Isaiah 2:2

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

והיה׀ וְהָיָה׀

and he has become

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

באחרית בְּאַחֲרִית

in the latter end

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אחרית

ʼachărîyth

Definition

the last or end, hence, the future; also posterity

Root

from H310 (אחר);

Exhaustive

from אחר; the last or end, hence, the future; also posterity; (last, latter) end (time), hinder (utter) -most, length, posterity, remnant, residue, reward.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H319

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַחֲרִית

noun feminine (aramaic) • Strongs_Numbers • Page 104

The late, the future.

אַחֲרִית

noun feminine • Root אחר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 104

Properly the late, hence...

אַחֲרִית

aram. (aramaic) • Strongs_Numbers • Page 105

Aramaic form. See אַחֲרִי.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַחֲרִית

f. denom. • Root אחר • Page 41

1. last, hindermost, or remotest part. Ps. 139:9. 2. more frequently of time, end, latter end. Deut. 11:12. Job 8:7. 3. futurity. Frequently in the phrase בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים in process of time, Is. 2:2. 4. as a concrete, posterity, remains. Dan. 11:4. Ps. 109:13. Am. 4:2. 9:1. Ezek. 23:25.

אַחֲרִית

chald. • Page 41

end, as in Heb. Dan. 2:28.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H319

I. אַחֲרִית (approximate number of occurrences: 61) noun feminine — after-part, end.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Of place

• Only Psalms 139:9 (late) יָם אַחֲרִית

b. Of time

• Latter part or actual close (according to context), opposed to רֵאשִׁית
• Of year: Deuteronomy 11:12
• Of a man's life: Numbers 23:10; Proverbs 5:11; Job 8:7; Job 42:12
• Of a people's existence: Numbers 24:20
• = final lot: Deuteronomy 32:20, 29; Jeremiah 12:4; 31:17; Psalms 73:17
• A future, i.e. a happy close of life, suggesting sometimes the idea of a posterity, promised to the righteous: Proverbs 23:18 (parallel to תִּקְוָה hope); 24:14; Jeremiah 29:11 (וְתִקְוָה לְתַת לָכֶם אַחֲרִית); withheld from the wicked: Proverbs 24:20 (parallel to נֵר יִדְעָך see below)
• The end or ultimate issue of a course of action: Jeremiah 5:31; Proverbs 14:12; 23:32 (of wine, i.e. of indulgence in it); 25:8; Isaiah 46:10 (absolute, but implicitly of a phase of history); 47:7 (of the conduct described Isaiah 47:6b-7a); Daniel 12:8; Ecclesiastes 7:8; of a prediction = the event: Isaiah 41:22
• בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים in the end of the days, a prophetic phrase denoting the final period of the history so far as the speaker's perspective reaches; the sense thus varies with the context, but it often = the ideal or Messianic future: Genesis 49:1 (of the period of Israel's possession of Canaan); Numbers 24:14; Deuteronomy 4:30 (of the period of Israel's return to God after adversity); 31:29 (of the period of Israel's rebellion); Hosea 3:5; Isaiah 2:2 (= Micah 4:1); Jeremiah 23:20 (see Graf) = 30:24; 48:47; 49:39; Ezekiel 38:16 (of the period of Gog's attack upon restored Israel); Daniel 2:28 (Aramaic); 10:14 (of the age of Antiochus Epiphanes); compare הַשָּׁנִים כְּאַחֲרִית Ezekiel 38:8

c. The last, hindermost

• הַגּוֹיִם בְּאַחֲרִית Jeremiah 50:12 the last of the nations (of Babylon), opposed to רֵאשִׁית הַגּוֹיִם Amos 6:1 (Israel); compare Numbers 24:20 (Amalek) chief of the nations

d. Concrete posterity

• (extension of usage noted above in Proverbs 24:20): Psalms 37:37; 37:38 (possibly not more than 'a future' here); 109:13 (parallel to אַחֵר יִמַּח שְׁמָם בְּדוֹר); Amos 4:2; 9:1; Ezekiel 23:25 (twice in verse); Daniel 11:4 (according to others, in these four passages, remnant, residue)

Preposition, Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0319:

No stats available

הימים הַיָּמִ֗ים

the Manifestations

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3117

I. יוֺם (approximate number of occurrences: 2285) noun masculine — day.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic יומָא
• Phoenician ים
• Moabite Inscription¹ ימן
• Siloam Inscription² ים
• Zinjirli יום
• Palmyrene יום
• Arabic يوم
• Ethiopic ዮም
• Sabean יום, ים
• Assyrian ummu, ûmu

— יוֺם absolute Genesis 1:5 +; construct Genesis 2:4 +; suffix יוֺמְךָ Jeremiah 50:31; יוֺמוֺ Exodus 5:13 (22 times); יוֺמָם Jeremiah 50:27; dual יוֺמַ֫יִם Exodus 21:21, יוֺמָ֑יִם Exodus 16:29; plural יָמִים Genesis 4:3 +; יָמִין (Aramaic form) Daniel 12:13; construct יְמֵי Genesis 3:14 +; יְמוֺת Deuteronomy 32:7, Psalm 90:15; suffix יָמַי Job 7:6 + etc.

1. Day, opposed to night

• Genesis 7:12, 14; Genesis 8:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 1:5, 14, 16, 18 (Priestly Code)
• חֹם הַיּוֺם the heat of the day Genesis 18:1 (Jehovist Source); 1 Samuel 11:11
• עוֺד גָּדוֺל הַיּוֺם the day is still high Genesis 29:7 (Jehovist Source)
• רוּחַ הַיּוֺם cool of the day Genesis 3:8
• מַחֲצִית הַיּוֺם mid-day Nehemiah 8:3
• עַד נְטוֺת הַיּוֺם until the declining of the day Judges 19:8

2. Day as division of time

a. Working-day

• Exodus 20:9–10 (Elohist Source) = Deuteronomy 5:18
• יְמֵי הַמַּעֲשֶׂה Ezekiel 46:1

b. Day's journey

• דֶּרֶךְ יוֺם Numbers 11:31 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים a three days' journey Genesis 30:36; Exodus 3:18 (Jehovist Source)

c. Duration of acts or states

• forty days Genesis 7:17; Genesis 8:6 (Jehovist Source)
• שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים לַיְלָה וָיוֺם Esther 4:16

e. Day of month

• Genesis 7:11; Genesis 8:4, 14 (Priestly Code)
• Haggai 1:1, 15

f. Defined by substantive or clause

• יוֺם הַשֶּׁלֶג the snowy day 2 Samuel 23:20
• יוֺם הֻלֶּדֶת birthday Genesis 40:20 (Elohist Source)

i. Holy day

• יוֺם הַשַּׁבָּת the sabbath day Exodus 20:8 (Elohist Source)
• יוֺם הַכִּמֻּרים Leviticus 23:27

3. Day of Yahweh

יוֺם יְהוָה day of Yahweh, chiefly as time of his coming in judgment:

• Amos 5:18, 20
• Zephaniah 1:7, 14
• יוֺם עֶבְרַת יְהוָה Zephaniah 1:18
• יוֺם נָקָם Isaiah 34:8

4. Plural: days as lifetime or age

• Genesis 6:3 (Jehovist Source)
• כָּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ all the days of thy life Genesis 3:14, 17 (Jehovist Source)
• בָּא בַּיָּמִים advanced in days (age) Genesis 18:11; Genesis 24:1 (Jehovist Source)
• אֹרֶךְ יָמִים length of days Proverbs 3:2, 16

5. Indefinite or ancient time

• יָמִים אֲחָדִים some days, a few days Genesis 27:44 (Jehovist Source)
• יְמוֺת עוֺלָם days of old Deuteronomy 32:7
• יְמֵי קֶדֶם Micah 7:20
• אַחֲרִית הַיּוֺם coming time Proverbs 31:25

6. Time or Year

• חֹדֶשׁ יָמִים a month of time Genesis 29:14 (Jehovist Source)
• זֶבַךְ הַיָּמִים yearly sacrifice 1 Samuel 1:21; 2:19
• מִיָּמִים יָמִ֫ימָה from year to year, yearly Exodus 13:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

7. Particular Phrases

a. Today

• הַיּוֺם to-day Genesis 4:14; Genesis 31:43

c. Lo! days are coming

• הִנֵּה יָמִים בָּאִים Amos 4:2; Jeremiah 7:32

f. Always / Continually

feminine כָּל הַיָּמִים always, continually:

• Genesis 43:9 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 4:40; Deuteronomy 6:24

g. On a particular day

• בַּיּוֺם הַהוּא on that day Genesis 15:18
• עַד הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה until this day Genesis 26:33 (Jehovist Source); Joshua 4:9

h. As daily

masculine עַל יוֺם טוֺב upon a good day 1 Samuel 25:8.

¹ MI: Moabite Inscription (Mesha Stele).

² SI: Siloam Inscription.

³ COT: Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament).

⁴ J: Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁵ E: Elohist Source.

⁶ P: Priestly Code / Narrative.

⁷ D: Deuteronomic Source.

⁸ H: Holiness Code.

Particle definite article, Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

נכון נָכוֹן

he who is erected

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כון

kûwn

Definition

properly, to be erect (i.e. stand perpendicular); hence (causatively) to set up, in a great variety of applications, whether literal (establish, fix, prepare, apply), or figurative (appoint, render sure, proper or prosperous)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to be erect (i.e. stand perpendicular); hence (causatively) to set up, in a great variety of applications, whether literal (establish, fix, prepare, apply), or figurative (appoint, render sure, proper or prosperous); certain(-ty), confirm, direct, faithfulness, fashion, fasten, firm, be fitted, be fixed, frame, be meet, ordain, order, perfect, (make) preparation, prepare (self), provide, make provision, (be, make) ready, right, set (aright, fast, forth), be stable, (e-) stablish, stand, tarry, [idiom] very deed.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כּוּן

verb • Root כון • Strongs / High • Page 683

Properly, to stand, stand upright, stand firm; therefore to be, to exist. Transitive: to prepare, to create.

כּוּן

verb • Root כון • Strongs / High • Page 684

To be certainly; to be ready, determined; to be conducted, managed; to prepare oneself.

כּוּן

verb • Root כון • Strongs / High • Page 684

(not used) properly, to make firm, to ground, cognate in sense to שָׁפַת; metaphorically, to spread out, to make broad, flat, of a cake.

כּוּן

verb • Root כון • Strongs / High • Page 684

(not used) to set up, erect, a pillar.

כּוּן

noun • Root כון • Strongs / High • Page 684

(properly, establishing, founding of the...)

כּוּן

noun proper • Root כון • Strongs / High • Page 685

A proper noun for a city in Aram-Zobah, along with טִבְחַת or בֶּטַח, lying on the high road toward the Euphrates. The entry discusses its possible identification with Conna or Berothai and its etymological connection to Saturn worship or the concept of 'foundation', 'firmness', or 'continuance'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כּוּן

verb • Page 311

Literally to stand up; not used in Kal. In Pilel כּוֹנֵן: 1. to raise up, erect; 2. to found; 3. to direct (e.g., an arrow); 4. to prepare, form, make. In Pulal כּוֹנָן: to be prepared, to be established. In Hithpalel הִתְכּוֹנֵן: 1. to be founded, established; 2. to make one's self ready. In Hiph. הֵכִין: 1. to raise up, erect, place; 2. to appoint to an office; 3. to found; 4. to direct (heart or arrow); 5. to prepare. In Niph.: to be placed upright, to stand firm; metaphorically to be becoming, right, suitable.

כּוּן

proper noun • Page 312

A Phenician city, which in the parallel passage 2 Sam. 8:9, is called בֵּרוֹתַי Berytus. Mentioned in 1 Chr. 18:8.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3559

I. [כּוּן] (approximate number of occurrences: 218) verb — be firm, only in derived conjugation.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew and Aramaic כּוּן
• Assyrian kânu¹
• Arabic كان
• Ethiopic כּוֹנָה
• Sabean כון²
• Phoenician כון

— Niphal Perfect 3 feminine singular נָכּוֹנָה 1 Kings 2:46; 3 plural נָכוֹנוּ Proverbs 19:29; נָכֹּנוּ Ezekiel 16:7; Imperfect יִכּוֹן Proverbs 12:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּכּוֹן Jeremiah 30:20 +; וַתִּכֹּן 1 Kings 2:12, 2 Chronicles 8:16, etc.; Imperative הִכּוֹן Amos 4:12; הִכֹּן Ezekiel 38:7; plural הכונו 2 Chronicles 35:4 Kt (Qr הָכִינוּ Hiphil); Participle נָכוֹן Genesis 41:32 +; construct נְכוֹן Proverbs 4:18; feminine נְכוֹנָה Psalm 5:10 (2 times); plural נְכֹנִים Exodus 19:11 (2 times).

