Genesis 33:3

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

והוא וְהוּא

and Himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הוא

hûwʼ

Definition

he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are

Root

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is היא; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular;

Exhaustive

of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is היא; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular; he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are; he, as for her, him(-self), it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they, this, those, which (is), who.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1931

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הוּא

personal pronoun • Root הו • Strongs / High • Page 392

Personal pronoun, 3rd person singular masculine: he, it. It can also be used for emphasis (he himself), as a demonstrative (this, that), to indicate self, or to strengthen other pronouns (I myself, thou thyself).

הוּא

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 393

Personal pronoun, 3rd person singular masculine: he, it. Can also mean 'the same', 'himself'. It is also used as a designation for God, and can include the verb 'to be'.

הוּא

aramaic personal pronoun (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 393

Aramaic personal pronoun of the 3rd person, he.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הוּא

chald. • Page 178

idem. behold, as for as simply. So in Syr. Dan. 2:43.

הוּא

pronoun • Page 182

1. he, and as a neuter it. In the Pentateuch, used for both genders. 2. self, same, selfsame. Is. 7:14, Ps. 44:5. 3. serves as the substantive verb 'to be' (copula). Is. 43:25. Also used as 'thou (art) the same' in 2 Sam. 7:28.

הוּא

chald. pron. • Page 182

idem (the same). Dan. 2:21.

הוּא

chald. • Page 182

see הֲוָה.

הוּא

unknown • Page 217

see הָוָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1931

I. הוּא masculine, הִיא feminine (approximate number of occurrences: 440) — pronoun of the 3rd person singular; he, she, it (Latin is, ea, id).

Cognates:

• Moabite הא
• Phoenician הא
• Aramaic of Zinjirli הא, הו
• Aramaic (Targum) הוּא, הִיא
• Syriac ܗܘ, ܗܝ
• Arabic هو, هي
• Ethiopic ውእቱ (weʾetū), ይእቲ (yeʾetī)
• Assyrian šû, šî

— הוּא masculine; הִיא feminine; plural masculine הֵ֫מָּה, הֵם; plural feminine הֵ֫נָּה, הֵן; variant הוּ Jeremiah 29:23 Kethibh.

In the Pentateuch, הוא is frequently of common Gender, the feminine form הִיא occurring only 11 times, namely Genesis 14:2; Genesis 20:5; Genesis 38:25, Leviticus 11:39; Leviticus 13:10, 21; Leviticus 16:31; Leviticus 20:17; Leviticus 21:9; Numbers 5:13, 14. The punctuators however pointed it הִוא as a Qr perpetuum. Outside the Pentateuch the same Qr occurs 1 Kings 17:15; Isaiah 30:33; Job 31:11.

1. Emphatic pronoun (he, she, it, they)

a. Used for emphasis or contrast

• Genesis 3:15 הוא ישׁופך ראשׁ he (αὐτὸς) shall bruise thee (opposed to אתה thou)
• Genesis 3:20 for she was the mother of all living
• Judges 14:3; Psalm 24:2; Psalm 33:9; Job 5:18; Hosea 6:1 (in causal sentences)
• Genesis 2:11 הוּא הַסֹּבֵב that is the one which encompasseth
• Genesis 14:3 הוּא יָם הַמֶּלַח that is the salt sea

b. Pointing back to subject and contrasting it

• Genesis 4:4 הבל גסהֿוא Abel, he also
• Genesis 20:5 וְהִיאגַֿםהִֿוא and she, herself also said

c. Appended alone to a verb for intentional emphasis

• Exodus 4:14 כי דבר ידבר הוא that he can speak
• 1 Samuel 22:18 ויפגע הוא בכהנים and he smote the priests
• Isaiah 7:14 הוא אֲדֹנָי

d. Joined with another subject

• Genesis 13:1 הוּא וְאִשְׁתּוֺ himself and his wife
• Genesis 14:15 הוּא וַעֲבָדָיו he and his servants

2. Resumes the subject with emphasis

a. When the predicate is a verb

• Genesis 15:4 הוּא יִירָשֶׁ֑ךָ he shall be thy heir
• Genesis 3:12 הוא נתנה לי she gave to me
• Isaiah 63:5; Psalm 68:36

b. When the predicate is a noun (acting as copula)

• Genesis 2:14 הוּא פְרָת it was the Euphrates
• Deuteronomy 4:35 יהוה הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים Yahweh, he is God
• Joshua 13:14, 33; Hosea 11:5

3. Following the predicate (minimum emphasis)

a. Simple assertion

• Genesis 12:18 כי אשׁתך הוא that she was thy wife
• Genesis 21:13 כי זרעך הוא for he is thy seed
• Genesis 31:20 כִּי בֹרֵחַ הוּא

b. After a casus pendens

• Genesis 31:16 לנו הוא it is ours
• Exodus 3:5 אַדְמַת קֹדֶשׁ הוּא it is holy ground
• Genesis 41:26 חלום פרעה אחד הוא the dream of Pharaoh is one

4. Anticipating the subject

a. Preceding the subject

• Songs 6:9 אַחַת הִיא יוֺנָתִי one is she, my dove
• Leviticus 25:11; Lamentations 1:18

b. Following interrogative or demonstrative pronouns

• 2 Samuel 7:28 אַתָּה הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים Thou art he — God
• Psalm 44:5 אתה הוא מלכי thou art he — my king
• Psalm 24:10 מִי הוּא זֶה who is he, then?
• 1 Chronicles 22:1 זֶה הֿוּא

5. Of God as "He" (the Self-Existent)

As an emphatic predicate, "I am He," the Self-consistent Ruler:

• Deuteronomy 32:39 אֲנִי אֲנִי הוּא I, I am he
• Isaiah 41:4; Isaiah 43:10, 13
• Psalm 102:28 ואתה הוא thou art he (σὺ δὲ ὁ αὐτὸς εἶ)

6. In a neuter sense (that, it)

a. Referring to a matter or action

• Joshua 2:21 כֶּן הֿוּא so be it
• Genesis 42:14 הוא אשׁר דברתי that is what I said
• Job 8:19 הן הוא משׂושׂ דרכו lo that is the joy of his way

b. Affirming existence

• 2 Kings 18:36 כִּי מִצְוַת הַמֶּלֶךְ הִיא for it was the king's command
• Jeremiah 51:6, 11

7. With the article (that, those)

Joined to a substantive defined by the article:

• Genesis 2:12 הָאָרֶץ הַהִוא that land
• Genesis 19:35 ובלילה ההוא in that night
• Genesis 21:22 בָּעֵת הַהִוא at that time
• Genesis 19:33 (anomalous בַּלַּיְלָה הוּא)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

² MI = Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone).

³ Wright, Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W SG).

⁴ Delitzsch, Assyrian Grammar (Dl).

⁵ S. R. Driver, Hebrew Tenses and 1 Samuel (Dr).

Conjunction, Pronoun personal third person masculine singular

LXX: αὐτὸσ ἐστιν ἐκείνῃ οὗτοσ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H1931:

αὐτὸσ 321× (16.5%)

ἐστιν 260× (13.7%)

ἐκείνῃ 197× (10.6%)

οὗτοσ 160× (8.4%)

--- 103× (5.6%)

ἐκείνῳ 67× (3.6%)

ἐστίν 54× (2.9%)

ἐστὶν 54× (2.7%)

'' 50× (2.3%)

τοῦτο 42× (2.2%)

עבר עָבַר

crossed over

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עבר

ʻâbar

Definition

to cross over; used very widely of any transition (literal or figurative; transitive, intransitive, intensive, causative); specifically, to cover (in copulation)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to cross over; used very widely of any transition (literal or figurative; transitive, intransitive, intensive, causative); specifically, to cover (in copulation); alienate, alter, [idiom] at all, beyond, bring (over, through), carry over, (over-) come (on, over), conduct (over), convey over, current, deliver, do away, enter, escape, fail, gender, get over, (make) go (away, beyond, by, forth, his way, in, on, over, through), have away (more), lay, meddle, overrun, make partition, (cause to, give, make to, over) pass(-age, along, away, beyond, by, -enger, on, out, over, through), (cause to, make) [phrase] proclaim(-amation), perish, provoke to anger, put away, rage, [phrase] raiser of taxes, remove, send over, set apart, [phrase] shave, cause to (make) sound, [idiom] speedily, [idiom] sweet smelling, take (away), (make to) transgress(-or), translate, turn away, (way-) faring man, be wrath.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5674

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָבַר

verb • Root עבר • Strongs / High • Page 1046

I. Intransitive: properly to go over a standing place or resting point, to step beyond, to rove beyond, to go beyond. Hence to pass over (river, land, thing), to go through, to emigrate, to cross, to step over, to tread over. Figuratively: to transgress.

