Hosea 7:15

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ואני וַאֲנִי

and myself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אני

ʼănîy

Definition

I

Root

contracted from H595 (אנכי);

Exhaustive

lemma אני second vowel, corrected to אני; contracted from אנכי; I; I, (as for) me, mine, myself, we, [idiom] which, [idiom] who.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H589

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲנִי

pronoun personal • Root אנ • Strongs_Numbers • Page 162

I; the personal pronoun of the first person singular, common gender.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲנִי

pronoun • Page 61

I. Also written אָנֹכִי. The form אֲנִי also occurs in the phrase חַי אָנִי (see חַי).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H589

I. אֲנִי, אָנִי pronoun 1 singular, common — I.

Cognates:

• Syriac ܐܢܐ
• Aramaic אֲנָא
• Arabic أنا
• 

— אֲנִי Genesis 6:17; Genesis 9:9, Genesis 9:12 + often.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Following a participle as its subject (to express mostly either a true present or the futurum instans [immanent future])

• Genesis 18:17 הַמְכַסֶּה אֲנִי Am I hiding from Abraham that which, etc.
• Judges 15:3
• 1 Samuel 3:13
• Jeremiah 1:12
• Jeremiah 38:14
• Jeremiah 44:29 (see S. R. Driver¹ §135,4)

b. Appended to a verb, it expresses, in early Hebrew, a real emphasis

• Judges 8:23 לֹא אֶמְשֹׁל אֲנִי בָּכֶם I will not rule over you
• 2 Samuel 12:28 lest I take the city
• 2 Samuel 17:15 thus and thus did Ahitophel counsel, and thus and thus יָעַצְתִּי אָנִי did I counsel

c. In later Hebrew it is sometimes pleonastic

• Ecclesiastes 2:11
• Ecclesiastes 2:15
• Ecclesiastes 2:18
• Ecclesiastes 2:20 +

d. In response to a question, alone = I am, It is I

• Genesis 27:24
• Judges 13:11
• 1 Kings 18:8 +

e. With הֲ הַאֲנִי

• Isaiah 66:9

(Synonym אָנֹכִי, quod vide [which see].)

¹ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew and Some Other Syntactical Questions, 3rd ed., Oxford, 1892.

Conjunction, Pronoun personal first person both singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0589:

No stats available

יסרתי יִסַּרְתִּי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יסר

yâçar

Definition

to chastise, literally (with blows) or figuratively (with words); hence, to instruct

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to chastise, literally (with blows) or figuratively (with words); hence, to instruct; bind, chasten, chastise, correct, instruct, punish, reform, reprove, sore, teach.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3256

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָסַר

verb • Root יסר • Strongs / High • Page 621

(Kal) to bind, to tame, to restrain; to administer discipline, to chastise, to instruct, to admonish, to correct, to punish.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָסַר

verb • Root יסר • Page 288

1. to instruct, admonish (Prov. 9: 7, Job 4: 3, Ps. 16: 7). 2. to correct, chastise (1 K. 12: 11, 14, Prov. 19: 18). Used in Kal (future אֶסֹּר) and Pi'el (יִסַּר).

Verb Piel perfect first person common singular

LXX: ἐπαίδευσεν παιδεύσω παιδεύσῃσ παιδεύων παίδευε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3256:

ἐπαίδευσεν 5× (11.2%)

παιδεύσω 5× (10.5%)

παιδεύσῃσ 3× (6.7%)

παιδεύων 3× (6.0%)

παίδευε 2× (4.5%)

παιδεύσει 2× (4.5%)

παιδεῦσαι 2× (4.1%)

παιδευθήσῃ 2× (4.1%)

חזקתי חִזַּקְתִּי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חזק

châzaq

Definition

to fasten upon; hence, to seize, be strong (figuratively, courageous, causatively strengthen, cure, help, repair, fortify), obstinate; to bind, restrain, conquer

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to fasten upon; hence, to seize, be strong (figuratively, courageous, causatively strengthen, cure, help, repair, fortify), obstinate; to bind, restrain, conquer; aid, amend, [idiom] calker, catch, cleave, confirm, be constant, constrain, continue, be of good (take) courage(-ous, -ly), encourage (self), be established, fasten, force, fortify, make hard, harden, help, (lay) hold (fast), lean, maintain, play the man, mend, become (wax) mighty, prevail, be recovered, repair, retain, seize, be (wax) sore, strengthen (self), be stout, be (make, shew, wax) strong(-er), be sure, take (hold), be urgent, behave self valiantly, withstand.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2388

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָזַק

verb • Strongs / High • Page 472

To bind firmly, fasten, twist together strongly. Can mean: to hang fast to something; to be stout or firm; to make firm, support, or preserve; to be strong, sound, or powerful; to increase.

חָזַק

verb • Root חזק • Strongs / High • Page 473

To be firm, strong, for executing or maintaining a thing; to be courageous; to be confirmed, of sovereignty; to remain firm; to be stronger than, to conquer; in a bad sense, to be hard, to be obstinate; to overpower, conquer; to lie upon something with force or violence; to hold fast, to seize hold of.

חָזַק

verb • Root חזק • Strongs / High • Page 1530

to overpower, to compel, to assail with violence, with the accus. ; to oppress; to prevail against.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חִזֵּק

pi. v. • Root חזק • Page 221

1. to gird.

חֶזֶק

m. verbal / dec. vi. m. • Root חזק • Page 222

Same as חֹזֶק: strength (Ex. 13:3, 14, 16).

חַזָּק

m. verbal adj. idem. • Root חזק • Page 222

Same as חָזָק: strong, mighty (Ex. 19:19, 2 Sam. 3:1).

חָזַק

verb • Page 221

1. to bind fast, to tie strait. 2. to adhere or stick fast (2 Sam. 18:9, 2 Chr. 31:4, Deut. 12:23). 3. to strengthen, be or become strong (Josh. 17:13, Judg. 1:28, Gen. 41:56, 1 Sam. 17:50, 2 Chr. 8:3). 4. to urge on (Ex. 12:33, Ezek. 3:14, Jer. 20:7). 5. to be recovered from a sickness (Is. 39:1). 6. figuratively, to be firm, strong, undaunted (Deut. 31:7, 23, Dan. 10:19, Judg. 7:11). 7. to be hard, obstinate, inflexible (Mal. 3:13, Ex. 7:13, 22). 8. to be confirmed, established (2 K. 14:5, 2 Chr. 25:3).

חָזַק

verb • Root חזק • Page 222

To fortify or intrench (2 Chr. 11:11, 12); to repair (2 K. 12:8); to build anew (Neh. 3:19); to strengthen (Judg. 16:28); to heal (Ezek. 34:4, 16); to urge on or inspire with courage (Jer. 23:14, Job 4:3); to support, help, or assist (2 Chr. 29:34, Ezra 6:22); to harden the heart (Ex. 4:21). Hithpa. stem: to be strengthened, confirmed; to gather one’s strength (Gen. 48:2); to take courage (2 Chr. 15:8); to act courageously (2 Sam. 10:12); to oppose (2 Chr. 13:7, 8).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2388

I. חָזַק (approximate number of occurrences: 291) verb — be or grow firm, strong, strengthen.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Aramaic חֲזַק bind on or about, gird on
• Arabic حذق bind, squeeze

— חָזַק absolute Genesis 41:57 (4 times); חָזָק 2 Chronicles 26:15; suffix חֲזָקוֹ 2 Chronicles 28:20 etc.; Qal Imperfect יֶהֱזַק 2 Chronicles 28:7 (Baer¹) + 2 times; וַיֶּחֱזַק Genesis 41:56 +; יֶחֶזְקוּ 2 Samuel 10:11; יֶחְזְקוּ Isaiah 28:22; Imperative חֲזַק Deuteronomy 12:23; חִזְקוּ Deuteronomy 31:6; construct לְחָזְקָה 2 Kings 12:13; suffix לְחָזְקָהּ Ezekiel 30:21; Participle חָזֵק Exodus 19:19; 2 Samuel 3:1 etc.

