Genesis 5:31

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויהי וַיְהִי

and he is being

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

כל כָּל־

all

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כל

kôl

Definition

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

Root

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from H3634 (כלל);

Exhaustive

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from כלל; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense); (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3605

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּל

noun / masculine • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 695

Properly 'all, whole, totality'. 1. Used adjectivally to mean 'all' or 'the whole of', as in 'all the earth'. 2. Describes a plurality of individual persons or things, translated as 'all'.

כֹּל

substantive / adverb • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 696

A substantive meaning all, the whole, every, any. When used with a negative, it means none at all. It can also function as an adverb meaning wholly or altogether.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּל

chald. • Page 316

Same as Hebrew (all, every). Often appears with Makkeph as -כֹּל. References: Dan. 2:40, 4:9, 18, 25.

כֹּל

m. verbal • Root כלל • Page 315

A substantive meaning 'all', 'the whole', or 'totality'. Frequently used as an adjective (Jer. 33:8). 1. all. 2. every one.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3605

I. כֹּל (approximate number of occurrences: 5415) noun masculine — the whole, all (once כּוֹל Jeremiah 33:8 Kt.).

Cognates:

• Moabite, Phoenician id.
• Aramaic כּוּל, כֹּל
• Arabic كل
• Sabean כל (compare DHM¹)
• Ethiopic ኩሉ
• Assyrian kullatu

— כֹּל absolute; construct כֹּל Genesis 2:5, Genesis 2:16, Genesis 2:20; כֹּל־ Psalm 138:2; more usually כָּל־ (with makkaph: without it, Psalm 35:10; Proverbs 19:7; Kö²); suffix 2 masculine singular in pause כֻּלָּךְ Micah 2:12; 2 feminine singular כֻּלֵּךְ Isaiah 14:29, Isaiah 14:31, כֻּלָּךְ Isaiah 22:1; Song of Solomon 4:7; 3 masculine singular כֻּלֹּה 2 Samuel 2:9 (Dr³) + 17 times, כֻּלּוֹ Genesis 25:25 + 16 times; 3 feminine singular כֻּלָּהּ Genesis 13:10 + 15 times, כֻּלָּא Ezekiel 36:5; 1 plural כֻּלָּנוּ (16 times); 2 plural כֻּלְּכֶם (18 times); 3 masculine plural כֻּלָּם (often), כּוּלָּם Jeremiah 31:34, כֻּלָּ֑הַם 2 Samuel 23:6 (and Jeremiah 15:10 כֻּלְּהֶם); 3 feminine plural כֻּלָּ֫נָה Genesis 42:36; Proverbs 31:29; כֻּלָּֽהְנָה 1 Kings 7:37.

1. With following Genitive

a. The whole of, all, every

• Genesis 2:2 כָּל־צְבָאָם (the whole of their host)
• Genesis 2:13 כָּל־אֶרֶץ כּוּשׁ (the whole of the land of Kush)
• כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה (the whole of the night)
• כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל (the whole of Israel)
• Deuteronomy 4:29 בְּכָל־לְבָֽבְךָ (with all thy heart)
• With plural nouns: Genesis 5:5 כל־ימי אדם (all the days of Adam); Genesis 37:35 כל־בניו (all his sons); Isaiah 2:2 כל־הגוים (all the nations); Genesis 43:9 כל הימים (continually)
• In poetry, noun may be undetermined: כָּל־יָדַיִם (every hand) Isaiah 13:7; Jeremiah 48:37; Ezekiel 21:12; כל־פנים (every face) Isaiah 25:8

b. Followed by singular, understood collectively

• Genesis 1:21 את כל נפשׁ החיה (every living soul)
• Genesis 2:9 כל עץ נחמד (every kind of tree)
• Genesis 6:12 כָּל־בָּשָׂר (all flesh)
• Numbers 12:3; Judges 16:17 כל האדם (the whole of mankind)
• Exodus 1:22 כל־הבן (all the sons)
• In late Hebrew: בְּכָל־דּוֹר וָדוֹר Psalm 45:18; Esther 9:28; בכל־עיר ועיר 2 Chronicles 11:12

c. Genitive as a relative sentence

• Introduced by אשׁר: Genesis 1:31 את כל אשׁר עשׂה (all that he had made); Joshua 1:7 בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵךְ (wheresoever thou goest)
• Rarely with ellipse of relative: Genesis 39:4 וְכָל־יֶשׁ־לוֹ; Psalm 71:18 לְכָל־יָבוֹא

d. Idiomatic use with suffixes

• Placing suffix after the word qualified: 2 Samuel 2:9 יִשְׂרָאֵל כֻּלֹּה (Israel, all of it); Isaiah 14:29 פלשׁת כלך (Philistia, all of thee!)
• Suffix of 3ms used for the mass: Exodus 14:7 עַל־כֻּלּוֹ (upon all of them); Psalm 29:9 כֻּלּוֹ אֹמֵר כָּבוֹד (every one says, Glory!)

e. Affirming or denying of an entire class (any/none)

• Comparative: Genesis 3:1 מכל חית השׂדה (than any beast of the field)
• With negative (none): Exodus 12:16 כל־מלאכה לא יעשׂה (no work shall be done); Psalm 143:2 כי לא־יצדק לפניך כל־חי (for no living thing is righteous before thee)

f. Anomalous gender

feminine very anomalously, severed from its Genitive: 2 Samuel 1:9 כִּי־כָל־עוֹד נַפְשִׁי בִי; Job 27:3; Hosea 14:3 כָּל־תִּשָּׂא עָוֺן.

2. Absolutely

a. Without the article (all things, all)

• Genesis 9:3 את כֹּל; Genesis 16:12 וְיַד כֹּל בּוֹ; Numbers 11:6 אֵין כֹּל (there is nothing)
• Isaiah 44:24 עשֶֹׁה כֹּל (maker of all things); Proverbs 16:4
• As Comprehensive Genitive: Ezekiel 44:30 כָּל־בִּכּוּרֵי כֹל

b. With article (הַכֹּל)

• Referring to things just mentioned: Exodus 29:24 ושׂמת הַכֹּל; Leviticus 1:9; 1 Samuel 30:19 הַכֹּל השׁיב דוד
• In wider sense (the universe, to pan): Jeremiah 10:16 כי יוצר הַכֹּל הוא; Psalm 103:19
• In Ecclesiastes (often): Ecclesiastes 1:2; Ecclesiastes 12:8 הַכֹּל הֶבֶל

Aramaic

I. כֹּל, כָּל־ noun masculine the whole, all (Biblical Hebrew כֹּל).

1. The whole of, all
   • כֹּל חַכִּימֵי בָבֶל Daniel 2:12
   • כל־מלכותא Daniel 6:4
   • suffix 3 masculine plural כָּלְּהוֹן Daniel 2:38; Daniel 7:19
2. With a singular noun, understood collectively (every, any, none)
   • Daniel 3:29 דִּי כָל־עַם (that every people)
   • Daniel 6:8 מִן־כָּל־אֱלָה (of any god)
   • Daniel 2:10 כל־מלך... לא (no king)
   • כָּל־דִּי (whoever/whatever) Daniel 6:8; Ezra 7:23
3. Emphatic כֹּלָּא (absolutely, all things)
   • Daniel 2:40 חָשֵׁל כֹּלָּא (crushing all things)
   • Daniel 4:9, Daniel 4:18 וּמָזוֹן לְכֹלָּא־בֵהּ
   • Daniel 4:25 כֹּלָּא מְטָא (all came upon...)

