Habakkuk 1:3

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

למה לָמָּה

why

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מה

mâh

Definition

properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and even relatively, that which); often used with prefixes in various adverbial or conjunctive senses

Root

or מה; or מ; or מ; also מה; a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or מה; or מ; or מ; also מה; a primitive particle; properly, interrogative what? (including how? why? when?); but also exclamation, what! (including how!), or indefinitely what (including whatever, and even relatively, that which); often used with prefixes in various adverbial or conjunctive senses; how (long, oft, (-soever)), (no-) thing, what (end, good, purpose, thing), whereby(-fore, -in, -to, -with), (for) why.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4100

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָה

interrogative pronoun • Root מה • Strongs / High • Page 815

An interrogative pronoun, meaning 'what?'. It has various applications, including direct and indirect questions, functioning as a substantive ('what of...'), expressing quality ('what kind of...'), conveying reproach or negation, serving as an exclamation of wonder ('how...!'), and meaning 'whatever' or 'why'.

מָה

interrogative pronoun / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 816

An interrogative pronoun and adverb with various meanings including: what?, why?, how?, in what way?

מָה

interrogative pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 817

how what! = but how! how great! An interrogative pronoun, what? Also signifies 'on account of that, for that'.

מָה

aramaic pronoun (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 817

Aramaic interrogative pronoun, same as Hebrew. what? whatever, quidquid.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מָה

interrog. pron. / particle • Page 358

1. what? spoken of things (Judg. 11:12; 2 Sam. 16:10, 19:23; Jer. 2:18; Hos. 14:9). 2. without an interrogation, what, whatever, something, any thing (Prov. 9:13; 2 Sam. 18:23; Job 13:13, 14; Ecc. 1:9, 3:15, 22:6; Dan. 10:10 (Aram.)). 3. before substantives, what, of what sort, qualis (Josh. 22:16; 1 Sam. 28:14; 1 K. 9:13). 4. how? (Gen. 44:16; Ex. 10:26; Gen. 28:17). 5. wherefore? (Judg. 8:1; Ps. 42:12). 6. not (Cant. 8:4; Job 16:6, 31:1, 20, 24).

מָה

interrog. pron. • Page 358

Chald. what, as in Heb. with and without an interrogation. מָה דִי that which (Dan. 2:28). Combined with prepositions: (1.) כְּמָה how, how very (Dan. 3:33). (2.) לְמָה דִי lest, that not (Ezra 4:22, 7:23).

Preposition, Particle interrogative

LXX: τί τίσ τίνι ἐστιν ὡσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4100:

τί 516× (62.9%)

τίσ 44× (5.6%)

τίνι 29× (3.2%)

ἐστιν 24× (2.6%)

ὡσ 14× (1.8%)

'' 13× (1.4%)

---% 11× (1.1%)

τίνοσ 11× (1.3%)

τι 10× (1.1%)

--- 10× (1.3%)

תראני תַרְאֵנִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ראה

râʼâh

Definition

to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative); advise self, appear, approve, behold, [idiom] certainly, consider, discern, (make to) enjoy, have experience, gaze, take heed, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] joyfully, lo, look (on, one another, one on another, one upon another, out, up, upon), mark, meet, [idiom] be near, perceive, present, provide, regard, (have) respect, (fore-, cause to, let) see(-r, -m, one another), shew (self), [idiom] sight of others, (e-) spy, stare, [idiom] surely, [idiom] think, view, visions.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7200

ני

Definition

me, personal pronoun - verb/prep. suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9030

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1308

To see, look, behold, or observe (physical act); to perceive, experience, or know (metaphorical); of prophets, to have revelations; to live/exist (to see light); to inspect, examine, try; to regard, consider, trust, or choose/appoint.

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1308

To be seen, but when used with a negative, to disappear, to be invisible (only 3 pl. fem. is attested as רָאֲתָה).

רָאָה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1309

To see, look, perceive, appear; sometimes the object follows in a clause introduced by כִּי; to cause to look upon with a mischievous pleasure; to cause one to feel or experience, good or evil; to enjoy.