עָבַר

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1047

To pass, to go over, to cross, to go through, to penetrate; to go beyond, past (accus.); to be current (of money); to pass by; to go before; to travel; to pass away, to disappear (of times/things); to go over (to forgive); to go farther, to pass on/forward; to come through/under; to depart from (a commandment); to enter into (a covenant); to run into (danger); to follow; to come upon (assail, invade); to overflow, to inundate, to overwhelm; to transgress, to exceed; to flow out, to drop (in tears/liquids).

עָבַר

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1048

To pass over, through, or away; to cross. Metaphorically: to be agitated (of a stream); to be puffed up, haughty, overbearing, provoked, irritated.

עָבַר

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1048

II. Properly, to veil, to cover, to enwrap (Kal not used). Metaphorically: to copulate, to impregnate; intransitive: to be fructified (of corn/fruit); to be pregnant (of a woman).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָבַר

verb • Root עבר • Page 488

To pass, go on, or pass over. 1. to pass, go or pass on (Ps. 42:5, Am. 5:5). 2. to go or pass through a place (Judg. 11:29, Gen. 12:6). 3. to pass by (Gen. 37:23, 1 K. 9:8). 4. to pass over, e.g. a river (Gen. 31:21, Josh. 3:11). 5. to overflow, spoken of water or devastating armies (Is. 8:8, Nah. 1:8, Ps. 124:4). 6. to pass away, disappear, or perish (Gen. 18:5, Ps. 37:36). 7. to come on or upon any one, spoken of evil or jealousy (Num. 5:14, Nah. 3:19). 8. to drop, to ooze out (Cant. 5:5, 13). 9. causative as in Hiph.

עָבַר

verb • Page 489

To pass over, through, or by. Hiphil (הַעֲבִיר, הֶעֱבִיר): 1. To consecrate (Ex. 13:12). 2. To cause to pass, conduct (2 Sam. 19:16); to let one's voice go through (Ex. 36:6); to cause a trumpet to sound (Lev. 25:9). 3. To cause to pass by, to forgive sin (2 Sam. 12:13). 4. To carry over a river (Gen. 32:23); to remove/transfer (Gen. 47:21). 5. Metaphorically, to cause to transgress (1 Sam. 2:24). 6. To carry away (2 Chr. 35:23); to take away or remove (Jon. 3:6). Hithpael: 1. To be arrogant or haughty (Prov. 14:16). 2. To become angry or wroth (Ps. 78:21, 59).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5674

I. עָבַר (approximate number of occurrences: 548) verb — pass over, through, by, pass on.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew עָבַר
• Zinjirli עבר
• Nabataean עבר
• Aramaic עֲבַר
• Syriac עבר
• Assyrian ebêru
• Arabic عبر
• Sabean עבר

— עָבַר Perfect 3 masculine singular Genesis 15:17 +, suffix עֲבָרוֺ Jeremiah 23:9; 1 singular עָבַ֫רְתִּי 1 Samuel 15:24 +; 2 masculine plural עֲבַרְתֶּם Genesis 18:5 +; 1 plural עָבַ֫רְנוּ Joshua 24:17 +, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַעֲבֹר Amos 8:5 +, יַעֲבָרֿ Genesis 33:14 +, suffix 3 masculine singular יַעַבְרֶ֫נּוּ Isaiah 33:21; Isaiah 35:8, יַעַבְרֶ֫נְהוּ Jeremiah 5:22, וַיַּעֲבֹר Genesis 12:6 +; 1 singular אֶעֱבֹר Amos 5:17 +, cohortative אֶעְבְּרָה Numbers 21:22 +, אֶעֱבֹ֑רָה Numbers 20:19; Judges 12:5, etc.; Imperative masculine singular עֲבֹר Exodus 17:5 +; feminine singular עִבְרִי Micah 1:11 2t.; עֲבֹ֑רִי Isaiah 23:12; masculine plural עִבְרוּ Amos 6:2 +; Infinitive absolute עָבוֺר 2 Samuel 17:16; construct עֲבֹר Amos 7:8 +, לַעֲבָרֿ 1 Kings 18:6 + Nahum 2:1 Qr; suffix עָבְרִי Exodus 33:22; Deuteronomy 4:21, etc.; Participle עֹבֵר Judges 8:4 +, etc.

1. Qal Meanings

a. Cross (stream, wady, sea, etc.)

• With accusative: Genesis 31:21 (Elohist Source), Genesis 32:11 (Jehovist Source), Joshua 3:14, 17; Joshua 4:1 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Deuteronomy 2:14, Numbers 32:29 (Priests' Code), 2 Samuel 17:20, 22, 24; Isaiah 16:8
• With מַעֲבַר (ford): Genesis 32:23 (Elohist Source)
• With אֶלֿ: Numbers 32:7 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Joshua 4:13 (Priests' Code)

b. Cross border, boundary

• With accusative: Numbers 20:17, Numbers 21:22 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Of invasion: Judges 11:32, 1 Samuel 14:1

c. Overflow (figurative)

• Of invasion like a flood: Isaiah 8:8, Daniel 11:10, Nahum 1:8
• Of evil thoughts: Psalm 73:7, Jeremiah 5:28

d. Overstep, transgress (commands)

• With accusative of covenant: Numbers 14:41, Joshua 7:11, Deuteronomy 17:2, 1 Samuel 15:24, Hosea 6:7, Daniel 9:11

e. Overlook, forgive

• With עַלמֶּֿשַׁע (over transgression): Micah 7:18, Proverbs 19:11, Amos 7:8

f. Pass away, vanish, perish

• Of chaff or shadow: Isaiah 29:5, Psalm 144:4
• Of law or decree: Esther 1:19, Esther 9:27
• Cease to exist: Nahum 1:12, Job 30:15

2. Niphal

— Imperfect 3 masculine singular נַחַל אֲשֶׁר לֹא יֵעָבֵר Ezekiel 47:5 a stream which cannot be forded.

3. Piel

a. Impregnate

• Perfect 3 masculine singular שׁוֺרוֺ עִבַּר Job 21:10 his bull impregnateth (properly causeth to pass over, i.e. semen).

b. Make to pass across

• Imperfect 3 masculine singular 1 Kings 6:21 (+ בְּ) he made to pass across with chains of gold.

4. Hiphil Meanings

— הֶעֱבִיר Perfect 3 masculine singular 2 Samuel 12:13 +; 1 singular הֶעֱבַ֫רְתִּי Zechariah 3:4; Imperfect וַיַּעֲבֵר Genesis 8:1; Imperative הַעֲבֵר Psalm 119:37; Participle מַעֲבִיר Deuteronomy 18:10.

a. Cause to cross

• Genesis 32:24 (Jehovist Source), Joshua 7:7, 2 Samuel 19:16.

b. Dedicate or devote

• Children to heathen gods: Jeremiah 32:35, Leviticus 18:21 (Holiness Code)
• By fire: 2 Kings 23:10, Deuteronomy 18:10, 2 Kings 16:3, Ezekiel 20:31.

c. Cause to pass away, take away

• Take away sin: 2 Samuel 12:13, Job 7:21, Zechariah 3:4
• Put away evil: 1 Kings 15:12, Ecclesiastes 11:10

5. Hithpael (Denominative)

be arrogant, infuriate oneself.

• Perfect 3 masculine singular הִתְעַבָּ֑ר Psalm 78:62
• Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיִּתְעַבֵּר Deuteronomy 3:26
• Participle מִתְעַבֵּר Proverbs 14:16, Proverbs 26:17.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

³ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB).

