Isaiah 17:4

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

והיה וְהָיָה

and he has become

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

ביום בַּיּוֹם

within the Manifestation/Day

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3117

I. יוֺם (approximate number of occurrences: 2285) noun masculine — day.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic יומָא
• Phoenician ים
• Moabite Inscription¹ ימן
• Siloam Inscription² ים
• Zinjirli יום
• Palmyrene יום
• Arabic يوم
• Ethiopic ዮም
• Sabean יום, ים
• Assyrian ummu, ûmu

— יוֺם absolute Genesis 1:5 +; construct Genesis 2:4 +; suffix יוֺמְךָ Jeremiah 50:31; יוֺמוֺ Exodus 5:13 (22 times); יוֺמָם Jeremiah 50:27; dual יוֺמַ֫יִם Exodus 21:21, יוֺמָ֑יִם Exodus 16:29; plural יָמִים Genesis 4:3 +; יָמִין (Aramaic form) Daniel 12:13; construct יְמֵי Genesis 3:14 +; יְמוֺת Deuteronomy 32:7, Psalm 90:15; suffix יָמַי Job 7:6 + etc.

1. Day, opposed to night

• Genesis 7:12, 14; Genesis 8:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 1:5, 14, 16, 18 (Priestly Code)
• חֹם הַיּוֺם the heat of the day Genesis 18:1 (Jehovist Source); 1 Samuel 11:11
• עוֺד גָּדוֺל הַיּוֺם the day is still high Genesis 29:7 (Jehovist Source)
• רוּחַ הַיּוֺם cool of the day Genesis 3:8
• מַחֲצִית הַיּוֺם mid-day Nehemiah 8:3
• עַד נְטוֺת הַיּוֺם until the declining of the day Judges 19:8

2. Day as division of time

a. Working-day

• Exodus 20:9–10 (Elohist Source) = Deuteronomy 5:18
• יְמֵי הַמַּעֲשֶׂה Ezekiel 46:1

b. Day's journey

• דֶּרֶךְ יוֺם Numbers 11:31 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים a three days' journey Genesis 30:36; Exodus 3:18 (Jehovist Source)

c. Duration of acts or states

• forty days Genesis 7:17; Genesis 8:6 (Jehovist Source)
• שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים לַיְלָה וָיוֺם Esther 4:16

e. Day of month

• Genesis 7:11; Genesis 8:4, 14 (Priestly Code)
• Haggai 1:1, 15

f. Defined by substantive or clause

• יוֺם הַשֶּׁלֶג the snowy day 2 Samuel 23:20
• יוֺם הֻלֶּדֶת birthday Genesis 40:20 (Elohist Source)

i. Holy day

• יוֺם הַשַּׁבָּת the sabbath day Exodus 20:8 (Elohist Source)
• יוֺם הַכִּמֻּרים Leviticus 23:27

3. Day of Yahweh

יוֺם יְהוָה day of Yahweh, chiefly as time of his coming in judgment:

• Amos 5:18, 20
• Zephaniah 1:7, 14
• יוֺם עֶבְרַת יְהוָה Zephaniah 1:18
• יוֺם נָקָם Isaiah 34:8

4. Plural: days as lifetime or age

• Genesis 6:3 (Jehovist Source)
• כָּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ all the days of thy life Genesis 3:14, 17 (Jehovist Source)
• בָּא בַּיָּמִים advanced in days (age) Genesis 18:11; Genesis 24:1 (Jehovist Source)
• אֹרֶךְ יָמִים length of days Proverbs 3:2, 16

5. Indefinite or ancient time

• יָמִים אֲחָדִים some days, a few days Genesis 27:44 (Jehovist Source)
• יְמוֺת עוֺלָם days of old Deuteronomy 32:7
• יְמֵי קֶדֶם Micah 7:20
• אַחֲרִית הַיּוֺם coming time Proverbs 31:25

6. Time or Year

• חֹדֶשׁ יָמִים a month of time Genesis 29:14 (Jehovist Source)
• זֶבַךְ הַיָּמִים yearly sacrifice 1 Samuel 1:21; 2:19
• מִיָּמִים יָמִ֫ימָה from year to year, yearly Exodus 13:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

7. Particular Phrases

a. Today

• הַיּוֺם to-day Genesis 4:14; Genesis 31:43

c. Lo! days are coming

• הִנֵּה יָמִים בָּאִים Amos 4:2; Jeremiah 7:32

f. Always / Continually

feminine כָּל הַיָּמִים always, continually:

• Genesis 43:9 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 4:40; Deuteronomy 6:24

g. On a particular day

• בַּיּוֺם הַהוּא on that day Genesis 15:18
• עַד הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה until this day Genesis 26:33 (Jehovist Source); Joshua 4:9

h. As daily

masculine עַל יוֺם טוֺב upon a good day 1 Samuel 25:8.

¹ MI: Moabite Inscription (Mesha Stele).

² SI: Siloam Inscription.

³ COT: Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament).

⁴ J: Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁵ E: Elohist Source.

⁶ P: Priestly Code / Narrative.

⁷ D: Deuteronomic Source.

⁸ H: Holiness Code.