Meanings and Uses in Niphal

1. be set up, established, fixed:

• a. literally, of house upon pillars Judges 16:26, 29; of temple-mount Isaiah 2:2 = Micah 4:1; of breasts at puberty Ezekiel 16:7; of תֵּבֵל Psalm 93:1 = Psalm 96:10 = 1 Chronicles 16:30; of יְהוָה's hand Psalm 89:22.
• b. figurative, of throne 2 Samuel 7:16 = 1 Chronicles 17:14; 1 Kings 2:45; Psalm 89:38; Psalm 93:2; Proverbs 16:12; Proverbs 25:5; Proverbs 29:14; of king or kingdom 1 Samuel 20:31; 1 Kings 2:12, 46; 2 Samuel 7:26; 1 Chronicles 17:24.
• c. of persons, be established, stable, secure Job 21:8; Proverbs 12:3; Proverbs 12:19; Psalm 101:7; Psalm 102:29; Psalm 140:12; of plans Proverbs 16:3; Proverbs 20:18; mid-day נְכוֹן הַיּוֹם Proverbs 4:18.
• d. fixed, securely determined Genesis 41:32 (Elohist Source); Hosea 6:3; certain, of an allegation Deuteronomy 13:15 = Deuteronomy 17:4; עַל־נָכוֹן certainly 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4.

2. in moral sense, be directed aright:

• Of ways Proverbs 4:26; Psalm 119:5; be stedfast נָכוֹן לִבִּי Psalm 57:8; Psalm 108:2; Psalm 112:7; Psalm 78:37; רוּחַ נָכוֹן Psalm 51:12; it is not right Exodus 8:22 (Jehovist Source); as substantive, what is right Job 42:7, 8; Psalm 5:10.

3. prepare, be ready:

• Person Amos 4:12; words Proverbs 22:18; Ezekiel 38:7; 2 Chronicles 35:4; of things Exodus 19:11, 15; Exodus 34:2; Joshua 8:4 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); Job 12:5; Nehemiah 8:10; Job 18:12; Psalm 38:18; Job 15:23.

4. passive be prepared:

• Of judgments Proverbs 19:29; of work 2 Chronicles 8:16; of prayer Psalm 141:2; of temple service 2 Chronicles 29:35; 35:10, 16.

— Hiphil Perfect הֵכִין Joshua 4:4 +; Imperfect יָכִין Judges 12:6 +; Imperative הָכֵן Genesis 43:16 +; Infinitive absolute הָכֵן Joshua 3:17; construct הָכִין Isaiah 9:6 +.

1. establish, set up:
   • king or kingdom 2 Samuel 5:12; 1 Kings 2:24; 1 Samuel 13:13; Psalm 89:5; the world Jeremiah 10:12; Psalm 65:7; heart Psalm 10:17.
2. fix, prepare, provide:
   • gift Genesis 43:25 (Jehovist Source); place Exodus 23:20; food Joshua 1:11; sacrifice Zephaniah 1:7; road Deuteronomy 19:3; provide for earth Psalm 147:8.
3. direct step or heart:
   • one's steps Jeremiah 10:23; Proverbs 16:9; Psalm 119:133; heart towards יְהוָה 1 Samuel 7:3; 2 Chronicles 12:14; Ezra 7:10.

— Hophal Perfect הוּכַן Isaiah 30:33; Isaiah 16:5; Participle מוּכָן Proverbs 21:31. — 1. be established Isaiah 16:5. 2. be prepared Isaiah 30:33; Proverbs 21:31.

— Polel Perfect כּוֹנֵן Psalm 9:8; כּוֹנַנְתָּ Psalm 99:4; Imperfect יְכוֹנֵן Isaiah 62:7; Imperative כּוֹנְַנָה Psalm 90:17. — 1. establish, found city Habakkuk 2:12; sanctuary Exodus 15:17; heavens Proverbs 3:19. 2. constitute, make man Job 31:15; Psalm 119:73. 3. fix arrow Psalm 11:2; bow Psalm 7:13.

— Polal Perfect כּוֹנָנוּ Psalm 37:23 steps established.

— Hithpolel Imperfect יִתְכּוֹנָן Proverbs 24:3 be established; יִכּוֹנָנוּ Psalm 59:5 set oneself.

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896).

² D.H. Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG, 1875).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

Verb Niphal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: ἡτοίμασεν ἡτοίμασαν '' ἕτοιμοσ ἑτοιμάσαι

LXX Usage Statistics

H3559a:

ἡτοίμασεν 19× (8.6%)

ἡτοίμασαν 11× (5.0%)

'' 6× (2.4%)

ἕτοιμοσ 5× (2.4%)

ἑτοιμάσαι 5× (2.2%)

ἡτοιμάσθη 5× (1.9%)

ἡτοίμασασ 4× (1.8%)

ἡτοίμασα 4× (1.8%)

--- 4× (1.9%)

ἑτοίμη 4× (1.9%)

יהיה יִהְיֶ֜ה

he is becoming

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

הר הַר

mountain

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

הר

har

Definition

a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)

Root

a shortened form of H2042 (הרר);

Exhaustive

a shortened form of הרר; a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively); hill (country), mount(-ain), [idiom] promotion.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2022

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הַר

noun / masculine • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 411

1. a mountain, a hill. 2. Figuratively, a great power, kingdom, or obstacle. 3. A mountain-district or hill country.

הַר

noun • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 412

A mountain, height. The noun comes from a stem meaning to be high or elevated. It is used to refer to mountainous districts and in combination with place names.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַר

noun masculine • Page 192

a mountain, often a chain of mountains, mountainous country (Gen. 14:10). Plural: הָרִים.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2022

[הוֺר], assumed by Thesaurus¹ and others as ancient form for הַר mountain, to explain הוֺרַי Genesis 49:26, read הוֺרֵי־עַד; but better הַרֲרֵי־עַד everlasting mountains, see הַר below הרר.

I. הַר (approximate number of occurrences: 558) noun masculine — mountain, hill, hill-country.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew הָרִים, הֲרָרִים
• Phoenician הר
• Sabean suffix הרתהמו²

— הַר absolute Joshua 17:18 +; with article הָהָר Exodus 3:12 +; with locative הֶ֫רָה Genesis 14:10, הָהָ֫רָה Genesis 12:8 (12 times); construct הַר Genesis 10:30 +; suffix הַרֲרִי Psalm 30:8, הֲרָרִי Jeremiah 17:3, הַרְכֶם Psalm 11:1, הַרֲרָם Genesis 14:6; plural הָרִים Deuteronomy 11:11 +; with article הֶהָרִים Genesis 7:19 +; construct הָרֵי Genesis 8:4 (27 times); הַרֲרֵי Deuteronomy 33:15 (8 times, all poetry); suffix הָרַי Isaiah 14:25, Isaiah 49:11, Zechariah 14:5 + Ezekiel 38:21, הָרָ֑י Isaiah 65:9; הָרָיו Ezekiel 35:8, Malachi 1:3; הֲרָרֶיהָ Deuteronomy 8:9.

1. Mountain, hill

a. Specifically mountain, high elevation

• הַר סִינַי Mount Sinai: Exodus 19:11, 18, 20, 23; Exodus 24:16; Exodus 31:18; Exodus 34:2, 4, 29, 32; Leviticus 7:38; Leviticus 25:1; Leviticus 26:46; Leviticus 27:34; Numbers 3:1; Numbers 28:6; Nehemiah 9:13.
• הַר חוֺרֵב Mount Horeb: Exodus 33:6; Exodus 3:1; 1 Kings 19:8; Deuteronomy 4:11; Deuteronomy 5:4; Deuteronomy 9:9.
• הֹר הָהָר Mount Hor: Numbers 20:22; Deuteronomy 32:50.
• הַר נְבוֺ Mount Nebo: Deuteronomy 32:49; Deuteronomy 34:1.
• הַר גְּרִזִּים Mount Gerizim: Deuteronomy 11:29; Deuteronomy 27:12; Judges 9:7.
• הַר עֵיבָל Mount Ebal: Deuteronomy 11:29; Deuteronomy 27:4; Joshua 8:30.
• הַר חֶרְמוֺן Mount Hermon: Deuteronomy 3:8; Joshua 11:17; 1 Chronicles 5:23.
• הַר הַכַּרְמֶל Mount Carmel: 1 Kings 18:19; 2 Kings 2:25; 2 Kings 4:25.
• הַר הַזֵּיתִים Mount of Olives: Zechariah 14:4; Ezekiel 11:23.
• הַר צִיּוֺן Mount Zion: Isaiah 4:5; Isaiah 8:18; Micah 4:7; Psalm 48:3.

b. Mountain-range

• הַר בָּשָׁן Mount Bashan: Psalm 68:16.

c. Indefinite mountains (often figurative or in creation context)

• Covered by flood: Genesis 7:19–20; Genesis 8:5.
• Work of God in creation: Amos 4:13; Psalm 65:7; Proverbs 8:25.
• Melting at presence of Yahweh: Judges 5:5; Micah 1:4; Psalm 97:5.

d. High mountain (as symbol of strength)

• הַר גָּבֹהַּ: Isaiah 30:25; Ezekiel 40:2.

e. Opposite valley or plain

• Joshua 12:8; Genesis 19:17 (opposite כִּכָּר).

f. As hiding-places or place of cattle

• Hiding places: Judges 6:2; Jeremiah 16:16.
• Grazing: Psalm 50:10; Job 39:8.

2. Hill-country, mountain-region

a. In general (opposed to plain, etc.)

• Numbers 13:17, 29 (Promised Land).
• Deuteronomy 1:7; Joshua 11:2; Joshua 12:8.

b. Of a particular mountain-region

• הַר הָאֱמֹרִי (Amorites): Deuteronomy 1:7, 19.
• הַר אֶפְרַיִם (Ephraim): Joshua 17:15; Judges 3:27; 1 Samuel 1:1; Jeremiah 31:6.
• הָרֵי יְהוּדָה (Judah): Joshua 11:21; Joshua 15:48.
• הָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (Israel): Ezekiel 6:2; Ezekiel 34:13.

¹ Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae veteris Testamenti (1829–1858).

² David Heinrich Müller, Sabean Inscriptions, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1876.

³ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS).

⁴ Friedrich Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradies? (Pa), 1881; Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (COT).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὄροσ ὄρουσ ὄρει ὄρη ὀρέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H2022:

ὄροσ 157× (27.0%)

ὄρουσ 100× (17.5%)

ὄρει 92× (14.0%)

ὄρη 79× (14.2%)

ὀρέων 46× (8.1%)

ὄρεσιν 14× (2.2%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

ὀρεινὴν 7× (1.0%)

pεἰσ 6× (1.2%)

ὀρέων 5× (0.8%)

בית בֵּית־

house

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בית

bayith

Definition

a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)

Root

probably from H1129 (בנה) abbreviated;

Exhaustive

probably from בנה abbreviated; a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.); court, daughter, door, [phrase] dungeon, family, [phrase] forth of, [idiom] great as would contain, hangings, home(born), (winter) house(-hold), inside(-ward), palace, place, [phrase] prison, [phrase] steward, [phrase] tablet, temple, web, [phrase] within(-out).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1004

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בִּית

verb • Root בית • Consonantal / Medium • Page 230

To pass the night.

Matched via consonantal key only

בַּיִת

noun masculine • Root בות • Consonantal / Medium • Page 237

house in the widest sense, consequently also tent, hut, tower, palace, temple

Matched via consonantal key only

בַּיִת

noun masculine (aramaic) • Consonantal / Medium • Page 239

The same [as Hebrew 'house']; king's house; temple; treasury; banquet-house.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בַּּיִת

noun • Page 97

A city of Moab, Is. 15:2. Elsewhere written more in full as בֵּית בַּעַל מְעוֹן.