I. Qal (intransitive): be or grow strong

1. Physical and military strength

• a. of physical strength of hands Judges 7:11; 2 Samuel 2:7; Ezekiel 22:14; of recovery from illness Isaiah 39:1; followed by מִן (overpower) 1 Samuel 17:50.
• b. of people, army Deuteronomy 11:8; Joshua 17:13 (Jehovist Source); followed by מִן (prevail against) 2 Samuel 10:11 = 1 Chronicles 19:12; followed by עַל 2 Chronicles 8:3.
• c. of royal power 2 Samuel 3:1 (opposed to הֹלְכִים וְדַלִּים); Daniel 11:5.
• d. of the word of a king (prevail over) 2 Samuel 24:4.
• e. of bonds Isaiah 28:22.
• f. of sound of trumpet Exodus 19:19 (Elohist Source) it grew much louder and louder.

2. To be firm or fast

• a. literally be caught fast, of Absalom's head 2 Samuel 18:9.
• b. be firm, secure, of a kingdom 2 Kings 14:5.
• c. be firm = courageous, confident, usually with אָמֵץ Deuteronomy 31:6, 7, 23; Joshua 1:6, 7, 9, 18 (Deuteronomic Source); Psalm 27:14; Isaiah 35:4.
• d. hold firmly to, devote oneself to 2 Chronicles 31:4.
• e. firmly refrain from blood Deuteronomy 12:23.

3. Press, be urgent

• Followed by עַל + Infinitive Exodus 12:33 (Elohist Source); of hand of God in prophetic ecstasy Ezekiel 3:14 (LXX² and Co³ read חֲזָקָה).

4. In bad sense

• a. grow stout, rigid, hard, of Pharaoh's heart Exodus 7:13, 22; Exodus 8:15 (Priests' Code); Malachi 3:13.
• b. be severe, grievous, of battle 2 Kings 3:26; of famine Genesis 41:56–57 (Elohist Source).

II. Qal (transitive): strengthen

— לֹא חֲזֶקוֹ 2 Chronicles 28:20 strengthened him not (text dubious).

III. Pi`el: make strong, restore, repair

— Perfect חִזַּק Psalm 147:13; Imperfect וַיְחַזֵּק Exodus 9:12; Imperative חַזֵּק Nehemiah 6:9; feminine חַזְּקִי Nahum 3:14; Infinitive חַזֵּק 2 Kings 12:9.

1. make strong (physically)
   • a. of persons Judges 16:28; Nahum 2:2.
   • b. restore to health or strength Daniel 10:18; Ezekiel 34:4.
   • c. fortify or repair a town or temple 2 Kings 12:6; 2 Kings 22:6; Nehemiah 3:19.
2. strengthen the hands = sustain, encourage
   • Judges 9:24; Isaiah 35:3; Ezra 6:22; 1 Samuel 23:16.
3. make bold, encourage
   • Deuteronomy 1:38; 2 Samuel 11:5.
4. make firm, fixed
   • a. bind firmly Isaiah 22:21.
   • b. definitely adopt Psalm 64:6.
5. harden the heart (perverse, obstinate)
   • Exodus 4:21; Exodus 10:20 (Elohist Source); Exodus 14:4 (Priests' Code).

IV. Hiph`il: seize, keep hold, display strength

— Perfect הֶחֱזִיק Judges 7:8; 3 feminine singular הֶחֱזִ֫יקָה Jeremiah 49:24; Imperfect 1 singular וְאַחְזֵק Isaiah 42:6; Infinitive הַחֲזִיק 2 Kings 15:19; Participle מַחֲזִיק Exodus 9:2.

1. strengthen, make firm
   • a. strengthen Jeremiah 51:12.
   • b. make firm the kingdom 2 Kings 15:19.
   • c. display strength 2 Chronicles 26:8; Daniel 11:32.
2. repair walls
   • Nehemiah 3:4; Ezekiel 27:9.
3. prevail
   • Daniel 11:7; Job 18:9; 2 Kings 4:8.
4. take or keep hold of, seize, grasp
   • a. take hold of, seize Genesis 19:16 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 4:4; Zechariah 8:23; Proverbs 7:13; 2 Samuel 13:11; figurative of God leading Isaiah 41:9; metaphorical Micah 4:9; pious laying hold of God Isaiah 64:6; of wisdom Proverbs 3:18.
   • b. keep hold of Judges 16:26; Jeremiah 50:33.
   • c. sustain, support Leviticus 25:35; Isaiah 42:6.
   • d. keep, retain Exodus 9:2; Micah 7:18.
   • e. hold, contain 2 Chronicles 4:5.

V. Hithpa`el: strengthen oneself, put forth strength

— Perfect הִתְחַזַּק 2 Chronicles 13:7; Imperfect וַיִּתְחַזֵּק Genesis 48:2; Imperative הִתְחַזְּקוּ 1 Samuel 4:9; Participle מִתְחַזֵּק 2 Samuel 3:6.

1. strengthen oneself, gain strength
   • 2 Samuel 3:6; 2 Chronicles 1:1; Ezra 7:28; figurative = take courage 2 Chronicles 15:8.
2. put forth strength, use one's strength
   • Genesis 48:2 (exerted himself); Numbers 13:20; 2 Samuel 10:12.
3. withstand
   • Followed by לִפְנֵי 2 Chronicles 13:7, 8.
4. hold strongly with, cleave to
   • 1 Chronicles 11:10; Daniel 10:21.

¹ S. Baer, Hebrew Bible (textual editor).

² Septuagint (Greek Old Testament).

³ Carl Cornill, Ezechiel (1886).

Verb Piel perfect first person common singular

LXX: ἐκράτησεν κατίσχυσεν ἐκράτησαν ἀνδρίζου κατισχῦσαι

LXX Usage Statistics

H2388:

ἐκράτησεν 24× (8.3%)

κατίσχυσεν 16× (5.0%)

ἐκράτησαν 10× (3.4%)

ἀνδρίζου 8× (2.8%)

κατισχῦσαι 8× (2.6%)

ἐπελάβετο 8× (2.5%)

ἴσχυε 7× (2.4%)

ἐνίσχυσεν 7× (2.3%)

κατέσχεν 5× (1.7%)

ἰσχύσατε 5× (1.8%)

זרועתם זְרוֹעֹתָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

זרוע

zᵉrôwaʻ

Definition

the arm (as stretched out), or (of animals) the foreleg; figuratively, force

Root

or (shortened) זרע; and (feminine) זרועה; or זרעה; from H2232 (זרע);

Exhaustive

or (shortened) זרע; and (feminine) זרועה; or זרעה; from זרע; the arm (as stretched out), or (of animals) the foreleg; figuratively, force; arm, [phrase] help, mighty, power, shoulder, strength.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2220

