Genesis 37:21

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

וישמע וַיִּשְׁמַע

and he is hearing

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שמע

shâmaʻ

Definition

to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to tell, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to tell, etc.); [idiom] attentively, call (gather) together, [idiom] carefully, [idiom] certainly, consent, consider, be content, declare, [idiom] diligently, discern, give ear, (cause to, let, make to) hear(-ken, tell), [idiom] indeed, listen, make (a) noise, (be) obedient, obey, perceive, (make a) proclaim(-ation), publish, regard, report, shew (forth), (make a) sound, [idiom] surely, tell, understand, whosoever (heareth), witness.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8085

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁמַע

verb • Root שמע • Strongs / High • Page 755

to listen to, hearken

שָׁמַע

verb qal • Root שמע • Strongs / High • Page 1450

I. To give ear to, to hear, attend; generally with an accusative of the thing or person; to be an ear-witness; to hear with pleasure; to hear of God; to obey.

שָׁמַע

verb qal • Root שמע • Strongs / High • Page 1451

To hear (absol. or with accusative); to obey, to follow; metaphorically, to understand, to be intelligent, to be attentive; to get knowledge of, to hear a call.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁמַע and שָׁמֵעַ

verb • Root שמע • Page 687

1. to hear; to hearken, obey (Job 26:14, Ps. 92:12, Gen. 23:8, Ex. 24:7). 2. to understand (Gen. 11:7, 42:23). Also includes Niph. (to be heard), Pi. (to cause to hear, summon), and Hiph. (to cause to hear, announce, call together).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8085

I. שָׁמַע (approximate number of occurrences: 1159) verb — hear.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Phoenician שמע
• Assyrian šemû
• Arabic سَمِعَ
• Sabean סמע (especially epithet of divinity סמע he who hears)
• Ethiopic ሰምዐ
• Aramaic שְׁמַע

— שָׁמַע absolute Genesis 24:52 +; שָׁמֵ֑עַ Jeremiah 36:13; 2 feminine singular שָׁמַ֫עַתְּ 1 Kings 1:11; plural שָׁמֵ֑עוּ Judges 2:17; imperfect יִשְׁמַע Exodus 6:30; imperative שְׁמַע Amos 7:16; infinitive absolute שָׁמוֺעַ Isaiah 6:9; construct שְׁמֹעַ 1 Samuel 15:22.

1. Human subject (or thing personified)

a. Hear (perceive by ear)

• (+ קוֺל) Genesis 3:10 (Jehovist Source)
• (+ דבר) Amos 8:11
• (+ חָכְמָה) 1 Kings 5:14
• absolute Deuteronomy 4:33

b. Hear one speaking

• Genesis 27:6 (Jehovist Source)
• Jeremiah 26:7
• Numbers 11:10

c. Hear it said (hear say)

• 1 Samuel 13:4
• Joshua 22:11 (Priests' Code)
• (+ עַל person) Genesis 41:15 (Elohist Source)

d. Hear of, concerning

• Exodus 18:1
• Psalm 48:9
• (+ ב person, hear exultantly of fate) Psalm 92:12

e. Power to hear

• 2 Samuel 19:36
• (of idols) Deuteronomy 4:28
• figurative (spiritual power) Jeremiah 5:21; Deuteronomy 29:8

f. Listen to, with attention

• Amos 4:1
• Numbers 12:6 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• לֵב שֹׁמֵעַ 1 Kings 3:9

g. Understand (language)

• Genesis 11:7 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 28:49
• Genesis 42:23 (Elohist Source)

h. Hearing a judicial case

• Deuteronomy 1:16–17
• 1 Kings 3:11

i. Listen, yield, obey

• Genesis 42:21 (Elohist Source)
• (+ אֶל person) Judges 2:17
• (+ בְּקוֺל) Deuteronomy 4:30; Jeremiah 3:13
• absolute (be obedient) Isaiah 1:19

2. Of God as subject

a. Hear (with favor)

• Genesis 21:17 (Elohist Source)
• (+ תְּפִלָּה) 1 Kings 8:45
• absolute (hear and forgive) 1 Kings 8:30

b. Hear and answer

• (+ אֶל person) Deuteronomy 3:36
• (+ אֶל city) Genesis 16:11
• Psalm 22:23

Niph`al

— be heard, be regarded.

1. be heard (of voice, sound) 1 Samuel 1:13; (of report) Genesis 45:16 (Elohist Source).
2. be heard of Deuteronomy 4:32.
3. be regarded, obeyed Ecclesiastes 9:17.
4. hearing was granted 2 Chronicles 30:27.

Pi`el

— cause to hear, assemble.

• 1 Samuel 15:4; 1 Samuel 23:8.

Hiph`il

— cause to hear, proclaim.

a. Of man

• Deuteronomy 30:12
• (utter sound/proclaim) Joshua 6:10 (Jehovist Source); Isaiah 52:7
• absolute (musical term, sound aloud) 1 Chronicles 15:19; 2 Chronicles 5:13

b. Of God

• Deuteronomy 4:10, 36
• (tell/proclaim) Isaiah 42:9; Isaiah 43:12

Aramaic

I. שְׁמַע verb hear (Biblical Hebrew שָׁמַע).

1. Pe`al
   • hear (sense of hearing) Daniel 5:23
   • hear sound/word Daniel 3:5, Daniel 6:15
2. Hithpe`el (shew oneself obedient)
   • Daniel 7:27

¹ Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

² Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch (GKC).

³ Fritz Hommel, Chrestomathie.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἤκουσεν ἀκούσατε ἤκουσαν ἤκουσα ἄκουε

LXX Usage Statistics

H8085:

ἤκουσεν 130× (10.0%)

ἀκούσατε 76× (6.4%)

ἤκουσαν 58× (4.6%)

ἤκουσα 42× (3.5%)

ἄκουε 37× (3.1%)

ὡσ 30× (2.6%)

ἀκοῦσαι 29× (2.1%)

ἀκούσῃ 28× (2.2%)

'' 26× (1.9%)

εἰσήκουσεν 25× (2.0%)

ראובן רְאוּבֵן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ראובן

Rᵉʼûwbên

Definition

Reuben, a son of Jacob

Root

from the imperative of H7200 (ראה) and H1121 (בן); see ye a son;

Exhaustive

from the imperative of ראה and בן; see ye a son; Reuben, a son of Jacob; Reuben.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7205

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רְאוּבֵן

noun proper masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1309

Name of the oldest son of Jacob by Leah, and the tribe descended from him (meaning: see! a son, i. e. God has favoured me with a son, and looked upon my misery).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רְאוּבֵן

proper name • Page 602

Reuben, the proper name of the eldest son of Jacob, and progenitor of the tribe named from him. Etymology: 'see, a son!' Gen. 29:32.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7205

I. רְאוּבֵן (approximate number of occurrences: 71) proper name, masculine — Reuben (meaning behold a son! but Genesis 29:32 makes it = רָאָה בְּעָנְיִי (!); Greek Ρουβην[ιν], Josephus^{Ant. i. 19, 7} Ρουβηλος, Syriac ܪܘܒܝܠ).

Cognates:

• Arabic رئبال (lion, compare Dillmann¹)

1. Eldest son of Jacob and Leah

• Genesis 29:32
• Genesis 30:14 (and 11 times in Genesis)
• Exodus 1:2
• 1 Chronicles 2:1
• As head of family or clan: Exodus 6:14 (twice in verse); Numbers 1:20; Numbers 26:5 (all Priests' Code), 1 Chronicles 5:1, 3, compare בְּנֵי אֱלִיאָב בֶּן־רְאוּבֵן Deuteronomy 11:6.