Verb Qal perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: διέβη --- παρελεύσεται διῆλθεν διῆλθον

LXX Usage Statistics

H5674a:

διέβη 21× (3.4%)

--- 18× (3.3%)

παρελεύσεται 16× (2.6%)

διῆλθεν 15× (2.6%)

διῆλθον 14× (2.4%)

διέβησαν 13× (2.1%)

παρῆλθεν 12× (2.1%)

διαβαίνετε 11× (2.0%)

παρελθεῖν 10× (1.8%)

παρήλθομεν 8× (1.4%)

לפניהם לִפְנֵיהֶם

to the faces of themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Preposition, Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

וישתחו וַיִּשְׁתַּחוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שחה

shâchâh

Definition

to depress, i.e. prostrate (especially reflexive, in homage to royalty or God)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to depress, i.e. prostrate (especially reflexive, in homage to royalty or God); bow (self) down, crouch, fall down (flat), humbly beseech, do (make) obeisance, do reverence, make to stoop, worship.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7812

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁחָה

verb • Root שוח • Strongs / High • Page 1407

To be bowed or struck down; to sink; to walk along bowed; to crouch; to be depressed; to be brought low; to submit oneself.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7812

I. שָׁחָה (approximate number of occurrences: 172) verb — bow down.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Jewish-Aramaic שְׁחִי (rare)
• Akin to שׁוח and שׁחח

— Qal Imperative feminine singular שְׁחִי Isaiah 51:23 bow down.

— Hiph`il Imperfect 3 masculine singular suffix יַשְׁחֶ֑נָּה Proverbs 12:25, figurative, anxiety depresses it (that is לֵב; opposed to שִׂמֵּחַ).

— Hithpa`lel (approximate number of occurrences: 170) (compare GKC¹ § 75kk) Perfect 3 masculine singular הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה Ezekiel 46:2; 2 masculine singular הִשְׁתַּחֲוִ֫יתָ Deuteronomy 4:19 (3 times); 1 singular הִשְׁתַּחֲוֵ֫יתִי 1 Samuel 16:4 (2 times); 3 masculine plural הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ Jeremiah 8:2, etc.; Imperfect יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה 2 Samuel 15:32 (3 times); apocopated יִשְׁתַּ֫חוּ Isaiah 44:17 +; 3 masculine plural יִשְׁתַּחֲווּ Genesis 49:8 +; 2 feminine plural תִּשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֫יןָ Genesis 33:6, Genesis 37:7, etc.; Imperative feminine singular הִשְׁתַּחֲוִי Psalm 45:12; masculine plural הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ Psalm 29:2 +; Infinitive construct הִשְׁשַׁתַּחֲוֺת Genesis 37:10 +; suffix מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶי 2 Kings 5:18 (but Septuagint⁷, Vulgate⁸ and modern חֲוֺתוֺ-); Participle מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה 2 Kings 19:27, etc.; מִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶּם Ezekiel 8:16 (read וִים- all modern).

1. Bow down or prostrate oneself before a monarch or superior

In homage, etc.:

a. With לְ, after descriptive clause

(Especially with קדד, נפל):

• 1 Samuel 24:9
• Genesis 43:28 (Jehovist Source²)
• 2 Samuel 14:4, 22
• Ruth 2:10
• 1 Kings 1:31
• 2 Kings 4:37 (6 times)
• (after כָּרֵע) Esther 3:2 (twice in verse), 5

b. With לְ, followed by phrase

• (לפני) על אפים ארצה 2 Samuel 14:33
• 1 Kings 1:23
• לאפים Genesis 48:12 (Elohist Source³)
• 2 Samuel 18:28
• אפים Genesis 42:6 (Elohist Source) + 4 times
• (omit אפים) Genesis 33:3 (Jehovist Source) + 3 times
• עַל כַּמּוֺת רֵנְלַיִךְ Isaiah 60:14

c. With לְ person only

• Genesis 23:7 (Priests' Code⁴)
• Genesis 27:29 (twice in verse)
• Genesis 37:9 (Elohist Source), Genesis 49:8
• Exodus 11:8 (Jehovist Source) + 8 times
• with לפני Genesis 23:12 (Priests' Code)
• with אל Isaiah 45:14 (parallel התפלּל)
• absolute Genesis 33:6, 7 (twice in verse) (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 18:7 (Elohist Source)
• 2 Samuel 9:8; 2 Samuel 16:4
• Isaiah 49:7

2. Before God, in worship

a. With לְ, after descriptive phrase

• קדד ארצה Exodus 34:8 (Jehovist Source)
• (omit ארצה) Genesis 24:26, 48 (Jehovist Source) + 4 times
• כרע אפים ארצה 2 Chronicles 7:3
• כרע 2 Chronicles 29:29
• נפל ארצה Job 1:20
• נפל לפני 2 Chronicles 20:18

b. Followed by phrase

• אפים ארצה לְ ׳ קדד וישׁ Nehemiah 8:6
• ארצה לְ ׳ Genesis 24:52 (Jehovist Source)
• ונכרעה השׁ ׳ Psalm 95:6
• בְּהַדְרַת קֹדֶשׁ לְ ׳ השׁ Psalm 29:2; Psalm 96:9 = 1 Chronicles 16:29
• אֶלהֵֿיכָל (looking towards) Psalm 5:8; Psalm 138:2
• לַהֲדֹם רגלים Psalm 99:5; Psalm 132:7

c. With לְ only

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (but read וַתַּנִּחֵהוּ Septuagint and modern)
• 1 Samuel 15:25; Jeremiah 7:2; Psalm 66:4 + 9 times
• with לפני Deuteronomy 26:10; Isaiah 66:23 + 4 times
• with בְּ local Isaiah 27:13
• with לְ local Psalm 99:9
• absolute Genesis 22:5 (Elohist Source), Judges 7:15 + 5 times
• accusative of location Exodus 33:10 (Elohist Source); Jeremiah 26:2; Ezekiel 46:3
• לפני (ה)מזבח Isaiah 36:7 = 2 Kings 18:22; 2 Chronicles 32:12
• with על location Genesis 47:31 (Jehovist Source); 1 Kings 1:47; Ezekiel 46:2
• מֵרֶחֹק afar off Exodus 24:1 (Elohist Source)

d. Before angel in theophany

• After clause with נפל, קדד: Joshua 5:14; Numbers 22:31
• Followed by אפים ארצה Genesis 19:1
• Followed by ארצה Genesis 18:2 (all Jehovist Source)

3. Before other gods

• absolute Isaiah 2:20; Isaiah 44:15–17; Isaiah 46:6
• accusative of location 2 Kings 5:18 (3 times in verse); 2 Kings 19:37 = Isaiah 37:38
• with לְ: Exodus 20:5 = Deuteronomy 5:9; Exodus 23:24 (Elohist Source); Numbers 25:2 (Jehovist Source); Joshua 23:7 (Deuteronomist Source⁵); Deuteronomy 8:19; Deuteronomy 11:16; 1 Kings 16:31 + 34 times
• with על: Leviticus 26:1 (Holiness Code⁶)
• לפני 2 Chronicles 25:14 (parallel קטּר)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁵ Deuteronomist Source.

⁶ Holiness Code.

⁷ Septuagint (LXX).

⁸ Vulgate.

conjunctive, Verb Hithpael sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: προσεκύνησεν προσεκύνησαν προσκυνεῖν προσκυνήσουσιν προσκυνῆσαι

LXX Usage Statistics

H7812:

προσεκύνησεν 43× (24.7%)

προσεκύνησαν 29× (16.7%)

προσκυνεῖν 10× (5.5%)

προσκυνήσουσιν 8× (4.4%)

προσκυνῆσαι 6× (3.6%)

προσκυνήσητε 6× (3.5%)

προσκυνήσω 5× (3.0%)

προσκυνοῦσιν 5× (3.1%)

προσκυνήσουσίν 5× (3.1%)

προσκυνήσεισ 5× (3.2%)

ארצה אַרְצָה

her earth

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ארץ

ʼerets

Definition

the earth (at large, or partitively a land)

Root

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm;

Exhaustive

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth (at large, or partitively a land); [idiom] common, country, earth, field, ground, land, [idiom] natins, way, [phrase] wilderness, world.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H776

ה

Definition

to

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9011

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

(Not used) To be hard, firm, dense. (Root of the following noun)

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

Earth, as firm land i.e. a dense firm mass, in opposition to water. Includes meanings: a) the earth in opposition to heaven; b) earth as an element/material; c) the ground; d) piece of land/field; e) land of habitation or fatherland.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

noun masculine • Page 73

Earth, land. (masc. rarely, Gen. 13: 6; Is. 9: 18).