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זְרוֹעַ

noun masculine • Root זרע • Strongs / High • Page 444

Also spelled זְרֹעַ. The member necessary for lifting and carrying burdens. 1. The arm, the lower arm, brachium; of animals, the shoulder. 2. Metaphorically: power, might, the might of hands, human might, exertion of power, fulness of power, violence, violent deed, helping power, assistance, help; hence army.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

זְרוֹעַ

com. gen. • Page 208

1. the arm, in animals the shoulder or fore-leg. Num. 6: 19, 20. Deut. 18: 3. By way of eminence the forepart of the arm (Job 31: 22).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2220

I. זְרוֺעַ, זְרֹעַ (approximate number of occurrences: 91) noun feminine (Exodus 6:6) and (rarely) masculine (Isaiah 51:5) — arm, shoulder, strength.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Assyrian zurû
• Arabic ذِرَاع
• Aramaic דְּרָעָא, דַּרְעָא
• Ethiopic መዝራዕት

— זְרוֺעַ absolute Exodus 6:6 +, זְרֹעַ Deuteronomy 7:19 +; construct זְרוֺעַ Psalm 10:15 +, זְרֹעַ Psalm 89:11 +; suffix זְרוֺעִי Jeremiah 27:5, Psalm 89:22, זְרֹעִי Isaiah 51:5, Isaiah 63:5; זְרוֺעֲךָ Psalm 71:18 +, זְרֹעֲךָ 1 Samuel 2:31 +, etc.; plural זְרֹעִים Daniel 11:31; construct זְרֹעֵי Genesis 49:24; suffix זְרֹעַי Isaiah 51:5, זְרֹעָיו 2 Kings 9:24; elsewhere feminine form, construct זְרוֺעוֺת Psalm 37:17, זְרֹעוֺת Job 22:9 (6 times), זְרֹעֹת Deuteronomy 33:27; suffix זְרוֺעֹתָ֑י Psalm 18:35, זְרֹעֹתָ֑י 2 Samuel 22:35, etc. (In absolute and construct singular more often plene, in plural and with suffix more often defect. In three instances where ז׳ is masculine it means a political or military force Daniel 11:15, 22, 31).

1. Arm

a. Literally

• Of a man: Judges 15:14; Judges 16:12; 2 Samuel 1:10; Isaiah 9:19; Isaiah 17:5; Deuteronomy 33:20; Zechariah 11:17 (twice); Song of Solomon 8:6; Daniel 10:6; Ezekiel 13:18 (strike out Cornill²)
• (+ כֹּחוֺ ז׳) Of a smith: Isaiah 44:12
• (+ חֲשׂוּפָה ז׳) Of a prophet: Ezekiel 4:7
• In figure of Yahweh teaching Ephraim to walk: Hosea 11:3
• זְרֹעֵי יָדָיו Genesis 49:24 arms of his hands (arms enabling drawing of the bow)
• 2 Kings 9:24 his shoulders (seen from behind)

b. Arm as seat of (human) strength

• Psalm 18:35 = 2 Samuel 22:35
• ז׳ לֹא־עֹז Job 26:2; כּוֺחַ הַזּ׳ Daniel 11:6
• חִוַּקְתִּי ז׳ Hosea 7:15; Ezekiel 30:24–25
• With שׁבר (breaking the arm): Psalm 10:15; Psalm 37:17; Jeremiah 48:25 ("" קֶרֶן); Ezekiel 30:21, 22, 24; ז׳ רָמָה תִּשָּׁבֵר Job 38:15

c. Yahweh's arm as instrument of deliverance and judgment

• ז׳ נְטוּיָה (outstretched arm): Deuteronomy 4:34; Deuteronomy 5:15; Deuteronomy 26:8; Ezekiel 20:33–34; Psalm 136:12; 1 Kings 8:42 ("" יָד חֲזָקָה)
• In creation: Jeremiah 27:5; Jeremiah 32:17 ("" כֹּחַ גָּדוֺל)
• בִּז׳ נְטוּיָה Exodus 6:6 (Priests' Code / Narrative)
• ז׳ חֲזָקָה Jeremiah 21:5 ("" יָד נְטוּיָה)
• גְּדֹל זְרוֺעֲךָ Exodus 15:16 (Song of the Sea)
• ז׳ קָדְשׁוֺ Psalm 98:1 ("" יְמִינוֺ), Isaiah 52:10
• Support of weak: Isaiah 40:11 (shepherd figure); זְרֹעֹת עוֺלָם Deuteronomy 33:27

2. Arm as symbol of strength

a. Human strength

• 1 Samuel 2:31 (twice; LXX read זַרְעֲךָ and זֶרַע⁴)
• וַתְּאַמֵּץ זְרוֺעתֶיהָ Proverbs 31:17
• ז׳ בָּשָׂר 2 Chronicles 32:8; שָׂם בָּשָׂר זְרֹעוֺ Jeremiah 17:5 ("" יִבְטַח בָּאָדָם)
• זְרֹעוֺת יְתֹמִים Job 22:9 (resources)
• הָיוּ זְרוֺעַ לִבְנֵי־לוֹט Psalm 83:9

b. Divine strength

• Psalm 71:18 ("" גְּבוּרָה)
• זְרֹעוֺ מֹשְׁלָה לוֹ Isaiah 40:10
• זְרֹעַי עַמִּים יִשְׁפֹּטוּ Isaiah 51:5 (Strack thinks masculine to avoid feminine verbal ending)
• As help: Isaiah 33:2 ("" יְשׁוּעָה); Isaiah 53:1; Isaiah 59:16

3. Forces

Plural forces, political and military:

• Daniel 11:15
• Daniel 11:22
• Daniel 11:31

4. Shoulder

Shoulder of animal sacrificed, belonging to priest:

• Numbers 6:19 (Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 18:3

¹ Marcus Jastrow, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. xi, 1892, p. 123.

² Carl Heinrich Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

³ Variorum Bible (Malachi 2:3).

⁴ August Klostermann; S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: βραχίονι βραχίων βραχίονα βραχίονασ βραχίονά

LXX Usage Statistics

H2220:

βραχίονι 15× (13.6%)

βραχίων 14× (14.5%)

βραχίονα 8× (8.7%)

βραχίονασ 7× (7.5%)

βραχίονά 7× (6.9%)

βραχίονεσ 6× (6.2%)

σπέρμα 6× (6.4%)

βραχιόνων 5× (5.5%)

βραχίονοσ 5× (5.3%)

βραχίονί 4× (3.6%)

ואלי וְאֵלַי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

ני

Definition

me, personal pronoun - verb/prep. suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9030

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H413

אֵל (nearly always followed by maqqeph), in poetry אֱלֵי (compare עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (1 Samuel 3:22; 1 Samuel 5:26; 1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 29:19), with suffix אֱלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֱלֶיךְ, etc. אֱלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 times) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often); once אֱלֵימוֹ Psalm 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Exodus 1:19 (Assyrian ilî, Arabic عربي), preposition denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).

