Isaiah 26:9

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

נפשי נַפְשִׁי

the breath/soul of myself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נפש

nephesh

Definition

properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)

Root

from H5314 (נפש);

Exhaustive

from נפש; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental); any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, [idiom] dead(-ly), desire, [idiom] (dis-) contented, [idiom] fish, ghost, [phrase] greedy, he, heart(-y), (hath, [idiom] jeopardy of) life ([idiom] in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thy-) self, them (your) -selves, [phrase] slay, soul, [phrase] tablet, they, thing, ([idiom] she) will, [idiom] would have it.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5315

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

noun / feminine • Root נפש • Strongs / High • Page 982

A breath, respiration. 1. Breath of life, vital power, life, the animal life. 2. The soul or spirit, which gives life and has needs and feelings. 3. A living being, a creature, an individual, a person, a slave, a corpse. 4. Self, used reflexively. Also used to denote the seat of affections like love, joy, fear, piety, courage, and as the seat of various states like lamentation, hunger, thirst, etc.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

com. gen. but more frequently fem. • Root נפש • Page 451

1. breath (Job 41:13); 2. life, the vital principle in animal bodies, anima (Gen. 35:18, 1 K. 17:21); 3. a living being, particularly spoken of men and sometimes slaves (Josh. 10:28, Gen. 1:20, 12:5); 4. the soul, spirit, as the seat of the volitions and affections (Deut. 26:16, Cant. 1:7); 5. desire, including the desire of eating or hunger (Gen. 23:8, Prov. 6:30, 13:4); 6. scent, fragrancy, odour (Is. 3:20).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5315

I. נֶ֫פֶשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 756) noun feminine (so even Genesis 2:19; Numbers 31:28; 1 Kings 19:2; see Albr¹) — soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Sirach 3:18; 4:1, 2; 13:12; 14:11).

— נֶ֫פֶשׁ Genesis 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Genesis 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Genesis 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֹת Ezekiel 13:18 (13 times); נְפָשֹׁת Exodus 12:4; Leviticus 27:2; construct נַפְשׁוֹת Genesis 36:6 (4 times); נַפְשֹׁת Leviticus 21:11; נְפָשִׁים Ezekiel 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים); suffix נַפְשׁוֹתָם 2 Samuel 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Numbers 17:3 +.

1. The soul, the inner being of man

That which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:

a. Distinguished from flesh

• מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Isaiah 10:18
• הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Deuteronomy 12:23
• From שְׁאֵר Proverbs 11:17
• From בֶּטֶן body Psalm 31:10

b. Conceived as resting on a common substratum with the flesh

• Job 14:22 (אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃)
• Psalm 42:5, 7
• Psalm 131:2; Job 30:16; Lamentations 3:20

c. Departs at death and returns with life

• Genesis 35:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 15:9 (נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ)
• 1 Kings 17:21–22; Job 11:20; Job 31:39

d. Often desired that the soul may be delivered

• From Sh®°ôl: Psalm 16:10; Psalm 30:4; Psalm 49:16; Psalm 86:13; Psalm 89:49; Proverbs 23:14
• From שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl: Isaiah 38:17; Job 33:18, 22, 28, 30

2. The living being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into its בשׂר:

• Of man: Genesis 2:7 (Yahwist Source)
• Of animals: Genesis 2:19 (Yahwist Source); Psalm 104:29–30
• Man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being: Genesis 2:7
• Elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה of animals: Genesis 1:20, 24, 30; Genesis 9:12, 15, 16 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 47:9
• With verb חיה: Genesis 12:13; Genesis 19:20; 1 Kings 20:32; Psalm 119:175
• In oaths: חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26; 1 Samuel 17:55; 2 Kings 2:2

3. Life itself

a. Life resides in the blood

• Deuteronomy 12:23 (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ)
• Leviticus 17:10–14 (Holiness Code); Genesis 9:4 (Priests' Code)

b. Serious attack upon life is an attack upon this inner living being

• 2 Samuel 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10; Jonah 2:6; Psalm 69:2

c. Used for life itself (171 times)

• נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life: Exodus 21:23; Leviticus 24:18; 1 Kings 20:39
• שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's hand: Judges 12:3; 1 Samuel 19:5; Job 13:14
• בקּשׁ נפשׁ seek the life: Exodus 4:19; 1 Samuel 20:21; Jeremiah 4:30
• הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death: Joshua 2:13; Psalm 33:19
• פדה נפשׁ redeem the life: 2 Samuel 4:9; Psalm 34:23

4. The man himself (as the essential of man)

a. Paraphrase for personal pronoun (70 times)

• נַפְשִׁי = me: Genesis 49:6; Numbers 23:10
• נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 51:23
• נַפְשׁוֺ = he: Psalm 25:13
• נַפְשָׁם = they: Isaiah 46:2

b. Reflexive, self (53 times)

• לא אדע נפשׁי I know not myself: Job 9:21
• אהב כנפשׁו loved as himself: 1 Samuel 18:1, 3
• ענּה נ afflict oneself (fast): Leviticus 16:29; Numbers 29:7

c. Person, individual (144 times)

• נפשׁ אדם human person: Leviticus 24:17; Numbers 31:35
• נפשׁ = any one: Deuteronomy 24:7; Leviticus 2:1; Ezekiel 18:4
• נפשׁ (ה)מֵת deceased person: Numbers 6:6; Leviticus 21:11; Haggai 2:13

5. Seat of the appetites (46 times)

a. Hunger

• נפשׁ רְעֵבָה hungry soul: Psalm 107:9; Proverbs 27:7
• Satisfying hunger: Isaiah 58:10; Proverbs 13:25

b. Thirst

• נפשׁ עֲיֵפָה weary/thirsty soul: Proverbs 25:25; Jeremiah 31:25
• צמאה נ soul thirsts: Psalm 42:3; Psalm 63:2

c. Appetite in general

• Isaiah 5:14; Habakkuk 2:5
• In Ecclesiastes (craves, lacks): Ecclesiastes 2:24; Ecclesiastes 6:2, 7

6. Seat of emotions and passions (151 times)

a. Desire

• אִוְּתָה נ soul desires: Deuteronomy 12:20; 1 Samuel 2:16
• נשׂא נ lift up the soul (long for): Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; Hosea 4:8

b. Abhorrence and loathing

• געלה נ soul abhorreth: Leviticus 26:11; Jeremiah 14:19

c. Sorrow and distress

• מרי נ bitter of soul: Judges 18:25; Job 3:20
• צרת נ distress of soul: Genesis 42:21

d. Joy

• Psalm 35:9; Isaiah 61:10; Psalm 86:4

e. Love

• Song of Solomon 1:7; Genesis 34:3; Psalm 63:9

f. Alienation, hatred, revenge

• Jeremiah 6:8; 2 Samuel 5:8; Psalm 11:5

g. Other feelings (revival, patience)

• השׁיב נ bring back (revive) soul: Lamentations 1:11; Psalm 19:8
• קצרה נ soul was impatient: Numbers 21:4; Judges 10:16

7. Mental acts

Used with לבב or occasionally alone for knowing, thinking, reckoning:

• Psalm 139:14; Proverbs 19:2; Esther 4:13; Proverbs 23:7

8. Acts of the will

Purpose or choosing:

• אם ישׁ את־נפשׁכם if it is your purpose: Genesis 23:8; 2 Kings 9:15
• בחרה נ soul chooseth: Job 7:15

9. Character

Moral state of the inner being:

• Habakkuk 2:4; Ezekiel 4:14

10. Usage with לבב in Deuteronomy and later writers

Assimilated to the heart as seat of intellect and will:

• בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ: Deuteronomy 4:29; 6:5; 10:12; 1 Kings 8:48; Jeremiah 32:41

¹ Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter", Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 16 (1896), 42.

² Julius Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iii. 217.

³ Georg Jacob, Altarabische Parallelen zum Alten Testament (1897).

⁴ Charles A. Briggs, "The Use of Nefesh in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 16 (1897), 17 ff.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: ψυχή ψυχήν ψυχὴν ψυχὴ ψυχῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5315:

ψυχή 126× (15.5%)

ψυχήν 119× (14.6%)

ψυχὴν 89× (11.4%)

ψυχὴ 88× (10.9%)

ψυχῆσ 82× (10.3%)

ψυχῇ 55× (6.9%)

ψυχὰσ 38× (4.8%)

ψυχαὶ 21× (2.8%)

ψυχαῖσ 17× (2.1%)

'' 15× (1.9%)

אויתיך אִוִּיתִיךָ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אוה

ʼâvâh

Definition

to wish for

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to wish for; covet, (greatly) desire, be desirous, long, lust (after).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H183

ך

Definition

you, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9031

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָוָה

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 76

To desire strongly or eagerly, in a good as well as a bad sense; to strive after.

אָוָה

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 76

II. to measure off, mark, properly equivalent to תָּוָה.

אָוָה

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 86

To mark.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תַּאֲוָה

noun feminine • Root אוה • Page 705

A wish, desire (Ps. 10:17; Prov. 11:23); in a bad sense, lust or lusting (Num. 11:4; Ps. 78:29, 30); something desirable, pleasant, or lovely (Gen. 3:6; 49:26; Prov. 19:22).

אָוָה

verb • Root אוה • Page 30

I. To wish or desire, typically used with נֶפֶשׁ (the soul). References: 2 Sam. 3:21, 1 K. 11:37, Deut. 12:20, 14:26.

אָוָה

verb • Root אוה • Page 30

II. As in Arabic, to lodge or dwell. Found in the Hithpael form in Num. 34:10 (הִתְאַוִּיתֶם) as 'take to yourselves for a dwelling'. Note on potential confusion with the root 'to measure'.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H183

אָוָה verb incline, desire (compare Stem 2).

Pi'el

Perfect אִוָּה Psalm 132:13; אִוְּתָה Micah 7:1 +, etc.; Imperfect 3 feminine singular תְּאַוֶּה Deuteronomy 12:20 (4 times).

— desire, subject usually נֶפֶשׁ, object fruit Micah 7:1 (in metaphor); flesh (to eat) 1 Samuel 2:16, compare Deuteronomy 12:20 (followed by infinitive לֶאֱכֹל בָּשָׂר); food & drink Deuteronomy 14:26; of king desiring rule, וּמַלְכֻּתָּ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־תְּאַוֶּה נַפְשֶׁךָ 2 Samuel 3:21; 1 Kings 11:37; object evil (רַע) Proverbs 21:10; once object לַיְלָה Isaiah 26:9 נַפְשִׁי אִוִּיתִיךָ בַּלַּיְלָה; of God וְנַפְשׁוֹ אִוְּתָה וַיַּעַשׂ Job 23:13; as desiring Zion for dwelling-place (late, only cases without נֶפֶשׁ) Psalm 132:13; Psalm 132:14.

Hithpa'el

Perfect הִתְּאַוָּה Proverbs 21:26; הִתְּאַוִּיתִי Jeremiah 17:16; הִתְּאַוּוּ Numbers 11:4; וְהִתְּאַוִּיתֵם Numbers 34:10; Imperfect יִתְּאַוֶּה Ecclesiastes 6:2; וַיִּתְּאַוֶּה 2 Samuel 23:15; with apocope וְיִתְּאַו Psalm 45:12, וַיִּתְּאַו 1 Chronicles 11:17, etc. — Participle feminine singular מִתְּאַוָּה Proverbs 13:4; masculine plural מִתְּאַוִּים Amos 5:18; Numbers 11:34.

— desire, long for, lust after, of bodily appetites; for dainty food Numbers 11:4 (E; followed by accusative of cognate meaning) = Psalm 106:14; Numbers 11:34 (E); followed by לְ Proverbs 23:3, 6 compare Ecclesiastes 6:2 (followed by accusative), see also Proverbs 13:4 (absolute, subject נֶפֶשׁ); absolute of extreme thirst 2 Samuel 23:15 = 1 Chronicles 11:17; of king desiring the beauty (יֹפִי) of princess Psalm 45:12 (followed by accusative); of covetous man Proverbs 21:26 (followed by accusative of cognate meaning); object בֵּית רַעֲךָ Deuteronomy 5:18 (parallel to חָמַד); followed by infinitive Proverbs 24:1 (of desiring evil companionship); object לְיוֹם יְהוָה Amos 5:18 (accusative; of presumptuous, reckless longing) compare Jeremiah 17:16.

(Numbers 34:7, 8 for תְּתָאוּ — Pi'el of תָּאָה — Di¹ proposes תִּתְּאַוּ, & queries whether this & הִתְּאַוִּיתֵם Numbers 34:10 are not from אָוָה, = desire for yourselves.)

¹ A. Dillmann, Commentary on the Book of Numbers.