בַּיִת

noun masculine • Root בות • Page 96

1. House, dwelling (Gen. 15:3, Ecc. 2:7). 2. Tent (Gen. 33:17, 2 K. 23:7). 3. Palace, temple (Gen. 12:15, 1 Sam. 5:2, 1 K. 4:6, Is. 14:18). 4. Applied to part of a house or palace, e.g., banqueting-hall (Est. 7:8) or harem (Est. 2:3). 5. Repository, place, or container of any thing, e.g., smelling bottles (Is. 3:20), places for staves (Ex. 26:29), spider's web (Job 8:14), trench (1 K. 18:32), or tomb (Neh. 2:3). 6. The inner part, within (Ex. 28:26, Gen. 6:14). 7. Figuratively: family, kindred, tribe, people (Ex. 12:4, Gen. 7:1, Hos. 8:1). 8. Particularly posterity (Ruth 4:11, 2 Sam. 7:27). 9. Strictly one's father's house (Gen. 24:23, 46:31, Num. 1:2).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1004

I. בַּיִת (approximate number of occurrences: 2034) noun masculine Deuteronomy 8:12 — house.

Cognates:

• Phoenician בית
• MI בית
• Suffix ביתיה
• Arabic الحمد
• Aramaic בַּיְתָא
• Assyrian bītu
• COT Gloss
• Sabean בית, בת
• Fortress DHM ZMG 1883, 387
• Temple Hal 257 DHM ZMG 1876, 697
• Ethiopic ብር Palmyrene in בית עלמא, בית מקברתא sepulchre Vog 32, 64 and others

Etymology dubious; Thes √ בות, Aramaic בּוּת,ܠܐ spend the night, Arabic باب Ethiopic አርትስ but this perhaps denominative, & בית from √ לרץ with ת afform. compare Sta §187 a

— בַּיִת absolute Exodus 12:30 +; בָּיִת Genesis 33:17 +; בַּיִתָה (ָה locative) Psalm 68:7 +; construct בֵּית Genesis 12:15 +; suffix בֵּיתִי Genesis 15:2 +; בֵּיתְךָ Genesis 7:1 +, etc.; הַבַּיִתָה, בַּיִתָה (in) to the house, homeward, Genesis 19:10; Psalm 68:7 +; also בֵּיתָה (in) to the house of ...; plural בָּתִּים Exodus 1:21 + (i.e. battîm, see Nöldeke in Mei Archaeology i. 456 f., compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §96); construct בָּתֵּי Exodus 8:17 +; suffix בָּתֶּיךָ Exodus 10:6; בָּתֵּיו 1 Chronicles 28:11; בָּתֵּינוּ Exodus 12:27 +; בָּתֵּיכֶם Genesis 42:19; בָּתֵּיהֶם Numbers 16:32 +; ( בָּתֵּימוֹ Psalm 49:12), etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. House as dwelling habitation

• Genesis 19:2, 3, 4, 11
• Genesis 27:15
• Genesis 33:17 (object of בָּנָה)
• Exodus 12:7 + often
• מִשְׁבַּת בָּתִּים Leviticus 25:29 (compare בַּיִת לְשִׁבְתִּיִם 2 Samuel 7:5)
• Deuteronomy 6:9
• Deuteronomy 11:20
• Joshua 2:15
• Judges 16:26 f.
• Supported by pillars 2 Samuel 11:12 etc.
• See especially temple and king's house in Jerusalem 1 Kings 5-7 etc.
• Compare Song of Solomon 1:7
• Jeremiah 22:14
• Of Ezekiel's temple Ezekiel 40 f.
• בָּתֵּי סְפוּנִים of luxurious houses Haggai 1:4
• בָּנָה בָּתִּים טוֹבִים Deuteronomy 8:12
• בָּנָה בַּיִת חָדָשׁ Deuteronomy 20:5
• Compare Deuteronomy 22:8
• Also with בָּנָה Deuteronomy 28:30 + often
• Particularly in J occasionally of tent Genesis 27:15
• Compare Genesis 33:17 (with בָּנָה; here of nomad's hut)
• Usually of solid materials, with doorposts, etc. Exodus 12:7
• Walls Leviticus 14:37, 39, of stones, timber & mortar Leviticus 14:45 (compare Leviticus 14:40; 42; 43)
• So also Joshua 2:15
• With roof on which one could walk 2 Samuel 11:12 etc.
• Of cedar בֵּית אֲרָזִים 2 Samuel 7:2, 7 = 1 Chronicles 17:1 ( בֵּית הָא 1 Chronicles 17:6)
• בֵּית הַשֶּׁנִי 1 Kings 22:39 compare Amos 3:15
• בֵּית יַעַר הַלְּבָנוֹן 1 Kings 7:2
• 2 Chronicles 9:20
• בֵּית הַיַּעַר Isaiah 22:8
• Before word of quality or characteristic, בֵּית אֵבֶל Ecclesiastes 7:2 "" בֵּית מִשְׁתֶּה Ecclesiastes 7:4 "" בֵּית שִׂמְחָה
• בֵּית מַרְזֵחַ Jeremiah 16:5
• בֵּית מִשְׁתֶּה Jeremiah 16:8
• בֵּית חֲמֻדֹּתִי Ezekiel 26:12
• בֵּית תַּעֲנוּגֵי הָהָּ Micah 2:9
• Compare בֵּית מְרִי rebellious house below 5 d below

b. House as shelter or abode of animals

• 1 Samuel 6:7, 10 compare Exodus 9:19
• בֵּית עַכָּבִישׁ spider's web Job 8:14 (compare בָּנָה כָּעָשׁ בֵּיתוֹ Job 27:18)
• צִמְּרוֹר מָצָא הָה בֵּיתוֹ Psalm 84:4 ("" קֵן)
• חֲסִידָה בְּרוֹשִׁים בֵּיתָה Psalm 104:17 (compare "" & Cheyne)
• Proverbs 30:26 (of the שְׁפַנִּים 'conies')

c. Figurative of human bodies

• בָּתֵּי חֹמֶר houses of clay Job 4:19, compare in phrase שֹׁמְרֵי הַבַּיִת keepers of the house, i.e. the arms Ecclesiastes 12:3
• See further בֵּית מְגוּרִי Psalm 119:54

d. Of Sheol

• שְׁאוֹל בֵּיתִי Job 17:13, compare בֵּית מוֹעֵד לְכָל חָי Job 30:23 ("" מָוֶת)
• בֵּית עוֹלָם Ecclesiastes 12:5 (perhaps = tomb, see Delitzsch)

e. Of abode of light & darkness

• Job 38:20

f. Of land of Ephraim as Yahweh's house

• Hosea 8:1
• Hosea 9:15 (compare בֵּית אָרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Hosea 9:3)

g. Place

• Of Jerusalem בֵּית קִבְרוֹת אֲבֹתִי Nehemiah 2:3 ("" עִיר Nehemiah 2:5), compare also proper name compounded with בֵּית, below, & בֵּית מַמְלָכָה Amos 7:13 (predicate of Bethel)
• בֵּית נְתִיבוֹת Proverbs 8:2 i.e. where paths meet RV
• אֲבָנִים בֵּית Job 8:17
• On both these see בֵּית below [בַּיִן] p. 108

h. Receptacle

• תְּעָלָה כְּבֵּית שְׁנֵי סְאִים a trench like a receptacle of two seahs 1 Kings 18:32
• בָּתֵּי נֵפֶשׁ vials of perfume Isaiah 3:20
• Especially בָּתִּים לְבַדִּים holders for the staves, i.e. rings, טַבָּעַת ib.; so Exodus 25:27; Exodus 37:14, 27; Exodus 38:5; compare בָּתִּים לְבַרִּיחִים Exodus 26:29; Exodus 36:34 holders for the bars (all P, & all explained by טַבָּעַת)
• בֵּית לָהָה סָבִיב its [construct as Psalm 58:5] house (= enclosing cage) was round about (strike out B Hi Co) Ezekiel 1:27

i. House as containing a family, hence household, family

• יְלִידֵי בֵּיתוֹ Genesis 14:14
• Compare Genesis 17:12 (opposed to מִקְנַת כַּסְפֶּךָ) Genesis 17:13 (all "" id.) figurative of Israel Jeremiah 2:14 ("" עֶבֶד)
• Compare בֶּן בֵּיתִי Genesis 15:3
• בְּנֵי בַּיִת הָיָה לִי Ecclesiastes 2:7 (as token of wealth & prosperity)
• Of one's sister מוֹלֶדֶת בַּיִת Leviticus 18:19 ("" חוּץ בָּמָה compare below)
• אֲנָשִׁים בֵּיתוֹ Genesis 17:27
• בְּנֵי בַּיִת Genesis 36:6
• כָּל נֶפֶשׁ לְבֵית יַעֲקֹב Genesis 46:27

j. Household, family (592 times)

• Ordinary sense, those belonging to the same household Genesis 7:1
• Genesis 12:1, 17 +, Deuteronomy 6:22
• Deuteronomy 11:6 +
• Hexateuch mostly J D
• E Genesis 35:2
• Genesis 42:33
• Genesis 50:22 compare Exodus 1:21 below
• P Genesis 36:6
• Exodus 1:1
• Exodus 12:4
• Leviticus 16:6, 11, 17
• Numbers 16:32
• Numbers 18:31
• Joshua 22:15
• Even where expressly said to inhabit tents Numbers 16:32
• Deuteronomy 11:6 אֶת בָּתֵּיהֶם וְאֶת אֲהָלֵיהֶם
• Specifically בֶּן זָקֵן בָּתִּי Genesis 24:2
• Compare Genesis 50:7 (of rank & dignity in household)
• Of a family of handicraftsmen מִשְׁפְּחוֹת בֵּית עֲבֹדַת הַבּוּץ 1 Chronicles 4:21 (see בּוּץ)
• Also, with figurative of house clearly in mind בְּמִשְׁקָלַת בָּתִּי 2 Kings 21:13
• בֵּית מִשְׁפָּתַי 2 Samuel 7:27
• Compare especially with proper name, e.g. בֵּית שָׁאוּל 2 Samuel 3:1 (twice in verse)
• 2 Samuel 3:6 (twice in verse)
• 2 Samuel 3:8, 10
• 2 Samuel 9:1, 2, 3, 9
• 2 Samuel 16:5 ( בֵּית שָׁאוּל בְּמִשְׁפָּחַת בָּתִּי )
• 2 Samuel 16:8
• 2 Samuel 19:18 (compare 2 Samuel 21:1 where read וְאֵל בֵּית דָּמִים so We Dr)
• 1 Chronicles 12:29
• בֵּית דָּוִד 2 Samuel 3:1, 6
• 2 Samuel 7:26 = 1 Chronicles 17:24 (compare context in both)
• 1 Kings 12:19 2 Chronicles 10:19, 20
• 2 Chronicles 10:26
• 2 Kings 17:21
• Isaiah 7:2, 13
• Jeremiah 21:12
• Zechariah 12:7, 8, 10, 12 ( בֵּית דָּוִד בְּמִשְׁפָּחַת בָּתִּי )
• Psalm 122:5
• יַרְבְּעָם בָּתִּי 1 Kings 13:34
• 1 Kings 14:10 (twice in verse)
• 1 Kings 14:13, 14
• 1 Kings 15:29
• 1 Kings 16:3
• 1 Kings 21:22
• 2 Kings 9:9
• 2 Kings 10:10, 11
• 2 Kings 21:13
• Micah 6:16
• 2 Chronicles 21:6
• 2 Chronicles 21:13
• 2 Chronicles 22:3
• 2 Chronicles 22:4
• 2 Chronicles 22:7
• 2 Chronicles 22:8
• Etc.

k. Especially of Hebrew people & subdivisions

• בֵּית יִשְׂחָק Amos 7:16
• עָשָׂו בָּתִּי Obadiah 1:18 (twice in verse)
• בֵּית יַעֲקֹב Genesis 46:27 (P) Exodus 19:3 (E) Amos 3:13
• Amos 9:8
• Micah 2:7
• Obadiah 1:17, 18
• Isaiah 8:17
• Isaiah 10:20
• Isaiah 14:1
• Isaiah 29:22
• Isaiah 46:3
• Isaiah 48:1
• Isaiah 58:1
• Jeremiah 2:4, 26 17 times Jeremiah
• Ezekiel 3:1, 4, 5, 7 (twice in verse) 75 times Ezekiel
• Also בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוָה Ezekiel 9:9 + Ezekiel 25:8 Co
• יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּזֶרַע בָּתִּי Jeremiah 23:8
• Ezekiel 44:22 (Co strike out בֵּית)
• שְׁנֵי בָּתֵּי יִשְׂרָאֵל Isaiah 8:14
• בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּזֶרַע בָּתִּי Ezekiel 20:5 (strike out Co)
• Most frequently בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל (Vrss & variant reading sometimes בֶּן see בֶּן) Hexateuch Exodus 16:31
• Exodus 40:38
• Leviticus 10:6
• Numbers 20:29 (all P)
• Leviticus 17:3, 8, 10
• Leviticus 22:18 (H)
• Joshua 21:43 (D)
• 1 Samuel 7:2 8 times Samuel Kings
• Hosea 1:4, 6
• Hosea 5:1
• Hosea 6:10
• Hosea 12:1
• 7 times Amos
• Micah 1:5
• Micah 3:1, 9
• Isaiah 5:7
• Isaiah 14:2
• Also Isaiah 46:3
• Isaiah 63:7
• Zechariah 8:13
• But especially Jeremiah 2:4, 26 17 times Jeremiah
• Ezekiel 3:1, 4, 5, 7 (twice in verse) 75 times Ezekiel
• Also בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוָה Ezekiel 9:9 + Ezekiel 25:8 Co
• בֵּית מְרִי rebellious house (of Israel) Ezekiel 2:5, 6
• Ezekiel 3:9, 26, 27
• Ezekiel 12:2, 3
• & הַמְּרִי בָּתִּי Ezekiel 2:8
• Ezekiel 12:2, 9, 25
• Ezekiel 17:12
• Ezekiel 24:3 [+ Ezekiel 44:6 Co]
• בֵּית יְהוּדָה 2 Samuel 2:4, 7, 10, 11
• 1 Kings 12:21 2 Chronicles 11:1
• 2 Kings 19:30 = Isaiah 37:31
• Isaiah 22:21
• Hosea 1:7
• Hosea 5:12, 14
• Zephaniah 2:7
• Zechariah 8:13, 15, 19
• Zechariah 10:3, 6
• Zechariah 12:4
• & especially Jeremiah 3:18 9 times Jeremiah
• Ezekiel 4:6 4 times Ezekiel + Ezekiel 9:9 above
• Also יְהוּדָה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּתִּי 1 Kings 12:23
• מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה בָּתִּי Jeremiah 21:11
• Jeremiah 22:6
• יֹסֵף בָּתִּי Genesis 50:8
• Joshua 17:17
• Joshua 18:5 (all J E)
• Judges 1:22, 23, 35
• 2 Samuel 19:21
• 1 Kings 11:28
• Amos 5:6
• Obadiah 1:18
• Zechariah 10:6
• אֶפְרַיִם בָּתִּי Judges 10:9
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּתִּי 2 Samuel 3:19 compare 1 Kings 12:23 above
• לֵוִי בָּתִּי Exodus 2:1 (E) Numbers 17:23 (P) Zechariah 12:13 ( בֵּית לֵוִי בְּמִשְׁפָּחַת בָּתִּי )
• Psalm 135:20
• אַהֲרֹן בָּתִּי Psalm 115:10
• Psalm 115:12
• Psalm 118:3
• Psalm 135:19

l. Technically, yet with some looseness of usage, בֵּית אָב father's house, of family or clan, plural בָּתֵּי אָבוֹת father-houses, families (e.g. Numbers 1:2) (79 times; only P & Chronicles)