Cognates:

• Assyrian ilî
• Arabic عربي

1. Motion to or unto a person or place

• Genesis 2:19, Genesis 2:22; Genesis 3:19; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 14:22; Genesis 16:9 etc.
• After every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though לְ is here more common) Genesis 21:14; Genesis 35:4; Deuteronomy 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Deuteronomy 37:36, etc.
• Metaphorical Jeremiah 2:19 וְלֹא פַּחַדְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (compare Job 31:23).
• Peculiarly Genesis 6:16 אֵל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc.
• And metaphor in the phrase אֵל (אֱלֵי) גִּיל unto exultation Hosea 9:11; Job 3:22.
• Once, exceptionally (si vera 1.) = even: Job 5:5 וְאֵל מִצִּגִּים יִקָּחֶהָ and even out of thorns he taketh it.
• Sometimes pregnant, as Isaiah 66:17; Jeremiah 41:7 זָנָה אֵל commit whoredom (by going) to Numbers 25:1; Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29; דָּרַשׁ אֵל seek (by resorting) to Deuteronomy 18:11; Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 11:10 +; חָבַר אֵל join together (& come) unto Genesis 14:3; הִשְׁכִּימוּ אֵל rise early (and go) to Genesis 19:27; Genesis 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֵל made to kneel down at; Genesis 47:18 תַּם אֵל i.e. has been made over to; מָחַד אֵל to come in fear to Hosea 3:5; Micah 7:17.
• Opposite is מִן, as מִן הַקָּצֶה אֵל הַקָּצֶה from end to end Exodus 26:28; מֵה אֵל מֵה Ezra 9:11 (synonym 2 Kings 21:16 מֵה לָפֶה).
• And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֵל עֵת 1 Chronicles 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֵל יוֹם Numbers 30:15 (P) 1 Chronicles 16:23 (in the Psalm 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).

2. Where the limit is actually entered, into

• Genesis 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark Genesis 7:1; Genesis 19:3; Genesis 41:21; Genesis 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting Genesis 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיכוּ) Genesis 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֵל בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Exodus 28:30 (Leviticus 8:8) Deuteronomy 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Genesis 49:29; שָׁחַט to squeeze Genesis 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Numbers 5:23, etc.; metaphor Genesis 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׁם אֵל לֵב, הָשִׁיב to place, bring into ( = lay to ) heart Deuteronomy 4:39; 2 Samuel 19:20 and elsewhere In connection with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 Samuel 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֵל הַכְּלִים in among the baggage, Jeremiah 4:3 sow not אֵל קֹצִים in among thorns.

3. Of direction towards anything

• (a) Of physical acts or states, as Genesis 30:40 נָתַן מִנִּי הַצֹּאן אֵל, Genesis 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֵל, Exodus 25:20; Numbers 6:26, נָשָׂא פָּנָיו אֵל (2 Kings 9:32 differently), 2 Kings 24:1 שָׁת מִנִּיו אֵל, Joshua 8:18; Psalm 28:2; 1 Kings 8:29, 1 Kings 8:30 (to pray towards) 1 Kings 8:38; pregnantly חָרַד אֵל to tremble (turning) to Genesis 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֵל to wonder (turning) towards Genesis 43:33; Isaiah 13:8, מָחַד אֵל Jeremiah 36:16: without a verb מֵנִּים אֵל מֵנִּים face to face Genesis 32:31 +; מֵה אֵל מֵה Numbers 12:8; כִּאֲיִנֵּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).
• (b) With words such as אָמַר to say to Genesis 3:1 + often, דִּבֵּר Genesis 8:15 + often, קָרָא Genesis 19:5, הִגִּיד Genesis 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to Genesis 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to Genesis 12:15 (compare Ezekiel 13:19 חִלֵּל אֵל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר Ezekiel 40:14.
• (c) With words expressing the direction of the mind, as קָוָה to wait Psalm 27:14 +; יָחַל to hope Isaiah 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֵל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; שָׁם לֵב אֵל, שִׁית to set the heart (mind) to Exodus 9:21 and elsewhere; לָמַד אֵל to accustom oneself to Jeremiah 10:2; חָרַד אֵל to shew fear towards 2 Kings 4:13; Genesis 43:30; Deuteronomy 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).

4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, against

• Genesis 4:8 אֵל הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 Samuel 24:8) 1 Samuel 22:12; Exodus 14:5; Numbers 32:14; with נִקַּם Joshua 10:6, הָלַךְ Judges 1:10; Judges 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Genesis 42:21; Judges 9:57; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Kings 14:10 +; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֵלִי Isaiah 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֵל) Hosea 7:15 (compare Nahum 1:9) Hosea 12:5 וַיָּשַׁר אֵל מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in particular the phrase הִנְנִי אֵל Behold I am against (thee, you, etc.) Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Jeremiah 21:13 (Jeremiah 23:30-32 עַל) Jeremiah 50:31; Jeremiah 51:25; Ezekiel 13:8, Ezekiel 13:20; Ezekiel 21:8; Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:22; Ezekiel 34:10; Ezekiel 35:3; Ezekiel 38:3; Ezekiel 39:1 (Ezekiel 5:8; Ezekiel 26:3; Ezekiel 28:22; Ezekiel 29:3 עַל: on Ezekiel 36:9 see above)

5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

• As Leviticus 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֵל אֲחֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Joshua 13:22 (Numbers 31:8 עַל); 1 Samuel 14:34 at eat אֵל הַחֹם together with the blood (1 Samuel 14:32 & Generally עַל); 1 Kings 10:7 הוֹסַף אֵל (generally עַל); Jeremiah 25:26; Ezekiel 7:26 שְׁמֻעָה אֵל שְׁמֻעָה (עַל); Ezekiel 44:7; Lamentations 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֵל כַּפֵּינוּ our hearts together with the hands (compare Arabic عربي, Qor 4:2; W AG ii. § 51 c).

6. Metaphor in regard to, concerning, on account of

• Thus הִתְאַבֵּל אֵל to mourn concerning 1 Samuel 15:35; הִנָּחֵם אֵל to repent as regards 2 Samuel 24:16; הִתְפַּלֵּל אֵל to pray with regard to 1 Samuel 1:27; 2 Kings 19:20; צָעַק אֵל to cry 2 Kings 8:3 (2 Kings 8:5 עַל); נֶעֱצַב אֵל be pained 1 Samuel 20:34; נִחַם אֵל to comfort 2 Samuel 10:2; more Generally 1 Kings 16:13; 1 Kings 21:22; אֵל נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one's life 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 7:7 (Genesis 19:17 עַל). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר אֵל Genesis 20:2; Isaiah 29:22; Isaiah 37:21, Isaiah 37:33 +; דִּבֵּר אֵל 2 Samuel 7:19; Jeremiah 40:16 b; סִמֵּר אֵל Psalm 2:7; Psalm 69:27; צָוָה אֵל Isaiah 23:11; שָׁמַע אֵל Ezekiel 19:4; הַשְׁמֻעָה אֵל the report regarding . . . 1 Samuel 4:19. (Not frequently, ext. in the case of אָמַר.)

7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare)

• אֵל מִצְוָה according to the command of, Joshua 15:13; Joshua 17:4; Joshua 21:3 (generally עַל מִצְוָה); אֵל נָבוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4 (see Dr); perhaps Psalm 5:1; Psalm 80:1 (Psalm 45:1 עַל).

8. Expressing presence at a spot, against; at, by

• Not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (compare 1), as Joshua 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֵל מֵי מְרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 Samuel 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 Samuel 2:23 and elsewhere and smote him אֵל הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Deuteronomy 33:28; Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7; but also in other cases, as Joshua 5:3 and he circumcised the Israelites אֵל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלִים at the hill of the foreskins, Joshua 22:11 have built an altar אֵל גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Judges 12:6; 2 Samuel 3:32, 2 Samuel 14:30 & 2 Samuel 18:4 אֵל יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 Kings 13:20 as they were sitting אֵל הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 Kings 11:14 אֵל הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Jeremiah 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., Jeremiah 46:10 אֵל נְהַר מְרָתַיִם by the Euphrates, Ezekiel 3:15; Ezekiel 11:11; Ezekiel 17:8; Ezekiel 31:7; Ezekiel 40:18; Ezekiel 43:3; Ezekiel 47:7; Ezekiel 48:12.