Verb Piel perfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0183:

No stats available

בלילה בַּלַּיְלָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ליל

layil

Definition

properly, a twist (away of the light), i.e. night; figuratively, adversity

Root

or (Isaiah 21:11) ליל; also לילה; from the same as H3883 (לול);

Exhaustive

or (Isaiah 21:11) ליל; also לילה; from the same as לול; properly, a twist (away of the light), i.e. night; figuratively, adversity; (mid-)night (season).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3915

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לַיִל

masculine noun • Root ליל • Strongs / High • Page 785

Night. Properly a sinking, perishing, or veiling, darkening. Used literally for night, figuratively for a time of misfortune, and adverbially for 'by night'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לַיִל

noun masculine • Page 346

night. Metaphorically misfortune, adversity. Is. 16:3; Gen. 14:15; Job 35:10; Mic. 3:6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3915

I. לַ֫יְלָה, לַ֫יִל (approximate number of occurrences: 242) noun masculine^{Genesis 40:5} — night (Late Hebrew idem; Moabite בללה; Aramaic לֵילָא, ליליא; Arabic ليل; Ethiopic ללית all = night; Assyrian lîlâtu, evening¹; meaning of root dubious; form probably לילי, and ending radical, and not locative²).

Cognates:

• Moabite בללה
• Aramaic לֵילָא
• Arabic ليل
• Ethiopic ללית
• Assyrian lîlâtu

— לַ֫יְלָה absolute Genesis 19:33 (214 times) + 2 times Qr; לָ֑יְלָה Genesis 1:5; לַ֫יִל Isaiah 16:3, Proverbs 31:18, Lamentations 2:19 Kt; construct לֵיל Exodus 12:42, Isaiah 15:1; plural absolute לֵילוֺת 1 Samuel 30:12; construct לֵילוֺת Isaiah 21:8.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Literally night, opposed to day

• Genesis 8:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 1:33
• Alternation divinely ordained: Genesis 1:5 (Priests' Code), Jeremiah 33:20, Jeremiah 33:25
• Time of sacred festival: לֵיל חָג Isaiah 30:29
• Of suffering and weeping: לֵילוֺת עָמָל Job 7:3, Psalm 6:7, Psalm 77:3
• Of prayer and meditation: Isaiah 26:9, Job 35:10, Psalm 1:2, Psalm 119:5
• Divided into watches: Psalm 90:4
• Duration of time: Genesis 7:4, 12; 1 Samuel 30:12; Jonah 2:1
• Dreams and visions: חֲלוֺם הַלּ Genesis 20:3, Genesis 31:24 (both Elohist Source); מַרְאֹת הַלּ Genesis 46:2 (Elohist Source)

b. Chiefly in adverbial phrases

• At midnight: בַּחֲצִי הַלּ Exodus 12:29; בְּתוֺךְ הַלּ 1 Kings 3:20
• On this/that night: בַּלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה Exodus 12:8 (Priests' Code); בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא Genesis 19:35 (Jehovist Source)
• To-night: הַלּ Genesis 19:5, Genesis 30:15 (Jehovist Source), Numbers 22:8 (Elohist Source), Joshua 2:2, Ruth 3:2
• All night: כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה Hosea 7:6, Exodus 14:20 (Jehovist Source), Judges 16:2, 2 Samuel 2:29
• By night: לַיְלָה Numbers 22:20 (Elohist Source), Deuteronomy 16:1; בַּלַּיְלָה Jeremiah 6:5; לַיְלָה וָיוֺם 1 Kings 8:29

2. Figurative

• Simile of shadow/protection: שִׁיתִי כַּלַיִל צִלֵּךְ Isaiah 16:8
• Of calamity or lack of guidance: לַיְלָה מֵחָזוֺן Micah 3:6
• Of personal distress: Job 35:10
• Of judgment or death: Job 36:20
• Night of calamity: מַה־מִּלַּיְלָה Isaiah 21:11–12

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl^HWB).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC § 90, 2); Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik (Nö^{M 127}); Friedrich Delitzsch, Prolegomena (Dl^{Prol. 128}); König, Lehrgebäude (R. Kö^{ii. p. 57}).

Aramaic

I. לֵילָא noun masculine night (Biblical Hebrew לַ֫יְלָה).

1. literally night
   • emphatic לֵילְיָא Daniel 2:19
   • emphatic לֵילְיָא Daniel 5:30
   • emphatic לֵילְיָא Daniel 7:2, 7, 13

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: νύκτα νυκτὸσ νυκτόσ νυκτὶ νύκτασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3915:

νύκτα 70× (28.6%)

νυκτὸσ 41× (18.3%)

νυκτόσ 25× (11.0%)

νυκτὶ 23× (8.8%)

νύκτασ 11× (5.2%)

νὺξ 9× (3.6%)

'' 7× (2.8%)

νύξ 6× (2.5%)

--- 6× (2.9%)

---% 4× (1.5%)

אף אַף־

yea/a nostril/anger

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אף

ʼaph

Definition

meaning accession (used as an adverb or conjunction); also or yea; adversatively though

Root

a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle; meaning accession (used as an adverb or conjunction); also or yea; adversatively though; also, [phrase] although, and (furthermore, yet), but, even, [phrase] how much less (more, rather than), moreover, with, yea.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H637

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַף

noun masculine • Root אנף • Strongs_Numbers • Page 171

Properly the projecting, the prominent; the nose as the prominent thing of the face; anger (conceived of as a snorting of the nose); face.

אַף

preposition / conj. • Strongs_Numbers • Page 172

Properly a preposition meaning 'with', 'at', 'to', 'before', 'toward'. As a conjunction it signifies 'also', 'likewise', 'even', 'yea', 'how much more' (a fortiori). It is often used to make pronouns or particles emphatic. When reduplicated (אַף ... אַף) it means 'as well ... as also'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַף

conj. prim. • Page 64

1. also. 2. and. 3. yea rather. 4. but, yet. 5. how much less. 6. literally also when; how much more (after affirmation) or how much less (after negation).

אַף

chald. • Page 65

Chald. idem. (likewise, also). Dan. 6: 23.

אַף

noun masculine • Root אנף • Page 65

1. nose; pride of nose, i. e. of countenance (Ps. 10: 4); the breathing of the nose, i. e. anger (Job. 4: 9). 2. anger (Prov. 22: 24). 3. face, countenance (Gen. 3: 19). 4. two persons (1 Sam. 1: 5).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H637

II. אַף conjunction denoting addition, especially of something greater, also, yea (so Phoenician, Aramaic ܐܠ, אַף, אוֹף; compare ).

Cognates:

• Phoenician אף
• Aramaic ܐܠ, אַף, אוֹף
• Egyptian Aramaic, Palmyrene אף (S-C Pap. Ldzb 224)
• Old Persian אַף
• Syriac ܒܪ

1. Basic Usage

Very rare in plain prose (in which גַּם is more usual):

• Genesis 40:16 (with pronoun, as rather often) I also in my dream
• Numbers 16:14
• Deuteronomy 2:11
• Deuteronomy 2:20
• 2 Samuel 20:14 (see Driver)
• 2 Kings 2:14
• Esther 5:12

More frequently in poetry, especially as introducing emphatically a new thought:

• Deuteronomy 33:3, 20, 28
• 1 Samuel 2:7
• Psalm 16:6, 7, 9
• Psalm 18:49
• Psalm 65:14 they shout for joy, yea, they sing!
• Psalm 68:9, 17
• Psalm 74:16
• Psalm 89:28
• Proverbs 22:19, 23:28 +

Or in more elevated prose style:

• Leviticus 26:16, 24, 28, 41
• And 25 times in the impassioned rhetoric of Isaiah 2 (Isaiah 40:24-48:15), e.g. Isaiah 40:24; 41:10, 26; 42:13; 43:7, 19; 46:11 yea, I have spoken, I will also bring it to pass; I have purposed, I will also do it! 48:12, 15

Implying something surprising or unexpected, even, indeed:

• Job 14:3; 15:4

וְאַף and also:

• Leviticus 26:39, 40, 42, 44
• Deuteronomy 15:17
• Habakkuk 2:15
• Psalm 68:19
• 1 Chronicles 8:32 = 9:38
• 2 Chronicles 12:5
• Nehemiah 2:18; 13:15
• And even Job 19:4 וְאַף אִמְּנָם שָׁגִיתִי and even indeed (if) I have erred...

With הֲ, הַאַף indeed...? really...? :

• Genesis 18:13, 23 wilt thou indeed sweep away the righteous with the wicked? 24
• Amos 2:11
• Job 34:17; 40:8

In contrast to a preceding thought (expressed or implied) but, nay (imo):

• Psalm 44:10; 58:3
• Compare Judges 5:29

2. A Fortiori Usage

(Equally in prose and poetry) with reference to a preceding sentence, yea, a fortiori, the more so (= how much more! after an affirmative clause; = how much less! after a negative one):

• 2 Samuel 4:10 f. when one told me, Saul is dead... I took hold of him and slew him... how much more (should I do so when wicked men have slain a righteous person, etc.!
• Ezekiel 14:21 (Ewald, Hitzig); 15:5
• Proverbs 21:27 (in all these passages כִּי = when)
• Job 4:19

So וְאַף:

• 1 Samuel 23:3
• 2 Kings 5:13... וְאַף כִּי אָמַר אֵלֶיךָ and the more (= and how much rather), when he hath said to thee, etc.

More commonly in this sense strengthened by כִּי (q.v.), see below אַף כִּי:

• Furthermore Ezekiel 23:40; Habakkuk 2:5 (Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar¹ quin imo, quin etiam)

3. In Questions

In a question, indeed (is it) that...? :

• Genesis 3:1 אַף כִּי אָמַר אֱלֹהִים indeed, that God has said...? i.e. has God really said...? (compare הַאַף above)

4. With Reference to Preceding Sentence

With reference to a preceding sentence (which is often introduced by הֵן or הִנֵּה), yea, that...! i.e. how much more (or less)! :

• Proverbs 11:31 lo, the righteous is recompensed in the earth... 'tis indeed that (= how much more) the wicked and the sinner!
• Proverbs 15:11; 17:7; 19:7, 10
• Job 9:14; 15:16; 25:6
• 1 Samuel 14:30
• 1 Kings 8:27 (= 2 Chronicles 6:18) lo, the heavens... cannot contain thee... 'tis indeed that this house (cannot do so), i.e. how much less this house!
• 2 Chronicles 32:15

So וְאַף כִּי:

• Deuteronomy 31:27
• 1 Samuel 21:6 (perhaps; but see Robertson Smith Semitic i. 436, Driver, Smend 293)
• 2 Samuel 16:11

(In Job 35:14 (Hitzig, Delitzsch) Nehemiah 9:18 אַף כִּי is simply = yea, when...)

אַפַּד (existence and meaning dubious; Thes MV and others identify with אָפַד gird on, but this denominative see below; Lagarde Bildung der Nomina 178; Gesenius 1890, p. 15 proposes ܐܠܗܐ, come as ambassador, as root of אֵפוֹד).

אַף conjunction also (Biblical Hebrew אַף; Egyptian Aramaic, Palmyrene אף (Sachau Pap. Lidzbarski 224); Old Persian אַף, Old Persian J אוֹף; Syriac ܒܪ; — also, always וְאַף Daniel 6:23; Ezra 5:10, 14; 6:5.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Particle interjection

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0637:

No stats available

רוחי רוּחִי

spirits/my spirit

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רוח

rûwach

Definition

wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions)

Root

from H7306 (רוח);

Exhaustive

from רוח; wind; by resemblance breath, i.e. a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the sky; by resemblance spirit, but only of a rational being (including its expression and functions); air, anger, blast, breath, [idiom] cool, courage, mind, [idiom] quarter, [idiom] side, spirit(-ual), tempest, [idiom] vain, (whirl-) wind(-y).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7307

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1325

To be extended, wide, broad, roomy; to be well, unrestrained, alleviated, easy, refreshed.

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

(Kal unused) intr. To breathe, to blow (of wind); to smell, of plants and scents; hence sometimes to breathe, to draw breath, generally to live and move; also fig. to have or feel pleasure in it, to perceive, to smell.

רוּחַ

verb • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

(II. not used) intr. to go, to wander; adopted for יָרַח, יָרַד and the proper name יָרִיחַ (wanderer).

רוּחַ

noun feminine / m. • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1326

1. The blowing, air, wind (breeze or storm); quarter, region, district (Metaphor). 2. The breath (often associated with anger/wrath, or word/oracle) or quick vanishing breath/nothingness/vanity. 3. Breath of life, animal life, anima, spirit (including sensuous feelings, passions, or moving force/restlessness).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רוּחַ

hiph. • Page 610

To smell. See רֵיחַ

רוּחַ

com. gen. • Page 610

1. Wind, air in motion (Gen. 8:1; Job 1:19); also the four quarters of heaven (Ezek. 37:9). 2. A breathing or exhalation; a breath (Job 7:7), creative power (Ps. 33:6), or vital breath in men and animals (Gen. 6:17). 3. A snuffing (of the nose), hence anger (Judg. 8:3). 4. The anima or animal soul, the vital principle (1 Sam. 30:12; Judg. 15:19).