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Page 74

1. earth; also inhabitants of the earth, Gen. 6:11. 11:1. 2. land; e.g. אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם the land of Egypt. Sometimes Palestine, Joel 1:2. 3. jurisdiction of a city. Josh. 8:1. Plur. אֲרָצוֹת lands.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H776

I. אֶרֶץ (approximate number of occurrences: 2407) noun feminine Genesis 10:11 & (seldom) masculine Genesis 13:16 — earth, land.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אֶרֶץ
• Assyrian irṣitu (compare COT Glossary)
• Arabic أرض
• Sabean אֶרֶץ (for example, Osiris 9, DHM ZMG 1875, 594, 614; Semitic Sprachforschung 12, compare Prä BAS i. 374 note)
• Aramaic אַרְעָא, ܐܪܥܐ

— אֶרֶץ absolute Genesis 1:24 +; construct Genesis 2:11 +; אָרֶץ Genesis 1:10 +; with article always הָאָרֶץ Genesis 1:11 +; with הָ locative אַרְצָה Genesis 11:31 +, (this form also in poetry = אֶרֶץ Job 34:13 +); suffix אַרְצִי Job 20:15 +; (אַרְצֶנּוּ) אַרְצְכֶם Job 12:1 +, etc.; plural אֲרָצוֹת Jeremiah 28:8 (65 times); construct אַרְצוֹת Ezekiel 39:27 (6 times); suffix אַרְצֹתָם Genesis 10:5 (2 times).

1. Forms and Grammatical Notes

• Absolute: אֶרֶץ — Genesis 1:24 +
• Construct: אַרְצֵי — Genesis 2:11 +
• With article: הָאָרֶץ — Genesis 1:11 +
• Locative: אַרְצָה — Genesis 11:31 + (also in poetry equivalent to אֶרֶץ Job 34:13 +)
• Suffix forms:
  • אַרְצִי — Job 20:15 +
  • אַרְצְכֶם — Job 12:1 +
• Plural:
  • Absolute: אֲרָצוֹת — Jeremiah 28:8 (65 times)
  • Construct: אַרְצוֹת — Ezekiel 39:27 (6 times)
  • Suffix: אַרְצֹתָם — Genesis 10:5 (2 times)

2. Meanings and Uses

a. Earth (whole earth, opposed to a part)

• Genesis 18:18, Genesis 18:25
• Genesis 22:18 (= הָאֲדָמָה Genesis 12:3)
• Jeremiah 25:26, Jeremiah 25:29, Jeremiah 25:30
• Jeremiah 26:6
• Isaiah 37:16, Isaiah 37:20 = 2 Kings 19:15
• 2 Kings 19:19
• Zechariah 4:10, Zechariah 4:14 +

b. Earth, opposed to heaven or sky

• Genesis 1:2
• Exodus 20:4
• Deuteronomy 5:8
• Deuteronomy 30:19
• Judges 5:4
• Lamentations 2:1
• Isaiah 37:16 = 2 Kings 19:15
• Psalm 146:6
• 1 Chronicles 21:16
• 1 Chronicles 29:11
• 2 Chronicles 2:11 +
• As permanent: Ecclesiastes 1:4
• Built on foundations or pillars: 1 Samuel 2:8; Psalm 104:5; Job 38:4; Isaiah 48:13; Isaiah 51:13, Isaiah 51:16
• Compare also: Isaiah 24:18; Psalm 82:5
• Firm, shaking as terrible: 1 Samuel 14:4; 2 Samuel 22:8 = Psalm 18:8; Job 9:6; compare Psalm 46:2 & Psalm 46:6
• Also: Amos 8:8; Isaiah 2:19, Isaiah 2:21; Isaiah 24:18, Isaiah 24:19, Isaiah 24:20; Psalm 60:4; Psalm 77:19; Psalm 99:1; Psalm 114:7
• Hung on nothing: Job 26:7
• With waters under it: Exodus 20:4 = Deuteronomy 5:8; compare Genesis 7:11
• Personified, addressed: Deuteronomy 32:1; Jeremiah 6:19; Jeremiah 22:29; Isaiah 1:2; Micah 1:2; Job 16:18

c. Earth = inhabitants of earth

• Genesis 6:11
• 1 Kings 2:2
• 1 Kings 10:24
• Psalm 33:8
• Psalm 66:4
• תְּהִלַּת כָּל הָאָרֶץ Proverbs 8:31
• Job 37:12

2. Land (country, territory)

• a. Country, territory: שִׁנְעַר הָאָרֶץ Genesis 10:10; מִצְרַיִם הָאָרֶץ Genesis 21:21; compare also Genesis 10:11; Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31; Genesis 13:10; Genesis 47:6, Genesis 47:27; Genesis 50:8; Isaiah 7:18; Isaiah 23:1; Isaiah 23:13; Isaiah 27:13; Psalm 78:12; Jeremiah 25:20; 1 Chronicles 1:43; personified Isaiah 62:4; Ecclesiastes 10:16, Ecclesiastes 10:17
• b. District, region: Genesis 19:28; Genesis 22:2; Joshua 11:3; Psalm 42:7
• c. Tribal territory: Deuteronomy 34:2; Judges 21:21; 1 Samuel 9:4, 1 Samuel 9:16; 1 Samuel 13:7; 1 Kings 15:20; Isaiah 8:23; and smaller territories 1 Samuel 9:4, 1 Samuel 9:5
• d. Piece of ground: Genesis 23:15
• e. Specifically land of Canaan or Israel: Genesis 11:31; Genesis 12:1; Genesis 12:5; Genesis 12:6; Genesis 12:7; Genesis 31:3; Exodus 14:34; Deuteronomy 17:14; Deuteronomy 18:9; 2 Kings 5:2, 2 Kings 5:4 +; especially object of יָרַשׁ possess Deuteronomy 3:20 (Deuteronomy, Psalms and elsewhere); so after נָחַל Joshua 19:49 +; נָתַן Deuteronomy 1:21 +
• f. = Inhabitants of land: Leviticus 19:29; Ezekiel 14:13; Deuteronomy 24:4; Zechariah 12:12 etc.
• g. Used of Sheol: Job 10:21, Job 10:22 (compare Assyrian irṣit la târat, land without return, in Descent of Ishtar, see Jeremiah 10:65); see also Psalm 139:15; Isaiah 44:23

3. Ground, surface of ground = אֲדָמָה

• Genesis 1:26, Genesis 1:30
• Genesis 18:2
• Genesis 33:3
• Genesis 38:9
• Exodus 4:3
• Exodus 16:4
• Ruth 2:10
• 1 Samuel 5:4 + very often in Samuel

4. Soil, as productive = אֲדָמָה

• Genesis 1:11, Genesis 1:12
• Leviticus 19:9
• Leviticus 25:9
• Leviticus 26:4; compare Numbers 14:7, Numbers 14:8
• Isaiah 36:7 = 2 Kings 18:32
• Psalm 72:6
• Psalm 72:16
• Psalm 107:34
• Psalm 107:35
• Ezra 9:12
• Nehemiah 9:35

5. Phrases

• a. People of the land: עַם הָאָרֶץ of non-Israelites Genesis 23:7, Genesis 23:12, Genesis 23:13 (P) Numbers 14:9 (JE); as well as Israel Leviticus 20:4 (H) 2 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 16:15; 2 Kings 21:24 (twice in verse); especially common people, opposed to officials, princes Leviticus 4:27 (P) Ezekiel 7:27; 2 Kings 11:18, 2 Kings 11:19
• b. In measurements of distance: כִּבְרַת הָאָרֶץ the space or distance of country (see כִּבְרָה) Genesis 35:16, so כִּבְרַת אֶרֶץ some distance Genesis 48:7; 2 Kings 5:19
• c. Country of the plain: אֶרֶץ הַמִּישׁוֹר Deuteronomy 4:33; Jeremiah 48:21; מִישׁוֹר הָאָרֶץ figurative Psalm 143:10 (but read אֹרַח according to Bi, Gr, Che, compare Psalm 27:11)
• d. Land of the living: חַיִּים הָאָרֶץ Psalm 27:13; הַחַיִּים הָאָרֶץ Psalm 142:6
• e. Ends of the earth: קְצֵה הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 42:10; Isaiah 43:6 (|| רָחוֹק) Psalm 135:7; Proverbs 17:24, so אַפְסֵי אֶרֶץ Proverbs 30:4 +; קְצוֹת הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 40:28; Isaiah 41:5, Isaiah 41:9