9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

• Thus אֵל אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18, 2 Kings 9:19 סֹב אֵל אַחֲרֵי turn to behind me, Zechariah 6:5 (where אֵל is pleonastic, probably due to clerical error; note יָצָא אֵל before & after); אֵל בֵּין in between Ezekiel 31:10, Ezekiel 31:14; אֱל בֵּינֹת similarly Ezekiel 10:2; אֵל בֵּית to (the part) within (see below בַּיִת), in within Leviticus 16:15; 2 Kings 11:15 have her forth in within the ranks; אֵל מוּל see מוּל; אֵל מִנֶּגֶב to the south of Joshua 15:3; אֵל מִחוּץ to the outside of Leviticus 4:12, Leviticus 4:21 +; אֵל נֹכַח to the front of Numbers 19:4; אֵל תַּחַת Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6 and elsewhere (see below תַּחַת).

Note I. — In Genesis 20:13 אֵל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה וְג׳; Numbers 33:54 אֵל אֲשֶׁר וְג׳; Proverbs 17:8 (compare Deuteronomy 16:6); — אֵל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֵל to be used instead of בְּ. In Deuteronomy 31:14 אֱלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אֵל III or IV (q. v.); if the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

Note 2. — There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Joshua 5:14 וַיִּמָּל אֵל מָנָיִו; 1 Samuel 13:13 אַתְּמַמְלֵאתָּ אֵלִי שְׂרָאֵל; 1 Samuel 14:34 (see below 5); 1 Samuel 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֵל הָהָר (contracted עַל הָהָר Deuteronomy 11:29); Deuteronomy 19:16; 2 Samuel 6:3; 2 Samuel 20:23 (contracted 2 Samuel 8:16) 1 Kings 13:29; 1 Kings 18:46 (contracted 2 Kings 3:15 עַל) Jeremiah 35:15; Ezekiel 7:18. (b) Judges 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, Judges 6:39 let there be dryness on (אֵל) the fleece; 1 Samuel 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, 1 Samuel 14:12 come up אֱלֵינוּ; 1 Samuel 16:23 & 1 Samuel 16:16 & 1 Samuel 18:10 צָלַח אֵל, 1 Samuel 10:6 and elsewhere צָלַח עַל; 1 Samuel 25:17 evil is determined אֵל אֲדֹנִינוּ וְעַל כָּל בֵּיתוֹ; 1 Samuel 25:25; 1 Samuel 27:10; 2 Samuel 2:9 וַיַּמְלֵךְ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳; 2 Samuel 3:29 יָחֻל עַל וְאֵל; 2 Kings 8:3 & 2 Kings 8:5; Jeremiah 19:15; Jeremiah 25:2; Jeremiah 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֵל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; Jeremiah 27:19; Jeremiah 28:8; Jeremiah 33:14; Jeremiah 34:7; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 37:13, Jeremiah 37:14; Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11 & Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 21:12 etc. Psalm 79:6 (Jeremiah 10:25 עַל twice). It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל, as 1 Samuel 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (1 Samuel 1:26 אֵל); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 25:25 אֵל עַל; 1 Kings 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל בֵּיתוֹ (1 Kings 21:4 אֵל); Isaiah 22:15; Jeremiah 11:2; Jeremiah 23:35; Jeremiah 31:12. compare Dr Sm i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

¹ If the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

² There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences.

³ It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers.

⁴ Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל.

⁵ Compare Driver, Samuel, i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

Conjunction, Preposition, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

יחשבו יְחַשְּׁבוּ־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חשב

châshab

Definition

properly, to plait or interpenetrate, i.e. (literally) to weave or (generally) to fabricate; figuratively, to plot or contrive (usually in a malicious sense); hence (from the mental effort) to think, regard, value, compute

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to plait or interpenetrate, i.e. (literally) to weave or (generally) to fabricate; figuratively, to plot or contrive (usually in a malicious sense); hence (from the mental effort) to think, regard, value, compute; (make) account (of), conceive, consider, count, cunning (man, work, workman), devise, esteem, find out, forecast, hold, imagine, impute, invent, be like, mean, purpose, reckon(-ing be made), regard, think.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2803

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֵ֫שֶׁב

noun masculine • Root חשב • Consonantal / Medium • Page 539

Girdle, belt, especially the girdle of the ephod.

Matched via consonantal key only

חֲשָׁב

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 540

A word not used in its base form, meaning befriending or attachment. Used only in proper names. It is an Aramaic form for חֶשְׁבּוֹן.

Matched via consonantal key only

חֲשַׁב

verb (aramaic) • Root חשב • Consonantal / Medium • Page 539

Aramaic verb meaning to regard, to count.

Matched via consonantal key only

חִשֵּׁב

verb • Root חשב • Consonantal / Medium • Page 539

Piel stem of חשׁב. 1. To make artificially, to put together; figuratively to devise plans or intrigues. 2. To meditate, think, devise, plan against, form hostile designs, review, reckon. 3. To be very friendly to, allied with.

Matched via consonantal key only

חָשַׁב

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 538

1. To bind, to bind together, to knot; used for knotting threads (as a weaver), uniting things artificially (like musical instruments), girding, or fencing/fortifying. 2. Metaphorically, to meditate, to devise, to spin together ideas, often in a bad sense.

Matched via consonantal key only

חָשַׁב

verb • Root חשב • Consonantal / Medium • Page 539

To think, to meditate, to purpose, to account, to esteem, to count, to reckon, to judge, to weigh, to reflect upon. Also, (not used) to be allied, to be befriended, to be attached to.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חֲשַׁב

chald. v. • Page 254

To reckon, esteem. Dan. 4: 32. [35.]

חֵשֶׁב

noun masculine • Root חשב • Page 254

Verbal from חָשַׁב; the girdle of the high priest's ephod, so called from the damask work of which it was made. Ex. 28: 8, 27, 28; 29: 5; 39: 5, 20, 21.

חָשַׁב

verb • Page 253

1. to think, intend, purpose; construed with לְ and an infinitive. Ps. 140:5. 1 Sam. 18:25. 2. to imagine, invent, devise. חָשַׁב מַחֲשָׁבוֹת עַל to devise plans against, Jer. 11:19. 18:11. חָשַׁב רָעָה עַל to imagine evil against, Gen. 50:20. 3. to think, reckon, or account to be any thing.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2803

I. חָשַׁב verb — think, account.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic חֲשַׁב
• Arabic حَسَبَ
• Ethiopic ሐሰበ
• Phoenician חשב (meaning dubious, see CIS¹)

Qal

— חָשַׁב Perfect Isaiah 33:8 (9 times); חָשַׁבְתָּה 2 Samuel 14:13 etc.; Imperfect יַחְשֹׁב Isaiah 10:7 (4 times); יַחֲשָׁבֿ 2 Samuel 19:20, Psalm 40:18; suffix יַחְשְׁבֵנִי Job 19:11, Job 33:10; plural יַחְשְׁבוּ Psalm 41:8, Daniel 11:25, יַחְשֹׁ֑בוּ Isaiah 13:17, יַחֲשֹׁבוּן Psalm 35:20, נַחְשְׁבָה Jeremiah 18:18, etc. + 9 times; Infinitive construct לַחְשֹׁב Exodus 31:4 (3 times); Participle חֹשֵׁב Exodus 26:1 (15 times), חוֺשֵׁב 2 Chronicles 26:15; חֹשְׁבִים Nehemiah 6:2 (3 times), חֹשְׁבֵי Micah 2:1 (3 times).