• Exodus 6:14
• Exodus 12:3
• Numbers 1:2, 4, 18 41 times Numbers
• Joshua 22:14 (twice in verse)
• 1 Chronicles 4:38
• 1 Chronicles 5:13 25 times Chronicles
• Ezra 2:59
• Ezra 10:16
• Nehemiah 7:61
• Nehemiah 10:35
• = tribe Numbers 17:17 (twice in verse)
• Numbers 17:18
• Numbers 17:21
• = main division of tribe Numbers 3:20, 24 +, compare Numbers 34:14 (twice in verse) etc.
• Further sub-division Exodus 12:3
• 1 Chronicles 7:2, 7 +
• Compare especially 1 Chronicles 23:11 Jeush and Beriah had not many sons, therefore they became לְבֵית אָב לְפִקֻּדָּה אַחַת (compare רָאשֵׁי אָבוֹת, below אָב)

m. House, including household affairs, persons, property, etc.

• וַיִּפְקְדֵהוּ עַל בֵּיתוֹ Genesis 39:4 compare Genesis 39:5
• אֲשֶׁר עַל בֵּיתוֹ Genesis 44:1, 4
• Hence אִישׁ עַל הַבַּיִת as title of governor of the palace (Ewald H iii. 269) Isaiah 22:15
• Isaiah 36:3 compare 1 Kings 4:6
• 2 Kings 15:5
• In Israel 1 Kings 16:9
• 1 Kings 18:3
• 2 Kings 10:5
• Further 2 Samuel 17:23
• 2 Kings 20:1 = Isaiah 38:1
• Hence of personal property 1 Kings 13:8 אִם תִּתֶּן לִי אֶת חֲצִי בֵּיתֶךָ
• Family and property (everything on which one depends) Job 8:15

n. בַּיִתָה, בָּיְתָה, literally housewards, hence metaphor inwards

• Exodus 28:26 = Exodus 39:19 (that is, of the ephod)
• 1 Kings 7:25 2 Chronicles 4:4 (that is, of the circle of oxen supporting the molten sea)
• 2 Samuel 5:9 מִן הַמִּלּוֹא וָבָיְתָה from the Millo and inward
• Ezekiel 44:17

o. מִבַּיִת a. adverb on the inside (of a building, chest, etc.: opposed to מִחוּץ)

• Genesis 6:14
• Exodus 25:11 = Exodus 37:2
• Leviticus 14:41
• 1 Kings 6:15, 16
• 2 Kings 6:30 (of a person's clothes)
• Ezekiel 7:15
• So with ה locative מִבַּיִתָה 1 Kings 6:15

p. מִבַּיִת לְ (construct Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §130, 1 n.) preposition within (opposed to מִחוּץ לְ)

• מִבַּיִת לַמִּשְׁכָּן within the veil Exodus 26:33
• Leviticus 16:2, 12
• Numbers 18:7 לְכָל דְּבַר הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וּלְמִבַּיִת לַמִּשְׁכָּן for everything of the altar, and for (that) within the veil
• 1 Kings 7:8, 31
• (read לְכַתְּפֹת; see VB & Stade ZAW 1883, 165)
• אֵלִים מִבַּיִת לְ (after a verb of motion) in within Leviticus 16:15
• 2 Kings 11:15 2 Chronicles 23:14

Note. — בית perhaps occurs abbreviated into ב in proper name בְּעֶשְׁתְּרוֹת q. v. so Thes and others; compare also Aramaic בּא = בית in like usage Lag Armen. Stud. §339; Se i. 51; GGA 1884, 276. בֵּית הַגָּן proper name, of a location? א5 Βαιθαν (Βαιθαγαν), א5 L Βαιθωρων, 2 Kings 9:27; modern Jenîn? see גַּן, below גָּן, and עֵין גַּנִּים; compare Stade Gesch i. 542. כְּלוּא Kt, כְּלִיאָה Qr noun [masculine] id.; — בֵּית הַכֶּלֶא Jeremiah 37:4; Jeremiah 52:31 (see כֶּלֶא above)

II. [בַּיִת] noun [feminine] suffix בֵּיתֶּךְ Ezekiel 16:36 where context favours meaning lust, harlotry.

III. בַּיִת 44 noun masculine Ezra 6:7 house (Biblical Hebrew בַּיִת); — emphatic בֵּיתָא Ezra 5:3 +, תָּא - Ezra 5:12; Ezra 6:15; construct בֵּית( Ezra 4:24; Ezra 5:2 +; suffix בֵּיתִי Daniel 4:1 (Baer n., compare M §76 c; van d. H. Gi בֵּיתִי), בֵּיתָה Daniel 2:17 +; plural suffix בָּתֵּיכוֹן Daniel 2:5; — 1 house, of men: Ezra 6:11 (twice in verse); Daniel 2:5,17; Daniel 3:29; Daniel 6:11; of king Ezra 6:4; Daniel 4:4, מִשְׁתְּיָא בֵּית Daniel 5:10, גִּנְזַיָּא דִּי מַלְכָּא בֵּית Ezra 5:17, compare Ezra 7:20 = בֵּית סִפְרַיָּא וְגִנְזַיָּא בֵּית Ezra 6:1; מַלְכִין בֵּית Ezra 4:30 royal residence (of Babylonian). 2 house of God, temple at Jerusalem Daniel 5:3,23; Ezra 4:24 28 times Ezra.

¹ K. Albrecht

² M. Lidzbarski 322

³ D. H. Müller

⁴ Nöldeke in Mei Archaeology i. 456 f.

⁵ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §96

⁶ J

⁷ Driver Sm 29, n. 2

⁸ Vog 32, 64

⁹ DHM ZMG 1883, 387

¹⁰ Hal 257 DHM ZMG 1876, 697

¹¹ Palmyrene in בית עלמא, בית מקברתא sepulchre Vog 32, 64 and others

¹² Thes √ בות, Aramaic בּוּת,ܠܐ spend the night, Arabic باب Ethiopic አርትስ but this perhaps denominative, & בית from √ לרץ with ת afform. compare Sta §187 a

¹³ Ew H iii.718 & Klo

¹⁴ VB & Sta ZAW 1883, 165

¹⁵ We Dr

¹⁶ Co

¹⁷ Hi Co

¹⁸ B Hi Co

¹⁹ Lag Armen. Stud. §339; Se i. 51; GGA 1884, 276

²⁰ Wetzst Hauran 110 Kampffmeyer ZPV xv (1892). 111

²¹ Stade Gesch i. 542

²² Baer n., compare M §76 c; van d. H. Gi

²³ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (gender).

²⁴ † Hapax Legomenon (occurs only once in Scripture).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: οἶκον οἴκου οἴκῳ οἶκοσ pεἰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1004b:

οἶκον 503× (20.8%)

οἴκου 413× (18.3%)

οἴκῳ 323× (12.8%)

οἶκοσ 163× (7.1%)

pεἰσ 92× (4.6%)

οἴκουσ 89× (3.7%)

οἰκίαν 75× (3.1%)

pἐν 70× (3.4%)

--- 57× (2.8%)

'' 54× (2.3%)

יהוה יְהוָה

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvâh

Definition

Jehovah, Jewish national name of God

Root

from H1961 (היה); (the) self-Existent or Eternal;

Exhaustive

from היה; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God; Jehovah, the Lord. Compare יה, יהוה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3068

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Strongs / High • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

proper name • Page 275

The proper name of the deity among the ancient Hebrews. Interpreted as 'the eternal, unchangeable, true' or 'he who is as he shall be.' The text discusses various ancient pronunciations (IAΩ, IABE, IETΩ) and its derivation from the future of הָיָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3068

I. יהוה (approximate number of occurrences: 6823) i.e. יַהְוֶה proper name, of deity — Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel.

Cognates and Origins:

• Babylonian יהו (claimed by Delitzsch^{Dl Pa 162 ff.}, disputed by Kuenen and Jastrow)
• Egyptian etymology (proposed by Spiegelberg^{ZMG liii 633 ff.}, considered improbable)
• Moabite Stone יהוה as the name of Israel's God (MI¹⁸)

— יהוה Masoretic Text יְהוָֺה (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהוִֺה (Qr אֱלֹהִים) in combinations אדני יהוה; with prepositions בַּיהוָֺה, לַיהוָֺה, מֵיהוָֺה. Pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520 (Galatinus). The traditional Ἰαβέ (Theodoret) and contracted form יָהּ favour the pronunciation יַהְוֶה (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Psalm 74:6).

1. Etymology and Meaning

a. Hiphil theories (The Giver of Being)

• The one bringing into being, life-giver (Schrader)
• Giver of existence, creator (Kuenen, Tiele)
• He who causes to fall, i.e., rain or lightning (Robertson Smith)

b. Qal theories (The Existing One)

• The absolute and unchangeable one (Riehm)
• The existing, ever living (Dillmann)
• The one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption (Delitzsch)

2. Source Analysis and Usage

a. In the Hexateuch

• Elohist Source (E): Not used in Genesis; revealed at Horeb (Exodus 3:12–15) and explained as אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה "I shall be the one who will be with thee."
• Priests' Code (P): Abstains from use until the revelation to Moses (Exodus 6:3).
• Yahwist Source (J): Uses the name from the beginning of the narrative (Genesis 2:4).

b. In later literature

• Common in pre-exilic writers; falls into disuse post-exile, supplanted by אלהים and אדני.
• Job: Used in prose parts and once in the poem (Job 12:9).
• Ecclesiastes: Not used at all.

3. Syntactic Combinations

a. With אלהים and suffixes

• With אֱלֹהֶיךָ: Exodus 20:2–12 (Ten Words); Deuteronomy 5:6–16; in Deuteronomy (234 times).
• With אֱלֹהֵיכֶם: In Deuteronomy (46 times); Holiness Code (15 times); Joel 2:13.
• With אֱלֹהֵינוּ: Exodus 3:18; Psalm 20:8; Daniel 9:10, 13, 14.
• With אלהים (later editors): Genesis 2:4b; Jonah 4:6.

b. The phrase אֲנִי יהוה ("I am Yahweh")

• As a formula of revelation or authority: Exodus 6:2, 29 (Priests' Code).
• In the recognition formula ("that ye may know"): Exodus 7:5; Ezekiel 6:7 (and 48 times in Ezekiel).
• In the Holiness Code as an emphatic close: Leviticus 18:5, 6, 21; Leviticus 19:12, 14, 16.

c. In compound place names

• יהוה יראה (Yahweh-jireh): Genesis 22:14 (Yahwist Source).
• יהוה נסי (Yahweh-nissi): Exodus 17:15 (Elohist Source).
• יהוה שׁלים (Yahweh-shalom): Judges 6:24.
• יהוה שָׁ֑מָּה (Yahweh-shammah): Ezekiel 48:35.

¹ Philo, de Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529.

² Friedrich Böttcher, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Bö § 88).

³ Paul de Lagarde, Symmicta (Lag Sym i.14).

⁴ Samuel Rolles Driver, Studia Biblica (Dr Stud.Bib.i.1 ff.).

⁵ Eberhard Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (COT).