רוּחַ

noun feminine • Page 611

The spirit, considered as coming from God; metaphorically a principle of life (Ezek. 10:17). The rational soul (animus), mind, intellect (Gen. 41:8). Inclination or disposition (Num. 5:14, Hos. 4:12). The Spirit of God or Jehovah, denoting life-giving power in men and nature (Gen. 1:3, Ps. 104:30), and the source of extraordinary gifts and prophecy (Num. 24:2, 1 Sam. 10:6).

רוּחַ

chald. n. • Page 611

1. wind. 2. a spirit.

רוּחַ

verb • Page 611

To be or become wide. Impers. 'I find room, I am relieved' (Job 32:20). Pu. מְרֻוָּח: wide, spacious (Jer. 22:14).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7307

I. רוּחַ (approximate number of occurrences: 378) noun feminine (less often masculine) — breath, wind, spirit.

— רוּחַ absolute Genesis 8:1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jeremiah 52:23; construct רוּחַ Genesis 6:17 +; suffix רוּחִי Genesis 6:3 +, רוּחֲךָ Psalm 104:30 + etc.; plural רוּחוֺת Psalm 104:4 +, רֻחוֺת Jeremiah 49:36, רוּחֹת Numbers 16:22; Numbers 26:16 (see Briggs¹, full statement of all passages).

1. Breath of mouth or nostrils

a. Literally

• רוּחַ מִּיו Job 15:30, compare Job 19:17
• רוּחַ אַמֵּינוּ Lamentations 4:20 (figurative of king)
• Of idols: לֹא רוּחַ בָּם Jeremiah 10:14, Jeremiah 51:17, Habakkuk 2:19, Psalm 135:17
• Compare Job 9:18

b. As mere breath (compare 2.e.)

• דִּבְרֵי רוּחַ Job 16:3 (windy words)
• נוֺאָשׁ לְרוּחַ אִמְרֵי Job 6:26
• הַנְּבִיאִים יִהְיוּ לְרוּחַ Jeremiah 5:13

c. As word of command

• Of God: בְּרוּחַ מִּיו כָּל צְבָאָם Psalm 33:6, compare Isaiah 34:16 (+ מֶּה)
• Of Messianic king: בְּרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע Isaiah 11:4

d. As hard breathing in anger

• Of God: Job 4:9; Exodus 15:8; 2 Samuel 22:16 = Psalm 18:16; Isaiah 30:28, Isaiah 59:19
• Of man: רוּחַ עָרִיצִים Isaiah 25:4

e. As sign and symbol of life

• רוּחַ חַיִּים Genesis 6:17, Genesis 7:15 (Priests' Code)
• נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַמָּיו Genesis 7:22 (Priests' Code)
• Ezekiel 37:5, 37:6, 37:8, 37:9, 37:10, 37:14; Ecclesiastes 3:19

2. Wind

a. Wind of heaven

• Genesis 8:1 (Priests' Code); Exodus 15:10 (Elohist Source); Numbers 11:31 (Yahwist Source); 1 Kings 18:45
• רוּחַ יהוה Hosea 13:15; Isaiah 40:7, compare Job 26:13
• רוּחַ הַקָּדִים (east wind): Exodus 10:13, Exodus 14:21 (Yahwist Source); Psalm 48:8; Jeremiah 18:17; Ezekiel 17:10, 19:12, 27:26; Jonah 4:8
• רוּחַ צָפוֺן (north wind): Proverbs 25:23
• רוּחַ יָם (west wind): Exodus 10:19 (Yahwist Source)
• רוּחַ הַיּוֺם (evening wind): Genesis 3:8 (Yahwist Source), compare Song of Solomon 2:17, 4:6
• אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת (four winds): Jeremiah 49:36, Ezekiel 37:9, Daniel 8:8, 11:4, Zechariah 2:10, 6:5
• רוּחַ סְעְרָה (storm wind): Psalm 107:25, 148:8, Ezekiel 1:4, 13:11, 13:13
• Wind personified: כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2 Samuel 22:11 = Psalm 18:11; Psalm 104:3, 104:4, compare Hosea 4:19

b. Quarter (of wind), side

• רוּחַ הַקָּדִים (east side): Ezekiel 42:16
• רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן (north side): Ezekiel 42:17
• רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם (south side): Ezekiel 42:18
• רוּחַ הַיָּם (west side): Ezekiel 42:19
• אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת (four sides): Ezekiel 42:20, 1 Chronicles 9:24
• ר֑וּחָה (on the sides): Jeremiah 52:23

c. Breath of air

• שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jeremiah 14:6
• רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41:8

d. Air or gas

• כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Isaiah 26:18
• רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם Isaiah 33:11

e. Vain, empty thing

• רוּחַ Job 7:7
• דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15:2
• רְעוּת רוּחַ (striving for wind): Ecclesiastes 1:14, 2:11, 4:4, 6:9 etc.

3. Spirit (Animation or Temper)

As that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with נֶפֶשׁ and לֵבָב):

a. Animation, vivacity, vigour

• 1 Kings 10:5, 2 Chronicles 9:4
• Genesis 45:27 (Elohist Source); Judges 15:19; 1 Samuel 30:12

b. Courage

• Joshua 5:1, 2:11; Psalm 76:13, 77:4, 142:4; Isaiah 19:3

c. Temper, especially anger

• Judges 9:23, 8:3; Proverbs 16:32, 25:28, 29:11; Zechariah 6:8

d. Impatience or patience

• קֹצֶר רוּחַ Exodus 6:9 (Priests' Code); אֶרֶךְ רוּחַ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Compare Micah 2:7; Proverbs 14:29; Job 21:4

e. Spirit as troubled or bitter

• Genesis 41:8 (Elohist Source); Daniel 2:1, 2:3; Genesis 26:35 (Priests' Code)
• עֲצוּבַת רוּחַ Isaiah 54:6

f. As crushed

• Ezekiel 21:12; Isaiah 61:3; Proverbs 15:4, 15:13, 17:22; Psalm 143:7

g. Unaccountable impulse

• 1 Chronicles 5:26; Ezra 1:1, 1:5; Jeremiah 51:11; Haggai 1:14
• רוּחַ קִנְאָה (jealous disposition): Numbers 5:14, 5:30
• רוּחַ עִוְעִים Isaiah 19:14; רוּחַ מִשְׁמָּט Isaiah 28:6

h. Prophetic spirit

• Numbers 27:18 (Priests' Code); 2 Kings 2:9, 2:15
• רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה (spirit of deep sleep): Isaiah 29:10
• רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zechariah 13:2

4. Spirit of the living being

Dwelling in the בָּשָׂר of men and animals, idem נֶפֶשׁ (25 t.):

a. Gift and creation of God

• Zechariah 12:1; Job 27:3; Isaiah 42:5

b. God preserves it

• Job 10:12, 12:10; Numbers 16:22, 27:16 (Priests' Code)

c. God's spirit

• Genesis 6:3 (Yahwist Source)

d. Departs at death

• Psalm 78:39, 104:29, 146:4
• Ecclesiastes 8:8, 12:7; Psalm 31:6

e. Disembodied being

• Job 4:15 (dubious)

5. Spirit as seat of emotion

a. Desire

• Isaiah 26:9 (idem נֶפֶשׁ)

b. Sorrow or trouble

• Job 7:11; 1 Samuel 1:15

6. Seat or organ of mental acts

Idem לֵב, or synonym with it:

• רוּחַ חָכְמָה Exodus 28:3, Deuteronomy 34:9 (Priests' Code)
• תּעֵי רוּחַ Isaiah 29:24; Ezekiel 11:5, 20:32; 1 Chronicles 28:12

7. Of the will

• רוּחַ נָכוֺן Psalm 51:12
• רוּחַ נְדִיבָה Psalm 51:14; Exodus 35:21 (Priests' Code)

8. Moral character

Idem לֵב:

• רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה Ezekiel 11:19, 18:31, 36:26
• דַּכְּאֵי רוּחַ Psalm 34:19; שְׁפַל רוּחַ Proverbs 16:19

9. Spirit of God

(94 t.; not D or Jeremiah; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy):

a. Inspiring ecstatic prophecy

• Numbers 11:17, 11:25, 11:29 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Samuel 10:6, 19:20; 1 Kings 22:21
• As רוּחַ רָעָה (evil spirit from God): 1 Samuel 16:14, 16:15, 16:23, 18:10
• In Ezekiel: Ezekiel 2:2, 3:12, 8:3, 11:1, 37:1

b. Impelling prophets to utter instruction

• Numbers 24:2; 2 Samuel 23:2; Zechariah 7:12; Nehemiah 9:30; Joel 3:1

c. Imparting warlike energy or administrative power

• To Judges/Kings: Judges 3:10, 6:34, 11:29, 13:25; 1 Samuel 11:6, 16:13
• To Messianic king/servant: Isaiah 11:2, 42:1

d. Endowing with technical skill or understanding

• Exodus 31:3, 35:31 (Priests' Code); Job 32:8; Proverbs 1:23

e. Energy of life

• Genesis 1:2 (Priests' Code); Job 33:4; Ezekiel 1:12, 39:29

f. Divine Presence

• רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֺ (His holy spirit): Isaiah 63:10, 63:11; Psalm 51:13
• Omnipresence: Psalm 139:7

¹ C. A. Briggs, "The Use of רוח in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1900), pp. 132–145.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: πνεῦμα πνεύματι πνεύματοσ πνεῦμά ἄνεμον

LXX Usage Statistics

H7307:

πνεῦμα 169× (43.2%)

πνεύματι 31× (7.3%)

πνεύματοσ 27× (7.1%)

πνεῦμά 21× (4.9%)

ἄνεμον 14× (3.7%)

ἄνεμοσ 9× (2.2%)

ἀνέμου 7× (1.9%)

'' 6× (1.4%)

ἀνέμουσ 6× (1.7%)

--- 5× (1.4%)

בקרבי בְקִרְבּי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

קרב

qereb

Definition

properly, the nearest part, i.e. the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial (especially with preposition)

Root

from H7126 (קרב);

Exhaustive

from קרב; properly, the nearest part, i.e. the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial (especially with preposition); [idiom] among, [idiom] before, bowels, [idiom] unto charge, [phrase] eat (up), [idiom] heart, [idiom] him, [idiom] in, inward ([idiom] -ly, part, -s, thought), midst, [phrase] out of, purtenance, [idiom] therein, [idiom] through, [idiom] within self.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7130

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קֶרֶב

verb • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

Not used, intransitive: to fold up or wind together.

קֶרֶב

noun masculine • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

The inner part; specifically, the bowels, intestines, mesenteries (in sacrificial context); also the belly, womb, or heart, considered as the seat of life/feeling.

קֶרֶב

m. prop. • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

What is folded together or wound up; hence 1. the bowels, intestines, the mesenteries (in sacrificial enactments). Elsewhere also the belly, the womb, the heart, the innermost part, the seat of feeling.

קֶרֶב

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1296

The inner part, the middle, of a thing; hence, with בְּ, a preposition meaning in the midst of, among. Also prop. away from the midst, i.e., out of (after verbs of taking away, removing, extirpating). Also refers to the belly, hypochondrium, or maw.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קֶרֶב

noun masculine • Root קרב • Page 595

The middle or inner part. 1. as a prep. in the midst, within, among. 2. the inner part of the body, the bowels, the heart as the seat of thought. Gen. 41: 21, Ps. 5: 10, 64: 7.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7130

I. קֶ֫רֶב (approximate number of occurrences: 227) noun masculine — inward part, midst.

— קֶ֫רֶב absolute Exodus 29:13 + (only 3 times); construct קֶרֶב Genesis 45:6 +; suffix קִרְבִּי Joshua 9:7 +; 3 feminine plural קִרְבֶֹּנָה Genesis 41:21, קִרְבֶּנָה Genesis 41:21 (Ges¹; Kö²), etc.; plural only (with suffix) קְרָבַי Psalm 103:1; — usually with preposition (בְּקֶ֫רֶב 143 times; מִקֶּרֶב 43 times).