2. As name of clan or tribe

• Judges 5:15, 16
• Deuteronomy 27:13
• Joshua 18:7 (+ גָּד; both Deuteronomic Source)
• Deuteronomy 33:6 (poem)
• Ezekiel 48:6, 7, 31
• Numbers 1:5 (Priests' Code)
• מַטֵּה רְאוּבֵן: Numbers 1:21; Numbers 13:4; Joshua 20:8; Joshua 21:7 (all Priests' Code), 1 Chronicles 6:48; 63
• מַחֲנֵה רְאוּבֵן: Numbers 2:10, 16; Numbers 10:18 (all Priests' Code)
• בְּנֵי רְאוּבֵן as tribe: Numbers 16:1 (part b); Numbers 32:37 (both Jehovist-Elohist Source), Numbers 2:10; Numbers 7:20; Numbers 26:5; Joshua 13:23 (twice in verse) (all Priests' Code)
• Also (+ Gad and often Manasseh): Numbers 32:1, 2, 6, 25 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Joshua 4:12 (Deuteronomic Source), Numbers 32:29, 31, 33; Joshua 22:9 (and 11 times in chapter 22) (all Priests' Code), compare 1 Chronicles 5:18
• בֶּן רְאוּבֵן as tribe: Joshua 15:6; Joshua 18:7 (both Priests' Code)
• מַטֵּה בְנֵי רְאוּבֵן: Joshua 13:15 (Priests' Code)

¹ August Dillmann, Commentary on the Hexateuch.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: ρουβην

LXX Usage Statistics

H7205:

ρουβην 69× (78.8%)

ρουβην 16× (15.7%)

ויצלהו וַיַּצִּלֵהוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נצל

nâtsal

Definition

to snatch away, whether in a good or a bad sense

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to snatch away, whether in a good or a bad sense; [idiom] at all, defend, deliver (self), escape, [idiom] without fail, part, pluck, preserve, recover, rescue, rid, save, spoil, strip, [idiom] surely, take (out).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5337

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָצַל

verb • Root נצל • Strongs / High • Page 985

(Kal not used) tr. to tear off, away or out; to draw off, away or out; to snatch from, to separate, to divide. Figuratively: to pluck, out of danger, hence to deliver.

נָצַל

verb • Root נצל • Strongs / High • Page 986

To deliver from danger, rescue, save a life.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָצַל

verb • Page 454

In Kal not used; prob. to draw or tear away. Pi. 1. to take away. 2. to rob. 3. to save. Hiph. 1. to take away. 2. to deliver, free. Hoph. to be drawn out. Niph. 1. to be delivered or saved. 2. to deliver one's self. Hithpa. to take away from one's self.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5337

I. נָצַל (approximate number of occurrences: 212) verb — snatch away, deliver, strip. Not in Qal.

Cognates:

• Ecclesiasticus Hiph'il Participle מצלת delivering Ecclesiasticus 40:24b (Levi conjectures יציל Ecclesiasticus 40:24a)
• Late Hebrew Hiph'il = Biblical Hebrew
• Biblical Aramaic Haph'el idem
• Syriac ܢܨܠ pour out
• Arabic نصل intransitive tincturam exuit emisitque barba, ex cuspide excidit sagitta, etc. (Kam Frey)
• Ethiopic ነጸለ evulsum or abruptum excidere e suo loco (Dillmann¹)

Niph'al

— Perfect 1 plural נִצַּלְנוּ Jeremiah 7:10; Imperfect יִנָּצֵל Deuteronomy 23:16, + 1 singular אִנָּצְלָה Psalm 69:15, + 8 times Imperfect; Infinitive הַנָּצֵל Isaiah 20:6 (3 times).

1. reflexive tear oneself away, deliver oneself:

• absolute Proverbs 6:3
• Ezekiel 14:16, 18
• 2 Kings 19:11 = Isaiah 37:11
• with מִיַּד Proverbs 6:5
• מֵעִ... אֶל escape from-unto Deuteronomy 23:16

2. passive be torn out or away

• מִמִּי הָאֲרִי Amos 3:12
• be delivered, absolute Genesis 32:31; Jeremiah 7:10; Psalm 33:16
• Micah 4:10 (Micah 4:30 raw)
• מִמְּנֵי Isaiah 20:6
• מִכַּף Habakkuk 2:9
• מִן Psalm 69:15

Pi'el

— Perfect 2 masculine plural נִצַּלְתֶּם Exodus 3:22; Imperfect יְנַצֵּל Ezekiel 14:14 (2 times).

1. strip of, spoil

• absolute 2 Chronicles 20:25
• with accusative of person Exodus 3:22
• Exodus 12:36 (Jehovist Source)

2. deliver

• with accusative נַפְשָׁם Ezekiel 14:14

Hiph'il

(approximate number of occurrences: 190) — Perfect הִצִּיל Exodus 12:27; 2 masculine singular הִצַּ֫לְתָּ Exodus 5:23 (50 times Perfect); Imperfect יַּצִּיל 2 Kings 17:39; יַצֵּל Genesis 31:9 (63 times Imperfect); Imperative הַצֵּל Proverbs 24:11; הַצִּ֫ילָה Psalm 22:21; suffix הַצִּילֵנִי Genesis 32:12 (24 times Imperative); Infinitive absolute הַצֵּל 2 Kings 18:30 (4 times); construct הַצִּיל Genesis 37:22 (23 times Infinitive); Participle מַצִּיל Deuteronomy 32:39 (16 times Participle).

1. take away, snatch away

• property Genesis 31:9, 10 (Elohist Source); Hosea 2:11
• prey from mouth of animals 1 Samuel 17:35; Amos 3:12; Ezekiel 34:10
• words of Yahweh from the mouth Psalm 119:43
• וְאֵין מַצִּיל בֵּינֵיהֶם 2 Samuel 14:6 and there was none to tear them apart
• עֵינֵנוּ וְהִצִּיל 2 Samuel 20:6 and take away our eye (elude our sight, Gesenius; Ewald, Wellhausen after Septuagint cast shadow over our eye, denominative from צֵל; Böttcher, Thenius after Syriac tear away our eye, harm us irretrievably, see Driver²; H. P. Smith escape from us [מִמֶּנּוּ, as Lucian], compare Budde [וְנִצַּל])

2. rescue, recover

• cities Judges 11:26
• wives and property 1 Samuel 30:8, 18, 22

3. deliver from: a. enemies and troubles

• absolute 1 Samuel 12:21; Proverbs 19:19; Isaiah 50:2; Jeremiah 39:17
• אֵין מַצִּיל Judges 18:28; Job 5:4; Job 10:7; Psalm 7:3; Psalm 50:22; Psalm 71:11; Isaiah 5:29; Isaiah 42:22; Isaiah 43:13; Daniel 8:4 (Daniel 8:47 raw); Hosea 5:14; Micah 5:7
• with accusative Genesis 18:8 (Elohist Source), Exodus 5:23; Exodus 12:27 (Jehovist Source), Deuteronomy 23:15 (39 times)
• הַצִּיל נַפְשׁוֺ Isaiah 44:20; Isaiah 47:14; Ezekiel 3:19, 21; Ezekiel 14:20; Ezekiel 33:19
• with מִן from Micah 5:6 (25 times); מִיַּד from the hand or power of Genesis 32:12; Exodus 2:19 (Jehovist Source) + 57 times; מִתַּחַת יַד Exodus 18:10 (Elohist Source); מִכַּף 2 Samuel 14:16; 2 Samuel 19:10; 2 Samuel 22:1 = Psalm 18:1, 2 Kings 20:6 = Isaiah 38:6; 2 Chronicles 32:11; Ezra 8:31

b. from death

• Proverbs 11:16 (Proverbs 11:16 raw); Proverbs 12:6
• מִמּוֺת Joshua 2:13 (Jehovist Source), Psalm 33:19; Psalm 56:14; Proverbs 10:12 (Proverbs 10:12 raw) = Proverbs 11:4
• מִשְּׁאוֺל Psalm 86:13; Proverbs 23:14

4. deliver from sin and guilt (in late writings)

• מִכָּל מְּשָׁעַי Psalm 39:9 from all my transgression
• מִדָּמִים Psalm 51:6 (Psalm 51:6 raw) from bloodguiltiness
• הַצִּילֵנוּ וְכַפֵּר עַל־חַטּאֹתֵינוּ Psalm 79:9 deliver us and cover over all our sins
• probably also כְּאִמְרָֽתְךָ הַצִּילֵנִי Psalm 119:170

Hoph'al

— Participle מֻצָּל;

• כְּאוּד מֻצָּל מִשְּׂרֵטָה Amos 4:11 as a brand plucked out of the burning
• מֵאֵשׁ Zechariah 3:2 from the fire

Hithpa'el

• וַיִּתְנַצְּלוּ אֶת־עֶדְיָם Exodus 33:6 (Elohist Source) and they stripped themselves of their ornaments.