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

ההוא הַהוּא

Himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הוא

hûwʼ

Definition

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are

Root

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is היא; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular;

Exhaustive

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is היא; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular; he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are; he, as for her, him(-self), it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they, this, those, which (is), who.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1931

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הוּא

personal pronoun • Root הו • Strongs / High • Page 392

Personal pronoun, 3rd person singular masculine: he, it. It can also be used for emphasis (he himself), as a demonstrative (this, that), to indicate self, or to strengthen other pronouns (I myself, thou thyself).

הוּא

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 393

Personal pronoun, 3rd person singular masculine: he, it. Can also mean 'the same', 'himself'. It is also used as a designation for God, and can include the verb 'to be'.

הוּא

aramaic personal pronoun (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 393

Aramaic personal pronoun of the 3rd person, he.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הוּא

chald. • Page 178

idem. behold, as for as simply. So in Syr. Dan. 2:43.

הוּא

pronoun • Page 182

1. he, and as a neuter it. In the Pentateuch, used for both genders. 2. self, same, selfsame. Is. 7:14, Ps. 44:5. 3. serves as the substantive verb 'to be' (copula). Is. 43:25. Also used as 'thou (art) the same' in 2 Sam. 7:28.

הוּא

chald. pron. • Page 182

idem (the same). Dan. 2:21.

הוּא

chald. • Page 182

see הֲוָה.

הוּא

unknown • Page 217

see הָוָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1931

I. הוּא masculine, הִיא feminine (approximate number of occurrences: 440) — pronoun of the 3rd person singular; he, she, it (Latin is, ea, id).

Cognates:

• Moabite הא
• Phoenician הא
• Aramaic of Zinjirli הא, הו
• Aramaic (Targum) הוּא, הִיא
• Syriac ܗܘ, ܗܝ
• Arabic هو, هي
• Ethiopic ውእቱ (weʾetū), ይእቲ (yeʾetī)
• Assyrian šû, šî

— הוּא masculine; הִיא feminine; plural masculine הֵ֫מָּה, הֵם; plural feminine הֵ֫נָּה, הֵן; variant הוּ Jeremiah 29:23 Kethibh.

In the Pentateuch, הוא is frequently of common Gender, the feminine form הִיא occurring only 11 times, namely Genesis 14:2; Genesis 20:5; Genesis 38:25, Leviticus 11:39; Leviticus 13:10, 21; Leviticus 16:31; Leviticus 20:17; Leviticus 21:9; Numbers 5:13, 14. The punctuators however pointed it הִוא as a Qr perpetuum. Outside the Pentateuch the same Qr occurs 1 Kings 17:15; Isaiah 30:33; Job 31:11.

1. Emphatic pronoun (he, she, it, they)

a. Used for emphasis or contrast

• Genesis 3:15 הוא ישׁופך ראשׁ he (αὐτὸς) shall bruise thee (opposed to אתה thou)
• Genesis 3:20 for she was the mother of all living
• Judges 14:3; Psalm 24:2; Psalm 33:9; Job 5:18; Hosea 6:1 (in causal sentences)
• Genesis 2:11 הוּא הַסֹּבֵב that is the one which encompasseth
• Genesis 14:3 הוּא יָם הַמֶּלַח that is the salt sea

b. Pointing back to subject and contrasting it

• Genesis 4:4 הבל גסהֿוא Abel, he also
• Genesis 20:5 וְהִיאגַֿםהִֿוא and she, herself also said

c. Appended alone to a verb for intentional emphasis

• Exodus 4:14 כי דבר ידבר הוא that he can speak
• 1 Samuel 22:18 ויפגע הוא בכהנים and he smote the priests
• Isaiah 7:14 הוא אֲדֹנָי

d. Joined with another subject

• Genesis 13:1 הוּא וְאִשְׁתּוֺ himself and his wife
• Genesis 14:15 הוּא וַעֲבָדָיו he and his servants

2. Resumes the subject with emphasis

a. When the predicate is a verb

• Genesis 15:4 הוּא יִירָשֶׁ֑ךָ he shall be thy heir
• Genesis 3:12 הוא נתנה לי she gave to me
• Isaiah 63:5; Psalm 68:36

b. When the predicate is a noun (acting as copula)

• Genesis 2:14 הוּא פְרָת it was the Euphrates
• Deuteronomy 4:35 יהוה הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים Yahweh, he is God
• Joshua 13:14, 33; Hosea 11:5

3. Following the predicate (minimum emphasis)

a. Simple assertion

• Genesis 12:18 כי אשׁתך הוא that she was thy wife
• Genesis 21:13 כי זרעך הוא for he is thy seed
• Genesis 31:20 כִּי בֹרֵחַ הוּא

b. After a casus pendens

• Genesis 31:16 לנו הוא it is ours
• Exodus 3:5 אַדְמַת קֹדֶשׁ הוּא it is holy ground
• Genesis 41:26 חלום פרעה אחד הוא the dream of Pharaoh is one

4. Anticipating the subject

a. Preceding the subject

• Songs 6:9 אַחַת הִיא יוֺנָתִי one is she, my dove
• Leviticus 25:11; Lamentations 1:18

b. Following interrogative or demonstrative pronouns

• 2 Samuel 7:28 אַתָּה הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים Thou art he — God
• Psalm 44:5 אתה הוא מלכי thou art he — my king
• Psalm 24:10 מִי הוּא זֶה who is he, then?
• 1 Chronicles 22:1 זֶה הֿוּא