1. Physical meanings

a. Inward part of human body, physical sense

• בְּקֶרֶב within one's body Genesis 25:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 18:12 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Samuel 25:37
• Jeremiah 23:9
• Job 20:14 ("" בְּמֵעָיו)
• Isaiah 19:1 (of nation personified)
• Into his body Psalm 109:18 (simile)
• As seat of life וַתָּשָׁב נֶפֶשׁ הַיֶּלֶד עַל־קִרְבּוֹ 1 Kings 17:21–22
• Of idol Habakkuk 2:19

b. Belly, of kine

• אֶל־קֶרֶב Genesis 41:21 (twice)

c. Of city

• בְּקֶרֶב within it, מִקֶּרֶב etc. Genesis 18:24
• Judges 18:7
• Amos 3:9 + 18 times
• Isaiah 25:11
• בְּקֶרֶב חוּצוֹת Isaiah 5:25

d. Of house

• Psalm 101:2, Psalm 101:7
• Temple Psalm 48:10
• בְּקֶרֶב מוֹעֲדֶךָ Psalm 74:4

e. Of land (earth)

• Genesis 45:6
• Genesis 48:16
• Amos 2:3
• Isaiah 5:8
• Isaiah 24:13 ("" בְּתוֹךְ הָעַמִּים) + 10 times

f. Of a number of persons

בְּקֶרֶב in the midst, among; מִקֶּרֶב from among:

• (1) People (96 times; 80 times as singular collective): Amos 7:8; Genesis 24:3; Exodus 23:25; Deuteronomy 31:17; Jeremiah 46:21; 1 Samuel 4:3; Joshua 7:12; Judges 10:16 +; בְּקֶרֶב יִשְׂרָאֵל Deuteronomy 17:20 +; בְּקֶרֶב בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל Amos 7:10; בְּקֶרֶב הַכְּנַעֲנִי Judges 1:32–33; Judges 3:5; מִקֶּרֶב גּוֹי Deuteronomy 4:34 etc.
• (2) Camp (בְּקֶרֶב / מִקֶּרֶב הַמַּחֲנֶה): Joshua 1:11; Numbers 14:44 + 6 times
• (3) בְּקֶרֶב אֶחָיו Deuteronomy 18:2; 1 Samuel 16:13, and (מִקֶּרֶב) Deuteronomy 17:15; Deuteronomy 18:18
• (4) מִקֶּרֶב עַמֶּיהָ Exodus 31:14 (compare (+ עַם))
• (5) בְּקֶרֶב אֹיְבֶיךָ Psalm 110:2; (of wicked) Psalm 55:16; בְּקֶרֶב חֲכָמִים Proverbs 15:31
• (6) בְּקֶרֶב אֱלֹהִים יִשְׁפֹּט Psalm 82:1
• (7) בְּקֶרֶב הַמִּלְחָמָה into the midst of the battle, the thick of the fight 1 Kings 20:39; בְּקֶרֶב צָרָה Psalm 138:7
• (8) Of nations: בְּקֶרֶב הַגּוֹיִם Deuteronomy 29:15; בְּקֶרֶב הָעַמִּים Lamentations 3:45; Joshua 24:17; Micah 5:6–7

g. Anthropomorphism

• מִקֶּרֶב חֵיקְךָ thy hand from within thy bosom (of Yahweh) Psalm 74:11 (construct חֵיקְךָ Qere)

h. Of a period of time

• בְּקֶרֶב שָׁנִים Habakkuk 3:2 (twice in verse)

2. Inward part of man (psychological)

a. As seat of thought and emotion

• בְּקֶרֶב 1 Kings 3:28; Jeremiah 4:14; Jeremiah 9:7; Proverbs 26:24; Psalm 62:5; Psalm 94:19
• "" בְלֵב Proverbs 14:33; עַל־לֵב Jeremiah 31:33
• Seat of לֵב Psalm 39:4; Psalm 55:5; Psalm 109:22; Lamentations 1:20
• Seat of רוּחַ Ezekiel 11:19; Ezekiel 36:26–27; Zechariah 12:1; Isaiah 26:9; Psalm 51:12; compare Isaiah 19:3, 14
• בְּקֶרֶב לִבִּי Psalm 36:2 (read לִבּוֹ with Versions)

b. As faculty of thought and emotion

• Isaiah 16:11 ("" מֵעַי)
• Psalm 64:7 ("" לֵב)
• Psalm 5:10
• כָּל־קְרָבַי Psalm 103:1 (only here plural; "" נַפְשִׁי)
• Note: Psalm 49:12 read קִבְרָם (with Septuagint, Syriac, Targum) or קְבָרִם for קִרְבָּם

3. Technical sacrificial term

Of entrails of sacrificial animals (Priests' Code / Narrative):

• Leviticus 1:9, 13
• Leviticus 3:3 (twice), 3:9 (twice), 3:14 (twice)
• Leviticus 4:8 (twice), 4:11
• Leviticus 7:3
• Leviticus 8:16, 21, 25
• Leviticus 9:14

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² König, Hist.-krit. Lehrgebäude d. Hebr. Sprache (1881–1897).

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: μέσῳ ἐκ ὑμῖν αὐτοῖσ ἐν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7130:

μέσῳ 36× (18.5%)

ἐκ 14× (8.5%)

ὑμῖν 14× (7.2%)

αὐτοῖσ 13× (6.7%)

ἐν 12× (7.2%)

μέσου 12× (6.2%)

κοιλίαν 7× (3.5%)

αὐτῆσ 7× (3.0%)

ἐπὶ 5× (3.0%)

ἐντόσ 4× (2.1%)

אשחרך אֲשַׁחֲרֶךָּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שחר

shâchar

Definition

properly, to dawn, i.e. (figuratively) be (up) early at any task (with the implication of earnestness); by extension, to search for (with painstaking)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to dawn, i.e. (figuratively) be (up) early at any task (with the implication of earnestness); by extension, to search for (with painstaking); (do something) betimes, enquire early, rise (seek) betimes, seek diligently) early, in the morning).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7836

ך

Definition

you, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9031

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁחַר

root • Strongs / High • Page 1410

a blackbird; comp. also שְׁחַרְוּר to be dark.

שָׁחַר

verb • Root שחר • Strongs / High • Page 1410

II. (part. שָׁחַר) trans. prop. to split, to cut through, to break through; hence 1. to divide, to separate, to prove, to examine, to seek after a thing, to desire, to strive after. 2. to charm.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7836

I. שָׁחַר (approximate number of occurrences: 12) verb denominative — look early, diligently for (late; originally look for dawn).

1. Qal

• Participle שֹׁחֵר טוֺב Proverbs 11:27 ("" בִּקֵּשׁ, דָּרַשׁ)

2. Pi`el

a. To seek someone or something early

• Perfect 3 masculine singular suffix שִׁחֲרוֺ מוּסָר Proverbs 13:24 seeks him early (with) discipline (chastises him be-times)
• 2 masculine singular suffix consecutive וְשִׁחַרְתַּ֫נִי וְאֵינֶנִּי Job 7:21
• Infinitive לְשַׁחֵר מָּנֶיךָ Proverbs 7:15
• Participle (of wild asses) מְשַׁחֲרֵי לַטָּ֑רֶף Job 24:5¹ seeking eagerly for their food

b. To seek God or wisdom earnestly

• Perfect וְשִׁחֲרוּ־אֵל Psalm 78:34 ("" דָּרַשׁ)
• Imperfect 2 masculine singular תְּשַׁחֵר אֶל־אֵל Job 8:5 (si vera lectio)
• 3 masculine singular suffix יְשַׁחֲרֻנְנִי Hosea 5:15² ("" בִּקֵּשׁ), + Hosea 6:3 (see שַׁחַר)
• Accusative wisdom Proverbs 1:28
• Participle suffix מְשַׁחֲרַי Proverbs 8:17
• seek with longing, long for God: אֲשַׁחֲרֶ֑ךָּ Isaiah 26:9; Psalm 63:2

שַׁחֲרוּת see I. שָׁחַר above.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC), § 130a.

² GKC, § 60e.

Verb Piel imperfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H7836:

No stats available

כי כִּ֞י

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3588

I. כִּי conjunction — that, for, when.

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician כ
• Aramaic דֵּךְ this¹
• Latin nam

1. That

a. Prefixed to sentences depending on an active verb

Occupying the place of an accusative; after verbs of seeing, knowing, telling, etc.:

• Genesis 1:10 וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי טוֹב (God saw that it was good)
• Genesis 3:6, Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 12:14
• Genesis 14:14, Genesis 22:12 (knowing)
• Genesis 12:18, Genesis 6:6–7 (repenting)
• Genesis 22:16 (swearing)
• Job 36:10, 24 (commanding)
• Psalm 41:12 (after a pronoun)

b. Introducing direct narration

Like the Greek ὅτι recitativum:

• Genesis 21:30
• Genesis 29:33 and she said, כִּי שָׁמַע יְהוָה Yahweh hath heard, etc.
• Exodus 3:12
• Joshua 2:24
• 1 Samuel 10:19 and ye have said to him, כִּי מֶלֶךְ תָּשִׂים עָלֵינוּ

c. Especially after an oath

Introducing the fact sworn to:

• Genesis 42:16 by the life of Pharaoh, כִּי מְרַגְּלִים אַתֶּם
• Numbers 14:22
• 1 Samuel 20:3 as יְהוָה liveth, כִּי כְפֶשַׂע בֵּינִי וּבֵין הַמָּוֶת
• 1 Samuel 14:44 כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה אֱלֹהִים וְכֹה יוֹסִיף כִּי מוֹת תָּמוּת

d. With adverbs and interjections

• אַף כִּי (see אַף)
• הֲכִי is it that...? 2 Samuel 9:1, Genesis 29:15
• אִם לֹא כִּי Deuteronomy 32:30 were it not that...
• כִּי עַתָּה (apodosis) Genesis 31:42, Genesis 43:10

e. Intensive force

Introducing a statement with emphasis: yea, surely, certainly:

• Exodus 18:11
• 1 Samuel 17:25
• Isaiah 32:13
• Lamentations 3:22 (the mercies of יְהוָה, surely they are not consumed)

f. That, expressing consecution

Especially after a question implying surprise or deprecation:

• Genesis 20:9 what have I sinned against thee כִּי הֵבֵאתָ עָלַי that thou hast brought upon me?
• Exodus 3:11 who am I כִּי אֵלֵךְ that I should go?
• Psalm 8:5 what is man כִּי תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ?
• Genesis 40:15 (after a negative)

2. Of time

a. When

• Of the past: Genesis 6:1, Genesis 26:8, 2 Samuel 6:13
• Of the present: Exodus 18:16 כִּי יִהְיֶה לָהֶם דָּבָר when they have a matter
• Of the future: Genesis 4:12 כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת הָאֲדָמָה, Exodus 7:9

b. Approximating to "if"

Representing a case likely to occur (mostly with imperfect):

• Genesis 38:16
• Often in laws: Exodus 21:14, 21:33; Leviticus 1:2

c. Concessive force (though)

• Jeremiah 49:16 כִּי תַגְבִּיהַּ כַּנֶּשֶׁר קִנֶּךָ though thou make high like the vulture thy nest
• Micah 7:8 כִּי נָפַלְתִּי קָמְתִּי though I have fallen, I rise

3. Because, since

a. General causal

• Genesis 3:14 because thou hast done this, cursed art thou
• Genesis 18:20
• In answer to a question: Genesis 27:20, Exodus 1:19

b. Following the causal sentence (for)

• Genesis 2:3 כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת because on it he rested
• Psalm 6:3 heal me כִּי נִבְהֲלוּ עֲצָמָי for my bones are vexed
• Ironical: 1 Kings 18:27 for he is a god

c. Subtle or explicative causal

Justifying a statement by unfolding particulars:

• Isaiah 3:8, Job 6:21
• 2 Samuel 23:5, Isaiah 5:7

d. After a negative (but / sondern)

• Genesis 17:15 not Sarai, כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ but Sarah shall be her name
• Exodus 16:8 not against us... כִּי עַל יְהוָה but against Yahweh
• לֹא כִּי nay, but: Genesis 18:15 לֹא כִּי צָחָקְתְּ

4. Combined with Other Particles

a. כִּי אִם (except, but rather, surely)

• Except: Genesis 32:27 כִּי אִם בֵּרַכְתָּנִי except thou bless me
• But rather: Genesis 15:4, Genesis 32:29
• Surely (after oath): 2 Kings 5:20 כִּי אִם רַצְתִּי surely I will run

b. כִּי עַל כֵּן (forasmuch as / for therefore)

• Genesis 18:5 כִּי עַל כֵּן עֲבַרְתֶּם for therefore are ye come
• Numbers 14:43, Judges 6:22

¹ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W. SG 110 f.).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (Dr).

³ Ewald's Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

כאשר כַּאֲשֶׁר

as when

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Preposition, Particle relative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834d:

No stats available

משפטיך מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

משפט

mishpâṭ

Definition

properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, individual or collective), including the act, the place, the suit, the crime, and the penalty; abstractly, justice, including a participant's right or privilege (statutory or customary), or even a style

Root

from H8199 (שפט);

Exhaustive

from שפט; properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, individual or collective), including the act, the place, the suit, the crime, and the penalty; abstractly, justice, including a participant's right or privilege (statutory or customary), or even a style; [phrase] adversary, ceremony, charge, [idiom] crime, custom, desert, determination, discretion, disposing, due, fashion, form, to be judged, judgment, just(-ice, -ly), (manner of) law(-ful), manner, measure, (due) order, ordinance, right, sentence, usest, [idiom] worthy, [phrase] wrong.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4941

ך

Definition

your, personal posessive - noun suffix: 2nd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 2nd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9021

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִשְׁפָּט

masculine noun • Root שפט • Strongs / High • Page 924

A multi-faceted term meaning: a cause or suit; a sentence or decision of a judge; a legal precept or rule; guilt or crime; a right, law, or custom; what belongs to someone (e.g., wages, privilege); usage, manner, or condition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִשְׁפָּט

noun masculine • Page 417

5. a right, privilege; e.g. מִשְׁפַּט הַגְּאֻלָּה the right of redemption, Jer. 32:7; מִשְׁפַּט הַמֶּלֶךְ the right or prerogative of the king, 1 Sam. 8:9, 11. Particularly what belongs to any one by law, Deut. 18:3; מִשְׁפַּט הַכֹּהֲנִים what belongs to the priests, i. e. their due, 1 Sam. 2:13. 6. right, righteousness, justice, i. q. צֶדֶק. Deut. 32:4. 7. a law, i. q. חֹק. Ex. 21:1. 24:3; particularly a divine law, Lev. 18:4, 5, 26. 8. a custom, usage. 1 K. 18:28. 9. a mode, manner. Ex. 26:30. 2 K. 1:7. Judg. 13:12.