I. Of man

1. think, account
   • (+ לְבָבוֹ לֹא כֵן יַחְשֹׁב) Isaiah 10:7 not so thinketh his mind
   • חֹשְׁבֵי שְׁמוֹ Malachi 3:16 those thinking of his name
   • followed by 2 accusative: חֲשַׁבְנֻהוּ נָגוּעַ Isaiah 53:4 we thought him stricken
   • with accusative + לְ Genesis 38:15 (Jehovist Source), 1 Samuel 1:13, Job 19:15, Job 35:2, Job 41:24
   • figurative of crocodile: Job 41:19 he reckoneth iron as straw
2. devise, plan, mean
   • with accusative מַחֲשֶׁבֶת רָעָה Ezekiel 38:10
   • רָעָה Psalm 35:4, Psalm 140:3, Zechariah 7:10, Zechariah 8:17
   • תַּהְפֻּכֹות Proverbs 16:30
   • מְזִמּוֹת Psalm 10:2, Psalm 21:12
   • דִּבְרֵי מִרְמוֹת Psalm 35:20
   • אָוֶן Micah 2:1, Ezekiel 11:2, Psalm 36:5
   • הַוּוֹת Psalm 52:4
   • רַע(ה) עַל devise evil against Genesis 50:20 (Elohist Source), Jeremiah 48:2, Nahum 1:11
   • רָעָה לְ Psalm 41:8
   • מַחֲשֶׁבֶת עַל Jeremiah 11:19, Jeremiah 18:18, Jeremiah 49:30, Daniel 11:25, Esther 8:3, Esther 9:25
   • with infinitive 1 Samuel 18:25, Jeremiah 18:8, Jeremiah 23:27, Job 6:26, Nehemiah 6:2, 6, Esther 9:24, Psalm 140:5
   • with לְבִלְתִּי + Imperfect 2 Samuel 14:14 (where, however, Ew² reads חֹבֵב compare We³ Dr⁴)
3. charge, impute
   • עָוֹן לְ 2 Samuel 19:20 impute iniquity to
4. esteem, value, regard
   • silver Isaiah 13:17
   • a man Isaiah 33:8
   • the servant of Yahweh Isaiah 53:3
5. invent ingenious and artistic things
   • לָהֶם כְּלֵי שִׁיר Amos 6:5 invent for themselves instruments of music
   • (כָּל) מַחֲשֶׁבֶת invent cunning work (of artistic devices in tabernacle) Exodus 31:4, Exodus 35:32, 35 (all Priests' Code), so 2 Chronicles 2:13
   • מַעֲשֵׂה חֹשֵׁב work of the cunning workman (in weaving; see VB⁵ and Di⁶) Exodus 26:1, 31, 28:6, 15, 36:8, 35, 39:3, 8 (all Priests' Code)
   • מַחֲשֶׁבֶת חוֺשֵׁב 2 Chronicles 26:15 inventions of inventive men (of engines of war)
   • חָרָשׁ וְחֹשֵׁב craftsman and inventive workman Exodus 35:35, Exodus 38:23 (Priests' Code)

II. Of God

1. think, account one
   • with accusative of person + לְ Job 13:24, Job 33:10 account for an enemy
   • לוֺ כְּצָרָיו Job 19:11 he accounted me unto him as his adversaries
2. devise, plan, mean
   • with accusative + לְ Genesis 50:20 (Elohist Source) לְטֹבָה for good
   • with לְ of person Psalm 40:18
   • accusative of thing + עַל against a person Micah 2:3, Jeremiah 18:11, 29:11, with אֶל Jeremiah 49:20, 50:45
   • followed by infinitive Jeremiah 26:3, 36:3, Lamentations 2:8
3. impute, reckon
   • with accusative of thing + לְ person: Genesis 15:6 (Jehovist/Elohist Source) he reckoned to Abram as righteousness
   • not impute iniquity to one Psalm 32:2

Niph`al

— נֶחְשַׁב Perfect Numbers 18:27, 30; נֶחְשַׁבְתִּי Psalm 88:5 etc. + 10 times; Imperfect יֵחָשֵׁב Leviticus 7:18 etc. + 13 times; Participle נֶחְשָׁב Isaiah 2:22, 1 Kings 10:21, 2 Chronicles 9:20.

1. be accounted, thought, esteemed
   • with כְּ as Hosea 8:12, Isaiah 5:28, Isaiah 29:16, Isaiah 40:15, Psalm 44:23, Job 18:3, Job 41:21
   • with לְ Isaiah 29:17, Isaiah 32:15, Lamentations 4:2
   • with עִם with, among Psalm 88:5
   • with בַּמֶּה Isaiah 2:22 at what (value)?
   • with accusative Deuteronomy 2:11, 20, Proverbs 17:28, Nehemiah 13:13
   • נָכְרִיּוֹת נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ לוֹ Genesis 31:13 (Elohist Source)
2. be computed, reckoned
   • with לְ Joshua 13:3 (Deuteronomic Code), עַל Leviticus 25:31 (Priests' Code), 2 Samuel 4:2
   • absolute: כֶּסֶף was not counted (so plentiful was it) 1 Kings 10:21, 2 Chronicles 9:20, 2 Kings 22:7
3. be imputed to any one
   • with לְ Leviticus 7:18, Numbers 18:27, 30 (all Priests' Code), Leviticus 17:4 (Holiness Code), Proverbs 27:14
   • the interposition of Phinehas: נֶחְשַׁב לוֹ לִצְדָקָה Psalm 106:31 was imputed to him for righteousness

Pi`el

— חִשַּׁב Perfect Leviticus 25:27 (4 times); חִשְּׁבָה Jonah 1:4; חִשַּׁבְתִּי Psalm 77:6, Psalm 119:59; Imperfect יְחַשֵּׁב Proverbs 16:9, Daniel 11:24, תְּחַשְּׁבוּן Nahum 1:9 etc. + 4 times; Participle מְחַשֵּׁב Proverbs 24:8.

1. think upon, consider, be mindful of
   • with accusative Psalm 77:6, Psalm 119:59
   • (מָה) בֶּן־אֱנֹושׁ וַתְּחַשְּׁבֵהוּ Psalm 144:3 what (is) man's son, and thou thinkest upon him
2. think to do, devise, plan
   • with accusative Proverbs 16:9, אֶל of persons against whom Hosea 7:15, Nahum 1:9, עַל Daniel 11:24
   • with infinitive Psalm 73:16, Proverbs 24:8
   • of inanimate object: הָאֳנִיָּה חִשְּׁבָה לְהִשָּׁבֵר Jonah 1:4 the ship was about to (minded to) be broken up
3. count, reckon
   • the years since a sale of land Leviticus 25:27 (Holiness Code)
   • with לְ person Leviticus 25:52 (Holiness Code), Leviticus 27:18, 23 (Priests' Code)
   • with עִם Leviticus 25:50 (Priests' Code); with אֶת 2 Kings 12:16

Hithpa`el

— Imperfect בַּגּוֹיִם לֹא יִתְחַשָּׁ֑ב Numbers 23:9 (Jehovist/Elohist Source) among the nations it shall not reckon itself.