6. Plural אֲרָצוֹת

The plural אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late, Jeremiah 16:15 (6 times Jeremiah); 23 times Ezekiel; Isaiah 36:20; Isaiah 37:11 = 2 Kings 18:35; 2 Kings 19:11 (Isaiah 37:18 read הַגּוֹיִם see Che Di & compare 2 Kings 19:17); 22 times Chronicles; Daniel 9:7; Daniel 11:40, Daniel 11:42; Psalm 105:44; Psalm 106:27; Psalm 107:3; Psalm 116:9; besides these only P Genesis 10:5, Genesis 10:20, Genesis 10:31; Leviticus 26:36, Leviticus 26:39, except Genesis 26:3, Genesis 26:4 (J R) Genesis 41:54 (JE); it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc., see especially absolute Ezekiel 20:32; Ezekiel 22:4; = the various petty divisions of Canaan afterward united under Israel's control Genesis 26:3, Genesis 26:4, compare 1 Chronicles 13:2 אַרְצוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, 2 Chronicles 11:23 אַרְצוֹת יְהוּדָה.

¹ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

² || Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

³ t. times (following a number).

⁴ + Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

⁵ ? Sign of doubt.

⁶ J Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ P Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁸ JE Jehovist-Elohist Source.

⁹ H Holiness Code.

¹⁰ R Redactor.

¹¹ Bi G. Bickell.

¹² Gr G. Gesenius.

¹³ Che T. K. Cheyne.

¹⁴ Di A. Dillmann.

¹⁵ DHM D. H. Müller.

¹⁶ ZMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.

¹⁷ BAS Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft.

¹⁸ COT Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.

Noun common both singular absolute, Suffix directional he

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0776:

No stats available

שבע שֶׁבַע

seven

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שבע

shebaʻ

Definition

seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week; by extension, an indefinite number

Root

or (masculine) (שבעה); from H7650 (שבע); a primitive cardinal number;

Exhaustive

or (masculine) (שבעה); from שבע; a primitive cardinal number; seven (as the sacred full one); also (adverbially) seven times; by implication, a week; by extension, an indefinite number; ([phrase] by) seven(-fold),-s, (-teen, -teenth), -th, times). Compare שבענה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7651

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֶׁבַע

numeral • Strongs / High • Page 1041

Seven (Comparative example for interchange with Ayin, corresponding to 'septem' in context)

שֶׁבַע

numeral / noun masculine / noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1376

1. (Numeral) Seven; used generally as a figure for the number seven. 2. (n. m.) A Covenant or an Oath. 3. (n. p.) Part of a place name, like Beer-sheba (בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע).

שֶׁבַע

numeral cardinal / adv. • Strongs / High • Page 1375

Seven (masculine numeral). Used cardinally, as an ordinal, or adverbially meaning seven times/often. Also denotes the sacred number seven.

שֶׁבַע

numeral cardinal • Strongs / High • Page 1377

seven (numeral card. f., absolute or construct state).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׂבַע

verb • Root שבע • Page 634

3. rich or abounding in any thing. Deut. 33:23. Job 14:1. 10:15.

שָׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

1. satiety. Ex. 16:3. 2. fullness. Ps. 16:11.

שֹׂבַע

m. verbal • Root שבע • Page 634

satiety, hence abundance, plenty. Prov. 3: 10. Gen. 41:29 ff.

שָׂבַע and שָׂבֵעַ

verb • Page 633

1. To be satisfied, satiated, or filled, particularly with food (Am. 4:8, Prov. 30:16, Ps. 104:16). 2. To be tired, weary, or disgusted (Is. 1:11, Job 7:4, Prov. 25:17). Includes Pi'el and Hiph'il forms meaning 'to satisfy' (Ezek. 7:19, Ps. 107:9).

שֶׁבַע

f. const. שְׁבַע and שִׁבְעָה / const. שִׁבְעַת • Page 652

1. seven, placed before or after a noun. Often used as a round or sacred number (Gen. 8:10, Num. 23:1, Job 1:2, Gen. 21:28). 2. seven times, usually as an indefinite round number (Ps. 119:164, Prov. 24:16).

שֶׁבַע

proper name • Root שבע • Page 652

Gen. 26:33. proper name of a well so called from an oath (שְׁבוּעָה).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7651

I. שֶׁבַע, שִׁבְעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 394) noun masculine and feminine seven (Late Hebrew idem, MI 16 שבעת¹).

Cognates:

• Assyrian sibi, sibittu (Friedrich Delitzsch, Grammar² § 65, 6; s = ש)
• Arabic سَبْعُ, سَبْعَةٌ
• Sabean סבע (Hommel, Chrestomathia³ 47, 124)
• Ethiopic ሰብዑ፡ሰብዐቱ፡
• Phoenician (Punic) שבע
• Nabataean שבע שבעה
• Palmyrene שבעא שבעה
• Aramaic שֶׁבַע, שִׁבְעָא, ܡܰܚܠ, ܡܰܚܶܠ

On etymology, compare P. de Lagarde, Bildung der Nomina⁴ 37 and following.

— masculine (with noun feminine) absolute שֶׁבַע Genesis 41:2 (115 times); construct שֶׁבַע Genesis 5:26 (47 times), especially Priests' Code / Narrative⁵ (15 times) and 1 Chronicles (20 times), וּשְׁבַע 1 Kings 14:21. feminine (with noun masculine) absolute שִׁבְעָה Genesis 4:24 (100 times); construct שִׁבְעַת Genesis 7:10 (120 times); suffix שִׁבְעָתָהּ 2 Samuel 21:9 Qere (so Versions and modern; see S. R. Driver⁶; preferred to Kethib שִׁבְעָתַיִם).

— seven:

1. without other number:
   1. שֶׁבַע, before feminine plural noun Genesis 21:28 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Judges 16:13; Isaiah 4:1 (80 times), especially שָׁנִים שֶׁבַע Genesis 29:18 (Elohist Source⁸) + 32 times (but read שָׁלוֺשׁ for שֶׁבַע 2 Samuel 24:13a, compare verse b, c, also אח 5 and parallel 1 Chronicles 21:12; so O. Thenius⁹, J. Wellhausen¹⁰, S. R. Driver⁶, K. Budde¹¹, H. P. Smith¹², W. Nowack¹³), מִּעָמִים שֶׁבַע Genesis 33:3 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Leviticus 4:6 (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) + 17 times; בָּמָה רָחְבָּהּ שֶׁבַע 1 Kings 6:6; after noun Ezekiel 40:20, 26; noun omitted Job 5:19; Proverbs 6:16, + (= מְעָמִים שֶׁבַע) Leviticus 26:18, 21, 24, 28 (Holiness Code¹⁴), Psalm 119:64; Proverbs 24:16.
   2. שִׁבְעָה before masculine plural noun Numbers 23:1 (3 times in verse) (Elohist Source⁸) + 40 times + Job 42:19 (read שֶׁבַע for שִׁבְעָנָה Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar¹⁵ § 97c and most); + (distributive) וְשֶׁבַע שֶׁבַע Zechariah 4:2; after noun Genesis 7:4 (Jehovist (Yahwist) Source⁷), Exodus 25:37 (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) + 12 times (Priests' Code / Narrative⁵, 1 Chronicles, Daniel, Proverbs); noun omitted 1 Samuel 2:5 (9 times), including שֶׁבַ

Adjective cardinal number both singular absolute

LXX: ἑπτὰ ἑπτακόσιοι ἑπτά ἑπτάκισ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H7651:

ἑπτὰ 227× (50.6%)

ἑπτακόσιοι 26× (5.7%)

ἑπτά 21× (4.5%)

ἑπτάκισ 19× (4.5%)

'' 15× (3.0%)

τριάκοντα 9× (1.7%)

εἴκοσι 9× (1.8%)

ἑβδόμῳ 9× (1.6%)

ἑκατὸν 7× (1.7%)