מִשְׁפָּט

noun masculine • Root שפט • Page 416

1. judgment, the act of judging. Lev. 19: 15. 2. a judgment, judicial decision. 1 K. 3: 28. 3. guilt, liability to punishment. Ezek. 7: 23. 4. a cause, a suit at law. Num. 27: 5.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4941

I. מִשְׁפָּט (approximate number of occurrences: 422) noun masculine^{Genesis 40:13} — judgment.

— מִשְׁפָּט absolute Exodus 21:31 (203 times), + לְשְִׁ֯מָּט Ezekiel 44:24 (but read Kt לִשְׁמֹּט with ᵐ5 ᵑ7 ᵑ6 Co and others); construct מִשְׁמַּט Exodus 23:6 (50 times); suffix מִשְׁמָּטִי Isaiah 40:27 +; מִשְׁמָּטָם Jeremiah 49:12 +; מִשְׁמָּטָן Numbers 27:5; plural מִשְׁמָּטִים Jeremiah 4:12 (34 times); suffix מִשְׁמָּטֶיךָ Deuteronomy 33:10 + etc.

1. Judgment

a. Act of deciding a case

• מִשְׁפָּט belongeth to God Deuteronomy 1:17, is from him Proverbs 16:33; Proverbs 29:26
• אֱלֹהֵי הַמִּשְׁפָּט Malachi 2:17
• חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט Exodus 28:15 the pouch of judgment, so Exodus 28:29; Exodus 28:30 (Priests' Code); worn on heart of Aaron Exodus 28:30 (Priests' Code)
• (+ צֶדֶק) Deuteronomy 16:18
• הֵבִין מִשְׁפָּט Job 32:9
• שָׁפַט מִשְׁפָּט 1 Kings 3:28; עָשָׂה מִשְׁפָּט 1 Kings 3:28
• דְּבַר הַמִּשְׁפָּט Deuteronomy 17:9; 2 Chronicles 19:6
• רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Isaiah 28:6
• בְּמִשְׁפָּט Leviticus 19:15, 35 (Holiness Code); Deuteronomy 1:17; Proverbs 16:10; Proverbs 24:23
• בְּמִשְׁפַּט הָאוּרִים Numbers 27:21 (Priests' Code)
• לַמִּשְׁפָּט Numbers 35:12; Joshua 20:6 (Priests' Code); Deuteronomy 17:8; Judges 4:5; 2 Samuel 15:2, 6; 2 Chronicles 19:8; Isaiah 34:5; Isaiah 41:1; Isaiah 54:17; Isaiah 59:11; Habakkuk 1:12; Malachi 3:5; Psalm 9:8; Psalm 35:23; Psalm 76:10; Psalm 122:5; Job 9:19

b. Place, court seat of judgment

• Deuteronomy 25:1
• 1 Kings 7:7
• Isaiah 28:6
• Ecclesiastes 3:16

c. Process, procedure, litigation before judges

• הֵבִיא בַמִּשְׁפָּט Job 14:3; Ecclesiastes 11:9; Ecclesiastes 12:14
• בָּא בַמִּשְׁפָּט (+ עִם) Isaiah 3:14; Job 22:4; (+ אֶת) Psalm 143:2; (+ יַחְדָּו) Job 9:32
• עָמַד בַּמִּשְׁפָּט Job 34:23; compare Ezekiel 34:16; Psalm 112:5
• plural דִּבֶּר מִשְׁפָּטִים (+ אֶת) litigate with Jeremiah 1:16; Jeremiah 4:12; Jeremiah 12:1; Jeremiah 39:5 = Jeremiah 52:9
• singular מִשְׁפָּט in parallel 2 Kings 25:6 (by error)

d. Case or cause presented for judgment

• בַּעַל מִשְׁפָּט Isaiah 50:8
• עָרַךְ מִשְׁפָּט Job 13:18; Job 23:4
• שָׁמַע מִשְׁפָּט 1 Kings 3:11
• שָׁפַט מִשְׁפָּט Lamentations 3:59; compare Numbers 27:5 (Priests' Code); 2 Samuel 15:4

e. Sentence, decision of judgment

• כֵּן מִשְׁפָּטֶךָ 1 Kings 20:40 thus is thy sentence
• עֵת וּמִשְׁפָּט Ecclesiastes 8:5–6 time and sentence
• עַל מִשְׁפָּט Deuteronomy 17:11 according to the sentence
• מִשְׁפַּט מָוֶת Deuteronomy 19:6; Deuteronomy 21:22; Jeremiah 26:11, 16
• מִשְׁפַּט דָּמִים Ezekiel 7:23; compare Habakkuk 1:4; Psalm 7:7; Psalm 17:2; Ezekiel 23:45
• plural מִשְׁפְּטֵי נְאֻפוֹת Ezekiel 16:68
• Hosea 6:5 read singular מִשְׁפָּטִי כָאוֹר for מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ אוֹר after ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ7

f. Execution of judgment

• In general, עָשָׂה מִשְׁפָּט (+ בֵּין) Jeremiah 7:5; Ezekiel 18:8; compare Deuteronomy 32:41; Zephaniah 3:8
• (+ בְּ) against Psalm 119:84; Psalm 149:9; בְּ omitted Psalm 9:17; Ezekiel 39:21
• בָּא אֶל מִשְׁפָּט Jeremiah 48:21; בְּרוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Isaiah 4:4; מִשְׁפַּט מוֹאָב Jeremiah 48:47; compare Isaiah 53:8; Jeremiah 51:9; Hosea 5:1, 11; Hosea 10:4; Job 36:17
• plural Isaiah 26:8–9; Ezekiel 5:8; Zephaniah 3:15; Psalm 10:5
• In favour of: עָשָׂה מִשְׁפָּטִי Micah 7:9; Psalm 9:5; מִשְׁפָּט לַעֲשׁוּקִים Psalm 146:7; דִּין מִשְׁפָּט וְהִצִּיל Jeremiah 21:12; compare Zechariah 7:9; Zechariah 8:16
• plural Psalm 48:12 = Psalm 97:8; 1 Chronicles 16:12, 14

g. Time of judgment

• לֹא יָקֻמוּ בַמִּשְׁפָּט Psalm 1:5 (late; probably judgment of the resurrection)

2. Attribute of the שֹׁפֵט, justice, right, rectitude

a. Of God

• אֱלֹהֵי מִשְׁפָּט Isaiah 30:18
• הֲשֹׁפֵט כָּל־הָאָרֶץ לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה מִשְׁפָּט Genesis 18:25 (Jehovist Source); compare Job 40:8; Deuteronomy 32:4; Psalm 111:7
• He loves it: Psalm 33:5; Psalm 37:28; Psalm 99:4
• (+ צֶדֶק) Hosea 2:21; Psalm 89:15 = Psalm 97:2
• Will not pervert it: Job 8:3; Job 34:12; compare Job 37:23
• כְּמִשְׁפָּטֶךָ Psalm 119:149 (parallel חַסְדֶּךָ)
• מִשְׁפָּטְךָ תְּהוֹם רַבָּה Psalm 36:7

b. Of man

• אַשְׁרֵי שֹׁמְרֵי מִשְׁפָּט Psalm 106:3 (parallel צְדָקָה)
• Tongue of the wise speaketh מִשְׁפָּט Psalm 37:30; thoughts Proverbs 12:5
• Put on מִשְׁפָּט as robe Job 29:14; chosen Job 34:4
• עָשָׂה מִשְׁפָּט: required by God Micah 6:8; Isaiah 1:17; Isaiah 56:1; Isaiah 61:8
• Joy of the righteous Proverbs 21:15; rulers should know it Micah 3:1; Proverbs 29:4
• Wicked ruler שֹׂנֵא מִשְׁפָּט Job 34:17; abhors it Micah 3:9; compare Proverbs 19:28; Proverbs 21:7; Proverbs 28:5

3. Ordinance

Promulgated by שֹׁפֵט:

• Law of king: 1 Samuel 8:9, 11; 1 Samuel 10:25
• Levitical ordinances: Leviticus 5:10; Leviticus 9:16 (13 times in Priests' Code); 1 Chronicles 15:13; 1 Chronicles 24:19; 2 Chronicles 4:7, 20; 8:14; 35:13; Nehemiah 8:18
• חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט Exodus 15:25; Joshua 24:25 (Elohist Source); 1 Samuel 30:25; compare Psalm 81:5
• חֻקַּת מִשְׁפָּט Numbers 27:11; Numbers 35:29 (Priests' Code)
• Divine law in general: מִשְׁפַּט יהוה Jeremiah 8:7; מִשְׁפַּט אֱלֹהִים Isaiah 58:2; Jeremiah 5:4, 5 (parallel דֶּרֶךְ); compare Psalm 25:9
• Parallel תּוֹרָה: Isaiah 42:4; Isaiah 51:4; Ezra 7:10; compare Zephaniah 2:3; Psalm 119:43; Psalm 119:160
• Plural of particular ordinances: Deuteronomy 33:10, 21; Isaiah 58:2; Ezekiel 44:24; Psalm 19:10; Psalm 119:7 (16 times); Psalm 147:20

4. Decision of the שֹׁפֵט in a case of law

(See Briggs¹):

• Singular of particular decision: Exodus 21:31 (Elohist Source)
• Plural of series of decisions: Exodus 21:1; Exodus 24:3 (Jehovist-Elohist); Deuteronomy 7:12
• In combination, חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים: Deuteronomy 4:1, 5, 8, 14, 45 +; in Holiness Code and after, חֻקּוֹת וּמִשְׁפָּטִים Leviticus 18:4, 5, 26; Leviticus 19:37 +
• Other combinations, redactional and later: Leviticus 26:46; Numbers 36:13; Deuteronomy 30:16; 2 Kings 17:37; 2 Chronicles 33:8; Nehemiah 9:13; Psalm 18:23; Psalm 89:31; Psalm 147:19

5. One's (legal) right, privilege, due

• מִשְׁפַּט הַכֹּהֲנִים Deuteronomy 18:3 due of the priests
• מִשְׁפַּט הַבְּכֹרָה Deuteronomy 21:17
• מִשְׁפַּט הַגְּאֻלָּה Jeremiah 32:7 right of redemption; מִשְׁפַּט הַיְרֻשָּׁה Jeremiah 32:8
• הִטָּה מִשְׁפָּט Exodus 23:6 (Elohist Source) wrest right, so Deuteronomy 16:19; 24:17; 27:19; 1 Samuel 8:3; Lamentations 3:35; Proverbs 18:5
• מִשְׁפַּט יְתוֹם Deuteronomy 10:18; מִשְׁפַּט אֶבְיוֹן Exodus 23:6 (Elohist Source); Jeremiah 5:28; Psalm 140:13
• מִשְׁפַּט עֲנִיִּים Isaiah 10:2; Job 36:6
• הֵסִיר מִשְׁפָּטִי Job 27:2; Job 34:5; compare Isaiah 40:27; Isaiah 49:4

6. Fitting measure, custom, plan

a. Proper, fitting, measure

• 1 Kings 5:8
• Fitness in nature: Isaiah 28:26; Isaiah 40:14 (compare Dillmann²)

b. Custom, manner

• מִשְׁפַּט הַכֹּהֲנִים 1 Samuel 2:13 custom of the priests (or rightful due, according to Thenius, Wellhausen, Driver)
• מִשְׁפָּטוֹ 1 Samuel 27:11 his (David's) custom
• מִשְׁפַּט הַגּוֹיִם 2 Kings 17:33 manner of the nations; compare 2 Kings 17:26–27
• כְּמִשְׁפָּט after the manner, fashion: Genesis 40:13; Exodus 21:9 (Elohist Source); Judges 18:7; 1 Kings 18:28; 2 Kings 11:14; 2 Kings 17:34; 1 Chronicles 6:17; Ezekiel 42:11; Psalm 119:132

c. "What manner of"

• מַה־מִּשְׁפַּט Judges 13:12 what manner of a boy; compare 2 Kings 1:7

d. Plan

• Of the tabernacle: Exodus 26:30 (Priests' Code)
• Temple: 1 Kings 6:38
• Palace: Jeremiah 30:18

¹ C. A. Briggs, Higher Criticism of the Hexateuch, 252 sq.