5. Of God as "He" (the Self-Existent)

As an emphatic predicate, "I am He," the Self-consistent Ruler:

• Deuteronomy 32:39 אֲנִי אֲנִי הוּא I, I am he
• Isaiah 41:4; Isaiah 43:10, 13
• Psalm 102:28 ואתה הוא thou art he (σὺ δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς εἶ)

6. In a neuter sense (that, it)

a. Referring to a matter or action

• Joshua 2:21 כֶּן הֿוּא so be it
• Genesis 42:14 הוא אשׁר דברתי that is what I said
• Job 8:19 הן הוא משׂושׂ דרכו lo that is the joy of his way

b. Affirming existence

• 2 Kings 18:36 כִּי מִצְוַת הַמֶּלֶךְ הִיא for it was the king's command
• Jeremiah 51:6, 11

7. With the article (that, those)

Joined to a substantive defined by the article:

• Genesis 2:12 הָאָרֶץ הַהִוא that land
• Genesis 19:35 ובלילה ההוא in that night
• Genesis 21:22 בָּעֵת הַהִוא at that time
• Genesis 19:33 (anomalous בַּלַּיְלָה הוּא)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

² MI = Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone).

³ Wright, Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W SG).

⁴ Delitzsch, Assyrian Grammar (Dl).

⁵ S. R. Driver, Hebrew Tenses and 1 Samuel (Dr).

Particle definite article, Pronoun personal third person masculine singular

LXX: αὐτὸσ ἐστιν ἐκείνῃ οὗτοσ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H1931:

αὐτὸσ 321× (16.5%)

ἐστιν 260× (13.7%)

ἐκείνῃ 197× (10.6%)

οὗτοσ 160× (8.4%)

--- 103× (5.6%)

ἐκείνῳ 67× (3.6%)

ἐστίν 54× (2.9%)

ἐστὶν 54× (2.7%)

'' 50× (2.3%)

τοῦτο 42× (2.2%)

ידל יִדַּל

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דלל

dâlal

Definition

to slacken or be feeble; figuratively, to be oppressed

Root

a primitive root (compare H1802 (דלה));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare דלה); to slacken or be feeble; figuratively, to be oppressed; bring low, dry up, be emptied, be not equal, fail, be impoverished, be made thin.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1809

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּלַל

verb • Root דלל • Strongs / High • Page 369

I. intr. 1. to wave, to totter (to and fro), to be insecure, hence figurat. of men, to be loose, poor, wretched, unfortunate, weak; of rivers, to be dried up, to be drained, along with חָרַב. 2. to hang (a swinging from side to side), spoken of miners letting themselves down.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּלַל

verb • Page 166

1. To be exhausted, emptied. Is. 19: 6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1809

I. דָּלַל verb — hang, be low, languish.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew Hiph`il דָּלַל thin, thin out vines
• Assyrian dalālu, be weak, humble¹
• Arabic دلّ direct, guide
• Arabic دلّ be directed, guided
• Arabic دلدل put in motion, commotion
• Arabic تدلدل be in motion, hang, dangle
• Arabic دلال amorous, coquettish behaviour of women

1. Qal

— Perfect דֵּלֹּתִי Psalm 116:6; דַּלּוֺתִי Psalm 142:7; 1 plural דַּלּוֺנוּ Psalm 79:8; דָּֽלֲלוּ Isaiah 19:6; דַּלּוּ Isaiah 38:14, Job 28:4 (on דַּלְיוּ Proverbs 26:7 compare דָּלָה).

a. hang, 'depend'

• Job 28:4 (of one descending a miner's shaft; "" נָעוּ)

b. be low, of streams

• Isaiah 19:6 ("" חָֽרְבוּ)

c. be low, brought low, metaphor of distress

• Psalm 79:8
• Psalm 116:6
• Psalm 142:7

d. languish, of eyes

• Isaiah 38:14 (look languishingly, Che²)

2. Niph`al

— Imperfect יִדַּל Isaiah 17:4; וַיִּדַּל Judges 6:6.

a. be brought low, laid low

• Judges 6:6 (figurative of Israel)
• Isaiah 17:4 (of glory of Jacob)

¹ H. Zimmern, Babylonische Busspsalmen (1885), pp. 74, 97.

² T. K. Cheyne, The Prophecies of Isaiah (1880).

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐταπεινώθην

LXX Usage Statistics

H1809:

ἐταπεινώθην 2× (23.0%)

כבוד כְּבוֹד

glory

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כבוד

kâbôwd

Definition

properly, weight, but only figuratively in a good sense, splendor or copiousness

Root

rarely כבד; from H3513 (כבד);

Exhaustive

rarely כבד; from כבד; properly, weight, but only figuratively in a good sense, splendor or copiousness; glorious(-ly), glory, honour(-able).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3519

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כָּבוֹד

noun • Root כבד • Strongs / High • Page 673

honour, fame, renown, dignity, glory, majesty (especially of God); splendour, excellency; concretely, the noble or best part of something; adverbially, gloriously.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כָּבוֹד

noun masculine • Root כבד • Page 307

1. honour, praise (Ps. 19:2, 79:9). 2. majesty, glory (Ps. 24:7, 8, 9). Specifically 'כְּבוֹד יְהוָה' the glory of Jehovah, the shining splendour which surrounds the deity (Ex. 24:16, 40:34, 1 K. 8:10).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3519

II. כָּבוֹד (approximate number of occurrences: 200) noun masculine (Isaiah 60:1) and feminine (Genesis 49:6) — abundance, honour, glory.

