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָהַל

verb • Root נהל • Page 430

in Kal not used. Pi. נִהֵל: 1. to lead, guide (Ex. 15:13, Ps. 23:2). 2. to protect (2 Chr. 32:22). 3. to provide for (Gen. 47:17). Hithpa. to march, proceed (Gen. 33:14).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5095

I. נָהַל verb Pi`el — lead, guide to a watering-place or station, and cause to rest there; bring to a station or place of rest; lead, guide; refresh.

Cognates:

• Arabic نهل watering-place, نهل take a first drink; منهل station, stage of the road
• Assyrian nâlu lie down¹

— נֵהַלָתָּ Perfect 2 masculine singular Exodus 15:13; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יְנַהֵל Isaiah 40:11; suffix יְנַהֲלֵנִי Psalms 23:2, יְנַהְלֵם Isaiah 49:10; וַיְנַהֲלֵם Genesis 47:17, 2 Chronicles 32:22; 2 masculine singular suffix תְּנַהֲלֵנִי Psalms 31:4; 3 masculine plural suffix וַיְנַהֲלוּם 2 Chronicles 28:15; Participle מְנַהֵל Isaiah 51:18.

1. Pi`el usages

a. Lead to watering-place (or station), and cause to rest there

Subject יהוה as shepherd:

• Isaiah 49:10 (+ עַל־ location; "" נהג)
• Psalms 23:2 (+ עַל־ location; "" הִרְבִּיץ)
• Isaiah 40:11 ("" רעה, קִבֵּץ)

b. Lead or bring to a station, a goal

• Exodus 15:13 (Song; יהוה subject, אֶל־ location; "" נחה)
• 2 Chronicles 28:15 (Human subject, and they conducted by means of [בְּ] asses; "" הֵבִיא)

c. Lead, guide (figurative)

• Isaiah 51:18 אֵין מְנַהֵל לָהּ there is no one to be a guide for her (Jerusalem; "" מַחֲזִיק בְּיָדָהּ)
• Psalms 31:4 (יהוה subject; "" תַּנְחֵנִי)

d. Give rest to (?)

• 2 Chronicles 32:22 וַיְנַהֲלֵם מִסָּבִיב and he gave them rest on every hand (compare ᵐ5 ᵑ9 = וַיָּנִח לָהֶם מִסָּבִיב as in 1 Chronicles 22:18, probably so read here)²

e. Refresh with food

• Genesis 47:17 וַיְנַהֲלֵם בַּלֶּחֶם (Jehovist Source)

2. Hithpa`el

a. Journey by stations, stages

• Genesis 33:14 אֶתְנַהֲלָה I will proceed, journey on, by stages (Jehovist Source)

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (HWB), 438; HA 5f.; Prolegomena 17 ff.; but see Barth, LOPh i. 195; Cheyne, Academy, April 12, 1884; D.H. Müller, ZKF i. 357 f.; Nöldeke, ZMG xi. 1886, 728; R.D. Wilson, Presbyterian Review, April, 1885.

² Bertheau; D.H. Müller; Öttli.

³ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

Verb Piel imperfect third person masculine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: αὐτοὺσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5095:

αὐτοὺσ 2× (13.3%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
They shall not hunger and they shall not thirst, and the heat shall not strike them, and the sun: for he pitying them shall lead them, and to fountains of water he shall conduct them.

LITV Translation:
They shall not hunger nor thirst; and the heat and sun shall not strike them. For He who has mercy on them shall lead them; and He shall guide them by the springs of water.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
They shall not hunger, neither shall they thirst; neither shall the heat nor the sun smite them; but he that has mercy on them shall comfort them, and by fountains of waters shall he lead them.