² A. Dillmann, Commentary on Isaiah.

Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal second person masculine singular

LXX: κρίμα κρίσιν κρίματα κρίσει κρίσισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4941:

κρίμα 87× (21.4%)

κρίσιν 68× (16.7%)

κρίματα 41× (9.1%)

κρίσει 20× (4.6%)

κρίσισ 19× (4.6%)

κρίματά 16× (3.4%)

κρίσεωσ 14× (3.5%)

δικαίωμα 14× (3.1%)

δικαιώματά 13× (2.7%)

κρίσεισ 10× (2.2%)

לארץ לָאָרֶץ

to the earth

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ארץ

ʼerets

Definition

the earth (at large, or partitively a land)

Root

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm;

Exhaustive

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth (at large, or partitively a land); [idiom] common, country, earth, field, ground, land, [idiom] natins, way, [phrase] wilderness, world.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H776

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

(Not used) To be hard, firm, dense. (Root of the following noun)

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

Earth, as firm land i.e. a dense firm mass, in opposition to water. Includes meanings: a) the earth in opposition to heaven; b) earth as an element/material; c) the ground; d) piece of land/field; e) land of habitation or fatherland.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

noun masculine • Page 73

Earth, land. (masc. rarely, Gen. 13: 6; Is. 9: 18).

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Page 74

1. earth; also inhabitants of the earth, Gen. 6:11. 11:1. 2. land; e.g. אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם the land of Egypt. Sometimes Palestine, Joel 1:2. 3. jurisdiction of a city. Josh. 8:1. Plur. אֲרָצוֹת lands.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H776

I. אֶרֶץ (approximate number of occurrences: 2407) noun feminine Genesis 10:11 & (seldom) masculine Genesis 13:16 — earth, land.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אֶרֶץ
• Assyrian irṣitu (compare COT Glossary)
• Arabic أرض
• Sabean אֶרֶץ (for example, Osiris 9, DHM ZMG 1875, 594, 614; Semitic Sprachforschung 12, compare Prä BAS i. 374 note)
• Aramaic אַרְעָא, ܐܪܥܐ

— אֶרֶץ absolute Genesis 1:24 +; construct Genesis 2:11 +; אָרֶץ Genesis 1:10 +; with article always הָאָרֶץ Genesis 1:11 +; with הָ locative אַרְצָה Genesis 11:31 +, (this form also in poetry = אֶרֶץ Job 34:13 +); suffix אַרְצִי Job 20:15 +; (אַרְצֶנּוּ) אַרְצְכֶם Job 12:1 +, etc.; plural אֲרָצוֹת Jeremiah 28:8 (65 times); construct אַרְצוֹת Ezekiel 39:27 (6 times); suffix אַרְצֹתָם Genesis 10:5 (2 times).

1. Forms and Grammatical Notes

• Absolute: אֶרֶץ — Genesis 1:24 +
• Construct: אַרְצֵי — Genesis 2:11 +
• With article: הָאָרֶץ — Genesis 1:11 +
• Locative: אַרְצָה — Genesis 11:31 + (also in poetry equivalent to אֶרֶץ Job 34:13 +)
• Suffix forms:
  • אַרְצִי — Job 20:15 +
  • אַרְצְכֶם — Job 12:1 +
• Plural:
  • Absolute: אֲרָצוֹת — Jeremiah 28:8 (65 times)
  • Construct: אַרְצוֹת — Ezekiel 39:27 (6 times)
  • Suffix: אַרְצֹתָם — Genesis 10:5 (2 times)

2. Meanings and Uses

a. Earth (whole earth, opposed to a part)

• Genesis 18:18, Genesis 18:25
• Genesis 22:18 (= הָאֲדָמָה Genesis 12:3)
• Jeremiah 25:26, Jeremiah 25:29, Jeremiah 25:30
• Jeremiah 26:6
• Isaiah 37:16, Isaiah 37:20 = 2 Kings 19:15
• 2 Kings 19:19
• Zechariah 4:10, Zechariah 4:14 +

b. Earth, opposed to heaven or sky

• Genesis 1:2
• Exodus 20:4
• Deuteronomy 5:8
• Deuteronomy 30:19
• Judges 5:4
• Lamentations 2:1
• Isaiah 37:16 = 2 Kings 19:15
• Psalm 146:6
• 1 Chronicles 21:16
• 1 Chronicles 29:11
• 2 Chronicles 2:11 +
• As permanent: Ecclesiastes 1:4
• Built on foundations or pillars: 1 Samuel 2:8; Psalm 104:5; Job 38:4; Isaiah 48:13; Isaiah 51:13, Isaiah 51:16
• Compare also: Isaiah 24:18; Psalm 82:5
• Firm, shaking as terrible: 1 Samuel 14:4; 2 Samuel 22:8 = Psalm 18:8; Job 9:6; compare Psalm 46:2 & Psalm 46:6
• Also: Amos 8:8; Isaiah 2:19, Isaiah 2:21; Isaiah 24:18, Isaiah 24:19, Isaiah 24:20; Psalm 60:4; Psalm 77:19; Psalm 99:1; Psalm 114:7
• Hung on nothing: Job 26:7
• With waters under it: Exodus 20:4 = Deuteronomy 5:8; compare Genesis 7:11
• Personified, addressed: Deuteronomy 32:1; Jeremiah 6:19; Jeremiah 22:29; Isaiah 1:2; Micah 1:2; Job 16:18

c. Earth = inhabitants of earth

• Genesis 6:11
• 1 Kings 2:2
• 1 Kings 10:24
• Psalm 33:8
• Psalm 66:4
• תְּהִלַּת כָּל הָאָרֶץ Proverbs 8:31
• Job 37:12

2. Land (country, territory)

• a. Country, territory: שִׁנְעַר הָאָרֶץ Genesis 10:10; מִצְרַיִם הָאָרֶץ Genesis 21:21; compare also Genesis 10:11; Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31; Genesis 13:10; Genesis 47:6, Genesis 47:27; Genesis 50:8; Isaiah 7:18; Isaiah 23:1; Isaiah 23:13; Isaiah 27:13; Psalm 78:12; Jeremiah 25:20; 1 Chronicles 1:43; personified Isaiah 62:4; Ecclesiastes 10:16, Ecclesiastes 10:17
• b. District, region: Genesis 19:28; Genesis 22:2; Joshua 11:3; Psalm 42:7
• c. Tribal territory: Deuteronomy 34:2; Judges 21:21; 1 Samuel 9:4, 1 Samuel 9:16; 1 Samuel 13:7; 1 Kings 15:20; Isaiah 8:23; and smaller territories 1 Samuel 9:4, 1 Samuel 9:5
• d. Piece of ground: Genesis 23:15
• e. Specifically land of Canaan or Israel: Genesis 11:31; Genesis 12:1; Genesis 12:5; Genesis 12:6; Genesis 12:7; Genesis 31:3; Exodus 14:34; Deuteronomy 17:14; Deuteronomy 18:9; 2 Kings 5:2, 2 Kings 5:4 +; especially object of יָרַשׁ possess Deuteronomy 3:20 (Deuteronomy, Psalms and elsewhere); so after נָחַל Joshua 19:49 +; נָתַן Deuteronomy 1:21 +
• f. = Inhabitants of land: Leviticus 19:29; Ezekiel 14:13; Deuteronomy 24:4; Zechariah 12:12 etc.
• g. Used of Sheol: Job 10:21, Job 10:22 (compare Assyrian irṣit la târat, land without return, in Descent of Ishtar, see Jeremiah 10:65); see also Psalm 139:15; Isaiah 44:23

3. Ground, surface of ground = אֲדָמָה

• Genesis 1:26, Genesis 1:30
• Genesis 18:2
• Genesis 33:3
• Genesis 38:9
• Exodus 4:3
• Exodus 16:4
• Ruth 2:10
• 1 Samuel 5:4 + very often in Samuel

4. Soil, as productive = אֲדָמָה

• Genesis 1:11, Genesis 1:12
• Leviticus 19:9
• Leviticus 25:9
• Leviticus 26:4; compare Numbers 14:7, Numbers 14:8
• Isaiah 36:7 = 2 Kings 18:32
• Psalm 72:6
• Psalm 72:16
• Psalm 107:34
• Psalm 107:35
• Ezra 9:12
• Nehemiah 9:35

5. Phrases

• a. People of the land: עַם הָאָרֶץ of non-Israelites Genesis 23:7, Genesis 23:12, Genesis 23:13 (P) Numbers 14:9 (JE); as well as Israel Leviticus 20:4 (H) 2 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 16:15; 2 Kings 21:24 (twice in verse); especially common people, opposed to officials, princes Leviticus 4:27 (P) Ezekiel 7:27; 2 Kings 11:18, 2 Kings 11:19
• b. In measurements of distance: כִּבְרַת הָאָרֶץ the space or distance of country (see כִּבְרָה) Genesis 35:16, so כִּבְרַת אֶרֶץ some distance Genesis 48:7; 2 Kings 5:19
• c. Country of the plain: אֶרֶץ הַמִּישׁוֹר Deuteronomy 4:33; Jeremiah 48:21; מִישׁוֹר הָאָרֶץ figurative Psalm 143:10 (but read אֹרַח according to Bi, Gr, Che, compare Psalm 27:11)
• d. Land of the living: חַיִּים הָאָרֶץ Psalm 27:13; הַחַיִּים הָאָרֶץ Psalm 142:6
• e. Ends of the earth: קְצֵה הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 42:10; Isaiah 43:6 (|| רָחוֹק) Psalm 135:7; Proverbs 17:24, so אַפְסֵי אֶרֶץ Proverbs 30:4 +; קְצוֹת הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 40:28; Isaiah 41:5, Isaiah 41:9

6. Plural אֲרָצוֹת

The plural אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late, Jeremiah 16:15 (6 times Jeremiah); 23 times Ezekiel; Isaiah 36:20; Isaiah 37:11 = 2 Kings 18:35; 2 Kings 19:11 (Isaiah 37:18 read הַגּוֹיִם see Che Di & compare 2 Kings 19:17); 22 times Chronicles; Daniel 9:7; Daniel 11:40, Daniel 11:42; Psalm 105:44; Psalm 106:27; Psalm 107:3; Psalm 116:9; besides these only P Genesis 10:5, Genesis 10:20, Genesis 10:31; Leviticus 26:36, Leviticus 26:39, except Genesis 26:3, Genesis 26:4 (J R) Genesis 41:54 (JE); it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc., see especially absolute Ezekiel 20:32; Ezekiel 22:4; = the various petty divisions of Canaan afterward united under Israel's control Genesis 26:3, Genesis 26:4, compare 1 Chronicles 13:2 אַרְצוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, 2 Chronicles 11:23 אַרְצוֹת יְהוּדָה.

¹ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

² || Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

³ t. times (following a number).

⁴ + Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

⁵ ? Sign of doubt.

⁶ J Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ P Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁸ JE Jehovist-Elohist Source.

⁹ H Holiness Code.

¹⁰ R Redactor.

¹¹ Bi G. Bickell.

¹² Gr G. Gesenius.

¹³ Che T. K. Cheyne.

¹⁴ Di A. Dillmann.

¹⁵ DHM D. H. Müller.

¹⁶ ZMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.

¹⁷ BAS Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft.

¹⁸ COT Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.

Preposition -For/Into Art, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0776:

No stats available

צדק צֶדֶק

just-one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

צדק

tsedeq

Definition

the right (natural, moral or legal); also (abstractly) equity or (figuratively) prosperity

Root

from H6663 (צדק);

Exhaustive

from צדק; the right (natural, moral or legal); also (abstractly) equity or (figuratively) prosperity; [idiom] even, ([idiom] that which is altogether) just(-ice), (un-)right(-eous) (cause, -ly, -ness).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6664

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צֶ֫דֶק

m. prop. • Root צדק • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1217

Power; hence authority, victory; might; faithfulness, constancy; security; justness; legality, suitableness; right, justice; truth; honesty; religious life or conduct; salvation, prosperity, blessing, as a consequence of righteousness. Also: mildness, goodness, liberality, pious deeds.

Matched via consonantal key only

צֶ֫דֶק

verb intransitive • Root צדק • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1217

Same as Hebrew (preceding entry).

Matched via consonantal key only

צִדַּק

pih. verb • Root צדק • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1216

Pi'el: to justify, to make appear just, to declare just, to justify oneself.