— כָּבוֹד absolute Joshua 7:19 (70 times); כָּבֹד Genesis 31:1, Nahum 2:10; construct כְּבוֹד Exodus 16:7 (62 times); כְּבֹד Proverbs 25:2; suffix כְּבוֹדִי Genesis 45:13 (17 times); כְּבֹדִי Genesis 49:6 (3 times); + 40 times suffixes.

1. Abundance, riches

• Genesis 31:1 (Jehovist Source)
• Isaiah 10:3
• Isaiah 61:6
• Isaiah 66:11, 12
• Nahum 2:10
• Psalm 49:17, 18

2. Honour, splendour, glory

Of external condition and circumstances:

a. Of men

• Of Joseph in Egypt Genesis 45:18 (Elohist Source)
• Of Job Job 19:9; Job 29:20
• Of Ephraim Hosea 9:11, Samaria Hosea 10:5
• עשֶׁר וְכָבוֹד (wealth and splendour) 1 Chronicles 29:12, 28; 2 Chronicles 17:5; 18:1; 32:27; Proverbs 3:16; Proverbs 8:18; Proverbs 22:4
• עשֶׁר וּנְכָסִים וְכָבוֹד 2 Chronicles 1:11, 12 = גם עשֶׁר גם כָּבוֹד 1 Kings 3:13; Ecclesiastes 6:2; (+ עשֶׁר) Proverbs 11:16
• Man crowned with כָּבוֹד וְהָדָר Psalm 8:6
• The king is given כָּבוֹד (+ הוֹד וְהָדָר) Psalm 21:6

b. Of things

• כְּבוֹד עָשְׁרוֹ Esther 5:11 (splendour of his wealth)
• Of a throne 1 Samuel 2:8 (poem); Isaiah 22:23; Jeremiah 14:21; Jeremiah 17:12
• A kingdom Esther 1:4; chariots Isaiah 22:18
• Priestly robes Exodus 28:2, 40 (Priests' Code)
• Lebanon Isaiah 35:2; Isaiah 60:13; forest Isaiah 10:18 (figurative of royal might)
• Trees Ezekiel 31:18; temple Haggai 2:3, 9
• Restored holy land Psalm 84:12; Isaiah 4:2, 5; Jerusalem Isaiah 62:2

c. Of God

(1) In historic theophanies:

• To Moses Exodus 33:18, 22 (Jehovist Source)
• (+ אֹתֹת) Numbers 14:22 (JE Source); (+ גָּדְלוֹ) Deuteronomy 5:21
• Priests' Code uses כְּבוֹד יהוה for theophanies of the Exodus: Exodus 16:7, 10; Exodus 24:16, 17; Exodus 40:34, 35; Leviticus 9:6, 23; Numbers 14:10; Numbers 16:19; Numbers 17:7; Numbers 20:6
• Compare 2 Chronicles 5:14 = 1 Kings 8:11; 2 Chronicles 7:1, 2, 3
• So Ezekiel: Ezekiel 1:28; Ezekiel 3:12, 23; Ezekiel 10:4; Ezekiel 10:18; Ezekiel 11:23; Ezekiel 43:4, 5; Ezekiel 44:4
• Variation כְּבוֹד אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezekiel 8:4; Ezekiel 9:3; Ezekiel 10:19; Ezekiel 11:22; Ezekiel 43:2; and הַכָּבוֹד Ezekiel 3:23
• Tent sanctified by the Glory Exodus 29:43 (Priests' Code); Temple was מְקוֹם מִשְׁכַּן כְּבוֹדֶךָ Psalm 26:8; ark captured, Glory into exile 1 Samuel 4:21, 22

(2) In historic and ideal manifestations to the pious mind:

• Yahweh's name is a name of glory Psalm 72:19; Nehemiah 9:5; eyes of glory Isaiah 3:8
• In the temple his glory is seen Psalm 63:3; it is על הַשָּׁמַיִם Psalm 113:4; על כל הָאָרֶץ Psalm 57:6, 12
• In thunderstorm אֵל הַכָּבוֹד Psalm 29:3; glory is לְעוֹלָם Psalm 104:31; above earth Psalm 108:6
• The whole earth full of it Isaiah 6:3; heavens declaring כְּבוֹד אֵל Psalm 19:2
• Divine reign כְּבוֹד הֲדַר מַלְכוּתוֹ Psalm 145:12; הֲדַר כְּבוֹד הוֹדֶךָ Psalm 145:5

(3) The King of Glory and future manifestations:

• מֶלֶךְ הַכָּבוֹד Psalm 24:7, 8, 9, 10
• He will appear in his glory Psalm 102:17; revealed in march through wilderness Isaiah 40:5
• Land will see it Isaiah 35:2, shine with it Ezekiel 43:3, dwell in land Psalm 85:10
• Rearward of Israel Isaiah 58:8; seen upon Jerusalem Isaiah 60:1, 2; in her midst Zechariah 2:9
• Temple filled Haggai 2:7; earth filled with knowledge of it Habakkuk 2:14, and with it Numbers 14:21 (JE Source), Psalm 72:19
• Declared among nations Isaiah 66:18, 19; Psalm 97:6; peoples and kings revere it Psalm 102:16; Isaiah 59:19
• Reign before elders in glory Isaiah 24:23; resting-place of Messiah will be כָּבוֹד Isaiah 11:10

3. Honour, dignity of position

• מנע מִכָּבוֹד (withhold from honour) Numbers 24:11 (Elohist Source); ירד מִכָּבוֹד Jeremiah 48:18
• שׁלח אחר כָּבוֹד Zechariah 2:12; רוּם בְּכָבוֹד Psalm 112:9; שׁכב בְּכָבוֹד Isaiah 14:18
• תמך כָּבוֹד Proverbs 29:23; יַרְבֶּה כָּבוֹד Daniel 11:39; לקח כָּבוֹד Psalm 73:24
• Not becoming to fools Proverbs 26:1; לִפְנֵי כָבוֹד עֲנָוָה Proverbs 15:33; 18:22
• Antithesis קלון Hosea 4:7; Habakkuk 2:16; Proverbs 3:35; קִיקָלוֹן Habakkuk 2:16
• Collective of honoured men, dignitaries, nobility: כְּבוֹד יִשְׂרָאֵל Micah 1:15; Isaiah 5:13; 8:7; 10:16; 16:14; 17:3, 4; 21:16; 22:24

4. Honour, reputation of character

• וְלֹא לְךָ לְכָבוֹד 2 Chronicles 26:18 (neither will it be for thine honour)
• ("" חָכְמָה) Ecclesiastes 10:1; ("" צְדָקָה) Proverbs 21:21; antith. כְּלִמָּה Psalm 4:3
• וְחֵקֶר כְּבֹדָם כָּבוֹד Proverbs 25:27 (searching out of their glory is [not] glory)
• כָּבוֹד לָאִישׁ Proverbs 20:3
• כְּבֹד אֱלֹהִים הַסְתֵּר דָּבָר וּכְבֹד מְלָכִים חֲקֹר דָּבָר Proverbs 25:2

5. Poetic of the seat of honour in the inner man

The noblest part of man:

• ("" נפשׁי) Genesis 49:6 (poem); Psalm 7:6
• ("" לִבִּי) Psalm 16:9; Psalm 108:2
• Called upon to זמּר Psalm 30:13 (read כְּבוֹדִי for כָּבוֹד); עוּרָה Psalm 57:9

6. Honour, reverence, glory

As due to one or ascribed to one:

a. Of men

• Due to a father Malachi 1:6
• Honour to David 1 Chronicles 17:18
• עשׂה כָבוֹד לְ 2 Chronicles 32:33 (do honour to)
• נתן כָּבוֹד לְ Proverbs 26:8; ("" ישׁע) Psalm 62:8

b. Of God

• כְּבוֹדִי (honour due to Yahweh) Isaiah 42:8; 43:7; 48:11
• כְּבוֹד שְׁמֶךָ Psalm 79:9
• נתן כָּבוֹד לְ 1 Samuel 6:5; Jeremiah 13:16; Malachi 2:2; Psalm 115:1
• שׂים כָּבוֹד לְ Joshua 7:19 (Jehovist Source); Isaiah 42:12
• שׂים כָּבוֹד תְּהִלָּתוֹ Psalm 66:2
• יהב כָּבוֹד וָעֹז לְ Psalm 29:1; Psalm 96:7 = 1 Chronicles 16:28
• יהב כְּבוֹד שְׁמוֹ לְ Psalm 29:2; Psalm 96:8 = 1 Chronicles 16:29
• זמּר כְּבוֹד שְׁמוֹ Psalm 66:2; סמּר כְּבוֹדוֹ בַגּוֹיִם Psalm 96:3 = 1 Chronicles 16:24
• אמר כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתְךָ Psalm 145:11; נתן כְּבוֹדִי בַגוֹיִם Ezekiel 39:21
• אֹמֵר כָּבוֹד Psalm 29:9; יַעְלְזוּ בְכָבוֹד Psalm 149:5

7. Glory as the object of honour

• כְּבוֹדִי (the one whom I glorify) Psalm 3:4
• כְּבוֹדָם Psalm 106:20; כְּבוֹדוֹ Jeremiah 2:11

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: δόξαν δόξα δόξησ δόξῃ d?δόξαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3519:

δόξαν 63× (30.8%)

δόξα 62× (29.4%)

δόξησ 35× (17.7%)

δόξῃ 11× (4.9%)

d?δόξαν 2× (1.1%)

'' 2× (0.9%)

τιμὴν 2× (0.9%)

יעקב יַעֲקב

Heel-Chaser

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יעקב

Yaʻăqôb

Definition

Jaakob, the Israelitish patriarch

Root

from H6117 (עקב); heel-catcher (i.e. supplanter);