Aramaic

[נְצַל] verb Haph'el — rescue, deliver (Biblical Hebrew נָצַל; Egyptian Aramaic הנצל take away, S-C³).

• of God, absolute: Participle active מַצִּל Daniel 6:28
• Infinitive לְהַצָּלָה Daniel 3:29
• of man, suffix person לְהַצָּלוּתֵהּ Daniel 6:15

¹ August Dillmann, Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae (1865), 698.

² S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890).

³ A. Sayce and A. E. Cowley, Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan (1906), papyri C 10, D 18.

conjunctive, Verb Hiphil sequential imperfect third person masculine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐξείλατο ῥῦσαί ῥύσεται ἡμᾶσ ἐρρύσατο

LXX Usage Statistics

H5337:

ἐξείλατο 14× (5.8%)

ῥῦσαί 11× (4.8%)

ῥύσεται 11× (4.9%)

ἡμᾶσ 11× (4.1%)

ἐρρύσατο 10× (4.4%)

ἐξαιρούμενοσ 10× (4.0%)

ἐξελεῖται 9× (3.7%)

ἐξελοῦ 8× (3.5%)

ἐξελέσθαι 8× (3.5%)

αὐτούσ 7× (2.7%)

מידם מִיָּדָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

יד

yâd

Definition

a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.),

Root

a primitive word; in distinction from H3709 (כף), the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of applications, both literally and figuratively, both proximate and remote (as follows)

Exhaustive

a primitive word; in distinction from כף, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of applications, both literally and figuratively, both proximate and remote (as follows); a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.),; ([phrase] be) able, [idiom] about, [phrase] armholes, at, axletree, because of, beside, border, [idiom] bounty, [phrase] broad, (broken-) handed, [idiom] by, charge, coast, [phrase] consecrate, [phrase] creditor, custody, debt, dominion, [idiom] enough, [phrase] fellowship, force, [idiom] from, hand(-staves, -y work), [idiom] he, himself, [idiom] in, labour, [phrase] large, ledge, (left-) handed, means, [idiom] mine, ministry, near, [idiom] of, [idiom] order, ordinance, [idiom] our, parts, pain, power, [idiom] presumptuously, service, side, sore, state, stay, draw with strength, stroke, [phrase] swear, terror, [idiom] thee, [idiom] by them, [idiom] themselves, [idiom] thine own, [idiom] thou, through, [idiom] throwing, [phrase] thumb, times, [idiom] to, [idiom] under, [idiom] us, [idiom] wait on, (way-) side, where, [phrase] wide, [idiom] with (him, me, you), work, [phrase] yield, [idiom] yourselves.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3027

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָד

noun / feminine • Root ידה • Strongs / High • Page 577

The hand, as that which lays hold of or seizes. Can also refer to the arm. It is used in a wide variety of metaphorical and technical senses, including assistance, power, custody, and human cooperation. Dual form: יָדַיִם, plural form: יָדוֹת.

יָד

noun / feminine • Root יד • Strongs / High • Page 578

The hand. It is used in a wide variety of literal and figurative senses, including: force, violence; divine power, punishment, or inspiration (the 'hand of God'); a sign of assurance or a pledge ('giving the hand'); a medium of action or agency; guidance and oversight; possession; power and might; mediation ('by the hand of').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָד

com. gen. • Page 270

1. The hand. Phrases include: assisting someone (1 Sam. 22:17), divine destruction (Ex. 9:3), divine inspiration or prophecy (Ezek. 1:3, Jer. 15:17), promising or striking hands (Ezra 10:19), and submission (2 Chr. 30:8, Ezek. 17:18). 2. Metaphorical uses: without human aid (Dan. 8:25), from generation to generation (Prov. 11:21). 3. Prepositional combinations: 'in the hand of' or 'by' (1 Sam. 14:34), 'through' (Num. 15:23), 'into the power or charge of' (Gen. 9:2, Ps. 95:7), 'before' (1 Sam. 21:14), and 'because of' (Job 8:4, Is. 64:6).

יָד

noun • Page 271

Definitions continued from previous page: 1. into the hand or hands of any one; through (Jer. 18:21). Plur. יָדוֹת: artificial hands, tenons, axle-trees. 2. the arm. 3. metaphorically, might, power, aid (Ex. 14:30, Deut. 32:36). 4. manner (1 K. 10:13, Ezra 3:10). 5. side, near (1 Sam. 19:3). Dual יָדַיִם: sides. Plur. יָדוֹת: ledges, side railings. 6. place (Deut. 23:13). 7. part (Dan. 12:7). 8. a monument, trophy (1 Sam. 15:12).

יָד

noun • Root יד • Page 271

Chaldee; equivalent to Hebrew יָד, hand. Emphatic state: יְדָא.

יָד

noun • Page 282

Mentioned in 1 Sam. 4:13 Kethib as an evident corruption for יַד (on the side), which stands in the Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3027

I. יָד (approximate number of occurrences: 1604) noun feminine (occasionally masculine Exodus 17:12) — hand.

Cognates:

• Aramaic יְדָא
• Zinjirli יד
• Arabic يد
• Sabean יד
• Ethiopic እድ
• Assyrian idu (strength)

— יָד absolute Genesis 38:28 +; construct יַד Genesis 41:35 +; suffix יָדִי Genesis 14:22 +, יָֽדְךָ Genesis 22:12 +, יֶדְכֶם Genesis 9:2 +; dual יָדַיִם Genesis 34:21 +, construct יְדֵי Genesis 24:30 +; plural יָדוֺת Genesis 43:24 +, suffix יְדֹתָיו Exodus 26:19 + etc.

1. Hand of man

Literally of the human hand Genesis 3:22; Genesis 4:11.

a. Specifically right or left hand

• Right hand יַד יְמִינ(וֺ) Genesis 48:17 (JE); Judges 7:20; Psalm 73:23
• Left hand יַד שְׂמאֹל(וֺ) Judges 3:21; Ezekiel 39:8

b. Specific parts or items on hand

• Palms of hands כַּמּוֺת יָדָיו 1 Samuel 5:4; 2 Kings 9:35
• Armpits אַצִּילוֺת יָדֶיךָ Jeremiah 38:12
• Thumbs בֹּהֶן יָדָיו Exodus 29:20 (Priests' Code)
• Bracelets on wrists Genesis 24:22 (J)

c. The hand in use

• Arms of the hands זְרֹעֵי יָדָיו Genesis 49:24
• Filling the hand (consecration as priest) מִלֵּא יַד Judges 17:5, 12; Exodus 28:41
• To stretch out the hand שָׁלַח יַד לְ Judges 5:26; בְּ in hostile sense 1 Samuel 24:7

d. Special phrases and idioms

• Kissing with the hand Job 31:27
• Silence (hand on mouth) Job 40:4; Micah 7:16
• Taking an oath (hand under thigh) Genesis 24:2 (J)
• Lifting the hand to swear נשׂא יָד Exodus 6:8; Ezekiel 20:28
• Giving a pledge נָתַן יָד Ezra 10:19

e. Hand as strong, helpful, or mighty

• Of man: fighting power Numbers 20:20 (JE); bold action בְּיָד רָמָה Exodus 14:8 (P)
• Of God: hand as smiting 1 Samuel 6:9; as delivering Exodus 13:3 (JE); as inspiration הָֽיְתָה יַד י׳ עַל Ezekiel 1:3; 2 Kings 3:15