Matched via consonantal key only

צָדַק

verb • Root צדק • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1216

(Intransitive verb) Prop. to be firm, hard; 1. to be strong, powerful, authoritative, to conquer, to be established, determined. 2. (Commonly) to be verified, reliable, faithful, true, upright, innocent, to be in the right, to be justified.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צֶדֶק

noun masculine • Root צדק • Page 563

1. Straightness (Ps. 23:3). 2. What is right, right (Job 36:3). 3. Righteousness (of a judge, of Jehovah). Ps. 35:24. 4. Innocency, blamelessness (Ps. 37:6). 5. Truth (Ps. 52:5). 6. Deliverance, salvation, prosperity, as the consequence of righteousness (Is. 45:8).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6664

I. צֶ֫דֶק (approximate number of occurrences: 116) noun masculine^{Isaiah 1:21} — rightness, righteousness.

— צֶ֫דֶק absolute Leviticus 19:36 (87 times); suffix צִדְקִי Isaiah 41:10 (8 times), etc.

1. What is right, just, normal; rightness, justness

Of weights and measures, אֵיפָה, אֶבֶן שְׁלֵמָה וָצֶדֶק Deuteronomy 25:15 a perfect and a just weight, ephah; מֹאזְנֵי צֶדֶק; אַבְנֵי צֶדֶק, אֵיפַת צֶדֶק, הִין צֶדֶק, בַּת צֶדֶק Leviticus 19:36 (Holiness Code) Job 31:6; Ezekiel 45:10; מַעְגְּלֵי צֶדֶק right paths Psalm 23:3; זִבְחֵי צֶדֶק right peace-offerings Deuteronomy 33:19; Psalm 4:6; Psalm 51:21.

2. Righteousness in government

a. of judges, rulers, kings

• שָׁפַט בְּצֶדֶק Leviticus 19:15 (Holiness Code)
• שָׁפַט צֶדֶק Deuteronomy 1:16; Proverbs 31:9
• מִשְׁפַּט צֶדֶק Deuteronomy 16:18
• רָדַף צֶדֶק Deuteronomy 16:20
• חֹקֵק צֶדֶק Proverbs 8:15
• מָלַךְ לְצֶדֶק Isaiah 32:1
• דִּבֶּר צֶדֶק Psalm 58:2
• Also Proverbs 25:5; Psalm 94:15; Ecclesiastes 5:7

b. of law

• as מִשְׁפָּטִים Isaiah 58:2; Psalm 119:7, 62, 75, 106, 160 (Septuagint¹, but Massoretic Text² מִשְׁפַּט), 164
• as עֵדוֹת Psalm 119:138, 144
• as מִצְוֺת Psalm 119:172

c. of Davidic king, Messiah

• Isaiah 11:4–5; Isaiah 16:5; Psalm 45:5
• דִּין בְּצֶדֶק Psalm 72:2

d. of Jerusalem, as seat of just government

• עִיר הַצֶּדֶק Isaiah 1:26 city of righteousness
• נְוֵה צֶדֶק Jeremiah 31:23; Jeremiah 50:7 (possibly these reflect an original god צֶדֶק, see מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק)
• צֶדֶק יָלִין בָּהּ Isaiah 1:21 righteousness used to lodge in her
• compare מְקוֹם הַצֶּדֶק Ecclesiastes 3:16 the place of righteousness

e. of God's attribute as sovereign

• Job 36:3, husband of Israel Hosea 2:21
• צֶדֶק his personified agent Psalm 85:11, 12, 14
• foundation of his throne Psalm 89:15 = Psalm 97:2
• in his government Psalm 9:9; Psalm 65:6; Psalm 96:13 = Psalm 98:9
• promise Isaiah 45:19, administration of justice Job 8:3; Jeremiah 11:20; Psalm 7:18; Psalm 48:11; Psalm 50:6 = Psalm 97:6
• vindication of his people Psalm 9:5; Psalm 35:24, 28
• raising up Cyrus Isaiah 45:13, calling his servant Isaiah 42:6
• אֱלֹהֵי צִדְקִי Psalm 4:2 God of my righteousness (who vindicates me)
• his צֶדֶק is everlasting Psalm 119:142

3. Righteousness, justice in a case or cause

• Job 6:29; Job 8:6; Job 29:14; Psalm 35:27; Isaiah 59:4
• God שָׁפַט כְּצֶדֶק Psalm 7:9 judges according to righteousness
• גָּמַל כְּצֶדֶק Psalm 18:21; הֵשִׁיב כְּצֶדֶק Psalm 18:25
• שָׁמַע צֶדֶק Psalm 17:1; הוֹצִיא צֶדֶק Psalm 37:6

4. Rightness in speech

• דִּבֶּר צֶדֶק Psalm 52:5 (opposed to שֶׁקֶר)
• יַגִּיד צֶדֶק Proverbs 12:17
• כָּל אִמְרֵי פִי בְצֶדֶק Proverbs 8:8
• שִׂפְתֵי צֶדֶק Proverbs 16:13

5. Righteousness as ethically right

• Job 35:2; Psalm 17:15; Psalm 45:8; Proverbs 1:3; Proverbs 2:9
• Ecclesiastes 7:15; Jeremiah 22:13; Ezekiel 3:20
• Hosea 10:12 (read פְּרִי צֶדֶק, so Septuagint¹ Wellhausen³ Nowack⁴)
• צֶדֶק עֹלָמִים Daniel 9:24
• עָשָׂה צֶדֶק Isaiah 64:4; Psalm 119:121
• פָּעַל צֶדֶק Psalm 15:2
• לָמַד צֶדֶק Isaiah 26:6, 10
• בִּקֵּשׁ צֶדֶק Zephaniah 2:3; רָדַף צֶדֶק Isaiah 51:1; יָדַע צֶדֶק Isaiah 51:7

6. Righteousness as vindicated, deliverance, victory, prosperity

a. of God as covenant-keeping, in redemption

• בִּימִין צִדְקִי Isaiah 41:10, parallel with יֵשַׁע Isaiah 45:8; Isaiah 51:5, compare Isaiah 42:21
• בִּשַּׂר צֶדֶק Psalm 40:10; אִמְרַת צֶדֶק Psalm 119:123

b. in name

• יהוה צִדְקֵנוּ, of Messianic king (vindicating people's cause and giving victory) Jeremiah 23:6; of city Jeremiah 33:16

c. of people as enjoying salvation

• parallel with יְשׁוּעָה Isaiah 62:1; parallel with כָּבוֹד Isaiah 58:8; Isaiah 62:2
• כֹּהֲנִים יִלְבְּשׁוּ צֶדֶק Psalm 132:9
• שַׁעֲרֵי צֶדֶק Psalm 118:19
• אֵילֵי הַצֶּדֶק Isaiah 61:3

d. of Cyrus

• יִקְרָאֵהוּ לְרַגְלוֹ צֶדֶק Isaiah 41:2 (who) in victory calleth him at every step (Cheyne⁵ on whose steps attends victory, so Dillmann⁶ Duhm⁷)

¹ Septuagint (LXX).

² Massoretic Text.

³ Julius Wellhausen.

⁴ Wilhelm Nowack.

⁵ T. K. Cheyne in "Sacred Books of the Old Testament" (Haupt).

⁶ August Dillmann.

⁷ Bernhard Duhm.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: δικαιοσύνην δικαιοσύνησ δικαιοσύνη δικαιοσύνῃ δίκαιον

LXX Usage Statistics

H6664:

δικαιοσύνην 32× (26.7%)

δικαιοσύνησ 24× (20.1%)

δικαιοσύνη 14× (12.1%)

δικαιοσύνῃ 11× (8.6%)

δίκαιον 8× (6.6%)

δίκαιοσ 6× (5.4%)

δίκαια 4× (3.6%)

δικαίωσ 4× (3.6%)

δικαίαν 2× (1.8%)

κρίσιν 2× (1.8%)

למדו לָמְדוּ

Learn

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

למד

lâmad

Definition

properly, to goad, i.e. (by implication) to teach (the rod being an Oriental incentive)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to goad, i.e. (by implication) to teach (the rod being an Oriental incentive); (un-) accustomed, [idiom] diligently, expert, instruct, learn, skilful, teach(-er, -ing).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3925

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לָמַד

verb • Strongs / High • Page 788

(Kal) Intransitive: properly to meditate, to think, to imagine; hence to learn, to study, to receive (by understanding and meditation), to practice, to be accustomed to a thing.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לָמֶד

letter name / prefix • Page 336

The twelfth letter of the Hebrew alphabet, denoting 30 as a numerical sign. It also functions as a prefix preposition (i.q. אֶל), most frequently as a sign of the dative case or to form a periphrasis for the genitive (1 Sam. 14:16, Ezek. 1:2).

לָמַד

verb • Page 347

1. To accustom one's self to any thing (Jer. 10:2). 2. To learn (Deut. 14:23, Is. 1:17). Piel: to teach (2 Chr. 17:7, Ps. 71:17). Pual: to be accustomed, inured (Hos. 10:11), or to be taught, skilful (Cant. 3:8).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3925

I. לָמַד verb — exercise in, learn.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id., be accustomed to, learn
• Aramaic לְמַד (rare) learn
• Syriac ܠܡܰܕ Pa`el accustom, combine; Ettaph`al be taught, etc.
• Assyrian lamâdu, learn¹

Qal

— Perfect 3 masculine singular לָמַד Isaiah 26:10; 1 singular לָמַדְתִּי Proverbs 30:3 3t. Perfect; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִלְמַד Deuteronomy 17:19; 1 singular אֶלְמְדָה Psalm 119:73; 3 plural יִלְמְדוּן Deuteronomy 4:10 12t. Imperfect; Imperative לִמְדוּ Isaiah 1:17; Infinitive absolute לָמֹד Jeremiah 12:16; construct suffix לָמְדִי Psalm 119:7; Participle pass construct לְמוּדֵי 1 Chronicles 5:8.

a. learn something

• with accusative: Deuteronomy 5:1; Psalm 119:7, 71, 73; Psalm 106:35; Proverbs 30:3; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 26:9–10; Isaiah 29:24; Jeremiah 12:16 (twice in verse); Micah 4:3
• with אֶל: Jeremiah 10:2
• with infinitive: Deuteronomy 18:9; Isaiah 1:17; Ezekiel 19:3, 6
• with לְיִרְאָה: Deuteronomy 4:10; Deuteronomy 14:23; Deuteronomy 17:19; Deuteronomy 31:13
• with וְיָרְאוּ: Deuteronomy 31:12
• לְמוּדֵי מִלְחָמָה trained to war: 1 Chronicles 5:18

Piel

— Perfect 3 masculine singular לִמַּד Ecclesiastes 12:9; 2 masculine suffix לִמַּדְתָּנִי Psalm 71:17 7t. Perfect; Imperfect יְלַמֵּד Psalm 25:9; יְלַמֶּדֿ Job 21:22; 2 masculine singular suffix תְּלַמְּדֶנּוּ Psalm 94:12; 1 singular אֲלַמְּדָה Psalm 51:15; 3 masculine plural יְלַמֵּדוּן Deuteronomy 4:10 12t. Imperfect; Imperative suffix לַמְּדֵנִי Psalm 25:4 12t. Imperative; Infinitive לַמֵּד Jeremiah 32:33 9t.; Participle מְלַמֵּד Deuteronomy 4:1 7t. Participle.

a. teach

• absolute: 2 Chronicles 17:7, 9 (twice in verse); Psalm 60:1
• with double accusative: Deuteronomy 4:5, 14; Deuteronomy 5:28; Deuteronomy 11:19; Deuteronomy 31:19, 22; Judges 3:2; 2 Samuel 1:18 (?); Psalm 25:4, 9; Psalm 34:12; Psalm 51:15; Psalm 94:10; Psalm 119:12, 26, 64, 66, 67, 68, 108, 124, 135, 171; Psalm 132:12; Ecclesiastes 12:9; Isaiah 40:14; Jeremiah 2:33; Jeremiah 9:13, 19; Jeremiah 13:21; Daniel 1:4
• with accusative of person: Deuteronomy 4:10; Psalm 25:5; Psalm 71:17; Songs 8:2; Isaiah 48:17; Jeremiah 31:34; Jeremiah 32:33 (twice in verse); Ezra 7:10
• with accusative of thing: Job 21:22
• with accusative of person and ל of thing: 2 Samuel 22:35 = Psalm 18:35; Psalm 144:1
• with accusative of thing and ל person: Job 21:22
• with accusative of person and מִן of thing: Psalm 94:12
• with accusative of person and בְּ of thing: Isaiah 40:14
• with accusative of person and infinitive of thing: Deuteronomy 4:1; Deuteronomy 6:1; Deuteronomy 20:8; Psalm 143:10; Jeremiah 9:4; Jeremiah 12:16
• מְלַמְּדַי my teachers: Psalm 119:99; Proverbs 5:13

Pual

— Perfect 3 masculine singular לֻמָּ֑ד Jeremiah 31:18; Participle plural construct מְלֻמְּדֵי 1 Chronicles 25:7; Songs 3:8; feminine מְלֻמָּדָה Isaiah 29:13; Hosea 10:11.

• trained, as soldiers: Songs 3:8
• trained, as singers: 1 Chronicles 25:7
• trained, as a bullock to the yoke: Hosea 10:11
• taught, of a human command: Isaiah 29:13

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Prolegomena eines neuen hebräisch-aramäischen Wörterbuchs zum Alten Testament (1886), 29.