Exhaustive

from עקב; heel-catcher (i.e. supplanter); Jaakob, the Israelitish patriarch; Jacob.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3290

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יַעֲקֹב

noun proper masculine • Root עקב • Strongs / High • Page 627

Heel-holder, cunning one, deceiver; or more correctly, successor, one born after. A proper name for the Jewish patriarch (Jacob), and by extension for the Jewish people, and the kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

יַעֲקֹב

proper name • Root עקב • Strongs / High • Page 1124

The proper name Jacob.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יַעֲקֹב

noun masculine • Page 291

holding the heel, supplanting; proper name of the second son of Isaac and progenitor of the Israelites. Gen. 25: 26; 27: 36; Hos. 12: 4. Spoken of the Israelitish people, the Israelites. Ps. 20: 2.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3290

I. יַעֲקֹב, יַעֲקוֹב (approximate number of occurrences: 349) proper name, masculine and of a people — Jacob.

Cognates:

• Greek Ιακωβ
• Egyptian Y±kb'ara
• Assyrian Ya±‡ubilu
• Palmyrene בלעקב, עתעקב

— יַעֲקוֹב Jeremiah 30:18 (5 times); יַעֲקֹב Genesis 25:26 (215 times in Hexateuch, chiefly Yahwist and Elohist Sources¹; 180 times in Genesis, once Leviticus, etc.), 34 times in Psalms, 42 times in Isaiah (27 times chapters 40–66), etc.

Son of Isaac and Rebekah, father of tribes of Israel (explanation from עָקֵב heel Genesis 25:26; Hosea 12:4; i.e. supplanter; compare with עָקַב overreach Genesis 27:36; one closely following according to Lagarde²; connection with Palestinian city called in Egyptian Y±kb'ara is obscure³; compare Meyer⁴, Jensen⁵; see also Babylonian name Ya±‡ubilu, Pinches in Hommel⁶; hence OT יַעֲקֹב perhaps originally יעקבקל or the like).

1. As proper name, masculine

• Genesis 25:26 205 times (+ אַבְרָהָם, יִצְחָק 19 times)
• בֵּית יַעֲקֹב house of Jacob, of people (see בַּיִת 5d (γ))
• בְּנֵי יַעֲקֹב sons of Jacob (see בֵּן 1j (β))
• זֶרַע יַעֲקֹב seed of Jacob (see זֶרַע 4f)
• עֵין יַעֲקֹב (see עַיִן)

2. As proper name, of a people

(c. 100 times; poetry and prophets):

• Numbers 24:5, 19
• Deuteronomy 32:9
• Psalm 44:5
• Isaiah 10:21
• Isaiah 17:4
• Jeremiah 10:25
• Jeremiah 30:7 +
• Parallel with יִשְׂרָאֵל Numbers 23:7; Deuteronomy 33:10; Isaiah 14:1; Psalm 14:7 + approx. 35 times

a. Specifically of Northern Israel

• Amos 7:2, 5
• Hosea 12:13 (+ Hosea 10:11; Hosea 12:3 probably)
• Micah 1:5 (twice in verse)
• Isaiah 9:7

b. Of Judah

• Micah 3:1, 8
• Obadiah 10
• Isaiah 65:9
• Malachi 2:12 + al. post-exilic

c. In Divine Titles

• גְּאוֺן יַעֲקֹב (see גָּאוֺן)
• אֵל יַעֲקֹב Psalm 146:5
• אֱלוֺהַּ יַעֲקֹב Psalm 114:7
• אֱלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב 2 Samuel 23:1; Isaiah 2:3 = Micah 4:2; 9 times in Psalms
• אֱלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב Psalm 24:6 (for MT יַעֲקֹב alone), so LXX, Syriac, Vulgate, and others
• קְדוֺשׁ יַעֲקֹב Isaiah 29:23 ("" אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל)
• מֶלֶךְ יַעֲקֹב Isaiah 41:21 ("" יהוה)

¹ Yahwist (J) and Elohist (E) Sources.

² Paul de Lagarde, Bildung der Nomina (BN), 1889, p. 127.

³ On יַעֲקֹב see especially S. R. Driver in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible (DB), ii. 526 ff.

⁴ Eduard Meyer, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) vi. 1 ff.

⁵ P. Jensen, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (ZA) x (1895-6), 347 ff.

⁶ Fritz Hommel, Ancient Hebrew Tradition (AHT), pp. 61, 96, 112.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: ιακωβ --- ισραηλ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H3290:

ιακωβ 333× (96.1%)

--- 4× (1.2%)

ισραηλ 4× (1.1%)

'' 4× (1.0%)

ומשמן וּמִשְׁמַן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

משמן

mashmân

Definition

fat, i.e. (literally and abstractly) fatness; but usually (figuratively and concretely) a rich dish, a fertile field, a robust man

Root

from H8080 (שמן);

Exhaustive

from שמן; fat, i.e. (literally and abstractly) fatness; but usually (figuratively and concretely) a rich dish, a fertile field, a robust man; fat (one, -ness, -test, -test place).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4924