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κυρίου κυρίῳ κύριον κύριε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3068:

κύριοσ 2605× (41.8%)

κυρίου 1742× (27.8%)

κυρίῳ 598× (8.8%)

κύριον 473× (7.1%)

κύριε 336× (5.4%)

--- 129× (2.1%)

'' 95× (1.3%)

θεὸσ 76× (1.0%)

θεοῦ 69× (0.9%)

θεῷ 28× (0.4%)

בראש בְּרֹאשׁ

in the head

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ראש

rôʼsh

Definition

the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)

Root

from an unused root apparently meaning to shake;

Exhaustive

from an unused root apparently meaning to shake; the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.); band, beginning, captain, chapiter, chief(-est place, man, things), company, end, [idiom] every (man), excellent, first, forefront, (be-)head, height, (on) high(-est part, (priest)), [idiom] lead, [idiom] poor, principal, ruler, sum, top.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7218

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רֹאשׁ

noun • Strongs / High • Page 1330

Poppy (reference to DEUT. 32, 32).

רֹאשׁ

noun / masculine • Root ראש • Strongs / High • Page 1311

1. Prop. skull; hence head, of men or animals. 2. Metaphor of things: the point, summit, capital, scepter, the highest. Fig. principal, highest (as of oil or feelings), a prince, king, principal person. The sum, total, multitude. The foremost, first, beginning.

רֹאשׁ

noun masculine • Root ראש • Strongs / High • Page 1312

1. Source of a river; beginning, commencement (of time). 2. Poison (רוֹשׁ), poisonous berries/water; fig. viciousness.

רֹאשׁ

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1312

n. p. of a people (Rosh) belonging to the Scythian king Gog, dwelling in the high north (identified by some classical writers with Russians/Roxolani).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָאשׁ

adjective • Page 602

poor. See רוּשׁ.

רֹאשׁ

noun masculine • Root ראש ראש • Page 603

1. a head. —נָתַן בְּרֹאשׁ to let come on the head of any one, Ezek. 9: 10, 11: 21. בְּרֵאשֵׁינוּ with the danger of our heads, 1 Chr. 12: 19. 2. the first or highest in its kind. Hence (1.) a head, chief, leader (1 Sam. 15: 17, Ex. 6: 14, 25). (2.) a chief city, metropolis (Josh. 11: 10). (3.) the highest place, first rank—כֹּהֵן הָרֹאשׁ the high-priest (2 Chr. 19: 11). (4.) the top or highest part, as of a mountain (Gen. 8: 5), of a tower (Gen. 11: 4). Metaphorically רֹאשׁ שִׂמְחָה the highest joy (Ps. 137: 6). 3. the first; e. g. רֹאשׁ הַחֳדָשִׁים the first month (Ex. 12: 2). 4. the sum, the whole number (Lev. 5: 24, Ps. 119: 160). 5. a company, multitude, host (Judg. 7: 16, 1 Sam. 11: 11).

רֹאשׁ

prop. er name • Page 603

Proper name of a Scythian people, mentioned in connexion with Meshech and Tubal, in the northern parts of Asia Minor (Ezek. 38: 2, 3. 39: 1). The Byzantine writers speak of a rude and savage people about the northern Taurus, called Pōs, (Russians?).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7218

I. רֹאשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 599) noun masculine — head.

Cognates:

• Arabic رأس
• Sabean ראס¹
• Ethiopic ርእስ
• Amharic ራስ
• Assyrian rêšu
• Aramaic רֵישָׁא
• Egyptian Aramaic ראש³
• Palmyrene רשא
• Phoenician ראש, רשׁ
• Moabite רשה

— רֹאשׁ absolute Genesis 3:15 +; construct Genesis 40:20 +; suffix רֹאשִׁי Genesis 40:16 +; plural רָאשִׁים Exodus 18:25 +; construct רָאשֵׁי Hosea 7:13 +; suffix רָאשֵׁינוּ 1 Chronicles 12:19, רָאשֵׁיכֶם Isaiah 29:10 + etc.

1. Literal head of a living being

a. Of a human being (approximately 230 times)

• Genesis 40:16–17
• Judges 5:30 (+ גֶּבֶר per capita)
• Of God, anthropomorphically: Psalm 60:9, Psalm 108:9
• Of an idol: 1 Samuel 5:4
• Personified gates: Psalm 24:7, 9

b. Of animals

• Genesis 3:15 (serpent)
• 2 Kings 6:25 (ass)
• Job 40:31, Psalm 74:14 (Leviathan)
• Animals for sacrifice: Exodus 12:9, Leviticus 1:4 (Priestly Code)
• figurative of status (head and tail): Isaiah 9:13, Deuteronomy 28:13

2. Top, height, or extremity

a. Physical top

• Of a mountain: Genesis 8:5; Exodus 19:20
• Of a hill (גִּבְעָה): Exodus 17:9–10 (Elohist Source)
• Of a tower: Genesis 11:4 (Yahwist Source)
• Of a ladder: Genesis 28:12 (Elohist Source)
• Of a pillar (capital): 1 Kings 7:16
• רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה (top of the corner): Psalm 118:22

b. Height

• Of stars: Job 22:12

3. Chief, leader, or head of a group

a. Chief man

• Judges 10:18; Exodus 18:25 (Elohist Source)
• Of God: 2 Chronicles 13:12

b. Chief city or nation

• Joshua 11:10 (Deuteronomic Code)
• Jeremiah 31:7

c. Chief priest

• הַכֹּהֵן הָרֹאשׁ: 2 Kings 25:18, Ezra 7:5

d. Head of a family (Common in Priestly Code and Chronicles)

• רָאשֵׁי בֵּית אָבוֹת: Exodus 6:14; Numbers 7:2; 1 Chronicles 5:24

4. Front, beginning, or source

a. Leader's place (front)

• Micah 2:13, Amos 6:7

b. Of time: Beginning

• מֵרֹאשׁ (from the beginning): Isaiah 40:21, Proverbs 8:23
• Beginning of months: Exodus 12:2 (Priestly Code)

c. Of things: River-heads

• Genesis 2:10 (Yahwist Source)

5. Choicest or best

• Of spices: Exodus 30:23 (Priestly Code), Song of Solomon 4:14
• רֹאשׁ שִׂמְחָתִי (the choicest of my joy): Psalm 137:6

6. Division of an army

• Judges 7:16, 1 Samuel 11:11, Job 1:17

7. Sum or census

• נָשָׂא אֶת־רֹאשׁ (take the sum/census): Exodus 30:12, Numbers 1:2 (Priestly Code)
• בְּרֹאשׁוֹ (in its sum / in full): Leviticus 5:24

¹ Franz Praetorius, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG), xxix, 1875, p. 425.

² J.H. Mordtmann, Himjarische Inschriften, 1893, p. 31.

³ G.A. Cooke, A Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903, p. 404.

⁴ Paul de Lagarde, Symmicta, i, 1877, p. 113.

⁵ Hugo Winckler, Die Thontafeln von Tell-el-Amarna, 1896, 189, 18.

⁶ Theodor Nöldeke, Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen (GGA), 1884, p. 1019.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: κεφαλὴν κεφαλῆσ ἄρχοντεσ κεφαλήν κεφαλὰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7218a:

κεφαλὴν 123× (18.7%)

κεφαλῆσ 55× (8.5%)

ἄρχοντεσ 50× (8.4%)

κεφαλήν 34× (5.2%)

κεφαλὰσ 29× (4.4%)

ἄρχων 21× (3.4%)

κεφαλὴ 19× (2.8%)

ἀρχῆσ 15× (2.3%)

κορυφῆσ 14× (2.0%)

κορυφὴν 13× (2.0%)

ההרים הֶהָרִים

the Mountains

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הר

har

Definition

a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)

Root

a shortened form of H2042 (הרר);

Exhaustive

a shortened form of הרר; a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively); hill (country), mount(-ain), [idiom] promotion.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2022

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הַר

noun / masculine • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 411

1. a mountain, a hill. 2. Figuratively, a great power, kingdom, or obstacle. 3. A mountain-district or hill country.

הַר

noun • Root הרר • Strongs / High • Page 412

A mountain, height. The noun comes from a stem meaning to be high or elevated. It is used to refer to mountainous districts and in combination with place names.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַר

noun masculine • Page 192

a mountain, often a chain of mountains, mountainous country (Gen. 14:10). Plural: הָרִים.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2022

[הוֺר], assumed by Thesaurus¹ and others as ancient form for הַר mountain, to explain הוֺרַי Genesis 49:26, read הוֺרֵי־עַד; but better הַרֲרֵי־עַד everlasting mountains, see הַר below הרר.

I. הַר (approximate number of occurrences: 558) noun masculine — mountain, hill, hill-country.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew הָרִים, הֲרָרִים
• Phoenician הר
• Sabean suffix הרתהמו²

— הַר absolute Joshua 17:18 +; with article הָהָר Exodus 3:12 +; with locative הֶ֫רָה Genesis 14:10, הָהָ֫רָה Genesis 12:8 (12 times); construct הַר Genesis 10:30 +; suffix הַרֲרִי Psalm 30:8, הֲרָרִי Jeremiah 17:3, הַרְכֶם Psalm 11:1, הַרֲרָם Genesis 14:6; plural הָרִים Deuteronomy 11:11 +; with article הֶהָרִים Genesis 7:19 +; construct הָרֵי Genesis 8:4 (27 times); הַרֲרֵי Deuteronomy 33:15 (8 times, all poetry); suffix הָרַי Isaiah 14:25, Isaiah 49:11, Zechariah 14:5 + Ezekiel 38:21, הָרָ֑י Isaiah 65:9; הָרָיו Ezekiel 35:8, Malachi 1:3; הֲרָרֶיהָ Deuteronomy 8:9.

1. Mountain, hill

a. Specifically mountain, high elevation

• הַר סִינַי Mount Sinai: Exodus 19:11, 18, 20, 23; Exodus 24:16; Exodus 31:18; Exodus 34:2, 4, 29, 32; Leviticus 7:38; Leviticus 25:1; Leviticus 26:46; Leviticus 27:34; Numbers 3:1; Numbers 28:6; Nehemiah 9:13.
• הַר חוֺרֵב Mount Horeb: Exodus 33:6; Exodus 3:1; 1 Kings 19:8; Deuteronomy 4:11; Deuteronomy 5:4; Deuteronomy 9:9.
• הֹר הָהָר Mount Hor: Numbers 20:22; Deuteronomy 32:50.
• הַר נְבוֺ Mount Nebo: Deuteronomy 32:49; Deuteronomy 34:1.
• הַר גְּרִזִּים Mount Gerizim: Deuteronomy 11:29; Deuteronomy 27:12; Judges 9:7.
• הַר עֵיבָל Mount Ebal: Deuteronomy 11:29; Deuteronomy 27:4; Joshua 8:30.
• הַר חֶרְמוֺן Mount Hermon: Deuteronomy 3:8; Joshua 11:17; 1 Chronicles 5:23.
• הַר הַכַּרְמֶל Mount Carmel: 1 Kings 18:19; 2 Kings 2:25; 2 Kings 4:25.
• הַר הַזֵּיתִים Mount of Olives: Zechariah 14:4; Ezekiel 11:23.
• הַר צִיּוֺן Mount Zion: Isaiah 4:5; Isaiah 8:18; Micah 4:7; Psalm 48:3.

b. Mountain-range

• הַר בָּשָׁן Mount Bashan: Psalm 68:16.

c. Indefinite mountains (often figurative or in creation context)

• Covered by flood: Genesis 7:19–20; Genesis 8:5.
• Work of God in creation: Amos 4:13; Psalm 65:7; Proverbs 8:25.
• Melting at presence of Yahweh: Judges 5:5; Micah 1:4; Psalm 97:5.

d. High mountain (as symbol of strength)

• הַר גָּבֹהַּ: Isaiah 30:25; Ezekiel 40:2.

e. Opposite valley or plain

• Joshua 12:8; Genesis 19:17 (opposite כִּכָּר).

f. As hiding-places or place of cattle

• Hiding places: Judges 6:2; Jeremiah 16:16.
• Grazing: Psalm 50:10; Job 39:8.

2. Hill-country, mountain-region

a. In general (opposed to plain, etc.)

• Numbers 13:17, 29 (Promised Land).
• Deuteronomy 1:7; Joshua 11:2; Joshua 12:8.

b. Of a particular mountain-region

• הַר הָאֱמֹרִי (Amorites): Deuteronomy 1:7, 19.
• הַר אֶפְרַיִם (Ephraim): Joshua 17:15; Judges 3:27; 1 Samuel 1:1; Jeremiah 31:6.
• הָרֵי יְהוּדָה (Judah): Joshua 11:21; Joshua 15:48.
• הָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (Israel): Ezekiel 6:2; Ezekiel 34:13.

¹ Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae veteris Testamenti (1829–1858).

² David Heinrich Müller, Sabean Inscriptions, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1876.

³ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS).

⁴ Friedrich Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradies? (Pa), 1881; Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (COT).