Verb Qal perfect third person common plural

LXX: δίδαξόν διδάσκων διδάξαι μάθωσιν διδάξωσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3925:

δίδαξόν 11× (12.4%)

διδάσκων 5× (5.3%)

διδάξαι 5× (5.3%)

μάθωσιν 4× (4.6%)

διδάξωσιν 4× (4.6%)

δεδιδαγμένοι 3× (3.3%)

διδάξω 3× (3.5%)

αὐτοὺσ 3× (2.6%)

μάθῃ 2× (2.3%)

ἐδίδαξαν 2× (2.3%)

ישבי יֹשְׁבֵי

those who are seated down

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישב

yâshab

Definition

properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry; (make to) abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease self, endure, establish, [idiom] fail, habitation, haunt, (make to) inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, [idiom] marry(-ing), (bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(-tle), (down-) sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate), take, tarry.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3427

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָשַׁב

verb • Root ישב • Strongs / High • Page 656

To sit, remain, dwell. The fundamental meaning is to keep firmly in a place, to hold it firmly, to possess it, and therefore to sit. Piel (יִשֵּׁב): to pitch a dwelling. Hifil (הוֹשִׁיב): to cause to sit, to cause to dwell, to cause to be inhabited. Hophal (הוּשַׁב): to be inhabited, to be made to dwell, to be settled in.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָשַׁב

verb • Root ישב • Page 301

1. To seat one's self, to sit (Ps. 9:8, Ps. 80:2, Is. 37:16). Includes sitting as a judge (Ps. 9:8) or lying in wait (Ps. 10:8). 2. To continue (Gen. 24:55, 29:19, Hos. 3:3). 3. To dwell (Gen. 13:6, Gen. 4:20, Ps. 22:4). 4. Passive: to be inhabited or habitable (Is. 13:20, Jer. 17:6). Niph. נוֹשַׁב to be inhabited (Ex. 16:35).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3427

I. יָשַׁב (approximate number of occurrences: 1090) verb — sit, remain, dwell.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic יְתֵיב
• Mesha Inscription¹ ישב, Judges 1:8, 19 וישב, Judges 1:13 ואשב
• Phoenician ישב
• Zinjirli ישב
• Assyrian ašâbu
• Arabic وثب (leap, jump), Himyaritic dialect (sit)
• Ethiopic ወሰበ (marry, consummate marriage)

— יָשַׁב absolute Genesis 13:12 +; Perfect 2 masculine singular יָשַׁבְתָּ Judges 5:16; 2 masculine plural יְשַׁבְתֶּם Deuteronomy 1:46; Imperfect יֵשֵׁב 1 Samuel 5:7, יֵשֶׁבֿ Genesis 44:33; Imperative masculine singular שֵׁב Genesis 20:15; Infinitive absolute יָשֹׁבֿ 1 Samuel 20:5; construct שֶׁ֫בֶת 1 Samuel 7:2; suffix שִׁבְתִּי 2 Samuel 7:5; Participle masculine י(וֺ)שׁב Genesis 4:20; feminine י(וֺ)שֶׁבֶת Judges 4:5.

1. Sit or Sit Down

a. Sit on or by

• On (עַל) a seat 1 Samuel 20:25, stone Exodus 17:12, throne Exodus 11:5
• In token of humiliation: on dust Isaiah 47:1, ground Ezekiel 26:16, ashes Jonah 3:6
• By (עַל) a well Exodus 2:15
• In (בְּ) house, street, doorway 2 Samuel 7:1; Genesis 38:14

b. Sit as authority (king or judge)

• Exodus 18:13; Joel 4:12
• Of Yahweh: Psalm 2:4; Psalm 29:10; Psalm 99:1 (+ כְּרוּבִים)

c. Special uses

• To perform a necessity of nature: Deuteronomy 23:14
• Of eyes: be set in their sockets Songs 5:12

2. Remain, stay, tarry

a. Tarry for a time

• With person (אֶת, עִם): Genesis 24:55; Genesis 27:44
• In a location (בְּ): 1 Samuel 7:2; 2 Samuel 10:5
• Abide, endure: Micah 5:3; Joel 4:20

3. Dwell, have one's abode

a. Physical dwelling

• In a land, city, or house: Genesis 4:16; Genesis 13:12; Deuteronomy 1:4
• In tents: Jeremiah 35:7
• With someone (אֶת, עִם, יַחְדָּו): Genesis 34:16; Genesis 13:6

b. As Substantive (Participle) — Dweller, inhabitant

• ישֵׁב אהלים dweller in tents Genesis 25:27
• ישְׁבֵי הָאָרֶץ inhabitants of the land Exodus 23:21
• Without inhabitant (מֵאֵין ישׁב): Isaiah 5:9; Jeremiah 4:7

4. Of a land or city

figurative sit, abide seated, i.e., be inhabited:

• Jeremiah 17:6; Isaiah 13:20; Zechariah 2:8

Niph`al

Perfect 3 feminine singular נוֺשָׁ֑בָה Jeremiah 6:8; Participle נוֺשָׁבוֺת Ezekiel 12:20 — be inhabited.

• Of land: Exodus 16:35
• Of cities: Ezekiel 36:10

Pi`el

Perfect 3 masculine plural וְיִשְּׁבוּ Ezekiel 25:4 — set, pitch (encampments); but others read Qal וְיֵשְׁבוּ.

Hiph`il

Perfect 3 masculine singular השִׁיב Ezra 10:14; Imperfect וַיּוֺשֵׁב Genesis 47:11 — cause to sit, dwell; marry.

a. Cause to sit or place

• On a throne: 1 Kings 2:24
• In an assembly: 1 Kings 21:9

b. Cause to dwell

• In a location: 1 Samuel 12:8; Genesis 47:6
• Cause cities to be inhabited: Ezekiel 36:33

c. Marry (give a dwelling to)

• Foreign women: Ezra 10:2, 10; Nehemiah 13:23, 27

Hoph`al

Perfect וְהוּשַׁבְתֶּם Isaiah 5:8; Imperfect תוּשָׁב Isaiah 44:26 — be made to dwell, be inhabited.

¹ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

³ Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ol).

Verb Qal participle active masculine plural construct

LXX: κατοικοῦντασ κατοικοῦντεσ ἐκάθισεν ἐκάθισαν κατῴκησεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3427:

κατοικοῦντασ 88× (7.4%)

κατοικοῦντεσ 80× (6.4%)

ἐκάθισεν 61× (5.4%)

ἐκάθισαν 37× (3.4%)

κατῴκησεν 34× (3.1%)

ἐκάθητο 29× (2.8%)

κατῴκησαν 28× (2.6%)

κατῴκει 24× (2.3%)

κατοικοῦσιν 23× (2.0%)

κατοικεῖν 23× (2.2%)

תבל תֵבֵל׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

תבל

têbêl

Definition

the earth (as moist and therefore inhabited); by extension, the globe; by implication, its inhabitants; specifically, a particular land, as Babylonia, Palestine

Root

from H2986 (יבל);

Exhaustive

from יבל; the earth (as moist and therefore inhabited); by extension, the globe; by implication, its inhabitants; specifically, a particular land, as Babylonia, Palestine; habitable part, world.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8398

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תֶּבֶל

unknown • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1363

Expected form related to שֶׁבֶל.

Matched via consonantal key only

תֵּבֵל

noun feminine • Root תבל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1497

Prop. the fruitful; hence an inhabited, fruitful land, οἰκουμένη, oppos. to מִדְבָּר Is. 14, 17, usually appended to אֶרֶץ Ps. 90, 2, or for אֶרֶץ the earth, the world. Specifically the Babylonian empire Is. 13, 11 or the kingdom of Israel 24, 4.

Matched via consonantal key only

תֶּבֶל

noun masculine • Root תבל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1497

Carnal intercourse, pollution, profanation Lev. 18, 23; somewhat different from תִּבְלָה which see.

Matched via consonantal key only

תֹּבֶל

unknown • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1497

See תּוּבָל.

Matched via consonantal key only

תָּבַל

verb • Root בלל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1497

I. (Not used) intr. same as בָּלַל (בָּלַל) I. to mix with (carnally), to have unnatural intercourse with (beasts), and so to be polluted by such impurity.

Matched via consonantal key only

תָּבַל

verb • Root בלל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1497

II. (Not used) intr. to be fruitful, prop. to grow, to be green, to sprout, proceeding from the fundamental signif. to flow, to be moist or wet. The stem is an enlargement of בָּלַל (בָּלַל) II.

Matched via consonantal key only

תּוּבַל

noun proper • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1501

n. p. (also חֶבֶל) of a people constantly united with מֶשֶׁךְ, forming the Japhetic group of nations (Gen. 10, 2). Identified with the Tibarenes/Iberians.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תֵּבֵל

noun feminine • Root יבל • Page 706

used in poetry for אֶרֶץ. 1. the earth, the globe, the world (1 Sam. 2: 8, Ps. 18: 16). 2. a land, country; in reference to the kingdom of Babylon (Is. 13: 11), to that of Israel (Is. 24: 4). Metaphorically the inhabitants of the earth (Ps. 9: 9, 24: 1).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8398

I. תֵּבֵל (approximate number of occurrences: 36) noun feminine^{Nahum 1:5} (apparently masculine Isaiah 14:17) — world, poetic synonym of אֶרֶץ.

Cognates:

• Assyrian tabalu (in êlî tabali, by land, opposite êlî nâru, by water)¹

— תֵּבֵל absolute (usually no article); construct Job 37:12; Proverbs 8:31; world, usually parallel to אֶרֶץ.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Poetic synonym of אֶרֶץ

(Perhaps originally as productive, compare יְבוּל, בּוּל, but this sense not clearly maintained):

• 1 Samuel 2:8 (Yahweh set תֵּבֵל on מְצֻקֵי אֶרֶץ)
• Isaiah 14:21
• Isaiah 24:4
• Isaiah 34:1
• Jeremiah 10:12 = Jeremiah 51:15
• 1 Chronicles 16:30 (= Psalm 96:10)
• Job 34:13
• Psalm 19:5
• Psalm 77:19 = Psalm 97:4
• Psalm 90:2
• Psalm 96:13 (+ עַמִּים)
• Psalm 98:9 (+ id.)

2. Specific phrases and combinations

a. Inhabitants of the world

• וְישְׁבֵי תֵבֵל בָהּ: Nahum 1:5; Psalm 24:1
• ישְׁבֵי תֵבֵל: Psalm 33:8; Isaiah 18:3 (+ שֹׁכְנֵי אֶרֶץ)
• Isaiah 26:9, 18; Lamentations 4:12

b. Fullness of the world

• תֵּבֵל וּמְלֹאָהּ: Psalm 89:12 (+ שָׁמַיִם, compare אֶרֶץ וּמְלֹאָהּ Psalm 24:1); Psalm 50:12

c. Surface and expanse

• עַל־פְּנֵי תֵבֵל אָרְצָה Job 37:12 upon the face of the world of earth (earthly world, the whole expanse of earth)
• בְּתֵבֵל אַרְצוֹ Proverbs 8:31
• עַפְרוֹת תֵּבֵל Proverbs 8:26
• פְּנֵי־תֵבֵל Isaiah 27:6
• תֵּבֵל alone Job 18:18

d. Foundations and stability

• מֹסְדוֹת תֵּבֵל 2 Samuel 22:16 foundations of the world = Psalm 18:16
• תִּכּוֹן תֵּבֵל Psalm 93:1; Psalm 96:10 (= 1 Chronicles 16:30)

3. The world in judgment and history

• World as object of Yahweh's judgment: Psalm 9:9 (+ לְאֻמִּים)
• תֵּבֵל וְישְׁבֵי בָהּ: Psalm 98:7 (+ יָם)
• In judgment against wickedness: Isaiah 13:11 (+ רְשָׁעִים)
• As devastated by Babylonian conqueror: Isaiah 14:17 (+ עָרָיו)

¹ Bruno Meissner, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (ZA), 1889, iv. 3, 261, 263, 265 f.

² Samuel Alden Smith, Assyrian Letters, iv. plate viii. ix, 1. 33.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: οἰκουμένην οἰκουμένη οἰκουμένῃ οἰκουμένησ γῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8398:

οἰκουμένην 13× (31.7%)

οἰκουμένη 6× (14.6%)

οἰκουμένῃ 3× (7.3%)

οἰκουμένησ 3× (7.3%)

γῆσ 3× (6.5%)

pἐπὶ 2× (5.7%)

ὑπ' 2× (4.9%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
My soul desired thee in the night; also my spirit in the midst of me I will seek thee: for when thy judgments to the earth, those dwelling in the habitable globe will learn justice.

LITV Translation:
With my soul I desire You in the night; yea, with my spirit within me I diligently seek You. For when Your judgments are in the earth, the inhabitants of the world learn righteousness.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
which our soul longs for: my spirit seeks thee very early in the morning, O God, for thy commandments are a light on the earth: learn righteousness, ye that dwell upon the earth.