רָאָה

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 1309

The name of a bird of prey, probably named from its keen sight.

רָאָה

adjective • Strongs / High • Page 1309

Seeing.

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1307

1. Intransitive: to see, to look, to view. 2. Transitive: to see, with the accusative. Often meaning to perceive.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Page 601

To see, look. 1. to see, look (Ps. 64:6, Ex. 5:21, Mal. 3:18). 2. to view with interest or sympathy, to rejoice in a thing (Job 3:9, Ps. 22:18, Ps. 112:8). 3. to look on, to view (Lev. 13:3); specifically of God looking on to relieve affliction (Ex. 4:31, Ps. 9:14). 4. to look or see to a thing, to take care for it (Gen. 39:23, 1 K. 12:16). 5. to see, know, discern (Jer. 20:12, Ecc. 1:16). 6. to visit (2 Sam. 13:5, 2 K. 8:29). 7. to choose, select (Gen. 22:8); passive participle רָאוּי means select or chosen (Est. 2:9). 8. to see or experience good, evil, life, or death (Ps. 34:13, Ecc. 9:9, Ps. 89:49).

רָאָה

verb • Page 602

found only Deut. 14:13. prob. a corrupted reading for דַּיָּה, as in the parallel passage Lev. 11:14.

Verb Hiphil imperfect second person masculine singular, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: εἶδεν εἶδον ὄψεται ἰδεῖν ἴδετε

LXX Usage Statistics

H7200:

εἶδεν 159× (11.3%)

εἶδον 154× (11.3%)

ὄψεται 52× (3.8%)

ἰδεῖν 51× (3.6%)

ἴδετε 43× (3.1%)

ἰδὲ 42× (3.0%)

ἰδὼν 34× (2.5%)

ὄψονται 33× (2.5%)

ὤφθη 28× (2.1%)

ἰδοὺ 24× (1.9%)

און אָוֶן

bent one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

און

ʼâven

Definition

strictly nothingness; also trouble. vanity, wickedness; specifically an idol

Root

from an unused root perhaps meaning properly, to pant (hence, to exert oneself, usually in vain; to come to naught);

Exhaustive

from an unused root perhaps meaning properly, to pant (hence, to exert oneself, usually in vain; to come to naught); strictly nothingness; also trouble. vanity, wickedness; specifically an idol; affliction, evil, false, idol, iniquity, mischief, mourners(-ing), naught, sorrow, unjust, unrighteous, vain, vanity, wicked(-ness). Compare אין.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H205

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָוֶן

noun masculine • Root אן • Strongs_Numbers • Page 78

I. (Not used) intr. to breathe, blow. 1. To be empty, vain, transitory, nothing. 2. To be wicked, sinful, worthless, deceitful. 3. To be idolatrous, a manifestation of sin.

אָוֶן

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 78

II. (Not used) intr. to exert, labour; to strive, to fatigue.

אָוֶן

verb • Root און • Strongs_Numbers • Page 79

To be fatigued, weary.

אָוֶן

noun masculine • Root און • Strongs_Numbers • Page 79

Properly a breath, hence: 1. nothingness, vanity, a trifle; 2. wickedness, sinfulness, falsehood, sin, flattery, lies; 3. idolatry (and the serving of oracular images).

אָוֶן

noun masculine • Root און • Strongs_Numbers • Page 79

1. Properly overlabouring, working oneself weary, then: hardship, labour, burden, distress; 2. the goods, property, possession which have been obtained by toil and weariness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֹון

m. dec. i. a. • Root הון, א ה • Page 32

1. Strength, particularly the power of generation (firstling of one's strength). 2. Wealth, riches.

אָוֶן

m. dec. vi. e. • Root אן • Page 31

1. nothingness, vanity, falsehood. Is. 41:29. (Parall. אֶפֶס.) Zech, 10:2. It is applied particularly to idolatry, 1 Sam. 15:23. and to every thing pertaining to it; e. g. to the idol itself, Is. 66:3.

אָוֶן

noun • Page 32

2. Wickedness, sin, transgression. 3. Evil, trouble, sorrow, affliction (e.g., 'son of my sorrow', 'bread of sorrow/funeral meal').