2. Figurative meaning — strength, power, or ability

• Physical strength Joshua 8:20 (JE); Psalm 76:6
• Pecuniary ability תַּגִּיעַ יָדוֺ Leviticus 5:7, 11 (P)
• Dominion 2 Samuel 8:3; Exodus 14:31

3. Figurative meaning — side

• Side of a way 1 Samuel 4:13; gate 1 Samuel 4:18; stream Deuteronomy 2:37
• Direction or expanse רַחֲבַת יָדַיִם Genesis 34:21; Judges 18:10
• Place Deuteronomy 23:13; Numbers 2:17

4. Technical and architectural senses

• Sign or monument 1 Samuel 15:12; 2 Samuel 18:18
• Share or portion Genesis 47:24 (J); 2 Samuel 19:44
• Repetitions or times Genesis 43:34; Daniel 1:20
• Axle-trees 1 Kings 7:32–33
• Supports or stays 1 Kings 7:35; 10:19
• Tenons of tabernacle boards Exodus 26:17 (P)

5. With prepositions

• אֶל־יַד: into custody of Esther 2:3; by the side of 2 Samuel 18:4
• בְּיַד: into the hand of (possession/power) Joshua 6:2; Judges 2:14; by agency of Genesis 38:20; Exodus 9:35
• כְּיַד הַמֶּלֶךְ: according to royal munificence 1 Kings 10:13; Esther 1:7
• מִיַּד: out of the hand of (power/separation) Exodus 2:19; 1 Samuel 17:37; exact at the hand of Genesis 9:5
• עַל־יַד: under guidance/direction of 1 Chronicles 25:2; Jeremiah 5:31; by the side of 2 Samuel 15:2; Exodus 2:5
• תַּחַת יַד: under the power or authority of 1 Samuel 21:9; Genesis 16:9 (J)

Aramaic

I. יַד noun feminine hand (Biblical Hebrew יָד).

1. literally hand of man
   • construct יַד Ezra 5:12
   • emphatic יְדָא Daniel 5:5, 24
   • dual בִּידַ֫יִן Daniel 2:34, 45
2. figurative power
   • suffix יְדִי Daniel 3:15
   • Of lions Daniel 6:28
   • Of God Daniel 5:23

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁵ Deuteronomic Source.

Prep-M, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: χεῖρασ χειρὶ χειρὸσ χεῖρα χειρῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3027:

χεῖρασ 218× (12.8%)

χειρὶ 215× (12.3%)

χειρὸσ 169× (10.0%)

χεῖρα 139× (8.4%)

χειρῶν 100× (6.0%)

χεῖρά 87× (5.3%)

χεὶρ 75× (4.7%)

χερσὶν 61× (3.3%)

χειρί 55× (2.8%)

χειρόσ 50× (2.9%)

ויאמר וַיֹּ֕אמֶר

and he is saying

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אמר

ʼâmar

Definition

to say (used with great latitude)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to say (used with great latitude); answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 155

1. (not used) to stand prominently upwards, to project upwards, hence to be elevated. 2. to say, to speak, to command; to press out sounds from within.

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to say, speak

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 58

1. to say (dico). Differs from דבר (to speak) in that אָמַר is almost uniformly followed by the words spoken (Lev. 1:2; Gen. 44:16). 2. to think. (Speaking and thinking).

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 59

To command (Est 1:17, 1 Chr 21:17); to praise (Ps 40:11). Niph.: to be said, to be called holy (Is 4:3). Hiph.: to declare solemnly, to promise (Deut 26:17, 18). Hithpa.: to boast one's self (Ps 94:4), or to exercise dominion.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H559

I. אָמַר (5287) verb utter, say (Egyptian mr command; Phoenician אמר; Aramaic אֲמַר; Ethiopic ሀሁሂሃ I. 2 shew, declare; Arabic أمر command; perhaps √ אמר originally = be or make prominent, hence Hithpael below, אָמִיר; Sabaean אמר lofty, epithet of king idem Mordtmann ZMG 1876, 37; compare Dl Pr 28 who thinks original meaning hell, sichtbar sein, whence Assyrian amāru, see, & shew, declare, say).

Cognates:

• Egyptian mr command
• Phoenician אמר
• Aramaic אֲמַר
• Ethiopic ሀሁሂሃ I. 2 shew, declare
• Arabic أمر command
• Sabaean אמר lofty, epithet of king
• Assyrian amāru see, & shew, declare, say

Qal

Perfect 3 masculine singular אָמַר Genesis 3:1 +; Imperfect יֹאמַר Genesis 31:8 +; וַיֹּאמֶר Genesis 1:3 +; וַיֹּאמַר Genesis 14:19 +; in Job always וַיֹּאמַר Job 3:2 +; 3 feminine singular תֹּאמַר Genesis 21:12 +; תֹּאמַר Proverbs 1:21; 1 singular אֹמַר Genesis 22:2 +; אוֹמְרָה Psalm 42:10; וָאֹמַר Genesis 20:13 +; וָאוֹמַר Nehemiah 2:7,17,20; 3 masculine plural יֹאמְרוּ Exodus 4:1 + etc.; suffix יֹמְרוּךָ Psalm 139:20; 2 masculine plural תֹּמְרוּ 2 Samuel 19:14 (compare Kö i. p. 385); Imperative אֱמֹר Genesis 45:17 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָמוֹר Exodus 21:5 +; construct אֱמֹר Ezekiel 25:8 +; הָאֱמֹר Job 34:18 but read הָאֹמַר idem Di, or better הֵאָמֹר Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative compare Ew § 328 d; suffix אָמְרִי Joshua 6:10 +; אֲמָרְכֶם Jeremiah 23:38; אֱמָרְכֶם Malachi 1:7 +; לֵאמֹר Genesis 1:22 +, etc.; Participle active אֹמֵר Genesis 32:10 +, etc.; passive הָאָמֻר Micah 2:7, but this grammatically indefensible, read הֵאָמֹר, Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative, see Dr Expositor, April, 1887, 263.