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

² Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πάντα πᾶσ πάντεσ πᾶν πάντασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3605:

πάντα 921× (17.0%)

πᾶσ 451× (8.4%)

πάντεσ 441× (8.4%)

πᾶν 351× (6.5%)

πάντασ 297× (5.6%)

πᾶσαν 267× (4.9%)

πάντων 242× (4.4%)

πάσασ 230× (4.4%)

--- 227× (4.5%)

πᾶσα 214× (4.0%)

ימי יְמֵי־

days

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יום

yôwm

Definition

a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be hot;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be hot; a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb); age, [phrase] always, [phrase] chronicals, continually(-ance), daily, ((birth-), each, to) day, (now a, two) days (agone), [phrase] elder, [idiom] end, [phrase] evening, [phrase] (for) ever(-lasting, -more), [idiom] full, life, as (so) long as (... live), (even) now, [phrase] old, [phrase] outlived, [phrase] perpetually, presently, [phrase] remaineth, [idiom] required, season, [idiom] since, space, then, (process of) time, [phrase] as at other times, [phrase] in trouble, weather, (as) when, (a, the, within a) while (that), [idiom] whole ([phrase] age), (full) year(-ly), [phrase] younger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3117

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 595

brightness, splendour, shining, light. hence 1. the day (the period of light), opposed to night; can also mean mid-day. 2. the civil day, including night.

יוֹם

noun masculine • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Day; also used metaphorically for a specific time or event, such as birth-day, day of punishment, day of death, the present time, or the end of life.

יוֹם

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root יום • Strongs / High • Page 596

Aramaic (Chaldee) word for 'day', with the same variety of senses as the Hebrew.

יוֹם

noun / masculine • Root ימם • Strongs / High • Page 612

1. clearness, light. 2. day (including the night). The plural form יָמִים can also mean a short time, an indefinite time, or a long time.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יוֹם

m. prim. dec. i. • Page 277

1. day. Phrases: הַיּוֹם (this day; to-day, 1 Sam. 12:17); בְּיוֹם (on the day when, Gen 2:17); כְּיוֹם (now, Gen. 25:31); יוֹם יוֹם (daily, Neh. 8:18); מִיּוֹם (from the day on, Ex. 10:6). Special uses: a day of misfortune (Obad. 12), a day of prosperity or festival (Hos. 7:5), and the day of Jehovah/judgment (Joel 1:15). 2. time generally (Gen. 39: 11).

יוֹם

noun masculine • Page 278

Day. (1) Specially days of one's life (Gen. 6:3, Gen. 43:9, Sam. 25:28). (2) Time generally (Gen. 47:8, Ex. 2:11, Judg. 18:1). (3) Some or several days (Neh. 1:4, Dan. 8:27, Gen. 40:4). (4) A year (Lev. 25:29, Judg. 17:10, 1 Sam. 2:19).

יוֹם

m. chald. • Page 278

Day, as in Heb. Plural יוֹמִין, emphatic יוֹמַיָּא. (Ezra 4:15, 19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3117

I. יוֺם (approximate number of occurrences: 2285) noun masculine — day.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic יומָא
• Phoenician ים
• Moabite Inscription¹ ימן
• Siloam Inscription² ים
• Zinjirli יום
• Palmyrene יום
• Arabic يوم
• Ethiopic ዮም
• Sabean יום, ים
• Assyrian ummu, ûmu

— יוֺם absolute Genesis 1:5 +; construct Genesis 2:4 +; suffix יוֺמְךָ Jeremiah 50:31; יוֺמוֺ Exodus 5:13 (22 times); יוֺמָם Jeremiah 50:27; dual יוֺמַ֫יִם Exodus 21:21, יוֺמָ֑יִם Exodus 16:29; plural יָמִים Genesis 4:3 +; יָמִין (Aramaic form) Daniel 12:13; construct יְמֵי Genesis 3:14 +; יְמוֺת Deuteronomy 32:7, Psalm 90:15; suffix יָמַי Job 7:6 + etc.

1. Day, opposed to night

• Genesis 7:12, 14; Genesis 8:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 1:5, 14, 16, 18 (Priestly Code)
• חֹם הַיּוֺם the heat of the day Genesis 18:1 (Jehovist Source); 1 Samuel 11:11
• עוֺד גָּדוֺל הַיּוֺם the day is still high Genesis 29:7 (Jehovist Source)
• רוּחַ הַיּוֺם cool of the day Genesis 3:8
• מַחֲצִית הַיּוֺם mid-day Nehemiah 8:3
• עַד נְטוֺת הַיּוֺם until the declining of the day Judges 19:8

2. Day as division of time

a. Working-day

• Exodus 20:9–10 (Elohist Source) = Deuteronomy 5:18
• יְמֵי הַמַּעֲשֶׂה Ezekiel 46:1

b. Day's journey

• דֶּרֶךְ יוֺם Numbers 11:31 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים a three days' journey Genesis 30:36; Exodus 3:18 (Jehovist Source)

c. Duration of acts or states

• forty days Genesis 7:17; Genesis 8:6 (Jehovist Source)
• שְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים לַיְלָה וָיוֺם Esther 4:16

e. Day of month

• Genesis 7:11; Genesis 8:4, 14 (Priestly Code)
• Haggai 1:1, 15

f. Defined by substantive or clause

• יוֺם הַשֶּׁלֶג the snowy day 2 Samuel 23:20
• יוֺם הֻלֶּדֶת birthday Genesis 40:20 (Elohist Source)

i. Holy day

• יוֺם הַשַּׁבָּת the sabbath day Exodus 20:8 (Elohist Source)
• יוֺם הַכִּמֻּרים Leviticus 23:27

3. Day of Yahweh

יוֺם יְהוָה day of Yahweh, chiefly as time of his coming in judgment:

• Amos 5:18, 20
• Zephaniah 1:7, 14
• יוֺם עֶבְרַת יְהוָה Zephaniah 1:18
• יוֺם נָקָם Isaiah 34:8

4. Plural: days as lifetime or age

• Genesis 6:3 (Jehovist Source)
• כָּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ all the days of thy life Genesis 3:14, 17 (Jehovist Source)
• בָּא בַּיָּמִים advanced in days (age) Genesis 18:11; Genesis 24:1 (Jehovist Source)
• אֹרֶךְ יָמִים length of days Proverbs 3:2, 16

5. Indefinite or ancient time

• יָמִים אֲחָדִים some days, a few days Genesis 27:44 (Jehovist Source)
• יְמוֺת עוֺלָם days of old Deuteronomy 32:7
• יְמֵי קֶדֶם Micah 7:20
• אַחֲרִית הַיּוֺם coming time Proverbs 31:25

6. Time or Year

• חֹדֶשׁ יָמִים a month of time Genesis 29:14 (Jehovist Source)
• זֶבַךְ הַיָּמִים yearly sacrifice 1 Samuel 1:21; 2:19
• מִיָּמִים יָמִ֫ימָה from year to year, yearly Exodus 13:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

7. Particular Phrases

a. Today

• הַיּוֺם to-day Genesis 4:14; Genesis 31:43

c. Lo! days are coming

• הִנֵּה יָמִים בָּאִים Amos 4:2; Jeremiah 7:32

f. Always / Continually

feminine כָּל הַיָּמִים always, continually:

• Genesis 43:9 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 4:40; Deuteronomy 6:24

g. On a particular day

• בַּיּוֺם הַהוּא on that day Genesis 15:18
• עַד הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה until this day Genesis 26:33 (Jehovist Source); Joshua 4:9

h. As daily

masculine עַל יוֺם טוֺב upon a good day 1 Samuel 25:8.