Aramaic

[חֲשַׁב] verb think, account (compare Biblical Hebrew חָשַׁב).

Pe`al

— Participle passive plural כְּלָה חֲשִׁיבִין Daniel 4:32 like those not accounted of, of no account (see Bev⁷ and Dr⁴).

¹ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS).

² Heinrich Ewald, Hebrew Grammar (GKC citation style often applies here, but refers specifically to Ewald's work).

³ Julius Wellhausen.

⁴ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

⁵ Variorum Bible (or similar scholarly apparatus cited as VB).

⁶ August Dillmann.

⁷ A. A. Bevan, A Short Commentary on the Book of Daniel (1892).

Verb Piel imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: λογισθήσεται ἐλογίσατο ἐλογίσθησαν ἐλογίσαντο λογίζομαι

LXX Usage Statistics

H2803:

λογισθήσεται 8× (6.0%)

ἐλογίσατο 7× (5.3%)

ἐλογίσθησαν 7× (5.6%)

ἐλογίσαντο 6× (4.8%)

λογίζομαι 4× (3.1%)

λογίζεσθε 3× (2.4%)

'' 3× (2.0%)

ἐλογίσθη 3× (2.2%)

λογιζόμενοι 3× (2.3%)

ὑφαντὸν 3× (2.4%)

רע רָע׃

evil one/friend

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רע

raʻ

Definition

bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)

Root

from H7489 (רעע);

Exhaustive

from רעע; bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral); adversity, affliction, bad, calamity, [phrase] displease(-ure), distress, evil((-favouredness), man, thing), [phrase] exceedingly, [idiom] great, grief(-vous), harm, heavy, hurt(-ful), ill (favoured), [phrase] mark, mischief(-vous), misery, naught(-ty), noisome, [phrase] not please, sad(-ly), sore, sorrow, trouble, vex, wicked(-ly, -ness, one), worse(-st), wretchedness, wrong. (Incl. feminine raaah; as adjective or noun.).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7451

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רַע

adjective / masculine • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1344

I. bad, unpleasant; expressing what is unsalutary either by its internal unfitness and worthlessness, or injuriousness; hence ill-favoured, envious, wicked, evil, malignant, hurtful, troubled, sorrowful.

רַע

adjective • Strongs / High • Page 1345

1. wild; evil, bad, unpleasant; sad spirit; painful. 2. In a moral sense: evil, sinful. 3. to be displeasing in one's eyes. Without a noun: bad, also as an adv.

רַע

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1345

II. m. 1. abstr. ill, evil (that one does); adversity, calamity, misfortune; in a moral sense, wickedness, sin. 2. concr. an evil one, a sinner.

רַע

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1345

III. m. 1. (from רִיעַ) noise, noise of war, cry of grief, rolling of thunder. 2. (from רֵעָה II) a friend, companion; defect, flaw.

רַע

adjective / noun masculine • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1347

I. Bad, evil, morally wicked (adj.); often in a moral sense, what is bad religiously speaking, wickedness, vice, as a deed, sin; also concrete the wicked (n.).

רַע

adjective / substantive • Root רעע • Strongs / High • Page 1350

Bad, evil, wicked, mischievous, sorrowful, vexed, envious, jealous. (Also functions as a noun meaning an evil-doer, foolishness, viciousness, badness, discord).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רַע

verb • Root רעע • Page 622

1. bad, of a bad quality. Lev. 27: 10. 2. ugly, ill-favoured. Gen. 41: 3. 3. evil, unfortunate, calamitous. Jer. 7: 6. 4. evil, pernicious, dangerous. Gen. 37: 33. 5. having an evil eye, envious. Prov. 23: 6. 6. sad; spoken of the heart or countenance. Gen. 40: 7.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7451

I. רַע (approximate number of occurrences: 226) adjective — bad, evil.

— רַע masculine singular Genesis 6:5 +; רָ֑ע Genesis 31:24 +; plural רָעִים Genesis 13:13 +; construct רָעֵי Ezekiel 7:24 (strike out Cornill¹); feminine singular רָעָה Genesis 37:2 (37 times); plural רָעוֺת Genesis 28:8 (14 times); רָעֹת Genesis 41:27.

1. Bad, disagreeable, malignant

• Of a woman: רָעָה בְּעֵינֵי Exodus 21:8 (Elohist Source; perhaps verb רָ֫עָה); plural Genesis 28:8 (Priestly Code)
• Poisonous herb: 2 Kings 4:41
• Malignant boils: Deuteronomy 28:35, Job 2:7
• Diseases: Deuteronomy 7:15, Deuteronomy 28:59, 2 Chronicles 21:19, Ecclesiastes 6:2
• Deadly sword: Psalm 144:10; arrows: Ezekiel 5:16; severe judgments: Ezekiel 14:21; wonders: Deuteronomy 6:22
• מַלְאֲכֵי רָעִים fierce messengers: Psalm 78:49 (compare Ewald², Gesenius³)
• Wild beasts: Genesis 37:20, 33 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Leviticus 26:6 (Holiness Code), Ezekiel 5:17, Ezekiel 14:15, 21, Ezekiel 34:25
• Unclean thing: Deuteronomy 23:10

2. Bad, unpleasant (pain, unhappy, misery)

• ימים רעים evil days: Genesis 47:9 (Priestly Code), Proverbs 15:15
• Unpleasant business: Ecclesiastes 1:13, 4:8, 5:13, compare 2:17, 9:3
• הַמַּעֲשֶׂה הָרָע: Ecclesiastes 4:3
• דבר הרע evil report: Exodus 33:4 (Jehovist Source), דִּבָּה רָעָה Genesis 37:2 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Numbers 14:37 (Priestly Code), שׁם רע Deuteronomy 22:14, 19, Nehemiah 6:13
• שְׁמוּעָה רָעָה: Jeremiah 49:23, Psalm 112:7
• Painful discipline: Proverbs 15:10; evil occurrence: 1 Kings 5:18; evil net: Ecclesiastes 9:12; instruments: Isaiah 32:7
• כל הדבר הרע all evil things: Joshua 23:15 (Deuteronomic Source)
• רַע it is bad/harmful: Isaiah 3:11, Jeremiah 2:19
• Of speech, רע או טוב speak bad or good: Genesis 24:50 (Jehovist Source); מטוב עד רע Genesis 31:24, 29 (Elohist Source); לְמֵרָע ועד טוב 2 Samuel 13:22
• Of the divine spirit producing frenzy: 1 Samuel 16:14–16, 23, 18:10, 19:9

3. Evil, displeasing

עָשָׂה רַע בְּעֵינֵי סַרְנֵי פְלשְׁתִּים: 1 Samuel 29:7.

4. Bad of its kind

Land: Numbers 13:19 (Jehovist Source); place: Numbers 20:5 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); waters: 2 Kings 2:19; figs: Jeremiah 24:2, 3, 8; kine: Genesis 41:3–4, 19–21, 27 (Elohist Source); מוּם רע: Deuteronomy 15:21, compare 17:1.

5. Bad (of low value)

Leviticus 27:10, 12, 14, 33 (Holiness Code), compare Malachi 1:8; רַע רַע יאֹמַר הַקּוֺנֶה: Proverbs 20:14.