אָוֶן

prop. name • Page 32

1. A pleasant valley in Syria of Damascus, now called Un. 2. Also Heliopolis.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0205:

No stats available

ועמל וְעָמָל

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עמל

ʻâmâl

Definition

toil, i.e. wearing effort; hence, worry, wheth. of body or mind

Root

from H5998 (עמל);

Exhaustive

from עמל; toil, i.e. wearing effort; hence, worry, wheth. of body or mind; grievance(-vousness), iniquity, labour, mischief, miserable(-sery), pain(-ful), perverseness, sorrow, toil, travail, trouble, wearisome, wickedness.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5999

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָמָל

substantive • Strongs / High • Page 1105

1. a labourer, workman. 2. the act of labouring, toil, working. 3. what is gained by labour. 4. Metaphor: anything wretched, sorrowful; hence toil, sorrow, suffering, misery, misfortune.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָמָל

m. verbal noun • Root עמל • Page 514

1. Wearisome labour, toil (Ecc. 1:3). 2. The fruit of labour (Ps. 105:44). 3. Trouble, adversity (Gen. 41:51). 4. Iniquity, injustice (Num. 23:21; Is. 10:1).

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: μόχθω κόποσ πόνον πόνουσ μόχθοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5999:

μόχθω 15× (26.6%)

κόποσ 5× (9.7%)

πόνον 4× (8.0%)

πόνουσ 4× (7.1%)

μόχθοσ 3× (5.7%)

πόνοσ 3× (5.7%)

κόπον 3× (5.1%)

μόχθον 3× (5.1%)

μόχθου 2× (4.0%)

ὀδύνασ 2× (4.0%)

תביט תַּבִּיט

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נבט

nâbaṭ

Definition

to scan, i.e. look intently at; by implication, to regard with pleasure, favor or care

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to scan, i.e. look intently at; by implication, to regard with pleasure, favor or care; (cause to) behold, consider, look (down), regard, have respect, see.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5027

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָבַט

verb • Root בטט • Strongs / High • Page 937

A verb meaning to see, behold, or look at. In various conjugations (Kal, Piel, Hifil), it carries meanings like looking piercingly, looking upon, directing the look to, beholding, looking out, looking after, and metaphorically, having regard for, respecting, or trusting.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָבַט

verb • Page 422

1. to look, to direct the eye, to behold, regarder. 2. to see, perceive with the eye. 3. to see with satisfaction. 4. trans. to let or cause to see. (Is. 5:30; Job 35:5; Ps. 142:5; Ex. 33:8; 1 Sam. 24:9; Gen. 19:17, 26; Ex. 3:6; Num. 21:9; Is. 51:1, 2; Ps. 34:6; 1 Sam. 16:7; Is. 66:2; Ps. 119:6; Ps. 74:20; 104:32; Hab. 2:15; Am. 5:22; Ps. 84:10; Lam. 4:16; Ps. 13:4; Is. 64:8; Num. 12:8; 1 Sam. 2:32; Is. 38:11; Ps. 10:14; Ps. 92:12; Hab. 1:3.)

Verb Hiphil imperfect second person masculine singular

LXX: ἐπίβλεψον ἐπέβλεψεν ἐμβλέψατε ἐμβλέψονται ἐπιβλέπειν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5027:

ἐπίβλεψον 10× (14.4%)

ἐπέβλεψεν 7× (9.5%)

ἐμβλέψατε 3× (4.4%)

ἐμβλέψονται 3× (4.1%)

ἐπιβλέπειν 3× (3.6%)

ἀνάβλεψον 2× (3.1%)

ἐπιβλέψαι 2× (2.8%)

ἐπέβλεψα 2× (2.8%)

ἔσται 2× (2.8%)

'' 2× (2.6%)

ושד וְשֹׁד

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שד

shôd

Definition

violence, ravage

Root

or שוד; (Job 5:21), from H7736 (שוד);

Exhaustive

or שוד; (Job 5:21), from שוד; violence, ravage; desolation, destruction, oppression, robbery, spoil(-ed, -er, -ing), wasting.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7701

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֹׁד

noun masculine • Root שדד • Strongs / High • Page 1384

masc. 1. (for שָׁדָה, from שָׁדַד I.) same as שַׁד a breast, only figur. of fullness. 2. (once שׁוֹד Job 5, 21, from שָׁדַד) severity, hardness, violence, unusual violence from the Almighty.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֵׁד

noun masculine • Page 656

A lord; an evil demon. The names of idols are often used by the later Jews for demons.