¹ MI: Moabite Inscription (Mesha Stele).

² SI: Siloam Inscription.

³ COT: Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament).

⁴ J: Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁵ E: Elohist Source.

⁶ P: Priestly Code / Narrative.

⁷ D: Deuteronomic Source.

⁸ H: Holiness Code.

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: ἡμέρᾳ ἡμέρασ σήμερον ἡμέραν ἡμερῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3117:

ἡμέρᾳ 574× (20.2%)

ἡμέρασ 571× (23.8%)

σήμερον 204× (9.1%)

ἡμέραν 171× (6.9%)

ἡμερῶν 153× (6.4%)

ἡμέρα 135× (5.4%)

ἡμέραισ 133× (4.6%)

ἡμέραι 116× (4.7%)

--- 51× (2.4%)

'' 46× (1.8%)

למך למֶךְ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

למך

Lemek

Definition

Lemek, the name of two antediluvian patriarchs

Root

from an unused root of uncertain meaning;

Exhaustive

from an unused root of uncertain meaning; Lemek, the name of two antediluvian patriarchs; Lamech.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3929

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֶמֶךְ

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 789

(Overthrower of enemies; wild man) Proper name of one of the patriarchs before the flood.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3929

I. לֶ֫מֶךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 9) (on original form compare Lagarde¹; conjecture as to meaning Budde²) proper name masculine — Lamech.

— לֶ֫מֶךְ Genesis 4:19 (7 times); לָ֑מֶךְ Genesis 4:18 (2 times).

1. Individual Identifications

a. Son of מְתוּשָׁאֵל (Cainite)

• Genesis 4:18, 19, 23 (twice in verse), 24 (Yahwist Source)

b. Son of מְתוּשֶׁלַח (Sethite)

• Genesis 5:25, 26, 28, 30, 31 (Priestly Code)
• 1 Chronicles 1:3

— ᵐ5 Ααμεχ.

לְמִן, לְמִנִּי see מִן.

לְמַעַן see מען below ענה.

לֹעַ see below I. לוּעַ.

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (1889), 77.

² Karl Budde, Die biblische Urgeschichte (Gen 1-12:5) (1883), 102, 129.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: λαμεχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3929:

λαμεχ 11× (91.0%)

שבע שֶׁבַע

seven

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שבע

shebaʻ

Definition

seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week; by extension, an indefinite number

Root

or (masculine) (שבעה); from H7650 (שבע); a primitive cardinal number;

Exhaustive

or (masculine) (שבעה); from שבע; a primitive cardinal number; seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week; by extension, an indefinite number; ([phrase] by) seven(-fold),-s, (-teen, -teenth), -th, times). Compare שבענה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7651

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֶׁבַע

numeral • Strongs / High • Page 1041

Seven (Comparative example for interchange with Ayin, corresponding to 'septem' in context)

שֶׁבַע

numeral / noun masculine / noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1376

1. (Numeral) Seven; used generally as a figure for the number seven. 2. (n. m.) A Covenant or an Oath. 3. (n. p.) Part of a place name, like Beer-sheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע).

שֶׁבַע

numeral cardinal / adv. • Strongs / High • Page 1375

Seven (masculine numeral). Used cardinally, as an ordinal, or adverbially meaning seven times/often. Also denotes the sacred number seven.

שֶׁבַע

numeral cardinal • Strongs / High • Page 1377

seven (numeral card. f., absolute or construct state).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂבַע

verb • Root שבע • Page 634

3. rich or abounding in any thing. Deut. 33:23. Job 14:1. 10:15.

שָׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

1. satiety. Ex. 16:3. 2. fullness. Ps. 16:11.

שֹׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

satiety, hence abundance, plenty. Prov. 3: 10. Gen. 41:29 ff.

שָׂבַע and שָׂבֵעַ

verb • Page 633

1. To be satisfied, satiated, or filled, particularly with food (Am. 4:8, Prov. 30:16, Ps. 104:16). 2. To be tired, weary, or disgusted (Is. 1:11, Job 7:4, Prov. 25:17). Includes Pi'el and Hiph'il forms meaning 'to satisfy' (Ezek. 7:19, Ps. 107:9).

שֶׁבַע

f. const. שְׁבַע and שִׁבְעָה / const. שִׁבְעַת • Page 652

1. seven, placed before or after a noun. Often used as a round or sacred number (Gen. 8:10, Num. 23:1, Job 1:2, Gen. 21:28). 2. seven times, usually as an indefinite round number (Ps. 119:164, Prov. 24:16).

שֶׁבַע

proper name • Root שבע • Page 652

Gen. 26:33. proper name of a well so called from an oath (שְׁבוּעָה).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7651

I. שֶׁבַע, שִׁבְעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 394) noun masculine and feminine seven (Late Hebrew idem, MI 16 שבעת¹).

Cognates:

• Assyrian sibi, sibittu (Friedrich Delitzsch, Grammar² § 65, 6; s = ש)
• Arabic سَبْعُ, سَبْعَةٌ
• Sabean סבע (Hommel, Chrestomathia³ 47, 124)
• Ethiopic ሰብዑ፡ሰብዐቱ፡
• Phoenician (Punic) שבע
• Nabataean שבע שבעה
• Palmyrene שבעא שבעה
• Aramaic שֶׁבַע, שִׁבְעָא, ܡܰܚܠ, ܡܰܚܶܠ

On etymology, compare P. de Lagarde, Bildung der Nomina⁴ 37 and following.

— masculine (with noun feminine) absolute שֶׁבַע Genesis 41:2 (115 times); construct שֶׁבַע Genesis 5:26 (47 times), especially Priests' Code / Narrative⁵ (15 times) and 1 Chronicles (20 times), וּשְׁבַע 1 Kings 14:21. feminine (with noun masculine) absolute שִׁבְעָה Genesis 4:24 (100 times); construct שִׁבְעַת Genesis 7:10 (120 times); suffix שִׁבְעָתָהּ 2 Samuel 21:9 Qere (so Versions and modern; see S. R. Driver⁶; preferred to Kethib שִׁבְעָתַיִם).