Say (subject God Genesis 3:1 Genesis 32:5, serpent Genesis 3:1, ass Numbers 22:28, horse יֹאמַר הָאָח Job 39:25 etc.; inanimate things, personified Job 28:14 compare Job 28:22 etc.; so in allegory or fable Judges 9:8; 2 Kings 14:9 etc.; especially in narration, וַיֹּאמֶר etc., Genesis 4:6 + very often): mostly followed by thing said, either substantive Jeremiah 14:17 (with clause app.) Deuteronomy 27:16 f.; Judges 12:6; pronoun Genesis 44:16; 2 Kings 20:14 +; or (usually) clause Genesis 1:3; Genesis 3:1; Genesis 37:20 + often (oratio recta [direct speech]); with adverb thus, so Genesis 32:5; Numbers 20:14; 1 Kings 20:3,5 + often; especially כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה Exodus 5:1; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 8:1; Exodus 8:20; 1 Chronicles 17:4 + often; the person addressed usually introduced by אֵל Genesis 3:1; Genesis 15:7; Genesis 22:7; Leviticus 21:1; 2 Samuel 3:7; 1 Kings 12:5,23, or לְ Genesis 3:13; Genesis 4:15; 1 Samuel 20:2; 2 Samuel 2:21; 1 Kings 14:2 + often; rarer combinations are, בְּאָזְנֵי כֹה אָמַר Isaiah 49:20 (compare Isaiah 5:9 & see דָּבַר); לִפְנֵי כֹה אָמַר Ezekiel 28:9; לְעֵינֵי כֹה אָמַר Deuteronomy 31:7; Joshua 10:12; Jeremiah 28:11; בְּ כֹה אָמַר Joel 2:17; Psalm 126:2, where בְּ local; in all cases usually followed by direct object of words said, Exodus 19:25 being very singular; Genesis 4:8 the object-clause has probably fallen out, compare Vrss Di; = mention, name, designate Genesis 22:2,3; Genesis 43:27,29; Exodus 32:13; Numbers 14:40; 1 Samuel 10:16; 1 Samuel 16:3; 2 Samuel 6:22; Nehemiah 6:19; compare Psalm 139:20 יֹמְרוּךָ לִמְזִמָּה speak of thee for falsehood (but many, as Hup Pe Dy Che, read יַמְרוּךָ); = tell, declare, proclaim, (followed by direct object only) Psalm 40:11; Ezekiel 13:7; in reply to question = answer Exodus 12:27; Joshua 4:7; 1 Kings 9:9; Jeremiah 5:19; Jeremiah 22:9. The object spoken of may be referred to by אֵל 2 Kings 19:32; Jeremiah 22:18; Jeremiah 27:19, or לְ Genesis 20:13 אִמְרִי לִי say of me, etc. Deuteronomy 33:9; Judges 9:54; Isaiah 5:20; Psalm 3:3; Psalm 71:10, very rarely by a simple accusative Isaiah 3:10 (where read probably for אִמְרוּ, אַשְׁרֵי), except after אֲשֶׁר where the words used follow (compare אֲשֶׁר 4d) Genesis 3:17; Numbers 10:29; Numbers 14:31; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4; 1 Samuel 9:17,23b 1 Kings 8:29; Lamentations 4:20; compare Numbers 21:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4, & (two extreme cases) Isaiah 8:12; Lamentations 2:15 (see Dr Sm i. 24, 5); הָאָמֻר Micah 2:7 read infinitive absolute with ה interrogative הֵאָמֹר (see above) shall one say? shall it be said? After another verb of saying, introducing thing said: Deuteronomy 21:7; Deuteronomy 25:9; Deuteronomy 27:15; Song of Solomon 2:10 +, even after אָמַר Genesis 22:7; Leviticus 21:1; Jeremiah 34:2; Esther 7:5 +; especially infinitive לֵאמֹר, after דָּבַר Genesis 8:15, צָוָה Genesis 2:16, עָנָה Genesis 44:16, בָּרַךְ Genesis 1:22, נָשַׁבַע Genesis 24:7, נָּדַר Genesis 28:20, etc.; after אָמַר 2 Samuel 3:18; 1 Kings 12:23; Ruth 4:4; 1 Chronicles 21:18 +; after שָׁלַח 2 Chronicles 35:21, שׁוּב Genesis 32:7; compare also Genesis 28:6; Exodus 5:13; Exodus 9:5; Exodus 13:8; Exodus 17:4; Numbers 11:20; Deuteronomy 1:28; Deuteronomy 13:7; Judges 8:15; 1 Samuel 23:2; 1 Kings 13:3; Jeremiah 32:3; Jeremiah 37:9 +; also when subject of לֵאמֹר differs from that of preceding clause Genesis 31:1; Genesis 38:13,24 etc.; after שָׁמַע Isaiah 37:9 = 2 Kings 19:9.

1. Say in the heart (= think)

• בְּלֵב כֹּה אָמַר Deuteronomy 8:17 compare 1 Kings 12:26; Psalm 10:6; Psalm 10:11; Psalm 10:13; Psalm 14:1; Psalm 35:25; Isaiah 14:13; Isaiah 47:8,10; Isaiah 49:21; Ecclesiastes 2:1,15; Ecclesiastes 3:17,18; לִלְבָבוֹ כֹּה אָמַר Hosea 7:2; אֵל לִבּוֹ כֹּה אָמַר Genesis 8:21 said unto his heart (to himself), subject כֹּה יְהוָה, compare 1 Samuel 27:1; אָמְרָה נַפְשִׁי Lamentations 3:24; thence כֹּה אָמַר alone Genesis 20:11; Genesis 26:9; Numbers 24:11; Ruth 4:4; 1 Samuel 20:26; 2 Samuel 5:6; 2 Kings 5:11; followed by clause with כִּי Judges 15:2; in particular = desire מַה תֹּאמַר נַפְשֶׁךָ 1 Samuel 20:4 compare Esther 2:13; followed by infinitive = purpose, Exodus 2:14 thinkest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? Joshua 22:33; 1 Samuel 30:6; 1 Kings 5:19; 2 Chronicles 28:10,13; expect 2 Samuel 21:16 he expected to slay David 2 Chronicles 13:8; 2 Chronicles 32:1.

2. Promise

• (followed by infinitive) 1 Chronicles 27:23; 2 Chronicles 21:7; Esther 4:7; (idem + לְ of person) 2 Kings 8:19; Nehemiah 9:15; (followed by accusative of direct object + לְ of person + infinitive of purpose) Nehemiah 9:23.

3. Command

• (especially late) followed by אֵל of person addressed, Numbers 15:38; 1 Chronicles 21:18; followed by לְ Joshua 11:9; 2 Samuel 16:11; 2 Kings 4:24; Job 9:7; Psalm 106:34 (see below אֲשֶׁר 8e); followed by infinitive 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Chronicles 21:17; 2 Chronicles 1:18; 2 Chronicles 29:27,30; 2 Chronicles 31:11; Esther 1:17; Esther 4:13,15; Esther 6:1; followed by infinitive + לְ of pers, 2 Chronicles 14:3; 2 Chronicles 29:21; 2 Chronicles 31:4; Esther 1:10; followed by accusative direct object 2 Chronicles 29:24 the king commanded the burnt-offering and the sin-offering, compare 1 Kings 5:20; Esther 2:15; followed by clause with אֲשֶׁר = that Nehemiah 13:19; idem + לְ of person Nehemiah 13:22; followed by clause with כִּי Job 36:10; absolute 1 Samuel 16:16 (read however probably יֹאמְרוּ for יֹאמַר, compare Dr); also Psalm 105:31; Psalm 105:34; Psalm 107:25; 1 Chronicles 14:12; 2 Chronicles 24:8; Nehemiah 13:9,19 (all followed by verb consecutive); command by letter עִם הַסֵּפֶר כֹּה אָמַר Esther 9:25 (followed by imperfect); appoint, assign לוֹ לְלֶחֶם כֹּה אָמַר 1 Kings 11:18 = threaten followed by infinitive Deuteronomy 9:25; Psalm 106:23.

Niphal

Perfect נֶאֱמַר Daniel 8:26; Imperfect יֵאָמֵר Genesis 22:14 +; יֵאָמַר לוֹ Isaiah 4:3; יֵאָמַר Genesis 10:9 +; וַיֵּאָמַר Joshua 2:2; be said, told Genesis 10:9; Genesis 22:14; Psalm 87:5; Jeremiah 4:11; Jeremiah 16:14 (all absolute, indefinite subject, of current saying); so said in a book Numbers 21:14; be related, told, of vision Daniel 8:26; said, told to (followed by לְ indirect object) Joshua 2:2; Hosea 2:1 (twice in verse); Zephaniah 3:16; either so, or told concerning Numbers 23:23; Ezekiel 13:12 (אֵל); יֵאָמֵר לָכֶם = ye shall be called (it shall be said to you) Isaiah 61:6 ("" תִּקָּרְאוּ לָכֶם), compare Isaiah 4:3; Isaiah 19:18; Isaiah 32:5 ("" יִקָּרֵא לְ) Isaiah 62:4 (twice in verse); hence be called, of Tophet לֹא יֵאָמֵר עוֹד הַתֹּפֶת Jeremiah 7:32; subject שֵׁם Genesis 32:29; Job 34:31 כִּי אֵל אֵל יֵאָמֵר, Rabb (compare AV) treat יֵאָמֵר as Niph`al Infinitive for לֵאָמֵר, but against grammar; the form as it stands is Qal Perfect, אֵל אֵל being prefixed to the interrogative for emphasis (compare Jeremiah 22:15; Jeremiah 23:26; Nehemiah 13:27), see Dr § 9 Di and others; Hoffm., however, reads יֵאָמֵר infinitive absolute = imperative 'so must one speak (it be spoken) to God.'