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִשְׁמָן

m. verbal • Root שמן • Page 415

a. fatness. Is. 17:4. (1) the fat, fertile parts of a country. Gen. 27:28, 39. Dan. 11:24. (2) the fat, i.e. the fleshy, muscular, stout (spoken of warriors). Ps. 78:31. Is. 10:16.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4924

I. מִשְׁמָן noun masculine — fatness, fertile place, stoutness.

— plural construct מִשְׁמַנֵּי הָאָרֶץ Genesis 27:28 (Poem in Yahwist Source; מִן partitive), Genesis 27:39 (Poem in Elohist Source; מִן privative according to Gesenius' Thesaurus, Ewald, Dillmann, Gunkel and others; < partitive here as verse 28b, Vulgate⁵ [ἀπό in both Septuagint⁴], AV RV Nöldeke, Encyclopaedia Biblica 1184, compare Driver).

1. Fatness and Fertility

• construct וּמִשְׁמַן בְּשָׂרוֹ יֵרָזֶה Isaiah 17:4 (figurative)
• construct מִשְׁמַנֵּי מְדִינָה fertile spots Daniel 11:24
• compare also 1 Samuel 15:9, see מִשְׁנֶה 3

2. Stout, vigorous ones

• suffix מִשְׁמַנָּיו Isaiah 10:16 (opposed to רָזוֹן; on form see GKC¹ §93pp)
• suffix מִשְׁמַנֵּיהֶם Psalm 78:31

[מַשְׁמָן] noun masculine fat piece, tid bit.

• plural מַשְׁמַנִּים (GKC¹ l.c.) Nehemiah 8:10 (for eating; opposed to מַמְתַקִּים for drinking).

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Yahwist Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament).

⁵ Vulgate (Latin translation of the Bible).

Conjunction, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πιότητοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4924b:

πιότητοσ 2× (21.2%)

בשרו בְּשָׂרוֹ

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בשר

bâsâr

Definition

flesh (from its freshness); by extension, body, person; also (by euphemistically) the pudenda of aman

Root

from H1319 (בשר);

Exhaustive

from בשר; flesh (from its freshness); by extension, body, person; also (by euphemistically) the pudenda of aman; body, (fat, lean) flesh(-ed), kin, (man-) kind, [phrase] nakedness, self, skin.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1320

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בְּשַׂר

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 286

Aramaic masculine noun meaning flesh; the same as Hebrew בָּשָׂר.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּשַׂר

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 285

I. (Kal unused) to utter sounds, words; to show, to make manifest; to announce (tidings, intelligence), good or bad

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּשַׂר

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 285

II. (not used) belonging to the proper name בְּשׂוֹר; to be cool, fresh

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּשַׂר

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 285

III. (not used) intr. to swell up, to be full, spoken of the body being full of flesh

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּשָׂר

noun masculine • Root בשר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 285

1. flesh, of the body of beasts or men; meat. 2. Metaphor. body (opposed to heart or spirit). 3. In a collective sense: living beings, the human race (flesh and blood).

Matched via consonantal key only

בִּשֵּׂר

verb • Root בשר • Consonantal / Medium • Page 285

(Piel) to announce, to relate, to tell of; to announce good, glad tidings; in participle: a messenger of good things, a bringer of good news

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּשַׂר

m. chald. • Page 119

flesh, as in Heb. (Dan. 2:11, 4:9 [12]).

בָּשָׂר

m. dec. iv. a. • Page 119

1. flesh (Ps. 102:6). 2. body (Num. 8:7, Prov. 14:30). 3. all flesh, for all living creatures (Gen. 6:13). Often denotes what is human, frail, mortal, in opposition to God (Gen. 6:3, Ps. 56:5). 4. my bone and my flesh, i. e. my relative (Gen. 29:14). 5. by a euphemism, pudenda viri (Lev. 15:2, Ezek. 16:26).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1320

I. בָּשָׂר (approximate number of occurrences: 266) noun masculine — flesh.

Cognates:

• Arabic بشر skin
• Syriac בשרא
• Assyrian bišru, blood-relation¹
• Sabean בשר תורם flesh of bulls

— בָּשָׂר absolute Genesis 2:21 (126 times); construct בְּשַׂר Genesis 17:11 (40 times); suffix בּשָׂרִי Psalm 16:9 + (96 times); plural בְּשָׂרִים Proverbs 14:30.

1. Of the body

a. Of animals

• Genesis 41:2–19
• Exodus 21:28; Exodus 22:30
• Numbers 12:12 (Elohist Source)
• Numbers 11:4–33 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)
• Genesis 9:4 + (Priests' Code 30 times)
• Deuteronomy 12:15 + (Deuteronomic Source 9 times)
• Judges 6:19–21
• 1 Samuel 2:13, 15
• Isaiah 22:13; Isaiah 44:16, 19; Isaiah 65:4; Isaiah 66:17
• Ezekiel 4:14 (6 times)

b. Of men

• Genesis 40:19 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 2:21; Exodus 4:7 (Jehovist Source)
• Leviticus 12:3; Leviticus 13:2 (16 times); Leviticus 26:29 (Priests' Code)
• Job 2:5; Job 19:20, 22; Job 33:21, 25
• Psalm 38:4, 8; Psalm 102:6
• The flesh of the body is contrasted with stone Ezekiel 11:19; Ezekiel 36:26.