— seven:

1. without other number:
   1. שֶׁבַע, before feminine plural noun Genesis 21:28 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Judges 16:13; Isaiah 4:1 (80 times), especially שָׁנִים שֶׁבַע Genesis 29:18 (Elohist Source⁸) + 32 times (but read שָׁלוֺשׁ for שֶׁבַע 2 Samuel 24:13a, compare verse b, c, also אח 5 and parallel 1 Chronicles 21:12; so O. Thenius⁹, J. Wellhausen¹⁰, S. R. Driver⁶, K. Budde¹¹, H. P. Smith¹², W. Nowack¹³), מִּעָמִים שֶׁבַע Genesis 33:3 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Leviticus 4:6 (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) + 17 times; בָּמָה רָחְבָּהּ שֶׁבַע 1 Kings 6:6; after noun Ezekiel 40:20, 26; noun omitted Job 5:19; Proverbs 6:16, + (= מְעָמִים שֶׁבַע) Leviticus 26:18, 21, 24, 28 (Holiness Code¹⁴), Psalm 119:64; Proverbs 24:16.
   2. שִׁבְעָה before masculine plural noun Numbers 23:1 (3 times in verse) (Elohist Source⁸) + 40 times + Job 42:19 (read שֶׁבַע for שִׁבְעָנָה Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar¹⁵ § 97c and most); + (distributive) וְשֶׁבַע שֶׁבַע Zechariah 4:2; after noun Genesis 7:4 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Exodus 25:37 (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) + 12 times (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵, 1 Chronicles, Daniel, Proverbs); noun omitted 1 Samuel 2:5 (9 times), including שֶׁבַ

Adjective cardinal number both singular absolute

LXX: ἑπτὰ ἑπτακόσιοι ἑπτά ἑπτάκισ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H7651:

ἑπτὰ 227× (50.6%)

ἑπτακόσιοι 26× (5.7%)

ἑπτά 21× (4.5%)

ἑπτάκισ 19× (4.5%)

'' 15× (3.0%)

τριάκοντα 9× (1.7%)

εἴκοσι 9× (1.8%)

ἑβδόμῳ 9× (1.6%)

ἑκατὸν 7× (1.7%)

ἑβδόμῃ 6× (1.4%)

ושבעים וְשִׁבְעִים

and seventy

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שבעים

shibʻîym

Definition

seventy

Root

multiple of H7651 (שבע);

Exhaustive

multiple of שבע; seventy; seventy, threescore and ten ([phrase] -teen).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7657

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שִׁבְעִים

numeral • Strongs / High • Page 1375

Seventy (used as a round number, or to express manifoldness).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שִׁבְעִים

plur. • Root שבע • Page 652

seventy, often used as a round number. Gen. 50:3, Gen. 4:24.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7657

I. שִׁבְעִים (approximate number of occurrences: 91) noun plural — seventy (irregular plural of שֶׁבַע, compare GKC¹ § 97f, R. 1; not declined; often as round number, compare Kö²).

1. Without other number

a. Before singular noun year, man, shekel, etc.

• Genesis 5:12 (and 12 times)
• Judges 9:2
• Numbers 11:25 (and 7 times)
• Numbers 7:13 (and 11 times)
• Other occurrences (5 times)

b. Before plural noun kings, sons, etc.

• Judges 1:7 (kings)
• Judges 8:30; Judges 9:24; 2 Kings 10:1 (sons)
• Judges 9:56 (brothers)
• Judges 12:14 (asses)
• Exodus 15:27; Numbers 33:9 (palms)
• Ezra 8:7, 14 (males)

c. After collective noun or plural noun

• (+ בָּקָר) 2 Chronicles 29:32
• Daniel 9:24 (weeks)

d. As predicate

• Genesis 46:27

e. Noun omitted

• Exodus 24:1, 9 (men)
• Numbers 7:85 (shekel)
• Compare Judges 9:4

2. Seventy thousand

שִׁבְעִים אֶלֶף = 70,000 2 Samuel 24:15 (and 6 times).

3. Combined with other numbers

a. Plus unit

• Judges 8:14 (+ unit + singular noun)
• Genesis 4:24 (70 and 7, noun omitted)
• Ezra 2:40 = Nehemiah 7:43
• Numbers 31:38 (2 and 70)
• Ezra 8:35 (plural noun + 70 and 7)
• Genesis 12:4 (5 years + 70 years)

b. Plus thousands

• Esther 9:16 (5 and 70 x 1000 men)
• Numbers 2:4; Numbers 3:43; Numbers 26:32
• Numbers 31:33 (2 and 70 x 1000, preceded by בָּקָר)
• 1 Samuel 6:19 (70 men, 50,000 men)
• Genesis 5:31 (770 years = 7 + 70 + 700)
• Numbers 3:46 (3, 70, 200, noun omitted)

c. Following hundreds

• Genesis 25:7 (70 years + 5 years)
• Ezra 2:3, 4 = Nehemiah 7:8, 9 (70 and 2)
• Nehemiah 11:19; Ezra 2:36; Nehemiah 7:39 (3 and 70)
• Ezra 2:5 (570)

d. In total sums

• Exodus 38:25 (1000, 700, 70, 5 shekels)
• Exodus 38:38 (noun omitted)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Edm. König in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, article "Number", p. 568a.

Conjunction, Adjective cardinal number masculine plural absolute

LXX: ἑβδομήκοντα δύο πέντε ἑκατὸν τέσσαρεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7657:

ἑβδομήκοντα 84× (68.0%)

δύο 7× (4.8%)

πέντε 6× (3.6%)

ἑκατὸν 5× (4.3%)

τέσσαρεσ 4× (3.2%)

τρεῖσ 3× (2.1%)

ἐννακόσιοι 2× (1.7%)

τριακόσιοι 2× (1.7%)

ἑπτά 2× (1.3%)

שנה שָׁנָה

duplicate

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שנה

shâneh

Definition

a year (as a revolution of time)

Root

(in plural or (feminine) שנה; from H8138 (שנה);

Exhaustive

(in plural or (feminine) שנה; from שנה; a year (as a revolution of time); [phrase] whole age, [idiom] long, [phrase] old, year([idiom] -ly).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8141

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֵׁנָה

noun feminine • Root ישן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1459

Sleep; also sleep of death; figuratively, a dreamy, torpid thing.

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁנָה

verb • Root שנה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1458

I. 1. tr. same as שָׁנָה I., properly to fold together two things, to double; hence to repeat, to do again, iterare. 2. intr. to be changeable, to change; to be fickle, or to be otherwise, different; to return, to be repeated; to copy; of time, to run a circuit.

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁנָה

verb • Root שנה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1458

II. (Not used) intransitive, same as שָׁוָא II. to shine, to glitter, to lighten.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁנָה

f. chald. • Page 690

a year. Plur. שְׁנִין. Dan. 6: 1.

שֵׁנָה

noun feminine • Root ישן • Page 690

sleep, a dream. Ps. 90: 5.

שָׁנָה

verb • Page 690

1. to alter, to change or be changed. Mal. 3: 6; Lam. 4: 1. 2. to be different, diverse. Est. 1: 7; 3: 8. 3. to be of a different opinion. Prov. 24: 21. 4. to repeat, to do a second time. Neh. 13: 21; 1 Sam. 26: 8. Pi. to change, alter (promise, way, garments, or countenance). Ps. 89: 35; Jer. 2: 36; 52: 33; Job 14: 20. Pu. to be changed, disfigured. Ecc. 8: 1. Hithpa. to disguise one's self. 1 K. 14: 2.

שָׁנָה

noun feminine • Root שנה • Page 690

a year, perhaps literally a repetition or return of the same seasons. Deut. 14: 22; 1 Sam. 7: 16; Gen. 7: 11. Dual שְׁנָתַיִם two years. Gen. 41: 1; Jer. 28: 3.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8141

I. שָׁנָה (approximate number of occurrences: 877) noun feminine (on apparent exception see Albr¹) — year (etymology see II. שׁנה).