ἑβδόμῃ 6× (1.4%)

פעמים פְּעָמִים

beats/strokes/steps

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פעם

paʻam

Definition

a stroke, literally or figuratively (in various applications, as follow)

Root

or (feminine) פעמה; from H6470 (פעם);

Exhaustive

or (feminine) פעמה; from פעם; a stroke, literally or figuratively (in various applications, as follow); anvil, corner, foot(-step), going, (hundred-) fold, [idiom] now, (this) [phrase] once, order, rank, step, [phrase] thrice, (often-), second, this, two) time(-s), twice, wheel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6471

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פַּעַם

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1183

(inf. with suff. פַּעֲמוֹ) tr. prop. 1. to beat, to strike, of a hammer; to tread; to knock, of clock- or bell-work; figur. to impel, to drive or urge on, of the spirit. 2. to stop, i. e. to make fast, to bar, to cause to stagnate.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פַּעַם

noun • Root פעם • Page 549

1. a foot. Ps. 17:5. 57:7. Plur. feet (of the ark), Ex. 25:12. 2. a footstep. Ps. 119:133. 140:5. Metaphorically Judg. 5:28 steps. 3. a time or repetition of a thing, a step or blow. once, Josh. 6:3. dual twice, Gen. 27:36. three times, how many times? 1 K. 22:16. once and again, this time, now, Gen. 29:35. 4. an anvil, see the root signif. no. 1. Is. 41:7.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6471

I. מַּעַם (approximate number of occurrences: 118) noun feminine (masculine only Judges 16:23 [text suspicious, see GFM Albr¹ Kö²], 2 Samuel 23:8 [Qr feminine], 1 Kings 7:30 [corrupt]) — beat, foot, anvil, occurrence.

— מַּעַם absolute Genesis 2:23 +; מָּ֑עַם Genesis 46:30 +; dual מַּעֲמַיִם Genesis 27:36 +; plural מְּעָמִים Genesis 33:3 +; construct מַּעֲמֵי Judges 5:28 +; suffix מְּעָמַי Psalm 57:7; Psalm 119:133 + etc.; מַּעֲמֹתָיו Exodus 25:12 + etc.

1. Steps and Feet

a. Poetry

• hoof-beat Judges 5:28
• late, of human footfall, footstep, figurative Psalm 17:5 ("" אֲשׁוּרַי), Psalm 119:113
• וְיָשֵׂם לְדֶרֶךְ מְּעָמָיו Psalm 85:14

b. Foot

• figurative usage: Psalm 57:7; Psalm 58:11; Psalm 74:3; Psalm 140:5; Proverbs 29:5
• literal usage: Isaiah 26:6 ("" רֶגֶל), Song of Solomon 7:2
• (+ בְּכַף פ) 2 Kings 19:24 = Isaiah 37:25

c. Foot of the ark

• Exodus 25:12; Exodus 37:3 (Priests' Code / Narrative)
• מַּעֲמֹתָיו 1 Kings 7:30 read מִּנּוֺתָיו (compare 1 Kings 7:34)

2. Anvil

(struck by hammer) Isaiah 41:7.

3. Occurrence or Time

(originally stroke, beat):

a. Numerical counts

• פ׳ אַחַת one time, once Joshua 6:3, 11, 14 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Joshua 10:42 (Deuteronomic Source) + 3 times + 2 Samuel 23:8 Qr (> Kt אחד)
• מַּעֲמָ֑יִם twice Genesis 41:32 + 6 times
• פ׳ Nahum 1:9 second time
• אַרְבַּע פ׳ Nehemiah 6:4 four times
• חָמֵשׁ אוֺ שֵׁשׁ פ׳ 2 Kings 13:19, compare מ׳ חֲמִישִׁית Nehemiah 6:5; also with שָׁלשׁ, שֶׁבַע, q.v.
• עֶשֶׂר פ׳ (וֶה) Numbers 14:22 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Nehemiah 4:6, Job 19:3, all indefinite = over and over
• indefinite also מַּעַם וּשְׁתָּ֑יִם Nehemiah 13:20 once and [i.e. or] twice
• מַּעֲמַיִם שָׁלוֺשׁ Job 33:29 twice (or) thrice
• מֵאָה פְעָמִים 2 Samuel 24:3 = 1 Chronicles 21:3, אֶלֶף פ׳ Deuteronomy 1:11; רַבּוֺת פ׳ Psalm 106:43; Ecclesiastes 7:22; עַד־כַּמֶּה פְעָמִים 1 Kings 22:16, 2 Chronicles 18:15

b. As formerly, as usual

• כְּפַעַם בְּפַעַם as time on time, i.e. as formerly, as usual, Numbers 24:1 (Elohist Source), Judges 16:20; Judges 20:30–31; 1 Samuel 3:10 (compare Dr³), 1 Samuel 20:25

c. At this time

• (גַּם) בַּמַּעַם הַזּאֹת at this repetition (this time) also Exodus 8:28; Exodus 9:14 (Jehovist Source) + 3 times
• גַּם בַּמּ׳ הַהִוא Deuteronomy 9:19; Deuteronomy 10:10

d. This once / Now at length

• (1) = this once Genesis 18:32; אַךְ הַמּ׳ Exodus 10:17; Judges 6:39, רַק הַמּ׳ Judges 6:39; אַךְ הַמּ׳ הַזֶּה Judges 16:28
• (2) = now at length Genesis 2:23; Genesis 29:34–35; Genesis 30:20; Genesis 46:30; Judges 15:3; Judges 16:18, compare also Exodus 9:27 now at length (it is clear that) I have sinned.

e. At one time ... at another

• מַּעַם ... מָּ֑עַם Proverbs 7:12 now ... now, at one time ... at another

¹ GFM Albr: George Foot Moore, cited in Albright, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) xvi (1896), 76.

² Kö: Ed. König, Historisch-comparative Syntax der hebräischen Sprache (1897), § 248m.

³ Dr: S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel.

Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: ἅπαξ ἑπτάκισ νῦν καιρῷ ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H6471:

ἅπαξ 24× (15.3%)

ἑπτάκισ 14× (10.7%)

νῦν 8× (5.1%)

καιρῷ 7× (3.5%)

--- 6× (4.6%)

καθὼσ 6× (4.6%)

καιροὺσ 5× (3.8%)

'' 5× (3.3%)

δίσ 4× (3.1%)

ἑξάκισ 4× (3.1%)

עד עַד־

until/perpetually/witness

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עד

ʻad

Definition

as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)

Root

properly, the same as H5703 (עד) (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as עד (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with); against, and, as, at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as), (hither-) to, [phrase] how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that, till, toward, until, when, while, ([phrase] as) yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5704

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַד

particle • Strongs / High • Page 1053

A particle expressing continuance, progress, or duration; until, unto, as far as, up to, during, even, exceedingly. Denotes limits in space, time (till now, forever), or degree (highest limit).

עַד

noun • Root עדה ערה • Strongs / High • Page 1053

Progress, advance (in space); duration, perpetuitas; hence, eternity, perpetuity, everlasting.

עַד

adverb / preposition • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1060

Adverb: again, once more (repetition); continuedly, continually (continuance of action); longer, further, advanced state. Also Preposition/Conjunction: till, now, during (a time), while still.

עַד

preposition / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1054

1. (Of space) To, unto, as far as, even to; also like, as. 2. (Of time/Conj.) Till now, whilst that, until, so that, to the degree that. 3. (Particle) Even (used to intensify meaning).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Booty, spoil (parallel to plunder).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Dress, ornament (found only in proper names).

עַד

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Witness, testimony (collateral form of עֵד).

עַד

aram. prep. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1054

(Aramaic, same as Hebr. עַד 2) During, until, till at the last; to the intent that.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַד

m. subst. / preposition / conj. • Root עדה • Page 491

1. as a subst. eternity, duration. Ps. 9: 19. 19: 10. 2. as a subst. booty, prey. Gen. 49: 27. 3. as a prep. unto, until, spoken of time and space. Hab. 1: 2. 4. as a prep. during, while. Judg. 3: 26. 5. as a conj. until, construed with a pret. Josh.