שֹׁד

noun masculine • Root שד • Page 656

A mother's breast. (Identified as equivalent to שַׁד). Job 24: 9; Is. 60: 16.

שֹׁד

verb • Root שדד • Page 656

1. Violence, oppression; either actively or passively. Prov. 21: 7, 24: 2, Ps. 12: 6. 2. Desolation, destruction. Is. 51: 19, 59: 7, Jer. 48: 3, Hab. 2: 17.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ταλαιπωρίαν σύντριμμα ταλαιπωρία ὄλεθροσ ὡσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7701:

ταλαιπωρίαν 5× (18.2%)

σύντριμμα 3× (11.8%)

ταλαιπωρία 3× (9.9%)

ὄλεθροσ 2× (8.3%)

ὡσ 2× (7.7%)

ἄρχων 2× (6.4%)

ταλαιπωρίασ 2× (6.4%)

וחמס וְחָמָס

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חמס

châmâç

Definition

violence; by implication, wrong; by meton. unjust gain

Root

from H2554 (חמס);

Exhaustive

from חמס; violence; by implication, wrong; by meton. unjust gain; cruel(-ty), damage, false, injustice, [idiom] oppressor, unrighteous, violence (against, done), violent (dealing), wrong.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2555

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חָמָס

noun masculine • Root חמס • Strongs / High • Page 498

violence, oppression.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חָמָס

m. verbal noun • Root חמס • Page 235

1. Violence, wrong (Gen. 6:11, 13, 49:5). 2. Ill-gotten wealth (Am. 3:10, Prov. 4:17).

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἀδικίαν ἀσεβείασ ἀδικίασ ἄδικον ἀνομίασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2555:

ἀδικίαν 6× (10.1%)

ἀσεβείασ 4× (6.4%)

ἀδικίασ 4× (6.1%)

ἄδικον 3× (5.2%)

ἀνομίασ 3× (5.2%)

ἀσέβεια 3× (5.2%)

ἀδίκου 3× (4.9%)

ἀδικία 3× (4.7%)

ἀσέβειαν 3× (4.1%)

ἀνομίαν 2× (3.5%)

לנגדי לְנֶגְדּי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נגד

neged

Definition

a front, i.e. part opposite; specifically a counterpart, or mate; usually (adverbial, especially with preposition) over against or before

Root

from H5046 (נגד);

Exhaustive

from נגד; a front, i.e. part opposite; specifically a counterpart, or mate; usually (adverbial, especially with preposition) over against or before; about, (over) against, [idiom] aloof, [idiom] far (off), [idiom] from, over, presence, [idiom] other side, sight, [idiom] to view.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5048

ני

Definition

me, personal pronoun - verb/prep. suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9030

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶגֶד

noun / masculine / preposition • Root נגד • Strongs / High • Page 941

The front, the visible part. Used as a preposition: before, in the presence of, in front of, opposite to, over against. Can be used for 'straight on' or 'directly forward'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶגֶד

substantive / adv. • Page 425

What is before or in front. As an adverb: (1.) over against (2 K. 2:7, 15), (2.) against (2 Sam. 18:13). As a preposition: (1.) before, coram (Job 4:16; Ex. 34:10), (2.) over against (Ex. 19:2), (3.) against (1 K. 21:10), (4.) near, in the neighborhood of (1 Chr. 8:32).