— שָׁנָה absolute Amos 2:10 +; construct שְׁנַת Genesis 41:50 +; suffix שְׁנָתוֺ Ezekiel 46:13 +, שְׁנָתָהּ Leviticus 14:10 (2 times); dual שְׁנָתַיִם Amos 1:1 +, שְׁנָתָיִם 1 Kings 15:25 +; plural שָׁנִים Exodus 21:2 +, construct שְׁנֵי Genesis 23:1 (24 times), שְׁנוֺת Deuteronomy 32:7 (8 times, in poetry and late); suffix שְׁנָיו Leviticus 25:52 (4 times); שְׁנוֺתַי Isaiah 38:15; Psalm 31:11, שְׁנוֺתָם Psalm 78:33 (8 times).

1. As division of time

a. General usage

• Exodus 23:14
• Exodus 23:17
• רֵשִׁית הַשּׁ׳ (beginning of the year) Deuteronomy 11:12 (opposed to אַחֲרִית הַשּׁ׳ end of the year)
• צֵאת הַשּׁ׳ (exit of the year) Exodus 23:16
• תְּקוּפַת הַשּׁ׳ (revolution of the year) Exodus 34:22; 2 Chronicles 24:23
• תְּשׁוּבַת הַשּׁ׳ (return of the year) 2 Samuel 11:1

b. Recurring and indefinite intervals

• שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה (year by year) 1 Samuel 1:7
• שָׁנָה שָׁנָה Deuteronomy 14:22
• אַחֲרֵי שָׁנָה שָׁנָה (year after year) 2 Samuel 21:1
• בְּכָל־שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה (every single year) Esther 9:21, 27
• שָׁנִים (for years) Ezekiel 38:17
• זֶה יָמִים אוֺ זֶה שָׁנִים 1 Samuel 29:3

2. Duration of life and age

• שְׁנֵי חַיֵּי (years of the life of...) Genesis 23:1; Genesis 25:7 (Priests' Code)
• Of God: Job 10:5; Psalm 102:25; Psalm 102:28
• In phrase of age: (see בֵּן 9, בַּת 9)

3. Specific years and designations

• בִּשְׁנַת מוֺת הַמֶּלֶח (year of the king's death) Isaiah 6:1; Isaiah 14:28
• שְׁנַת הַשּׁמִטָּה (year of release) Deuteronomy 15:9; Deuteronomy 31:10
• שְׁנַת הַיּוֺבֵל (year of Jubilee) Leviticus 25:13
• שְׁנֵי שָׂכִיר (years of a hireling) Isaiah 16:14; Isaiah 21:16
• שְׁנַת פְּקֻדָּתָם (year of their visitation) Jeremiah 11:23
• שְׁנַת רָצוֺן (year of favor) Isaiah 61:2

4. Numerical usage

• Plural after units: Exodus 21:2; שְׁתַּיִם שָׁנִים 2 Samuel 2:10
• Dual: שְׁנָתַיִם Amos 1:1; שְׁנָתַיִם יָמִים Genesis 41:1
• Singular after 11–19, tens and hundreds: Genesis 5:3, 9; Genesis 14:4
• Large numbers: אֶלֶף שָׁנִים (1000 years) Psalm 90:4; (+ פַּעֲמַיִם) Ecclesiastes 6:6
• Ordinal force: בִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְ (in the fourth year of) 1 Kings 22:41; בַּשָּׁנָה הָֽרְבִיעִת Leviticus 19:24
• Late usage with article: בִּשְׁנַת הַתְּשִׁיעִית 2 Kings 25:1; Ezra 7:8

II. שׁנה (root of following, meaning dubious).

Cognates:

• Arabic سنى (shine)
• Ethiopic ሠነየ (be beautiful)
• Assyrian šinîtu (dyed cloth)

¹ Albrecht, ZAW xvi (1896), 46.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC), § 134p.

³ Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: ἔτη ἔτει ἐτῶν ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐνιαυτῷ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8141:

ἔτη 287× (33.8%)

ἔτει 132× (13.0%)

ἐτῶν 114× (13.4%)

ἐνιαυτοῦ 35× (3.7%)

ἐνιαυτῷ 32× (2.8%)

ἐνιαυτὸν 30× (3.3%)

εἰκοσαετοῦσ 29× (3.0%)

ἔτουσ 26× (2.9%)

'' 23× (2.4%)

ἐνιαύσιον 20× (2.4%)

ושבע וּשְׁבַע

and seven

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שבע

shebaʻ

Definition

seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week; by extension, an indefinite number

Root

or (masculine) (שבעה); from H7650 (שבע); a primitive cardinal number;

Exhaustive

or (masculine) (שבעה); from שבע; a primitive cardinal number; seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week; by extension, an indefinite number; ([phrase] by) seven(-fold),-s, (-teen, -teenth), -th, times). Compare שבענה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7651

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֶׁבַע

numeral • Strongs / High • Page 1041

Seven (Comparative example for interchange with Ayin, corresponding to 'septem' in context)

שֶׁבַע

numeral / noun masculine / noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1376

1. (Numeral) Seven; used generally as a figure for the number seven. 2. (n. m.) A Covenant or an Oath. 3. (n. p.) Part of a place name, like Beer-sheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע).

שֶׁבַע

numeral cardinal / adv. • Strongs / High • Page 1375

Seven (masculine numeral). Used cardinally, as an ordinal, or adverbially meaning seven times/often. Also denotes the sacred number seven.

שֶׁבַע

numeral cardinal • Strongs / High • Page 1377

seven (numeral card. f., absolute or construct state).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂבַע

verb • Root שבע • Page 634

3. rich or abounding in any thing. Deut. 33:23. Job 14:1. 10:15.

שָׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

1. satiety. Ex. 16:3. 2. fullness. Ps. 16:11.

שֹׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

satiety, hence abundance, plenty. Prov. 3: 10. Gen. 41:29 ff.

שָׂבַע and שָׂבֵעַ

verb • Page 633

1. To be satisfied, satiated, or filled, particularly with food (Am. 4:8, Prov. 30:16, Ps. 104:16). 2. To be tired, weary, or disgusted (Is. 1:11, Job 7:4, Prov. 25:17). Includes Pi'el and Hiph'il forms meaning 'to satisfy' (Ezek. 7:19, Ps. 107:9).

שֶׁבַע

f. const. שְׁבַע and שִׁבְעָה / const. שִׁבְעַת • Page 652

1. seven, placed before or after a noun. Often used as a round or sacred number (Gen. 8:10, Num. 23:1, Job 1:2, Gen. 21:28). 2. seven times, usually as an indefinite round number (Ps. 119:164, Prov. 24:16).

שֶׁבַע

proper name • Root שבע • Page 652

Gen. 26:33. proper name of a well so called from an oath (שְׁבוּעָה).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7651

I. שֶׁבַע, שִׁבְעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 394) noun masculine and feminine seven (Late Hebrew idem, MI 16 שבעת¹).

Cognates:

• Assyrian sibi, sibittu (Friedrich Delitzsch, Grammar² § 65, 6; s = ש)
• Arabic سَبْعُ, سَبْعَةٌ
• Sabean סבע (Hommel, Chrestomathia³ 47, 124)
• Ethiopic ሰብዑ፡ሰብዐቱ፡
• Phoenician (Punic) שבע
• Nabataean שבע שבעה
• Palmyrene שבעא שבעה
• Aramaic שֶׁבַע, שִׁבְעָא, ܡܰܚܠ, ܡܰܚܶܠ

On etymology, compare P. de Lagarde, Bildung der Nomina⁴ 37 and following.