עַד

chald. prep. and conj. • Page 492

As in Hebrew (preceding page).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5704

III. עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי (Numbers 24:20, 24; Psalm 104:23; Psalm 147:6; Job 7:4; Job 20:5, and in עֲדֵי עַד Isaiah 26:4; Isaiah 65:18; Psalm 83:18; Psalm 92:8; Psalm 132:12; Psalm 132:14: compare אֱלֵי, עֲלֵי) preposition — as far as, even to, up to, until, while.

Cognates:

• Aramaic עד
• Sabean עד, עדי ¹
• Assyrian adi ²
• Arabic عَدَا (is except)

— עַד; suffix עָדַי Numbers 23:18 +, עָדֶיךָ Micah 4:8 +, etc., עָֽדיֵכֵם Job 32:12; 2 Kings 9:18 עַדהֵֿם occurs; — as far as, even to (differing from אֶל in that the limit is included, as in Arabic إِلَى ³).

I. Preposition

1. Of space

• a. Genesis 11:31 ויבאו עד חרן as far as Haran, Genesis 12:6; Genesis 13:3, 12 + often.
• עד צואר יגעַ Isaiah 8:8, Isaiah 15:4; Isaiah 25:12; Isaiah 26:5; Psalm 36:6 אמונתך עד שׁחקים.
• דאו מים עד נפשׁ Psalm 69:2 (compare Jonah 2:6; Micah 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10, 18).
• תָּשֵׁב אֱנוֺשׁ עַד דַּכָּא Psalm 90:3; Job 11:7, etc.
• Pregnantly: Psalm 118:27 אִסְרוּ חָג עַד וגו bind . . . (and lead) up to . . .
• עַד מֵרָחוק Isaiah 57:9 even to afar.
• With the goal a person: Exodus 22:8 עד האלהים יָבאֹ דְבַר שְׁנֵיהֶם, 1 Samuel 9:9; Psalm 65:3 עָדֶיךָ כָלבָּֿשָׂר יָבאֹוּ; Isaiah 45:24; Job 4:5.
• שׁוּב עַד י׳ Hosea 14:2 (stronger than שׁוּב אֶל י׳).
• In poetry: Numbers 24:20 וְאַחֲרִיתוֺ עֲדֵי אֹבֵד shall be even unto destruction, Numbers 24:24.
• With verbs of attending: הֶאֱזִין עַד Numbers 23:18, הִתְבּוֺנֵן עַד Job 32:12; Job 38:18 (usually אֶל).
• Before another preposition: 1 Samuel 7:11 עַד מִתַּחַת ל׳; 1 Kings 4:12 עַד מֵעֵבֶר ל׳; עַד מֵעַל Ezekiel 41:20; עַד לִפְנֵי Esther 4:2; עַד אֲלֵיהֶם 2 Kings 9:20; עַד נֶגֶד Nehemiah 3:16, 26; עַד נֹכַח Judges 19:10.

b. In combination מִן ... (וְ)עַד

• Genesis 10:19 מצידון ... עַד עַזָּה from Sidon ... as far as Gaza.
• Idiomatic, to express both... and: Genesis 19:4 מִנַּעַר וְעַד זָקִן from young to old (inclusively).
• Without מִן, even to = including: Leviticus 11:42; Numbers 8:4; 1 Samuel 18:4.

2. Of time

• a. (α) even to, until: Genesis 8:5; Exodus 12:6, 15, 18.
• עד היום unto this day, Genesis 19:37–38; עד היום הזה Genesis 26:33; Genesis 32:33.
• עד יום followed by infinitive: Exodus 40:37; Joshua 6:10; Judges 18:30.
• עד בקר till morning, Exodus 12:10; עד (ה)ערב Exodus 18:13–14; poetic עֲדֵי ערב Psalm 104:23.
• עַד עוֺלָם Genesis 13:15; עַד דּוֺר וָדוֺר Isaiah 13:20.
• With the force of against: Judges 6:31 יוּמַת עַד הַבֹּקֶר.
• (β) followed by infinitive: Genesis 8:7; Genesis 32:35 עַד עֲלוֺת הַשַּׁחַר; Genesis 3:19 עַד שׁוּבְךָ; Leviticus 25:29 עַד תֹּם; 1 Samuel 15:18 עַד כַּלּוֺתָם.
• Force of against in עַד בֹּאָם: Genesis 43:25; Exodus 22:25; Numbers 10:21 והקימו את המשׁכן עַד בֹּאָם used to set up the tabernacle against their coming.
• Elliptical: Judges 16:2 עַד אוֺד הַבֹּקֶד וַהֲרַגְנוּהוּ (wait) till the morning dawn, and we slay him!
• (γ) with adverbs of time: עַד אָנָה, עַד מָה, עַד מָתַי, עַד הֵנָּה, עַד כֹּה, עַד עַתָּה.
• (δ) suggesting degree: עַד אֵין מָקוֺם Isaiah 5:8; עַד אֵין מִסְמָּר Psalm 40:13; Job 5:9; Leviticus 26:18.
• b. During (rare): 2 Kings 9:22 עַד זְנוּנֵי אִיזֶבֶל; Job 20:5 עֲדֵי רָ֑גַע; followed by infinitive Judges 3:26 עַד הִתְמַהְמְהָם; Exodus 33:22; Job 7:19; Jonah 4:2.

3. Of degree

• עַד מְאֹד exceedingly; עַד מְהֵרָה Psalm 147:15; Esther 5:6 עַד חֲצִי הַמַּלְכוּת.
• With a negative, not even: Deuteronomy 2:5 עַד מִדְרַךְ כַּף רָ֑גֶל; Exodus 9:7 לֹא מֵת ... עַד אֶחָד; Exodus 14:28; 2 Samuel 17:22.
• Almost = Latin adeo: 1 Samuel 2:5 עַד עֲקָרָה ילדה שׁבעה; Job 25:5; Haggai 2:19.
• In comparisons: Nahum 1:10 עַד סִירִים סְבֻכִים entangled even like thorns; 1 Chronicles 4:27; 2 Samuel 23:19 עַד הַשְּׁלשָׁה לֹא בָא.

II. Conjunction

1. Until

• a. עַד אֲשֶׁר until that: (α) with perfect, of past time, Exodus 32:20; Deuteronomy 2:14; Joshua 3:17; Joshua 8:26; Judges 4:24; 1 Kings 10:7; 2 Kings 17:20, 23; 2 Kings 21:16. Future perfect: 2 Samuel 17:13; Ezekiel 34:21.
• So עַד שֶׁ־ Judges 5:7; Songs 3:4; עַד כִּי Genesis 26:13; Genesis 41:49; 2 Samuel 23:10.
• (β) with imperfect, of future time, Genesis 27:44 עַד אֲשֶׁר תָּשׁוּב חֲמַר אָחִיךָ, Genesis 29:8; Exodus 23:30; Numbers 11:20; Hosea 5:15. Past: Jonah 4:5; Ecclesiastes 2:3.
• b. עַד alone, until: (α) with perfect, of past time, Joshua 2:22; Joshua 4:23; 1 Samuel 20:41; 1 Kings 11:16. Future: 2 Kings 7:3; Daniel 11:36. (β) with imperfect, of future time, 1 Samuel 1:22; Isaiah 22:14; Isaiah 26:20; Psalm 57:2.
• In poetry, marks an epoch: Psalm 110:1 עַד אָשִׁית אֹיְבֶיךָ הֲדֹם לְרַגְלֶיךָ, Hosea 10:12.

2. While

• a. with perfect: 1 Samuel 14:19 עד דִּבֶּר שׁאול while Saul spake.
• b. with imperfect: Psalm 141:10 יַחד אָנֹכִי עַד אֶעֱבֹר.
• c. with participle: Job 1:18 עַד זֶה מְדַבֵּר (but read probably עֹד); Nehemiah 7:3.
• d. עַד לֹא while not = ere yet: Proverbs 8:26; עַד אֲשֶׁר לֹא Ecclesiastes 12:1, 2, 6.

3. Of degree, so that even

• Isaiah 47:7 עַד לֹא שַׂמְתְּ אֵלֶּה עַל לִבֵךְ; Job 14:6.

III. עַד לְ, strengthened form

1. Of space

• Joshua 13:5 עד לבוא חמת; 1 Chronicles 5:9 עד למדברה; 1 Chronicles 4:39; 1 Chronicles 12:17; Ezra 9:6.