Particle definite article, Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: ὄροσ ὄρουσ ὄρει ὄρη ὀρέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H2022:

ὄροσ 157× (27.0%)

ὄρουσ 100× (17.5%)

ὄρει 92× (14.0%)

ὄρη 79× (14.2%)

ὀρέων 46× (8.1%)

ὄρεσιν 14× (2.2%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

ὀρεινὴν 7× (1.0%)

pεἰσ 6× (1.2%)

ὀρέων 5× (0.8%)

ונשא וְנִשָּׂא

and he has carried

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נשא

nâsâʼ

Definition

to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative

Root

or נסה; (Psalm 4:6 (H7 (אבד))), a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or נסה; (Psalm 4:6 (אבד)), a primitive root; to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative; accept, advance, arise, (able to, (armor), suffer to) bear(-er, up), bring (forth), burn, carry (away), cast, contain, desire, ease, exact, exalt (self), extol, fetch, forgive, furnish, further, give, go on, help, high, hold up, honorable ([phrase] man), lade, lay, lift (self) up, lofty, marry, magnify, [idiom] needs, obtain, pardon, raise (up), receive, regard, respect, set (up), spare, stir up, [phrase] swear, take (away, up), [idiom] utterly, wear, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5375

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 755

to lift, carry; give

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 991

To stretch up, to raise up, to make ascend. Intr. to extend upward, to rise high, to grow, to be projecting, prominent, stretched out. Hence: 1. to raise the feet for walking; to lift up the hand in swearing; to entreat, pray; to lift up the head; to rise in repute, riches, dignity; to lift up the countenance, i.e. to walk along with face raised; to lift up the eyes, i.e. to look at, to behold.

נָשָׂא

verb qal • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 994

IV. (Kal unused) tr. same as נָשָׁה III. to extend, to stretch out, to widen.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָשָׂא

verb • Page 458

1. To lift or raise up (Gen. 7:17). (1.) To lift up the eyes (Gen. 13:10). (2.) To lift up the hand, as an oath (Ex. 6:8) or against someone (2 Sam. 20:21). (3.) To raise one's heart to long for something (Deut. 24:15). (4.) To lift up the head of anyone, to exalt or release from prison (2 K. 25:27). (5.) To lift up the voice, as in weeping or rejoicing (Gen. 27:38, Is. 24:14). (6.) To utter, speak (Ex. 20:7). (7.) To begin.

נְשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

Chald. 1. to take. Ezra 5: 15. 2. to take or carry away, spoken of the wind. Dan. 2: 35.

נִשָּׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 459

1. To rise, to be raised up, to be elevated (Ezek. 1:19—21, Is. 2:2). 2. To be borne (Ex. 25:28), or to be carried away (2 K. 20:17).

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 459

To lift up, bear, or take. Meanings on this page include: (8) one's heart raises or excites him (Ex. 35:21); (9) to put or set on anything (Gen. 31:17); (10) to raise oneself, to rise (Ps. 89:10). (2) To bear fruit (Ezek. 17:8), to bear away (1 Sam. 17:34), to suffer (Is. 1:14), to bear guilt or sin (Lev. 5:1, 17), or to bring (as wind, 1 K. 10:11). (3) To take (Gen. 27:3), to accept/be gracious to a person (Gen. 32:21), to take away (Dan. 1:16), to take the number or sum (Ex. 30:12), or to receive (Ps. 24:5).

נָשָׁא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

I. in Kal not used; perhaps to err, wander (kindred with נָשָׁה to forget.) Hiph. הִשִּׁיא to lead astray; hence 1. to deceive; 2 K. 18 : 29. 2. to seduce. Gen. 3: 13. Jer. 49: 16. Niph. to be deceived. Is. 19: 13.

נָשָׁא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

II. i. q. נָשָׁה no. II. to lend on usury, Neh. 5: 7. Hiph. to press, spoken of a creditor. Ps. 89: 23.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5375

Aramaic

I. נְשָׂא (compare Biblical Hebrew; rare in Aramaic; see נְסִי, נְסָא¹) verb — lift, take, carry.

1. Pe`al
   • Perfect 3 masculine singular נְשָׂא Daniel 2:35 carry away (of wind, with accusative of thing)
   • Imperative masculine singular שֵׂא Ezra 5:15 take (accusative vessels)
2. Hithpa.
   • make a rising, an insurrection: Participle feminine singular מִתְנַשְּׂאָה Ezra 4:19, עַל person

נְשֵׁיהוֺן see [נָשִׁין] below II. אנשׁ.

¹ Jacob Levy, Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Targumim (1867) (ChWB); Neuhebräisches und Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Talmudim und Midraschim (1876–89) (NHWB).

Conjunction, Verb Niphal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: λήμψεται αἴρων λήμψονται ἔλαβεν λαβὲ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5375:

λήμψεται 20× (3.0%)

αἴρων 20× (2.6%)

λήμψονται 17× (2.4%)

ἔλαβεν 16× (2.4%)

λαβὲ 16× (2.5%)

ἦρα 16× (2.4%)

ἔλαβον 16× (2.2%)

αἴροντεσ 16× (2.4%)

ἦραν 15× (2.1%)

ἀναβλέψασ 14× (2.0%)

מגבעות מִגְּבָעוֹת

from the hills

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גבעה

gibʻâh

Definition

a hillock

Root

feminine from the same as H1387 (גבע);

Exhaustive

feminine from the same as גבע; a hillock; hill, little hill.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1389

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גִּבְעָה

proper noun • Root גבע • Strongs / High • Page 300

(hill) A proper name of a city in Benjamin. It is probably identical with Geba in Judah.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גִּבְעָה

f. plur. גְּבָעוֹת • Page 127

1. hill. Ex. 17: 9. 2 Sam. 2: 25. etc. 2. proper name of a city in the tribe of Benjamin, also called גִּבְעַת־שָׁאוּל Gibeath-Saul, because Saul was born there. 1 Sam. 11: 4. 26: 1. 2 Sam. 21: 1—9.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1389

I. גִּבְעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 69) noun feminine — hill.

— גִּבְעָה absolute 2 Samuel 2:25 (13 times) + Ezekiel 6:13 (strike out Co¹) 1 Samuel 7:1; 2 Samuel 6:3, 4 (compare Dr²); construct גִּבְעַת Joshua 5:3 (8 times) + 1 Samuel 10:5 (compare Dr²); suffix גִּבְעָתִי Ezekiel 34:26 (but strike out Co¹), גִּבְעָתָהּ Isaiah 31:4; plural absolute גְּבָעוֺת Deuteronomy 12:2 (35 times); construct גִּבְעוֺת Deuteronomy 33:15; Habakkuk 3:6, גִּבְעֹת Genesis 49:26; suffix גִּבְעוֺתֶיךָ Ezekiel 35:8; — hill, height, elevation, both high and low, compare Psalm 148:9 ההרים וכל גבעות, Psalm 65:13.

1. In ordinary prose

hill, lower than mountain:

• Exodus 17:9–10 (Elohist Source)
• 2 Samuel 2:25

It may be a proper name in:

• 1 Samuel 7:1
• 1 Samuel 10:10
• 2 Samuel 6:3–4 (see also below II. גִּבְעָה)

2. Place of illicit worship

Especially as place of illicit worship עַל כָּלגֿ׳ גְּבֹהָה ותחת כל עץ רענן:

• 1 Kings 14:23
• 2 Kings 17:10
• Jeremiah 2:20
• Compare Deuteronomy 12:2; 2 Kings 16:4; 2 Chronicles 28:4 (these two + במות)
• Also Hosea 4:13; Jeremiah 13:27; Jeremiah 17:2; Ezekiel 6:13

3. Very commonly parallel with הר

Commonly parallel with הר in poetry and prophets:

• Deuteronomy 33:15
• Psalm 72:3; Psalm 114:4, 6; Psalm 148:9
• Songs 2:8; Songs 4:6
• Isaiah 2:2, 14; Isaiah 30:17, 25; Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 40:4, 12; Isaiah 41:15; Isaiah 42:15; Isaiah 54:10; Isaiah 55:12; Isaiah 65:7
• Jeremiah 3:23; Jeremiah 4:24; Jeremiah 16:16; Jeremiah 50:7
• Ezekiel 6:3; Ezekiel 34:6; Ezekiel 35:8; Ezekiel 36:4, 6
• Hosea 4:13; Hosea 10:8
• Joshua 4:18; Amos 9:13
• Micah 4:1; Micah 6:1
• Nahum 1:5; Habakkuk 3:6

Rarely in prose Deuteronomy 12:2. Sometimes as high and majestic (poetry) ג׳ עולם Genesis 49:26; Deuteronomy 33:15; Habakkuk 3:6 ('everlasting hills'); compare also Job 15:7; Proverbs 8:25 (with adjective high); see also Jeremiah 49:16.

4. Hills with special names

Hills with special names, some nearly or quite as proper names of a location:

• ג׳ מֹרֶה Judges 7:1 teacher's hill, in valley of Jezreel
• ג׳ הָעֲרָלוֺת Joshua 5:3 hill of the fore-skins
• ג׳ הָאֱלֹהִים 1 Samuel 10:5 (a designation of Gibeah)
• ג׳ הַחֲכִילָה 1 Samuel 23:19; 1 Samuel 26:1, 3
• ג׳ אַמָּה 2 Samuel 2:24
• ג׳ הַלְּבוֺנָה Songs 4:6 (i.e. hill where frankincense is grown)
• ג׳ גָּרֵב֑ Jeremiah 31:39
• ג׳ יְרוּשָׁלַם Isaiah 10:32; compare Isaiah 31:4 (where "" הַר־צִֿיּוֺן)
• ג׳ הַגְּבָעוֺת Zephaniah 1:10 hills on which Jerusalem stands

¹ C. H. Cornill, biblical critic.

² S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

Prep-M, Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: βουνοὶ βουνῶν βουνοῦ βουνὸν βουνῷ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1389:

βουνοὶ 12× (15.1%)

βουνῶν 10× (13.5%)

βουνοῦ 9× (13.4%)

βουνὸν 8× (12.7%)

βουνῷ 6× (7.3%)

βουνοὺσ 4× (5.7%)

βουνοῖσ 4× (4.5%)

θινῶν 3× (4.6%)

ὑπεράνω 2× (3.2%)

βουνὸσ 2× (3.0%)

ונהרו וְנָהֲרוּ

and they are sparkling

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נהר

nâhar

Definition

to sparkle, i.e. (figuratively) be cheerful; hence (from the sheen of a running stream) to flow, i.e. (figuratively) assemble

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to sparkle, i.e. (figuratively) be cheerful; hence (from the sheen of a running stream) to flow, i.e. (figuratively) assemble; flow (together), be lightened.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5102

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָהַר

verb • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 929

A root that interchanges with יָאֵר, showing y/n interchange.

נָהַר

verb • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 950

intransitive: to sparkle, to glitter. Metaphorically: to move rapidly to and fro, hence to lighten, to shine, to rejoice, to be cheerful. Also: to flow, to run, to ramble; hence to flock, to crowd to.

נָהַר

verb • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 951

(not used as a verb in Hebrew) Aramaic intransitive root, with derivatives such as נָהָר (river), נְהוֹר (light).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָהַר

verb • Page 177

To shine.

נָהַר

verb • Root נהר • Page 431

To run, flow, confluere. Used metaphorically of nations, Is. 2: 2, Jer. 31: 12, 51: 44. Construed with אֶל, Mic. 4: 1.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5102

I. נָהַר [נָהַר] verb — flow, stream.

Cognates:

• Arabic نهر run, flow
• Assyrian nûru stream, river¹
• Aramaic נַהֲרָא river

— נָהַר Qal Perfect 3 plural consecutive וְנָהֲרוּ Isaiah 2:2 (2 times); Imperfect 3 masculine plural יִנְהֲרוּ Jeremiah 51:44.

1. Meanings and Uses

Flow, stream, only figurative:

• Of restored Israel streaming (+ אֶל־טוּב י׳) Jeremiah 31:12
• Nations to (אֶל־) Bel Jeremiah 51:44
• To temple-hill at Jerusalem Isaiah 2:2 (+ אֵלָיו) = Micah 4:1 (+ עָלָיו)

¹ Dl^{HWB 440}.

II. נָהַר verb — shine, beam (Aramaic).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Assyrian nûru light¹
• Arabic نهار daytime
• Aramaic נְהַר shine
• Palmyrene נהירא illustrious²

— נָהַר Qal Perfect 2 feminine singular consecutive וְנָהַרְתּ Isaiah 60:5; 3 plural נָהָרוּ Psalm 34:6.

1. Meanings and Uses

Beam, be radiant, figurative of joy:

• Isaiah 60:5 (+ תִּרְאִי וְנ׳)
• Psalm 34:6 (+ הִבִּיטוּ אֵלָיו וְנ׳; read הַבִּיטוּ, וּנְהָרוּ according to ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ9 Che Bae Du)

¹ Dl^{HWB 440}.

² Vog^{Palm. No. 22}.