— masculine (with noun feminine) absolute שֶׁבַע Genesis 41:2 (115 times); construct שֶׁבַע Genesis 5:26 (47 times), especially Priests' Code / Narrative⁵ (15 times) and 1 Chronicles (20 times), וּשְׁבַע 1 Kings 14:21. feminine (with noun masculine) absolute שִׁבְעָה Genesis 4:24 (100 times); construct שִׁבְעַת Genesis 7:10 (120 times); suffix שִׁבְעָתָהּ 2 Samuel 21:9 Qere (so Versions and modern; see S. R. Driver⁶; preferred to Kethib שִׁבְעָתַיִם).

— seven:

1. without other number:
   1. שֶׁבַע, before feminine plural noun Genesis 21:28 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Judges 16:13; Isaiah 4:1 (80 times), especially שָׁנִים שֶׁבַע Genesis 29:18 (Elohist Source⁸) + 32 times (but read שָׁלוֺשׁ for שֶׁבַע 2 Samuel 24:13a, compare verse b, c, also אח 5 and parallel 1 Chronicles 21:12; so O. Thenius⁹, J. Wellhausen¹⁰, S. R. Driver⁶, K. Budde¹¹, H. P. Smith¹², W. Nowack¹³), מִּעָמִים שֶׁבַע Genesis 33:3 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Leviticus 4:6 (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) + 17 times; בָּמָה רָחְבָּהּ שֶׁבַע 1 Kings 6:6; after noun Ezekiel 40:20, 26; noun omitted Job 5:19; Proverbs 6:16, + (= מְעָמִים שֶׁבַע) Leviticus 26:18, 21, 24, 28 (Holiness Code¹⁴), Psalm 119:64; Proverbs 24:16.
   2. שִׁבְעָה before masculine plural noun Numbers 23:1 (3 times in verse) (Elohist Source⁸) + 40 times + Job 42:19 (read שֶׁבַע for שִׁבְעָנָה Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar¹⁵ § 97c and most); + (distributive) וְשֶׁבַע שֶׁבַע Zechariah 4:2; after noun Genesis 7:4 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Exodus 25:37 (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) + 12 times (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵, 1 Chronicles, Daniel, Proverbs); noun omitted 1 Samuel 2:5 (9 times), including שֶׁבַ

Conjunction, Adjective cardinal number both singular construct

LXX: ἑπτὰ ἑπτακόσιοι ἑπτά ἑπτάκισ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H7651:

ἑπτὰ 227× (50.6%)

ἑπτακόσιοι 26× (5.7%)

ἑπτά 21× (4.5%)

ἑπτάκισ 19× (4.5%)

'' 15× (3.0%)

τριάκοντα 9× (1.7%)

εἴκοσι 9× (1.8%)

ἑβδόμῳ 9× (1.6%)

ἑκατὸν 7× (1.7%)

ἑβδόμῃ 6× (1.4%)

מאות מֵאוֹת

hundred

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מאה

mêʼâh

Definition

a hundred; also as a multiplicative and a fraction

Root

or מאיה; properly, a primitive numeral

Exhaustive

or מאיה; properly, a primitive numeral; a hundred; also as a multiplicative and a fraction; hundred((-fold), -th), [phrase] sixscore.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3967

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מֵאָה

f. noun • Root מאה • Strongs / High • Page 798

A multitude, a heap; then a hundred, either as a large round sum or a definite number. Its dual form מָאתַיִם means two hundred, and its plural מֵאוֹת means hundreds.

מֵאָה

numeral noun / f. • Strongs / High • Page 799

A hundred; a hundred-fold; the hundredth. Also used to denote extent or greatness, as in מִגְדַּל הַמֵּאָה (tower of extent, giant-tower).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מֵאָה

f. const. מְאַת / dec. xi. b. • Page 351

a hundred. Includes various forms like dual מָאתַיִם and plur. מֵאוֹות. (Gen. 17:17, 25:7; Prov. 17:10; Ecc. 8:12). Also prob. interest, usury (Neh. 5:11). Also proper name of a tower in Jerusalem (Neh. 3:1, 12:39).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3967

I. מֵאָה (approximate number of occurrences: 583) noun feminine — hundred.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Moabite (MI²⁰) מאתן (dual)
• Siloam (SI⁵) מאת, מאתים (dual)
• Phoenician מאת, מאתם (dual)
• Assyrian mê, mê-at
• Arabic מִאَة
• Sabean מאת, מאתם
• Ethiopic ምእት
• Aramaic מְאָה
• Palmyrene תלת מאה (300)
• Nabataean מאה

— מֵאָה absolute Genesis 6:3 (144 times); construct מְאַת Genesis 5:3 (30 times); plural absolute מֵאוֹת Genesis 5:9 (324 times); dual מָאתַיִם Genesis 11:19 (76 times).

1. As simple number

a. Absolute singular

• Following by singular noun: מֵאָה קְשִׂיטָה Genesis 33:19; Joshua 24:32 (Elohist Source)
• With אִישׁ: Judges 7:19; 1 Kings 18:13
• With אֶלֶף (100,000): 1 Kings 20:29
• Followed by plural noun: מֵאָה שְׁעָרִים Genesis 26:12 (Jehovist Source)
• Followed by נְבִיאִים: 1 Kings 18:4
• Preceded by plural noun (late): Jeremiah 52:23; Ezekiel 42:2
• With ellipsis: מֵאָה כֶסֶף (shekels) Deuteronomy 22:19
• Without noun (men/persons): Judges 20:10; Amos 5:3

b. Absolute dual

• Followed by singular: מָאתַיִם אִישׁ 1 Samuel 18:27; 2 Samuel 15:11
• Followed by plural: מָאתַיִם שְׁקָלִים Joshua 7:21 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Preceded by plural: עִוִּים מָאתַיִם Genesis 32:15 (Elohist Source)

c. Absolute plural (hundreds)

• Alone: לְמֵאוֹת (by hundreds) 1 Samuel 29:2
• Multiplied: שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת אִישׁ (300 men) Judges 7:6
• With years: אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה Genesis 15:13 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Followed by plural: שְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת שׁוּעָלִים Judges 15:4

d. Construct singular (late)

• מְאַת שָׁנָה Genesis 11:10; Genesis 21:5 (Priests' Code)
• מְאַת Ecclesiastes 8:12 (100 times)

2. As part of larger number

a. Preceding tens and units

• Earlier usage: מֵאָה וְעֶשֶׂר Judges 2:8
• Late usage (with repetition): מֵאָה שָׁנָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה Genesis 23:1 (Priests' Code)

b. Following tens and units

• Late usage: עֶשְׂרִים וּמֵאָה Numbers 7:86 (Priests' Code)
• With repeated noun: Genesis 5:23 (Priests' Code)

3. Fractional

מְאַת הַכֶּסֶף Nehemiah 5:11 — a hundredth part of the money (but compare footnote⁵).

Aramaic

I. מְאָה noun feminine hundred (Biblical Hebrew מֵאָה).

• absolute Ezra 6:17; Ezra 7:22
• אַרְבַּע מְאָה (400) Ezra 6:17
• dual מָאתַ֫וִן Ezra 6:17

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrische Grammatik (Dl).

² Mesha Inscription (MI).