Hiphil

Perfect הֵאֱמִיר Deuteronomy 26:17 הֵאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לְךָ לֵאלֹהִים; Deuteronomy 26:18 הֵאֱמִיר יְהוָה הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְעַם (literally cause to declare, i.e. through agency of Moses; on this & other interpretations see Di).

Hithpael

Imperfect יִתְאַמֵּר Psalm 94:4 subject כָּל מְעֹלֵל אָוֶן act proudly, boast ("" יַבִּיעוּ יְדַבְּרוּ עָתָק probably also 2 masculine plural תִּתְאַמֵּרוּ Isaiah 61:6 (in good sense, followed by בְּ of thing gloried in) Ges Comm. so De Che Kö i. 457 f. (from [ יָמַר ] exchange Thes Hi Kn Ew Di; but see יָמַר, מוֹר).

¹ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

² √ Root or stem.

³ || Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

⁴ = Equivalent / equals.

⁵ + Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

⁶ J Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ ? Sign of doubt.

⁸ t. times (following a number).

⁹ * Assumed form (not actually found).

¹⁰ ° Additions / glosses.

¹¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Mordtmann ZMG 1876, 37.

¹³ Dl Pr 28.

¹⁴ Ew § 328 d.

¹⁵ Kö i. p. 385.

¹⁶ Dr Expositor, April, 1887, 263.

¹⁷ Dr Sm i. 24, 5.

¹⁸ Vrss Versions.

¹⁹ Di Dillmann.

²⁰ Hup Hupfeld.

²¹ Pe Perowne.

²² Dy Delitzsch.

²³ Che Cheyne.

²⁴ AV Authorized Version.

²⁵ Rabb Rabbinic.

²⁶ Dr § 9.

²⁷ Hoffm Hoffmann.

²⁸ Ges Gesenius.

²⁹ De Delitzsch.

³⁰ Kö König.

³¹ Thes Thesaurus.

³² Hi Hitzig.

³³ Kn Knobel.

³⁴ Ew Ewald.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0559:

No stats available

לא לֹא

not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3808

I. לֹא or לוֺא (approximate number of occurrences: 5048) adverb — not.

Cognates:

• Arabic لا
• Aramaic לָא
• Sabean לא
• Assyrian lâ
• (Not in Ethiopic: compare Kö¹ ii. 1. 236; Walker²)

— לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr³), 35 times; besides בְּלוֺא 6 times, and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much, e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Masora, written לו (קרי לֹא), 1 Samuel 2:16; 1 Samuel 20:2, once לה Deuteronomy 3:11 כתיב: — not — denying objectively, like Greek οὐ (not μὴ = אַל).

1. In predication

a. With a verb

• With finite tenses: Genesis 2:5, Genesis 4:5 (perfect); Genesis 3:4, Genesis 8:21–22 (imperfect).
• In circumstantial clauses: Genesis 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isaiah 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט.
• With final force: Isaiah 41:7; Exodus 28:32 (see GKC⁴ §156. 3).
• Governing two verbs: Exodus 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Leviticus 19:12.
• Expressing prohibition: Genesis 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Exodus 20:13 לא תגנב.
• With jussive/cohortative (rare): Genesis 24:8; 1 Samuel 14:36.

b. With the infinitive

Only once in בְּלֹא (4a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot or must not:

• Judges 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not possible to dispossess.
• Amos 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳.

c. Negating the word immediately following

• Genesis 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֺד not Jacob shall thy name be called any more.
• Genesis 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי not ye have sent me hither, but God.
• Rhetorically: 2 Kings 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly).

d. Standing alone

• אִם לֹא if not: Genesis 18:21, Genesis 42:16.
• In answer to a question (Nay): Judges 12:5 ויאמר לא, Genesis 23:11 לא אדני.

e. With interrogative force

• Jonah 4:11, Job 2:10, Exodus 8:22.

2. Not in predication

a. Coupled to an adjective (litotes)

• Hosea 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son.
• Psalm 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good.

b. With a participle

• Jeremiah 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה.
• Isaiah 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה.

c. With nouns or prepositional phrases

• Genesis 15:13 בארץ לא להם.
• Habakkuk 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹא־לוֺ.

d. With a substantive forming a compound (un-)

• Deuteronomy 32:21 בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God.
• Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר at a thing which is not.
• Isaiah 10:15 מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ what is no wood.

e. In circumstantial clauses

• 2 Samuel 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds.
• Job 34:24 לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry.

3. As a substantive

Job 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing (compare Aramaic Daniel 4:32).

4. With prefixes

a. בְּלֹא — without

• Jeremiah 22:13 בלא־צדק without justice.
• Job 8:11 בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire.
• Of time: Leviticus 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָהּ outside the time of her impurity.

b. הֲלֹא — nonne?

Inviting an affirmative answer; often used in conversation to win assent:

• Genesis 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee?
• Exodus 4:11 Do not I?
• As a rhetorical affirmative: 1 Kings 11:41 הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים are they not written...?

c. וָלֹ֕א — and if not

• 2 Samuel 13:26; 2 Kings 5:17.

d. כְּלוֺא — as though not

• Obadiah 1:16 והיו כלוא היו as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא — without

• 2 Chronicles 15:3; Amos 6:13.

Note on Orthography: Fifteen times, according to Masora, לא is written by error for לוֺ, e.g., Exodus 21:8; Leviticus 11:21; Isaiah 9:2; Psalm 100:3; Job 13:15 (always with קרי לוֺ).

Aramaic

I. לָא (לָה Daniel 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא).

1. literally not
   • Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:5, 9, 10 etc.
   • before a participle: Daniel 2:27, 43; Daniel 3:16.
   • Daniel 4:32 כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין as men not accounted of.
2. with infinitive and לְ (must not / cannot)
   • Daniel 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be altered.
   • Ezra 6:8.
3. interrogative הֲלָא
   • Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:13.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Dean A. Walker, "The Semitic Negative," American Journal of Semitic Languages (1896).

³ S. Frensdorff, Die Massora Magna (1876).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892).

Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

נכנו נַכֶּנּוּ

have been set up

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נכה

nâkâh

Definition

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively); beat, cast forth, clap, give (wounds), [idiom] go forward, [idiom] indeed, kill, make (slaughter), murderer, punish, slaughter, slay(-er, -ing), smite(-r, -ing), strike, be stricken, (give) stripes, [idiom] surely, wound.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5221

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָכָה

verb • Root נך • Strongs / High • Page 969

(Kal not used) tr. to strike, to hurt, to injure, hence to destroy, to kill; figurat. to strike down, to vex. Nif. (נִכָּה) to be smitten or slain. Pih. (נִכָּה) to smite, to make war upon. Puh. (נֻכָּה) to be smitten.

נָכָה

verb • Root נכה • Strongs / High • Page 970

To be smitten, to be beaten down. Hif. (הִכָּה): to strike, smite, chastise, torment, punish, kill, tear in pieces, destroy, afflict. Hof. (הֻכָּה, pass. of Hif.): to be beaten, chastised, punished, visited, killed, stormed, conquered.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָכָה

verb • Page 442

in Kal not used.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5221

I. נָכָה (approximate number of occurrences: 501) verb — smite (not in Qal).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew Hiph`il idem
• Siloam Inscription<sup>1</sup> הכו
• Syriac laesit, nocuit, repugnavit; Aph`el laesit, vulneravit
• Ethiopic laesit, nocuit
• Arabic be defeated, the inflicting of injury on an enemy²

— Niph`al Perfect וְנִכָּה וָמֵת consecutive 2 Samuel 11:15 and he shall be smitten [struck by weapon in battle] and die.