2. Flesh for the body itself (especially in Priests' Code)

• על בשׂר אדם לא ייסך upon the body of man it shall not be poured Exodus 30:32 (Priests' Code)
• מכנסי בד ילבשׁ על בשׂרו linen drawers shall he put on his body Leviticus 6:3; Leviticus 16:4 (Priests' Code)
• ורחץ את בשׂרו and he shall bathe his body Leviticus 14:9; Leviticus 15:13, 16 (Priests' Code)
• שׂרט לנפשׁ לא תתנו בכשׂרכם ye shall not put any cutting... in your body Leviticus 19:28 (Priests' Code)
• Ecclesiastes uses בשׂר only in this sense: Ecclesiastes 2:3; Ecclesiastes 4:5; Ecclesiastes 5:5; Ecclesiastes 11:10; Ecclesiastes 12:12.
• The body antithetical to נפשׁ Job 14:22; Isaiah 10:18; Psalm 63:2; or לב Psalm 16:9; Psalm 84:3; Proverbs 14:30.
• מִבְּשָׂרִי apart from my body, in disembodied state Job 19:26.

3. Male organ of generation (euphemism)

• בְּשַׂר עָרְלַתְכֶם Genesis 17:11, 14, 23–25 (Priests' Code)
• בשׂר ערוה Exodus 28:42 (Priests' Code)
• בשׂר Leviticus 15:2–19 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 16:26; Ezekiel 23:20.

4. Flesh for kindred, blood-relations

• עצם מעצמי ובשׂר מבשׂרי bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh Genesis 2:23 (Jehovist Source)
• והיו לבשׂר אחד and they shall become one flesh Genesis 2:24 (Jehovist Source)
• עצמי ובשׂרי Genesis 29:14 (Jehovist Source); Judges 9:2; 2 Samuel 5:1
• שְׁאֵר בשׂרו near of kin Leviticus 18:6; Leviticus 25:49 (Holiness Code)

5. Man over against God as frail or erring

• Genesis 6:3 (Jehovist Source); Psalm 56:5; Psalm 78:39
• eyes of flesh Job 10:4; arm of flesh 2 Chronicles 32:8; Jeremiah 17:5
• horses are flesh not spirit Isaiah 31:3

6. The phrase כָּל־בָּשָׂר

a. All living beings

• Genesis 6:17, 19; Genesis 9:11, 15–17 (Priests' Code)
• Job 34:15; Psalm 136:25

b. Animals

• Genesis 7:15, 16; Genesis 8:17 (Priests' Code)

c. Mankind

• Genesis 6:12, 18; Numbers 16:22; Numbers 27:16 (Priests' Code)
• Psalm 65:3; Isaiah 40:5, 6; Joel 3:1; Zechariah 2:17

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrische Studien (1874), i. 143; Prolegomena eines neuen hebräisch-aramäischen Wörterbuchs (1886), 170.

² Friedrich Böttcher, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (1866), § 695.

³ Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on Proverbs (Leiblichkeit).

⁴ W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (1885), 149.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: κρέα σάρκασ σὰρξ σάρκα κρεῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1320:

κρέα 50× (17.6%)

σάρκασ 24× (7.9%)

σὰρξ 23× (8.8%)

σάρκα 19× (6.9%)

κρεῶν 16× (5.1%)

σῶμα 15× (4.9%)

σαρκὸσ 14× (5.0%)

σάρκεσ 12× (4.0%)

κρέασ 11× (4.2%)

σαρκόσ 10× (3.6%)

ירזה יֵרָזֶה׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רזה

râzâh

Definition

to emaciate, i.e. make (become) thin (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to emaciate, i.e. make (become) thin (literally or figuratively); famish, wax lean.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7329

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָזָה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1331

To lessen, to make thin or lean; figur. to take away, to make disappear. (Intr.) To be wasted.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָזָה

verb • Page 614

1. to be or to make lean. 2. to cause to waste away, to destroy. Zeph. 2: 11. Niph. to become lean. Is. 17: 4.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7329

I. רָזָה (approximate number of occurrences: 2) verb — be or grow lean.

Cognates:

• Arabic רזא grow thin and weak

— רָזָה Perfect 3 masculine singular Zephaniah 2:11; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יֵרָזֶה Isaiah 17:4.

1. Qal

a. grow lean

• Zephaniah 2:11 object false gods, apparently make lean (¹ attenuavit; ² ἐξολεθρύσει), but sense strange, < רִזָּה (see Arabic above), yet even this very doubtful.

2. Niph`al

a. be made lean

• מִשְׁמַן בְּשָׂרוֺ יֵרָזֶה Isaiah 17:4 the fatness of his flesh shall wax lean.

¹ ᵑ9 Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Version).

² ᵐ5 Septuagint (Greek Version).

Verb Niphal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H7329:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And it was in that day the glory of Jacob shall be feeble, and the fatness of his flesh shall waste away.

LITV Translation:
And it shall be in that day, Jacob's glory shall be made thin, and the fatness of his flesh shall be made lean.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
There shall be in that day a failure of the glory of Jacob, and the riches of his glory shall be shaken.