³ Siloam Inscription (SI).

⁴ S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament.

⁵ Geiger (Jüd. Zeitschr. viii. 1870, 227) suggests reading מַשַּׁאת (debt).

Adjective cardinal number feminine plural absolute

LXX: ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι πεντήκοντα τριάκοντα διακόσιοι

LXX Usage Statistics

H3967:

ἑκατὸν 146× (18.2%)

εἴκοσι 46× (5.0%)

πεντήκοντα 44× (4.5%)

τριάκοντα 39× (4.3%)

διακόσιοι 38× (4.8%)

ἑξακόσιοι 33× (4.1%)

πέντε 25× (2.1%)

ἑπτακόσιοι 23× (2.8%)

δύο 22× (1.9%)

τριακόσιοι 21× (2.7%)

שנה שָׁנָה

duplicate

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שנה

shâneh

Definition

a year (as a revolution of time)

Root

(in plural or (feminine) שנה; from H8138 (שנה);

Exhaustive

(in plural or (feminine) שנה; from שנה; a year (as a revolution of time); [phrase] whole age, [idiom] long, [phrase] old, year([idiom] -ly).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8141

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֵׁנָה

noun feminine • Root ישן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1459

Sleep; also sleep of death; figuratively, a dreamy, torpid thing.

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁנָה

verb • Root שנה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1458

I. 1. tr. same as שָׁנָה I., properly to fold together two things, to double; hence to repeat, to do again, iterare. 2. intr. to be changeable, to change; to be fickle, or to be otherwise, different; to return, to be repeated; to copy; of time, to run a circuit.

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁנָה

verb • Root שנה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1458

II. (Not used) intransitive, same as שָׁוָא II. to shine, to glitter, to lighten.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁנָה

f. chald. • Page 690

a year. Plur. שְׁנִין. Dan. 6: 1.

שֵׁנָה

noun feminine • Root ישן • Page 690

sleep, a dream. Ps. 90: 5.

שָׁנָה

verb • Page 690

1. to alter, to change or be changed. Mal. 3: 6; Lam. 4: 1. 2. to be different, diverse. Est. 1: 7; 3: 8. 3. to be of a different opinion. Prov. 24: 21. 4. to repeat, to do a second time. Neh. 13: 21; 1 Sam. 26: 8. Pi. to change, alter (promise, way, garments, or countenance). Ps. 89: 35; Jer. 2: 36; 52: 33; Job 14: 20. Pu. to be changed, disfigured. Ecc. 8: 1. Hithpa. to disguise one's self. 1 K. 14: 2.

שָׁנָה

noun feminine • Root שנה • Page 690

a year, perhaps literally a repetition or return of the same seasons. Deut. 14: 22; 1 Sam. 7: 16; Gen. 7: 11. Dual שְׁנָתַיִם two years. Gen. 41: 1; Jer. 28: 3.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8141

I. שָׁנָה (approximate number of occurrences: 877) noun feminine (on apparent exception see Albr¹) — year (etymology see II. שׁנה).

— שָׁנָה absolute Amos 2:10 +; construct שְׁנַת Genesis 41:50 +; suffix שְׁנָתוֺ Ezekiel 46:13 +, שְׁנָתָהּ Leviticus 14:10 (2 times); dual שְׁנָתַיִם Amos 1:1 +, שְׁנָתָיִם 1 Kings 15:25 +; plural שָׁנִים Exodus 21:2 +, construct שְׁנֵי Genesis 23:1 (24 times), שְׁנוֺת Deuteronomy 32:7 (8 times, in poetry and late); suffix שְׁנָיו Leviticus 25:52 (4 times); שְׁנוֺתַי Isaiah 38:15; Psalm 31:11, שְׁנוֺתָם Psalm 78:33 (8 times).

1. As division of time

a. General usage

• Exodus 23:14
• Exodus 23:17
• רֵשִׁית הַשּׁ׳ (beginning of the year) Deuteronomy 11:12 (opposed to אַחֲרִית הַשּׁ׳ end of the year)
• צֵאת הַשּׁ׳ (exit of the year) Exodus 23:16
• תְּקוּפַת הַשּׁ׳ (revolution of the year) Exodus 34:22; 2 Chronicles 24:23
• תְּשׁוּבַת הַשּׁ׳ (return of the year) 2 Samuel 11:1

b. Recurring and indefinite intervals

• שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה (year by year) 1 Samuel 1:7
• שָׁנָה שָׁנָה Deuteronomy 14:22
• אַחֲרֵי שָׁנָה שָׁנָה (year after year) 2 Samuel 21:1
• בְּכָל־שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה (every single year) Esther 9:21, 27
• שָׁנִים (for years) Ezekiel 38:17
• זֶה יָמִים אוֺ זֶה שָׁנִים 1 Samuel 29:3

2. Duration of life and age

• שְׁנֵי חַיֵּי (years of the life of...) Genesis 23:1; Genesis 25:7 (Priests' Code)
• Of God: Job 10:5; Psalm 102:25; Psalm 102:28
• In phrase of age: (see בֵּן 9, בַּת 9)

3. Specific years and designations

• בִּשְׁנַת מוֺת הַמֶּלֶח (year of the king's death) Isaiah 6:1; Isaiah 14:28
• שְׁנַת הַשּׁמִטָּה (year of release) Deuteronomy 15:9; Deuteronomy 31:10
• שְׁנַת הַיּוֺבֵל (year of Jubilee) Leviticus 25:13
• שְׁנֵי שָׂכִיר (years of a hireling) Isaiah 16:14; Isaiah 21:16
• שְׁנַת פְּקֻדָּתָם (year of their visitation) Jeremiah 11:23
• שְׁנַת רָצוֺן (year of favor) Isaiah 61:2

4. Numerical usage

• Plural after units: Exodus 21:2; שְׁתַּיִם שָׁנִים 2 Samuel 2:10
• Dual: שְׁנָתַיִם Amos 1:1; שְׁנָתַיִם יָמִים Genesis 41:1
• Singular after 11–19, tens and hundreds: Genesis 5:3, 9; Genesis 14:4
• Large numbers: אֶלֶף שָׁנִים (1000 years) Psalm 90:4; (+ פַּעֲמַיִם) Ecclesiastes 6:6
• Ordinal force: בִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְ (in the fourth year of) 1 Kings 22:41; בַּשָּׁנָה הָֽרְבִיעִת Leviticus 19:24
• Late usage with article: בִּשְׁנַת הַתְּשִׁיעִית 2 Kings 25:1; Ezra 7:8

II. שׁנה (root of following, meaning dubious).

Cognates:

• Arabic سنى (shine)
• Ethiopic ሠነየ (be beautiful)
• Assyrian šinîtu (dyed cloth)

¹ Albrecht, ZAW xvi (1896), 46.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC), § 134p.

³ Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: ἔτη ἔτει ἐτῶν ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐνιαυτῷ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8141:

ἔτη 287× (33.8%)

ἔτει 132× (13.0%)

ἐτῶν 114× (13.4%)

ἐνιαυτοῦ 35× (3.7%)

ἐνιαυτῷ 32× (2.8%)

ἐνιαυτὸν 30× (3.3%)

εἰκοσαετοῦσ 29× (3.0%)

ἔτουσ 26× (2.9%)

'' 23× (2.4%)

ἐνιαύσιον 20× (2.4%)

וימתס וַיָּמֹת׃ס

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מות

mûwth

Definition

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill; [idiom] at all, [idiom] crying, (be) dead (body, man, one), (put to, worthy of) death, destroy(-er), (cause to, be like to, must) die, kill, necro(-mancer), [idiom] must needs, slay, [idiom] surely, [idiom] very suddenly, [idiom] in (no) wise.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4191

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מוּת

verb • Root מות • Strongs / High • Page 829

(Qal) To be stretched, extended, or stiffen, as the limbs of an expiring body; hence to die, of men or animals. Metaphorically, to decay, be waste, be destroyed, or disappear.

מוּת

verb • Root מות • Strongs / High • Page 830

A verb root meaning to die, to expire. The lexicon provides extensive etymological background, connecting it to Arabic, Greek, Sanskrit, and other languages.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מוּת

verb • Page 365

1. to die (1 Sam. 25: 37; Gen. 45: 27). 2. to perish, be destroyed; spoken of a state (Am. 2: 2), or to become wretched (Prov. 15: 10). Pil. and Hiph. to kill, slay (1 Sam. 14: 13). Hoph. to be killed (Deut. 21: 22).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4191

I. מוּת (approximate number of occurrences: 835) verb — die.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Assyrian mâtu¹
• Arabic مات
• Ethiopic ሞተ
• Aramaic מוּת, מִית
• Nabataean מות²
• Zinjirli מת³

— מֵת 3 masculine singular absolute Genesis 42:38 +; מֵ֫תָה 3 feminine singular Genesis 35:18 +; מַתֶּה 2 masculine singular Ezekiel 28:8; וָמַ֑תִּי 1 singular Genesis 19:19; מֵ֫תוּ 3 masculine plural Genesis 7:22 +; מַתְנוּ 1 plural Numbers 14:2, 2 Kings 7:4; יָמוּת imperfect Genesis 38:11 +; וַיָּ֫מָת imperfect Genesis 11:28 +; מֻת imperative Deuteronomy 32:50; מוֺת infinitive absolute Genesis 2:17 +; מוּת construct Genesis 25:32; מֵת participle Genesis 20:3 +; מֵתִים plural Exodus 12:33 +.

1. Qal: Die, of natural or other causes

a. Of man

• וַיִּגְוִע וַיָּמָת and he expired and died Genesis 25:8, Genesis 25:17, Genesis 35:29 (Priests' Code)
• וַיָּמָת וַיִּקָּבֵר Judges 10:2, 5, Judges 8:32, 2 Samuel 17:23
• Succession formula: וימלך תַּחְתָּיו וימת Genesis 36:33–39 (Priests' Code), 2 Samuel 10:1, 2 Kings 1:17
• In good old age: וימת בְּשֵׂיבָה טוֺבָה 1 Chronicles 29:28
• By violence or disaster: הכה (smiting) Exodus 21:18 (Elohist Source); במלחמה (war) Deuteronomy 20:5; בַּחֶרֶב (sword) Jeremiah 11:22; ברעב (famine) Jeremiah 11:22; בְּדֶבֶר (pestilence) Jeremiah 21:6; בַּמַּגֵּפָה (plague) Numbers 14:37
• figurative of wisdom: תָּמוּת חָכְמָה עִמָּכֶם Job 12:2; of courage: וַיָּמָת לִבּוֺ בְּקִרְבּוֺ 1 Samuel 25:37

b. Of animals

• Leviticus 11:39; Genesis 33:13 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 7:18 (Elohist Source)
• Proverbial dead dog: כֶּלֶב מֵת 1 Samuel 24:14, 2 Samuel 9:8, 2 Samuel 16:9

c. Other

• Of a tree: Job 14:8
• Of idols: זִבְחֵי מֵתִים sacrifices to the dead Psalm 106:28

2. Qal: Die as a penalty (be put to death)

a. By human authority

• Genesis 42:20, Exodus 21:14, Deuteronomy 17:6
• Phrase מוֺת יָּמּוּת shall surely be put to death (capital punishment): 1 Samuel 14:39, 1 Samuel 22:16, 1 Kings 2:37, Jeremiah 26:8
• Legal codes (violent death): מוֺת יוּמַת Exodus 21:12, Leviticus 20:2, Numbers 15:35

b. Inflicted by God

• Genesis 38:7, Exodus 28:35, Leviticus 10:2, 2 Samuel 6:7
• For sin/guilt: בחטא Leviticus 22:9, Numbers 27:3; במעל 1 Chronicles 10:13
• Of a nation: Moab Amos 2:2, Ephraim Hosea 13:1
• Prematurely (for lack of wisdom): Proverbs 5:23, Proverbs 10:21, Ecclesiastes 7:17

3. Po‘lel: Kill, put to death, despatch

— מֹתַתִּי perfect 2 Samuel 1:16; יְמֹתְתֵהוּ imperfect 1 Samuel 17:51; מוֺתְתֵנִי imperative Judges 9:54; מְמוֺתֵת participle 1 Samuel 14:13.

• Intensive: 1 Samuel 17:51, 2 Samuel 1:9, Psalm 34:21

4. Hiph‘il: Kill, put to death

— הֵמִית perfect Judges 16:30 +; וַיָּ֫מֶת imperfect Genesis 38:10 +; הָמֵת infinitive absolute 2 Kings 11:15; מֵמִית participle 1 Samuel 2:6.

• Subject man: In war Joshua 10:26; by authority Exodus 1:16, 2 Kings 14:6
• Subject God: Deuteronomy 32:39, Genesis 38:7, 1 Samuel 2:6
• Executioners (angels of death): מְמִיתִים Job 33:22

5. Hoph‘al: Be killed, put to death

— הוּמָ֑ת perfect 2 Kings 11:2; יוּמַת imperfect Leviticus 20:10; מוּמָת participle 1 Samuel 19:11.

• By conspiracy: 2 Kings 11:2, 8
• By capital punishment: Exodus 21:29, Leviticus 24:16, Deuteronomy 24:16

Aramaic

I. מוֺת noun masculine — death (Biblical Hebrew מָ֫וֶת).

• absolute Ezra 7:26

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (HWB), 395.

² Julius Euting, Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien (1885), 14, 6.

³ D.H. Müller, Sendschirli Glossary.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀπέθανεν θανάτῳ ἀποθανεῖται ἀποθάνῃ ἀποθανοῦνται

LXX Usage Statistics

H4191:

ἀπέθανεν 120× (13.8%)

θανάτῳ 54× (6.7%)

ἀποθανεῖται 48× (6.0%)

ἀποθάνῃ 35× (4.2%)

ἀποθανοῦνται 23× (2.9%)

θανατῶσαι 22× (2.6%)

τέθνηκεν 21× (2.6%)

ἐθανάτωσεν 20× (2.3%)

ἀποθανῇ 18× (2.3%)

ἐτελεύτησεν 15× (1.7%)

RBT Translation:

And they are becoming the whole of the days of Lamech seven and seventy of a duplication and seven hundred of a duplication, and he is dying.

RBT Paraphrase:

Seventy and Seven Fold

And they are becoming, all of the manifestations of Powerful, seven and seventy fold, and seven hundred fold, but he is dying.

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And all the days of Lamech shall be seven and seventy years and seven hundred years, and he shall die.

LITV Translation:
And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred and seventy seven years. And he died.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred and fifty-three years, and he died.