6. Worse than (comparative/superlative)

מִן comparative: 2 Samuel 19:8; as superlative, רָעֵי גוֺיִם worst of nations: Ezekiel 7:24.

7. Sad, unhappy

לֶב רָע sad heart: Proverbs 25:20; of face: Genesis 40:7 (Elohist Source), Nehemiah 2:2; רע לְפָנָיו: Nehemiah 2:1.

8. Devise evil device

חָשַׁב מַחֲשֶׁבֶת רָעָה: Ezekiel 38:10, Esther 9:25.

9. Bad, unkind (disposition/temper)

וְלֶב רָע when the mind is vicious: Proverbs 26:23; רַע עַיִן evil of eye: Proverbs 23:6, 28:22; רוּחַ רָעָה bad temper: Judges 9:23.

10. Ethically bad, evil, wicked

a. In general

• אם טוב ואם רע: Ecclesiastes 12:14

b. Of persons

• אִישׁ רע: 1 Samuel 30:22; אדם רע: Psalm 140:2; המן הרע הזה: Esther 7:6
• רָע evil man: Psalm 10:15, Job 21:30, Proverbs 11:21, 12:13, 24:20
• רָעִים evil men: Genesis 13:13 (Jehovist Source), Jeremiah 6:29, 15:21, Ezekiel 30:12, Job 35:12, Proverbs 4:14, 14:19
• רָעוֺת evil women: Jeremiah 2:33; שׁכנים רעים: Jeremiah 12:14
• Of generation, people, congregation: Deuteronomy 1:35, Jeremiah 13:10, Numbers 14:27, 35 (Priestly Code), Jeremiah 8:3
• רַע בְּעֵינֵי י׳: Genesis 38:7 (Jehovist-Elohist Source) = 1 Chronicles 2:8
• עָשָׂה הָרָע בְּעֵינֵי י׳: Numbers 32:13 (Redactor), Deuteronomy 4:25, 9:18, 17:2, 31:29, Judges 2:11 (48 times), 2 Kings 21:15, Isaiah 65:12, Jeremiah 7:30, Psalm 51:6

c. Of thoughts

• יֵצֶר: Genesis 6:5, 8:21 (Jehovist Source)
• הַלֵּב הָרָע: Jeremiah 3:17, 7:24, 11:8, 16:12, 18:12
• רעות (words): Proverbs 15:28

d. Deeds, actions

• עשׂה דבר הרע: Deuteronomy 13:12, 17:5, 19:20, Nehemiah 13:17
• דבר רע: Psalm 64:6, 141:4, Ecclesiastes 8:3, 5; דברים: 1 Samuel 2:23, 2 Kings 17:11
• דֶּרֶךְ evil way: 1 Kings 13:33, Jeremiah 18:11, 23:22; דרכים: 2 Kings 17:13, Ezekiel 33:11, Zechariah 1:4
• מעשׂינוּ: Ezra 9:13; מעללים: Zechariah 1:4, Nehemiah 9:35
• בֶּצַע רע: Habakkuk 2:9; תועבות רעות: Ezekiel 6:11, 8:9
• כִּי רָעוֺת בִּמְגוּרָם: Psalm 55:16

II. רַע (approximate number of occurrences: 126) noun masculine — evil, distress, misery, injury, calamity.

— absolute רַע Numbers 11:1 +; בְּרָע Exodus 5:19 +; רָ֑ע Genesis 48:16 +.

1. Evil, distress, adversity

• יָרֵא רַע fear evil: Psalm 23:4, Zephaniah 3:15
• בּוֺרֵא רָ֑ע (of God): Isaiah 45:7; הביא רע: Isaiah 31:2
• אם טוב ואם רע prosperity or adversity: Jeremiah 42:6
• יוֺם רע day of calamity: Amos 6:3, Psalm 49:6, 94:13
• בְּרָע in adversity: Exodus 5:19 (Elohist Source), Psalm 10:6
• מכל רע from all evil: Genesis 48:16 (Elohist Source), Psalm 121:7

2. Evil, injury, wrong

• עשׂה רע with עִם: Genesis 31:29 (Elohist Source); with ל: Jeremiah 39:12
• As object of חשּׁב: Hosea 7:15; חרשׁ: Proverbs 6:14, 14:22
• לֹא יִתְנַבֵּא טוֺב כִּי אִם רָ֑ע: 1 Kings 22:8, 18
• לרע for harm: Isaiah 59:7, Jeremiah 7:6, Psalm 56:6

3. Ethical evil

• Deuteronomy 30:15, 2 Samuel 14:17, Isaiah 5:20, Amos 5:14
• עשׂה רע: 2 Kings 21:9, 2 Chronicles 12:14, Nehemiah 9:28
• שׂנא רע: Amos 5:15, Psalm 97:10, Proverbs 8:13
• סר מֵרָע depart from evil: Isaiah 59:15, Psalm 34:15, Proverbs 3:7
• כי ברע הוא set on evil: Exodus 32:22 (Jehovist Source)
• אֵשֶׁת רע evil woman: Proverbs 6:24 (perhaps read רֵעַ friend)

III. רָעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 310) noun feminine — evil, misery, distress, injury.

— absolute רָעָה Genesis 26:29 +; construct רָעַת Genesis 6:5 +; suffix רָֽעָתִי Psalm 35:4 +; plural רָעוֺת Deuteronomy 31:17 +, רָעֹת Jeremiah 44:9.

1. Evil, misery, distress

• באה הרעה: Ezekiel 7:5, Isaiah 47:11
• הביא רעה: Jeremiah 4:6, 1 Kings 21:29, 2 Samuel 17:14
• יוֺם רעה: Jeremiah 17:17, Ecclesiastes 12:1
• ראה ברעה: Numbers 11:15 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Obadiah 1:13, Esther 8:6
• נִחַם עַל רָעָה repent of evil: Exodus 32:12, 14 (Jehovist Source), Jeremiah 18:8, Joel 2:13

2. Evil, injury, wrong

• עשׂה רעה with עִם: Genesis 26:29 (Jehovist Source), Judges 15:3
• Object of השׁב: Genesis 50:20 (Elohist Source), Jeremiah 36:3
• גמל רעה: Genesis 50:17 (Elohist Source), 1 Samuel 24:18
• לְרָעָה for harm: Genesis 31:52, Deuteronomy 29:20, Amos 9:4

3. Ethical evil

• 1 Samuel 12:17, Isaiah 47:10, Jeremiah 2:19
• עָשָׂה רָעָה: Genesis 39:9, Deuteronomy 31:18 (Jehovist Source)
• שׁוּב מרעה turn from evil: Jeremiah 18:8, 23:14, 44:5
• בִּעֵר רעה consume evil: Judges 20:13

¹ C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

² Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache des Alten Bundes.

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Adjective adjective both singular absolute

LXX: πονηρὸν κακὰ κακά κακῶν πονηρὰ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7451b:

πονηρὸν 89× (12.6%)

κακὰ 62× (9.4%)

κακά 58× (8.8%)

κακῶν 31× (4.3%)

πονηρὰ 26× (4.0%)

κακίαν 26× (3.8%)

κακία 24× (3.4%)

--- 21× (3.4%)

πονηρόν 18× (2.7%)

κακίασ 18× (2.5%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And I corrected and strengthened their arms, and they will purpose evil against me.

LITV Translation:
Though I bound, I made their arms strong; yet they think evil against Me.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
They were instructed by me, and I strengthened their arms; and they devised evils against me.