— Pu`al Perfect 3 feminine singular נֻכָּ֑תָה Exodus 9:31; 3 plural נֻכּוּ Exodus 9:32 (Jehovist Source), both be smitten down by the hail.

— Hiph`il (482 times) Perfect 3 masculine singular הִכָּה Exodus 9:25 +; suffix וְהִכַּ֫נִי consecutive Genesis 32:12, הִכָּם Jeremiah 5:6; 2 masculine singular הִכִּ֫יתָ Exodus 17:5 +; 1 singular הִכֵּיתִי Judges 15:16 +, וְהִכֵּתִ֫י Exodus 3:20 +; 3 plural הִכּוּ Genesis 19:11 +; 2 masculine plural הִכִּיתֶם Jeremiah 37:10 3 times consecutive; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַכֶּה Exodus 21:20 +, יַךְ Hosea 6:1 (read וַיַּךְ³); וְיַח Hosea 14:6; וַיַּכֶּה Joshua 10:40 +, usually וַיַּךְ Exodus 2:12 +; suffix 2 masculine singular יַכֶּ֫כָּה Jeremiah 40:15, 3 masculine singular וַיַּכּוֺ 2 Samuel 14:6 (read וַיַּךְ with Septuagint, Peshitta, Vulgate), יַכֶּ֫נּוּ 1 Samuel 17:25; usually וַיַּכֵּ֫הוּ Numbers 21:24 +; 3 feminine singular וַתַּךְ Jonah 4:7–8; 1 singular אַכֶּה 1 Samuel 18:11 +, וָאַךְ Exodus 9:15; 3 masculine plural יַכוּ Micah 4:14; usually וַיַּכּוּ Genesis 14:5 +; 1 plural נַכֶּהֿ Numbers 22:6; וַנַךְ Deuteronomy 2:33; Imperative הַכֵּה Ezekiel 6:11, הַךְ Amos 9:1 +; Infinitive absolute הַכֵּה Deuteronomy 3:16 +, הַכּוֺת 2 Kings 3:24⁴; construct הַכּוֺת Genesis 4:15 +; Participle מַכֶּה Exodus 2:11 +; construct מַכֵּה Exodus 21:12 +; plural מַכִּים 1 Samuel 4:8 + etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Literally smite (single, non-fatal blow), strike

• ass Numbers 22:23, 25, 27 (+ בְּמַקֵּל), 28; 32 (Jehovist Source)
• man Exodus 21:15, 19 (Elohist Source)
• cheeks Job 16:10; Lamentations 3:30; Psalm 3:8
• rock Exodus 17:6 (Elohist Source), Numbers 20:11 (Priests' Code)
• figurative of regret וַיַּךְ לֵב דָּוִד אֹתוֺ 2 Samuel 24:10 and David's heart smote him
• hit with missile 1 Samuel 17:49; 1 Kings 22:34

b. Smite repeatedly, beat, scourge

• man Exodus 2:11, 13 (Elohist Source), Exodus 5:16 (Jehovist Source)
• scourge Jeremiah 20:2; Jeremiah 37:15; Deuteronomy 25:2–3 (+ מַכָּה רַבָּה)

c. Clapping hands (in applause or mockery)

• וַיַּכּוּ כַף 2 Kings 11:12
• כַּף אֶלכַּֿף Ezekiel 21:19, 22

2. Smite fatally

a. Kill, slay, man or beast

• man Exodus 21:12, 20 (Elohist Source); Joshua 10:26 (Jehovist / Elohist Source)
• וְהִכָּהוּ נֶפֶשׁ Deuteronomy 19:11 smite him in his life (mortally)
• slay firstborn Exodus 12:2 (Jehovist Source), 12:29; Numbers 3:13 (Priests' Code)
• לְפִיחֶֿרֶב Deuteronomy 13:16; Joshua 11:11 (Deuteronomic Source)

3. Attack and destroy

a. Attack and capture a city or army

• city Judges 1:8, 12 = Joshua 15:16 (Jehovist / Elohist Source)
• defeat king or army (approx. 95 times) Genesis 14:5, Numbers 21:24 (Jehovist / Elohist Source)
• conquer land Genesis 14:7; Joshua 10:40 (Deuteronomic Source)

4. Of God

a. Smite with a plague, disease

• blindness Genesis 19:11 (Jehovist Source)
• Egyptian plagues Exodus 3:20; 9:15 (Jehovist Source), 12:13 (Priests' Code)
• disease Deuteronomy 28:22; 1 Samuel 5:6; Job 2:7

b. Chastise or send judgment

• Isaiah 5:25; 30:31; Jeremiah 5:3
• punish for sin Leviticus 26:24 (Holiness Code)

— Hoph`al Perfect הֻכָּה Hosea 9:16, הוּכָּה Psalm 102:5; 1 singular הֻכֵּ֫יתִי Zechariah 13:6; 3 plural הֻכּוּ 1 Samuel 5:12; Imperfect 3 masculine plural וַיֻּכּוּ Exodus 5:14; Participle מֻכֶּה Numbers 25:14, construct מֻכֵּה Isaiah 53:4; — be smitten:

1. receive a blow
   • Isaiah 1:5 (Judah under figure of man)
2. be wounded
   • Zechariah 13:6
3. be beaten
   • Exodus 5:14, 16 (Jehovist Source)
4. be killed, slain
   • Exodus 22:1 (Elohist Source)
   • מֻכֵּיחֶֿרֶב Jeremiah 18:21
5. be attacked and captured
   • of city Ezekiel 33:21; 40:1
6. be smitten with disease
   • 1 Samuel 5:12; Isaiah 53:4
7. be blighted (of plant)
   • Hosea 9:16 (Ephraimitic source); Psalm 102:5

¹ Siloam Inscription (ca. 700 B.C.).

² Edward William Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon (1863-93).

³ Wellhausen, Nowack, G. A. Smith.

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC) § 75ff.

Verb Hiphil imperfect first person common plural, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐπάταξεν ἐπάταξαν αὐτοὺσ πατάξῃ πατάξω

LXX Usage Statistics

H5221:

ἐπάταξεν 157× (28.3%)

ἐπάταξαν 38× (6.9%)

αὐτοὺσ 29× (4.3%)

πατάξῃ 19× (3.4%)

πατάξω 18× (3.4%)

πατάξαι 17× (3.3%)

'' 14× (2.4%)

ἐπάταξα 11× (2.1%)

ἐπάταξασ 11× (2.2%)

πατάξεισ 10× (1.8%)

נפש נָפֶשׁ׃

soul

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נפש

nephesh

Definition

properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)

Root

from H5314 (נפש);

Exhaustive

from נפש; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental); any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, [idiom] dead(-ly), desire, [idiom] (dis-) contented, [idiom] fish, ghost, [phrase] greedy, he, heart(-y), (hath, [idiom] jeopardy of) life ([idiom] in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thy-) self, them (your) -selves, [phrase] slay, soul, [phrase] tablet, they, thing, ([idiom] she) will, [idiom] would have it.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5315

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

noun / feminine • Root נפש • Strongs / High • Page 982

A breath, respiration. 1. Breath of life, vital power, life, the animal life. 2. The soul or spirit, which gives life and has needs and feelings. 3. A living being, a creature, an individual, a person, a slave, a corpse. 4. Self, used reflexively. Also used to denote the seat of affections like love, joy, fear, piety, courage, and as the seat of various states like lamentation, hunger, thirst, etc.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

com. gen. but more frequently fem. • Root נפש • Page 451

1. breath (Job 41:13); 2. life, the vital principle in animal bodies, anima (Gen. 35:18, 1 K. 17:21); 3. a living being, particularly spoken of men and sometimes slaves (Josh. 10:28, Gen. 1:20, 12:5); 4. the soul, spirit, as the seat of the volitions and affections (Deut. 26:16, Cant. 1:7); 5. desire, including the desire of eating or hunger (Gen. 23:8, Prov. 6:30, 13:4); 6. scent, fragrancy, odour (Is. 3:20).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5315

I. נֶ֫פֶשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 756) noun feminine (so even Genesis 2:19; Numbers 31:28; 1 Kings 19:2; see Albr¹) — soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Sirach 3:18; 4:1, 2; 13:12; 14:11).