Aramaic

נְהַר (occurrences: 14) noun masculine — river (compare Biblical Hebrew I. נהר).

1. river
   • absolute נ׳ Daniel 7:10
   • emphatic נַהֲרָה Ezra 4:10, Ezra 4:11, Ezra 4:16
2. Specific usages
   • Of the Euphrates, in the phrase עֲבַר נ׳ Ezra 4:10, 11, 16 (10 times in Ezra)
   • In vision: נ׳ דִּי־נוּר Daniel 7:10 a river of fire

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person common plural

LXX: '' ἥξουσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5102a:

'' 2× (23.9%)

ἥξουσιν 2× (23.9%)

אליו אֵלָיו

toward himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H413

אֵל (nearly always followed by maqqeph), in poetry אֱלֵי (compare עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (1 Samuel 3:22; 1 Samuel 5:26; 1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 29:19), with suffix אֱלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֱלֶיךְ, etc. אֱלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 times) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often); once אֱלֵימוֹ Psalm 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Exodus 1:19 (Assyrian ilî, Arabic عربي), preposition denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).

Cognates:

• Assyrian ilî
• Arabic عربي

1. Motion to or unto a person or place

• Genesis 2:19, Genesis 2:22; Genesis 3:19; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 14:22; Genesis 16:9 etc.
• After every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though לְ is here more common) Genesis 21:14; Genesis 35:4; Deuteronomy 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Deuteronomy 37:36, etc.
• Metaphorical Jeremiah 2:19 וְלֹא פַּחַדְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (compare Job 31:23).
• Peculiarly Genesis 6:16 אֵל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc.
• And metaphor in the phrase אֵל (אֱלֵי) גִּיל unto exultation Hosea 9:11; Job 3:22.
• Once, exceptionally (si vera 1.) = even: Job 5:5 וְאֵל מִצִּגִּים יִקָּחֶהָ and even out of thorns he taketh it.
• Sometimes pregnant, as Isaiah 66:17; Jeremiah 41:7 זָנָה אֵל commit whoredom (by going) to Numbers 25:1; Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29; דָּרַשׁ אֵל seek (by resorting) to Deuteronomy 18:11; Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 11:10 +; חָבַר אֵל join together (& come) unto Genesis 14:3; הִשְׁכִּימוּ אֵל rise early (and go) to Genesis 19:27; Genesis 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֵל made to kneel down at; Genesis 47:18 תַּם אֵל i.e. has been made over to; מָחַד אֵל to come in fear to Hosea 3:5; Micah 7:17.
• Opposite is מִן, as מִן הַקָּצֶה אֵל הַקָּצֶה from end to end Exodus 26:28; מֵה אֵל מֵה Ezra 9:11 (synonym 2 Kings 21:16 מֵה לָפֶה).
• And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֵל עֵת 1 Chronicles 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֵל יוֹם Numbers 30:15 (P) 1 Chronicles 16:23 (in the Psalm 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).

2. Where the limit is actually entered, into

• Genesis 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark Genesis 7:1; Genesis 19:3; Genesis 41:21; Genesis 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting Genesis 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיכוּ) Genesis 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֵל בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Exodus 28:30 (Leviticus 8:8) Deuteronomy 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Genesis 49:29; שָׁחַט to squeeze Genesis 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Numbers 5:23, etc.; metaphor Genesis 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׁם אֵל לֵב, הָשִׁיב to place, bring into ( = lay to ) heart Deuteronomy 4:39; 2 Samuel 19:20 and elsewhere In connection with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 Samuel 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֵל הַכְּלִים in among the baggage, Jeremiah 4:3 sow not אֵל קֹצִים in among thorns.

3. Of direction towards anything

• (a) Of physical acts or states, as Genesis 30:40 נָתַן מִנִּי הַצֹּאן אֵל, Genesis 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֵל, Exodus 25:20; Numbers 6:26, נָשָׂא פָּנָיו אֵל (2 Kings 9:32 differently), 2 Kings 24:1 שָׁת מִנִּיו אֵל, Joshua 8:18; Psalm 28:2; 1 Kings 8:29, 1 Kings 8:30 (to pray towards) 1 Kings 8:38; pregnantly חָרַד אֵל to tremble (turning) to Genesis 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֵל to wonder (turning) towards Genesis 43:33; Isaiah 13:8, מָחַד אֵל Jeremiah 36:16: without a verb מֵנִּים אֵל מֵנִּים face to face Genesis 32:31 +; מֵה אֵל מֵה Numbers 12:8; כִּאֲיִנֵּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).
• (b) With words such as אָמַר to say to Genesis 3:1 + often, דִּבֵּר Genesis 8:15 + often, קָרָא Genesis 19:5, הִגִּיד Genesis 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to Genesis 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to Genesis 12:15 (compare Ezekiel 13:19 חִלֵּל אֵל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר Ezekiel 40:14.
• (c) With words expressing the direction of the mind, as קָוָה to wait Psalm 27:14 +; יָחַל to hope Isaiah 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֵל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; שָׁם לֵב אֵל, שִׁית to set the heart (mind) to Exodus 9:21 and elsewhere; לָמַד אֵל to accustom oneself to Jeremiah 10:2; חָרַד אֵל to shew fear towards 2 Kings 4:13; Genesis 43:30; Deuteronomy 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).

4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, against

• Genesis 4:8 אֵל הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 Samuel 24:8) 1 Samuel 22:12; Exodus 14:5; Numbers 32:14; with נִקַּם Joshua 10:6, הָלַךְ Judges 1:10; Judges 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Genesis 42:21; Judges 9:57; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Kings 14:10 +; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֵלִי Isaiah 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֵל) Hosea 7:15 (compare Nahum 1:9) Hosea 12:5 וַיָּשַׁר אֵל מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in particular the phrase הִנְנִי אֵל Behold I am against (thee, you, etc.) Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Jeremiah 21:13 (Jeremiah 23:30-32 עַל) Jeremiah 50:31; Jeremiah 51:25; Ezekiel 13:8, Ezekiel 13:20; Ezekiel 21:8; Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:22; Ezekiel 34:10; Ezekiel 35:3; Ezekiel 38:3; Ezekiel 39:1 (Ezekiel 5:8; Ezekiel 26:3; Ezekiel 28:22; Ezekiel 29:3 עַל: on Ezekiel 36:9 see above)

5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

• As Leviticus 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֵל אֲחֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Joshua 13:22 (Numbers 31:8 עַל); 1 Samuel 14:34 at eat אֵל הַחֹם together with the blood (1 Samuel 14:32 & Generally עַל); 1 Kings 10:7 הוֹסַף אֵל (generally עַל); Jeremiah 25:26; Ezekiel 7:26 שְׁמֻעָה אֵל שְׁמֻעָה (עַל); Ezekiel 44:7; Lamentations 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֵל כַּפֵּינוּ our hearts together with the hands (compare Arabic عربي, Qor 4:2; W AG ii. § 51 c).

6. Metaphor in regard to, concerning, on account of

• Thus הִתְאַבֵּל אֵל to mourn concerning 1 Samuel 15:35; הִנָּחֵם אֵל to repent as regards 2 Samuel 24:16; הִתְפַּלֵּל אֵל to pray with regard to 1 Samuel 1:27; 2 Kings 19:20; צָעַק אֵל to cry 2 Kings 8:3 (2 Kings 8:5 עַל); נֶעֱצַב אֵל be pained 1 Samuel 20:34; נִחַם אֵל to comfort 2 Samuel 10:2; more Generally 1 Kings 16:13; 1 Kings 21:22; אֵל נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one's life 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 7:7 (Genesis 19:17 עַל). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר אֵל Genesis 20:2; Isaiah 29:22; Isaiah 37:21, Isaiah 37:33 +; דִּבֵּר אֵל 2 Samuel 7:19; Jeremiah 40:16 b; סִמֵּר אֵל Psalm 2:7; Psalm 69:27; צָוָה אֵל Isaiah 23:11; שָׁמַע אֵל Ezekiel 19:4; הַשְׁמֻעָה אֵל the report regarding . . . 1 Samuel 4:19. (Not frequently, ext. in the case of אָמַר.)

7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare)

• אֵל מִצְוָה according to the command of, Joshua 15:13; Joshua 17:4; Joshua 21:3 (generally עַל מִצְוָה); אֵל נָבוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4 (see Dr); perhaps Psalm 5:1; Psalm 80:1 (Psalm 45:1 עַל).

8. Expressing presence at a spot, against; at, by

• Not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (compare 1), as Joshua 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֵל מֵי מְרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 Samuel 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 Samuel 2:23 and elsewhere and smote him אֵל הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Deuteronomy 33:28; Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7; but also in other cases, as Joshua 5:3 and he circumcised the Israelites אֵל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלִים at the hill of the foreskins, Joshua 22:11 have built an altar אֵל גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Judges 12:6; 2 Samuel 3:32, 2 Samuel 14:30 & 2 Samuel 18:4 אֵל יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 Kings 13:20 as they were sitting אֵל הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 Kings 11:14 אֵל הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Jeremiah 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., Jeremiah 46:10 אֵל נְהַר מְרָתַיִם by the Euphrates, Ezekiel 3:15; Ezekiel 11:11; Ezekiel 17:8; Ezekiel 31:7; Ezekiel 40:18; Ezekiel 43:3; Ezekiel 47:7; Ezekiel 48:12.

9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

• Thus אֵל אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18, 2 Kings 9:19 סֹב אֵל אַחֲרֵי turn to behind me, Zechariah 6:5 (where אֵל is pleonastic, probably due to clerical error; note יָצָא אֵל before & after); אֵל בֵּין in between Ezekiel 31:10, Ezekiel 31:14; אֱל בֵּינֹת similarly Ezekiel 10:2; אֵל בֵּית to (the part) within (see below בַּיִת), in within Leviticus 16:15; 2 Kings 11:15 have her forth in within the ranks; אֵל מוּל see מוּל; אֵל מִנֶּגֶב to the south of Joshua 15:3; אֵל מִחוּץ to the outside of Leviticus 4:12, Leviticus 4:21 +; אֵל נֹכַח to the front of Numbers 19:4; אֵל תַּחַת Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6 and elsewhere (see below תַּחַת).

Note I. — In Genesis 20:13 אֵל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה וְג׳; Numbers 33:54 אֵל אֲשֶׁר וְג׳; Proverbs 17:8 (compare Deuteronomy 16:6); — אֵל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֵל to be used instead of בְּ. In Deuteronomy 31:14 אֱלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אֵל III or IV (q. v.); if the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

Note 2. — There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Joshua 5:14 וַיִּמָּל אֵל מָנָיִו; 1 Samuel 13:13 אַתְּמַמְלֵאתָּ אֵלִי שְׂרָאֵל; 1 Samuel 14:34 (see below 5); 1 Samuel 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֵל הָהָר (contracted עַל הָהָר Deuteronomy 11:29); Deuteronomy 19:16; 2 Samuel 6:3; 2 Samuel 20:23 (contracted 2 Samuel 8:16) 1 Kings 13:29; 1 Kings 18:46 (contracted 2 Kings 3:15 עַל) Jeremiah 35:15; Ezekiel 7:18. (b) Judges 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, Judges 6:39 let there be dryness on (אֵל) the fleece; 1 Samuel 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, 1 Samuel 14:12 come up אֱלֵינוּ; 1 Samuel 16:23 & 1 Samuel 16:16 & 1 Samuel 18:10 צָלַח אֵל, 1 Samuel 10:6 and elsewhere צָלַח עַל; 1 Samuel 25:17 evil is determined אֵל אֲדֹנִינוּ וְעַל כָּל בֵּיתוֹ; 1 Samuel 25:25; 1 Samuel 27:10; 2 Samuel 2:9 וַיַּמְלֵךְ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳; 2 Samuel 3:29 יָחֻל עַל וְאֵל; 2 Kings 8:3 & 2 Kings 8:5; Jeremiah 19:15; Jeremiah 25:2; Jeremiah 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֵל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; Jeremiah 27:19; Jeremiah 28:8; Jeremiah 33:14; Jeremiah 34:7; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 37:13, Jeremiah 37:14; Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11 & Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 21:12 etc. Psalm 79:6 (Jeremiah 10:25 עַל twice). It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל, as 1 Samuel 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (1 Samuel 1:26 אֵל); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 25:25 אֵל עַל; 1 Kings 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל בֵּיתוֹ (1 Kings 21:4 אֵל); Isaiah 22:15; Jeremiah 11:2; Jeremiah 23:35; Jeremiah 31:12. compare Dr Sm i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

¹ If the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

² There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences.

³ It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers.

⁴ Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל.

⁵ Compare Driver, Samuel, i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

Preposition, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

כל כָּל־

all

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כל

kôl

Definition

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

Root

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from H3634 (כלל);

Exhaustive

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from כלל; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense); (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3605

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּל

noun / masculine • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 695

Properly 'all, whole, totality'. 1. Used adjectivally to mean 'all' or 'the whole of', as in 'all the earth'. 2. Describes a plurality of individual persons or things, translated as 'all'.