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: ἐναντίον ἐναντίασ ἀπέναντι ἐνώπιον κατέναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H5048:

ἐναντίον 27× (17.6%)

ἐναντίασ 20× (11.2%)

ἀπέναντι 18× (11.8%)

ἐνώπιον 16× (10.1%)

κατέναντι 15× (9.8%)

ἐνώπιόν 8× (5.2%)

'' 5× (2.8%)

κατεναντίον 4× (2.6%)

ἔναντι 3× (2.0%)

τρόπον 2× (1.0%)

ויהי וַיְהִי

and he is being

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

ריב רִ֦יב

a strife

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ריב

rîyb

Definition

a contest (personal or legal)

Root

or רב; from H7378 (ריב);

Exhaustive

or רב; from ריב; a contest (personal or legal); [phrase] adversary, cause, chiding, contend(-tion), controversy, multitude (from the margin), pleading, strife, strive(-ing), suit.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7379

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רִיב

verb • Root רוב • Strongs / High • Page 755

to plead for one

רִיב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1324

(perf. רָב, רָבָה, etc.) intr. to strive, contend, quarrel, to argue, to carry on a dispute, to conduct a cause (before a tribunal).

רִיב

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1336

strife, quarrel, disunion, contention, maltreatment, an adversary, feud, dispute. Also meaning all, full (according to K'ri in Job 33, 19).

רִיב

substantive • Root ריב • Strongs / High • Page 1337

less suitable. Besides, a cause, suit (Is. 1, 23; 41, 21), coupled with מִשְׁפָּט, to have a suit with one (Mic. 6, 2); רִיבֵי נֶפֶשׁ dangerous transactions (Lament. 3, 58); activity (Is. 34, 8).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רִיב

noun / verb • Page 604

Cross-reference entry; see entry for רִיב.

רִיב

verb • Root רוב • Page 617

1. to contend or strive with any one, in words or deeds. Is. 57: 16. 2. to manage the cause of any one, to plead for or defend. Is. 1: 17, Ps. 43: 1.

רִיב

m. plur. • Root ריב • Page 617

1. a strife, contention. Gen. 13: 7. 2. a cause, matter of contention. Ex. 23: 2.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: κρίσιν κρίσισ δίκην ἀντιλογία κρίσεωσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7379:

κρίσιν 11× (17.7%)

κρίσισ 6× (10.6%)

δίκην 5× (7.9%)

ἀντιλογία 4× (7.2%)

κρίσεωσ 3× (5.6%)

μάχη 2× (3.7%)

κρίσεισ 2× (3.4%)

ἀντιλογίασ 2× (2.9%)

μάχησ 2× (2.6%)

ומדון וּמָדוֹן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מדון

mâdôwn

Definition

a contest or quarrel

Root

from H1777 (דין);

Exhaustive

from דין; a contest or quarrel; brawling, contention(-ous), discord, strife. Compare מדין, מדן.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4066

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מָדוֹן

noun masculine • Root דון • Strongs / High • Page 812

1. extension, length; a high, tall man. 2. dispute, quarrel, contention, an object of strife. 3. a proper noun for a Phenician royal city.

מָדוֹן

noun masculine • Root דון • Strongs / High • Page 813

A K'tib form found only in 2 Sam. 21:20, considered the same as מָדוֹן (strife).

מָדוֹן

noun masculine • Root דון • Strongs / High • Page 813

Strife, contention.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מָדוֹן

noun masculine • Root דין • Page 356

I. 1. strife, contention, dissension (Prov. 15: 18, 16: 28). 2. object of contention (Ps. 80: 7).

מָדוֹן

noun masculine • Root מדד • Page 356

II. extension, extent. אִישׁ מָדוֹן 'a man of great stature' (2 Sam. 21: 20 Keri).

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: νεῖκοσ λοίδοροσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4066:

νεῖκοσ 2× (11.3%)

λοίδοροσ 2× (11.3%)