— נֶ֫פֶשׁ Genesis 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Genesis 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Genesis 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֹת Ezekiel 13:18 (13 times); נְפָשֹׁת Exodus 12:4; Leviticus 27:2; construct נַפְשׁוֹת Genesis 36:6 (4 times); נַפְשֹׁת Leviticus 21:11; נְפָשִׁים Ezekiel 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים); suffix נַפְשׁוֹתָם 2 Samuel 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Numbers 17:3 +.

1. The soul, the inner being of man

That which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:

a. Distinguished from flesh

• מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Isaiah 10:18
• הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Deuteronomy 12:23
• From שְׁאֵר Proverbs 11:17
• From בֶּטֶן body Psalm 31:10

b. Conceived as resting on a common substratum with the flesh

• Job 14:22 (אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃)
• Psalm 42:5, 7
• Psalm 131:2; Job 30:16; Lamentations 3:20

c. Departs at death and returns with life

• Genesis 35:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 15:9 (נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ)
• 1 Kings 17:21–22; Job 11:20; Job 31:39

d. Often desired that the soul may be delivered

• From Sh®°ôl: Psalm 16:10; Psalm 30:4; Psalm 49:16; Psalm 86:13; Psalm 89:49; Proverbs 23:14
• From שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl: Isaiah 38:17; Job 33:18, 22, 28, 30

2. The living being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into its בשׂר:

• Of man: Genesis 2:7 (Yahwist Source)
• Of animals: Genesis 2:19 (Yahwist Source); Psalm 104:29–30
• Man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being: Genesis 2:7
• Elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה of animals: Genesis 1:20, 24, 30; Genesis 9:12, 15, 16 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 47:9
• With verb חיה: Genesis 12:13; Genesis 19:20; 1 Kings 20:32; Psalm 119:175
• In oaths: חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26; 1 Samuel 17:55; 2 Kings 2:2

3. Life itself

a. Life resides in the blood

• Deuteronomy 12:23 (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ)
• Leviticus 17:10–14 (Holiness Code); Genesis 9:4 (Priests' Code)

b. Serious attack upon life is an attack upon this inner living being

• 2 Samuel 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10; Jonah 2:6; Psalm 69:2

c. Used for life itself (171 times)

• נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life: Exodus 21:23; Leviticus 24:18; 1 Kings 20:39
• שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's hand: Judges 12:3; 1 Samuel 19:5; Job 13:14
• בקּשׁ נפשׁ seek the life: Exodus 4:19; 1 Samuel 20:21; Jeremiah 4:30
• הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death: Joshua 2:13; Psalm 33:19
• פדה נפשׁ redeem the life: 2 Samuel 4:9; Psalm 34:23

4. The man himself (as the essential of man)

a. Paraphrase for personal pronoun (70 times)

• נַפְשִׁי = me: Genesis 49:6; Numbers 23:10
• נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 51:23
• נַפְשׁוֺ = he: Psalm 25:13
• נַפְשָׁם = they: Isaiah 46:2

b. Reflexive, self (53 times)

• לא אדע נפשׁי I know not myself: Job 9:21
• אהב כנפשׁו loved as himself: 1 Samuel 18:1, 3
• ענּה נ afflict oneself (fast): Leviticus 16:29; Numbers 29:7

c. Person, individual (144 times)

• נפשׁ אדם human person: Leviticus 24:17; Numbers 31:35
• נפשׁ = any one: Deuteronomy 24:7; Leviticus 2:1; Ezekiel 18:4
• נפשׁ (ה)מֵת deceased person: Numbers 6:6; Leviticus 21:11; Haggai 2:13

5. Seat of the appetites (46 times)

a. Hunger

• נפשׁ רְעֵבָה hungry soul: Psalm 107:9; Proverbs 27:7
• Satisfying hunger: Isaiah 58:10; Proverbs 13:25

b. Thirst

• נפשׁ עֲיֵפָה weary/thirsty soul: Proverbs 25:25; Jeremiah 31:25
• צמאה נ soul thirsts: Psalm 42:3; Psalm 63:2

c. Appetite in general

• Isaiah 5:14; Habakkuk 2:5
• In Ecclesiastes (craves, lacks): Ecclesiastes 2:24; Ecclesiastes 6:2, 7

6. Seat of emotions and passions (151 times)

a. Desire

• אִוְּתָה נ soul desires: Deuteronomy 12:20; 1 Samuel 2:16
• נשׂא נ lift up the soul (long for): Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; Hosea 4:8

b. Abhorrence and loathing

• געלה נ soul abhorreth: Leviticus 26:11; Jeremiah 14:19

c. Sorrow and distress

• מרי נ bitter of soul: Judges 18:25; Job 3:20
• צרת נ distress of soul: Genesis 42:21

d. Joy

• Psalm 35:9; Isaiah 61:10; Psalm 86:4

e. Love

• Song of Solomon 1:7; Genesis 34:3; Psalm 63:9

f. Alienation, hatred, revenge

• Jeremiah 6:8; 2 Samuel 5:8; Psalm 11:5

g. Other feelings (revival, patience)

• השׁיב נ bring back (revive) soul: Lamentations 1:11; Psalm 19:8
• קצרה נ soul was impatient: Numbers 21:4; Judges 10:16

7. Mental acts

Used with לבב or occasionally alone for knowing, thinking, reckoning:

• Psalm 139:14; Proverbs 19:2; Esther 4:13; Proverbs 23:7

8. Acts of the will

Purpose or choosing:

• אם ישׁ את־נפשׁכם if it is your purpose: Genesis 23:8; 2 Kings 9:15
• בחרה נ soul chooseth: Job 7:15

9. Character

Moral state of the inner being:

• Habakkuk 2:4; Ezekiel 4:14

10. Usage with לבב in Deuteronomy and later writers

Assimilated to the heart as seat of intellect and will:

• בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ: Deuteronomy 4:29; 6:5; 10:12; 1 Kings 8:48; Jeremiah 32:41

¹ Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter", Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 16 (1896), 42.

² Julius Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iii. 217.

³ Georg Jacob, Altarabische Parallelen zum Alten Testament (1897).

⁴ Charles A. Briggs, "The Use of Nefesh in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 16 (1897), 17 ff.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ψυχή ψυχήν ψυχὴν ψυχὴ ψυχῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5315:

ψυχή 126× (15.5%)

ψυχήν 119× (14.6%)

ψυχὴν 89× (11.4%)

ψυχὴ 88× (10.9%)

ψυχῆσ 82× (10.3%)

ψυχῇ 55× (6.9%)

ψυχὰσ 38× (4.8%)

ψυχαὶ 21× (2.8%)

ψυχαῖσ 17× (2.1%)

'' 15× (1.9%)

RBT Translation:

And Behold-Builder is hearing, and is snatching him from their hand, and is saying, `We are not smiting a breath.`

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And Reuben will hear, and will take him away out of their hands; and he will say, We will not strike the soul.

LITV Translation:
And Reuben heard, and he delivered him from their hands, and said, Let us not smite his soul.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And Reuben having heard it, rescued him out of their hands, and said, Let us not kill him.