כֹּל

substantive / adverb • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 696

A substantive meaning all, the whole, every, any. When used with a negative, it means none at all. It can also function as an adverb meaning wholly or altogether.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּל

chald. • Page 316

Same as Hebrew (all, every). Often appears with Makkeph as -כֹּל. References: Dan. 2:40, 4:9, 18, 25.

כֹּל

m. verbal • Root כלל • Page 315

A substantive meaning 'all', 'the whole', or 'totality'. Frequently used as an adjective (Jer. 33:8). 1. all. 2. every one.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3605

I. כֹּל (approximate number of occurrences: 5415) noun masculine — the whole, all (once כּוֹל Jeremiah 33:8 Kt.).

Cognates:

• Moabite, Phoenician id.
• Aramaic כּוּל, כֹּל
• Arabic كل
• Sabean כל (compare DHM¹)
• Ethiopic ኩሉ
• Assyrian kullatu

— כֹּל absolute; construct כֹּל Genesis 2:5, Genesis 2:16, Genesis 2:20; כֹּל־ Psalm 138:2; more usually כָּל־ (with makkaph: without it, Psalm 35:10; Proverbs 19:7; Kö²); suffix 2 masculine singular in pause כֻּלָּךְ Micah 2:12; 2 feminine singular כֻּלֵּךְ Isaiah 14:29, Isaiah 14:31, כֻּלָּךְ Isaiah 22:1; Song of Solomon 4:7; 3 masculine singular כֻּלֹּה 2 Samuel 2:9 (Dr³) + 17 times, כֻּלּוֹ Genesis 25:25 + 16 times; 3 feminine singular כֻּלָּהּ Genesis 13:10 + 15 times, כֻּלָּא Ezekiel 36:5; 1 plural כֻּלָּנוּ (16 times); 2 plural כֻּלְּכֶם (18 times); 3 masculine plural כֻּלָּם (often), כּוּלָּם Jeremiah 31:34, כֻּלָּ֑הַם 2 Samuel 23:6 (and Jeremiah 15:10 כֻּלְּהֶם); 3 feminine plural כֻּלָּ֫נָה Genesis 42:36; Proverbs 31:29; כֻּלָּֽהְנָה 1 Kings 7:37.

1. With following Genitive

a. The whole of, all, every

• Genesis 2:2 כָּל־צְבָאָם (the whole of their host)
• Genesis 2:13 כָּל־אֶרֶץ כּוּשׁ (the whole of the land of Kush)
• כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה (the whole of the night)
• כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל (the whole of Israel)
• Deuteronomy 4:29 בְּכָל־לְבָֽבְךָ (with all thy heart)
• With plural nouns: Genesis 5:5 כל־ימי אדם (all the days of Adam); Genesis 37:35 כל־בניו (all his sons); Isaiah 2:2 כל־הגוים (all the nations); Genesis 43:9 כל הימים (continually)
• In poetry, noun may be undetermined: כָּל־יָדַיִם (every hand) Isaiah 13:7; Jeremiah 48:37; Ezekiel 21:12; כל־פנים (every face) Isaiah 25:8

b. Followed by singular, understood collectively

• Genesis 1:21 את כל נפשׁ החיה (every living soul)
• Genesis 2:9 כל עץ נחמד (every kind of tree)
• Genesis 6:12 כָּל־בָּשָׂר (all flesh)
• Numbers 12:3; Judges 16:17 כל האדם (the whole of mankind)
• Exodus 1:22 כל־הבן (all the sons)
• In late Hebrew: בְּכָל־דּוֹר וָדוֹר Psalm 45:18; Esther 9:28; בכל־עיר ועיר 2 Chronicles 11:12

c. Genitive as a relative sentence

• Introduced by אשׁר: Genesis 1:31 את כל אשׁר עשׂה (all that he had made); Joshua 1:7 בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵךְ (wheresoever thou goest)
• Rarely with ellipse of relative: Genesis 39:4 וְכָל־יֶשׁ־לוֹ; Psalm 71:18 לְכָל־יָבוֹא

d. Idiomatic use with suffixes

• Placing suffix after the word qualified: 2 Samuel 2:9 יִשְׂרָאֵל כֻּלֹּה (Israel, all of it); Isaiah 14:29 פלשׁת כלך (Philistia, all of thee!)
• Suffix of 3ms used for the mass: Exodus 14:7 עַל־כֻּלּוֹ (upon all of them); Psalm 29:9 כֻּלּוֹ אֹמֵר כָּבוֹד (every one says, Glory!)

e. Affirming or denying of an entire class (any/none)

• Comparative: Genesis 3:1 מכל חית השׂדה (than any beast of the field)
• With negative (none): Exodus 12:16 כל־מלאכה לא יעשׂה (no work shall be done); Psalm 143:2 כי לא־יצדק לפניך כל־חי (for no living thing is righteous before thee)

f. Anomalous gender

feminine very anomalously, severed from its Genitive: 2 Samuel 1:9 כִּי־כָל־עוֹד נַפְשִׁי בִי; Job 27:3; Hosea 14:3 כָּל־תִּשָּׂא עָוֺן.

2. Absolutely

a. Without the article (all things, all)

• Genesis 9:3 את כֹּל; Genesis 16:12 וְיַד כֹּל בּוֹ; Numbers 11:6 אֵין כֹּל (there is nothing)
• Isaiah 44:24 עשֶֹׁה כֹּל (maker of all things); Proverbs 16:4
• As Comprehensive Genitive: Ezekiel 44:30 כָּל־בִּכּוּרֵי כֹל

b. With article (הַכֹּל)

• Referring to things just mentioned: Exodus 29:24 ושׂמת הַכֹּל; Leviticus 1:9; 1 Samuel 30:19 הַכֹּל השׁיב דוד
• In wider sense (the universe, to pan): Jeremiah 10:16 כי יוצר הַכֹּל הוא; Psalm 103:19
• In Ecclesiastes (often): Ecclesiastes 1:2; Ecclesiastes 12:8 הַכֹּל הֶבֶל

Aramaic

I. כֹּל, כָּל־ noun masculine the whole, all (Biblical Hebrew כֹּל).

1. The whole of, all
   • כֹּל חַכִּימֵי בָבֶל Daniel 2:12
   • כל־מלכותא Daniel 6:4
   • suffix 3 masculine plural כָּלְּהוֹן Daniel 2:38; Daniel 7:19
2. With a singular noun, understood collectively (every, any, none)
   • Daniel 3:29 דִּי כָל־עַם (that every people)
   • Daniel 6:8 מִן־כָּל־אֱלָה (of any god)
   • Daniel 2:10 כל־מלך... לא (no king)
   • כָּל־דִּי (whoever/whatever) Daniel 6:8; Ezra 7:23
3. Emphatic כֹּלָּא (absolutely, all things)
   • Daniel 2:40 חָשֵׁל כֹּלָּא (crushing all things)
   • Daniel 4:9, Daniel 4:18 וּמָזוֹן לְכֹלָּא־בֵהּ
   • Daniel 4:25 כֹּלָּא מְטָא (all came upon...)

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

² Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πάντα πᾶσ πάντεσ πᾶν πάντασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3605:

πάντα 921× (17.0%)

πᾶσ 451× (8.4%)

πάντεσ 441× (8.4%)

πᾶν 351× (6.5%)

πάντασ 297× (5.6%)

πᾶσαν 267× (4.9%)

πάντων 242× (4.4%)

πάσασ 230× (4.4%)

--- 227× (4.5%)

πᾶσα 214× (4.0%)

הגוים הַגּוֹיִם׃

the Nations

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גוי

gôwy

Definition

a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts

Root

rarely (shortened) גי; apparently from the same root as H1465 (גוה) (in the sense of massing);

Exhaustive

rarely (shortened) גי; apparently from the same root as גוה (in the sense of massing); a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts; Gentile, heathen, nation, people.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1471

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גּוֹי

noun masculine • Root גוה • Strongs / High • Page 312

1. The body, properly belly; figuratively a being or person. 2. A connected mass, hence people, populace; most frequently a non-Israelite or heathen people; also a troop or flock of animals.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גּוֹי

noun masculine • Page 132

1. people, nation, in the widest sense. 2. especially foreign nations, those not Hebrew. References: Zeph. 2:9, Deut. 32:43, Joel 1:6, Prov. 30:25.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1471

I. גּוֺי (approximate number of occurrences: 561) noun masculine — nation, people.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id. Gentiles
• Phoenician גו community
• Sabean גו id.¹

— גּוֺי absolute Genesis 12:2 (121 times); suffix 1 singular גּוֺיִ Zephaniah 2:9, גּוֺיֶ֑ךָ Psalm 106:5, גּוֺיֵךְ Kt Ezekiel 36:13, 14, 15 (Qr wrongly גּוֺיַיִךְ compare Co²); plural גּוֺיִם Genesis 10:5 (410 times) + Qr Genesis 25:23; Psalm 79:10 (Kt גיים) + 6 times Ezekiel; construct גּוֺיֵי Genesis 18:18 (8 times), גּוֺיֵ 2 Chronicles 32:13, Ezra 6:21; suffix גּוֺיֵהֶם Genesis 10:5, 20, 31, 32.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Specifically of descendants of Abraham

• (+ גּוֺי גָּדוֺל) Genesis 12:2 (Jehovist Source)
• גּוֺיִם Genesis 17:6; הֲמוֺן גּוֺיִם Genesis 17:4, 15 (Priests' Code)
• Of Sarah גּוֺיִם Genesis 17:16 (Priests' Code)
• Of Ishmael גּוֺי Genesis 21:13 (Elohist Source)
• Of Jacob גּוֺי וּקְהַל גּוֺיִם Genesis 35:11 (Priests' Code)
• Of Jacob and Esau as two nations Genesis 25:23 (Jehovist Source)

b. Definitely of Israel

• Exodus 19:6 (+ גּוֺי קָדוֺשׁ); Exodus 33:13 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 4:6 (+ הַגּוֺי הַגָּדוֺל הַזֶּה)
• Psalm 33:12; Jeremiah 31:36; Ezekiel 37:22
• In narrative: Joshua 3:17; Joshua 4:1; Joshua 5:8 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Of Israel and Judah as two nations Ezekiel 35:10; Ezekiel 37:22
• Of Israel/Judah as sinful: Isaiah 1:4; Jeremiah 5:9, 29; Malachi 3:9

c. Usually of non-Hebrew peoples (heathen)

• Exodus 9:24; Exodus 34:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Leviticus 25:44 (Holiness Code)
• Opposed to Israel as עַם י׳: 2 Samuel 7:23; 1 Chronicles 17:21
• גְּלִיל הַגּוֺיִם circle or district of the nations Isaiah 8:23
• חֲרשֶׁת הַגּוֺיִם Charosheth of the nations Judges 4:2, 13, 16
• מֶלֶךְ גּוֺיִם לְגִלְגָּל king of nations belonging to Gilgal Joshua 12:23

2. Figurative usage

• Of swarm of locusts Joel 1:6
• Of all species of beasts Zephaniah 2:14

3. Proper name

גּוֺיִם proper name of a people Genesis 14:1, 9 in phrase תִּדְעָל מֶלֶךְ גּוֺיִם Tid`al king of Goim; probably a Babylonian or Elamitic name corrupted.³

¹ Müller, D. H., Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1883, p. 348.

² Cornill, C. H., Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

³ H. Rawlinson proposes Gutî, a people northeast of Babylonia; compare Schrader, Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (COT); Delitzsch, F., Wo lag das Paradies? (Pa).

Particle definite article, Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: ἔθνη ἐθνῶν ἔθνεσιν ἔθνοσ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H1471a:

ἔθνη 194× (34.6%)

ἐθνῶν 125× (22.1%)

ἔθνεσιν 88× (13.3%)

ἔθνοσ 76× (14.1%)

'' 18× (3.0%)

ἔθνουσ 13× (2.3%)

ἔθνει 8× (1.5%)

pἀπὸ 4× (0.8%)

--- 4× (0.8%)

λαὸσ 4× (0.7%)

RBT Translation:

and he has become in the last the Days he who is erected he is becoming mountain house He Is in the head the Mountains and he has carried from the hills and they are sparkling toward himself the whole the Nations

RBT Paraphrase:
And he has become in the last one of the Manifestations one who is erected up. He is becoming a mountain in the house He Who Is within the head of the Mountains, and he has carried from the hills, and all of the Nations are sparkling toward himself.

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And it was in the last days, the mountain of the house of Jehovah shall be prepared upon the head of the mountains, and lifted up above the hills; and all nations flowed to it.

LITV Translation:
And it shall be in the last days, the mountain of the house of Jehovah shall be established in the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow into it.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
For in the last days the mountain of the Lord shall be glorious, and the house of God shall be on the top of the mountains, and it shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall come to it.