ישא יִשָּׂא׃

he is lifting up

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נשא

nâsâʼ

Definition

to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative

Root

or נסה; (Psalm 4:6 (H7 (אבד))), a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or נסה; (Psalm 4:6 (אבד)), a primitive root; to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative; accept, advance, arise, (able to, (armor), suffer to) bear(-er, up), bring (forth), burn, carry (away), cast, contain, desire, ease, exact, exalt (self), extol, fetch, forgive, furnish, further, give, go on, help, high, hold up, honorable ([phrase] man), lade, lay, lift (self) up, lofty, marry, magnify, [idiom] needs, obtain, pardon, raise (up), receive, regard, respect, set (up), spare, stir up, [phrase] swear, take (away, up), [idiom] utterly, wear, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5375

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 755

to lift, carry; give

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 991

To stretch up, to raise up, to make ascend. Intr. to extend upward, to rise high, to grow, to be projecting, prominent, stretched out. Hence: 1. to raise the feet for walking; to lift up the hand in swearing; to entreat, pray; to lift up the head; to rise in repute, riches, dignity; to lift up the countenance, i.e. to walk along with face raised; to lift up the eyes, i.e. to look at, to behold.

נָשָׂא

verb qal • Root נשא • Strongs / High • Page 994

IV. (Kal unused) tr. same as נָשָׁה III. to extend, to stretch out, to widen.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָשָׂא

verb • Page 458

1. To lift or raise up (Gen. 7:17). (1.) To lift up the eyes (Gen. 13:10). (2.) To lift up the hand, as an oath (Ex. 6:8) or against someone (2 Sam. 20:21). (3.) To raise one's heart to long for something (Deut. 24:15). (4.) To lift up the head of anyone, to exalt or release from prison (2 K. 25:27). (5.) To lift up the voice, as in weeping or rejoicing (Gen. 27:38, Is. 24:14). (6.) To utter, speak (Ex. 20:7). (7.) To begin.

נְשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

Chald. 1. to take. Ezra 5: 15. 2. to take or carry away, spoken of the wind. Dan. 2: 35.

נִשָּׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 459

1. To rise, to be raised up, to be elevated (Ezek. 1:19—21, Is. 2:2). 2. To be borne (Ex. 25:28), or to be carried away (2 K. 20:17).

נָשָׂא

verb • Root נשא • Page 459

To lift up, bear, or take. Meanings on this page include: (8) one's heart raises or excites him (Ex. 35:21); (9) to put or set on anything (Gen. 31:17); (10) to raise oneself, to rise (Ps. 89:10). (2) To bear fruit (Ezek. 17:8), to bear away (1 Sam. 17:34), to suffer (Is. 1:14), to bear guilt or sin (Lev. 5:1, 17), or to bring (as wind, 1 K. 10:11). (3) To take (Gen. 27:3), to accept/be gracious to a person (Gen. 32:21), to take away (Dan. 1:16), to take the number or sum (Ex. 30:12), or to receive (Ps. 24:5).

נָשָׁא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

I. in Kal not used; perhaps to err, wander (kindred with נָשָׁה to forget.) Hiph. הִשִּׁיא to lead astray; hence 1. to deceive; 2 K. 18 : 29. 2. to seduce. Gen. 3: 13. Jer. 49: 16. Niph. to be deceived. Is. 19: 13.

נָשָׁא

verb • Root נשא • Page 460

II. i. q. נָשָׁה no. II. to lend on usury, Neh. 5: 7. Hiph. to press, spoken of a creditor. Ps. 89: 23.

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: λήμψεται αἴρων λήμψονται ἔλαβεν λαβὲ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5375:

λήμψεται 20× (3.0%)

αἴρων 20× (2.6%)

λήμψονται 17× (2.4%)

ἔλαβεν 16× (2.4%)

λαβὲ 16× (2.5%)

ἦρα 16× (2.4%)

ἔλαβον 16× (2.2%)

αἴροντεσ 16× (2.4%)

ἦραν 15× (2.1%)

ἀναβλέψασ 14× (2.0%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Wherefore wilt thou cause me to see vanity and cause me to look at labor? and oppression and violence before me, and there will be contention, and strife will be raised up.

LITV Translation:
Why do You show me evil, and You look upon toil? For destruction and violence are before me; and there is strife, and contention rises up.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
Wherefore hast thou shown me troubles and griefs to look upon, misery and ungodliness? judgment is before me, and the judge receives a reward.