2. Of time

• 1 Chronicles 23:25 עד לעולם; Ezra 3:13; Ezra 9:4 עד למנחת הערב.
• Followed by infinitive: 1 Kings 18:29 עַד לַעֲלוֺת הַמִּנְחָה; 1 Chronicles 28:20 עַד לִכְלוֺת; 2 Chronicles 32:24 עַד לָמוּת.

3. Of degree

• 1 Chronicles 12:23 עַד לְמַחֲנֶה גָדוֺל; 2 Chronicles 16:12 עַד לְמַ֫עְלָה exceedingly; 2 Chronicles 36:16 עַד לְאֵין מַרְמֵּא.

¹ Mordtmann, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG) xxx (1876), 27; D.H. Müller, ZMG xxxvii (1883), 414.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrische Grammatik (Dl), § 81 a.

³ Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften (Fl), i. 402 f.

⁴ Olshausen, Heb. Gram. (Ol), 428, 431; König, Heb. Gram. (Kö), ii. 309 ff.

Preposition

LXX: ἕωσ εἰσ '' ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H5704:

ἕωσ 1013× (78.3%)

εἰσ 28× (2.2%)

'' 26× (1.7%)

--- 24× (1.9%)

ἕωσ 22× (1.7%)

μέχρι 12× (0.9%)

ἔτι 11× (0.8%)

ἐπὶ 9× (0.7%)

dἕωσ 7× (0.5%)

πρὸσ 7× (0.6%)

גשתו גִּשְׁתּוֹ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נגש

nâgash

Definition

to be or come (causatively, bring) near (for any purpose); euphemistically, to lie with a woman; as an enemy, to attack; religious to worship; causatively, to present; figuratively, to adduce an argument; by reversal, to stand back

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to be or come (causatively, bring) near (for any purpose); euphemistically, to lie with a woman; as an enemy, to attack; religious to worship; causatively, to present; figuratively, to adduce an argument; by reversal, to stand back; (make to) approach (nigh), bring (forth, hither, near), (cause to) come (hither, near, nigh), give place, go hard (up), (be, draw, go) near (nigh), offer, overtake, present, put, stand.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5066

נו

Definition

he, subject pronoun - subject 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal subject pronoun - suffix for some adverbs and infinitives: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9043

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָגַשׁ

verb • Root נגש • Strongs / High • Page 945

Intransitive verb. 1. to near, to approach, to join; to have intercourse; to draw near to God, perform priestly services; to attack. 2. to near away, hence to remove from others, withdraw.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָגַשׁ

verb • Page 427

not used in the pret. Kal, but instead of it the pret. Niph. נִגַּשׁ, fut. Kal יִגַּשׁ, to draw near, to approach. Gen. 19:9. Particularly (1.) to approach a woman, to have conjugal intercourse with her. Ex. 19:15. (2.) to draw near to Jehovah, to turn to him. Is. 29:13. Hiph. הִגִּישׁ 1. to lead or bring near, as persons. Gen. 48:10, 13. 2. to bring near, as things. Gen. 27:25. Particularly offerings, Am. 5:25. 3. to cause to penetrate. Job 40:19. 4. to draw near. Am. 9:10. Is. 41:22. 45:21. Hoph. הֻגַּשׁ pass. of Hiph. no. 1. 2 Sam. 3:34. of no. 2. Mal. 1:11. Hithpa. to draw near. Is. 45:20.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5066

I. נָגַשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 125) verb — draw near, approach, less frequently synonym of קרב.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew נָגַשׁ
• Hiphil (rare) and derivatives

— Qal (68 times) Imperfect יִגַּשׁ Exodus 24:14 +, יִגָּ֑שׁ Psalm 91:7, וַיִּגַּשׁ Genesis 18:23 +; 3 feminine singular וַתִּגַּשׁ Genesis 33:7; 2 masculine singular תִּגַּשֿׁ Isaiah 65:5; 3 masculine plural יִגְּשׁוּ Isaiah 41:1 +, יִגָּ֑שׁוּ Exodus 24:2, יִגַּ֑שׁוּ Job 41:8¹; 3 feminine plural וַתִּגַּשְׁןָ Genesis 33:6, etc.; Imperative גַּשׁ 2 Samuel 1:15, גֶּשֿׁ Genesis 19:9, גְּשָׁה Genesis 27:21 2t.; feminine singular גְּשִׁי Ruth 2:14, etc.; Infinitive construct לָגֶ֫שֶׁת Judges 20:23 +; suffix גִּשְׁתּוֺ Genesis 33:3; גִּשְׁתָּם Exodus 28:43 2t.

1. Qal - draw or come near

a. Human subject

• Followed by אֶלֿ person: Genesis 27:22; Genesis 43:19; Genesis 44:18; Genesis 45:4 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 19:15 (of sexual intercourse); Exodus 24:2; Numbers 32:16; Joshua 14:6 (Elohist Source); Exodus 34:30; Joshua 21:1 (Priests' Code).
• Subject pestilence personified: Psalm 91:7.
• Of priestly approach to יהוה: Ezekiel 44:13; Jeremiah 30:21b; followed by אֶלֿ of altar: Exodus 28:43; Exodus 30:20; Leviticus 21:23 (Priests' Code / Holiness Code).
• Followed by עַדֿ person: Genesis 33:3 (Jehovist Source); of thing Judges 9:52.
• Followed by עַלֿ person: Ezekiel 9:6.
• Followed by בְּ person: Isaiah 65:5 (|| קָרַב אֶלֿ).
• Followed by לַמִּלְחָמָה (battle): Judges 20:23; Jeremiah 46:3; 2 Samuel 10:13.
• Followed by הֲלוֺם (hither): 1 Samuel 14:38; Ruth 2:14.
• Note: גֶּשׁ־הָ֫לְאָה Genesis 19:9 literally approach thither! i.e. move away! compare גְּשָׁה־לִֿי וְאֵשׁ֑בָה Isaiah 46:20 move away for me (make room).

b. Inanimate subject

• Of scales of crocodile: Job 41:8 בְּאֶחָד יִגַּ֫שׁוּ אֶחָד one to another they approach (fit closely).

2. Niphal - draw near

— נִגַּשׁ Genesis 33:7 +; 3 feminine singular וְנִגְּשָׁה Deuteronomy 25:9; Participle plural נִגָּשִׁים Exodus 19:22.

• Followed by אֶלֿ person: Deuteronomy 25:9; 1 Kings 20:13; of priestly approach Exodus 19:22 (Jehovist Source).
• Followed by אֶלֿ of thing: Exodus 20:21; Exodus 24:2 (Elohist Source).
• Figurative of worship: Isaiah 29:13.

3. Hiphil - cause to approach, bring near

— הִגִּישׁ; Imperfect יַגֵּשׁ Job 40:19; Imperative הַגִּ֫ישָׁה Genesis 27:25 +.

• Followed by אֶלֿ person: Exodus 21:6; 1 Samuel 15:32; Genesis 48:10 (Elohist Source).
• Of sacrifice: Followed by אֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ Leviticus 2:8 (Priests' Code); עַל־מִזְבְּחִי Malachi 1:7.
• Figurative (object proofs): Isaiah 41:21 (|| קרב), Isaiah 41:22.

4. Hophal and Hithpael

• Hophal: הֻגַּ֫שׁוּ 2 Samuel 3:34 have not been brought near (put into) fetters; Participle מֻגָּשׁ Malachi 1:11 it is offered.
• Hithpael: Imperative הִתְנַגְּשׁוּ Isaiah 45:20 draw near!

¹ Baer; van d. H. יִנָּ֑שׁוּ.

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁵ Holiness Code.

Verb Qal infinitive construct common, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: προσήγαγεν προσαγάγετε ἤγγισεν ἤγγισαν προσῆλθεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5066:

προσήγαγεν 9× (6.5%)

προσαγάγετε 7× (5.7%)

ἤγγισεν 6× (4.5%)

ἤγγισαν 6× (4.4%)

προσῆλθεν 6× (4.4%)

ἐγγιεῖ 4× (3.2%)

προσῆλθον 3× (2.2%)

ἐγγίσασ 3× (2.2%)

προσάγαγε 3× (2.5%)

ἐγγ 3× (2.5%)

עד עַד־

until/perpetually/witness

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עד

ʻad

Definition

as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with)

Root

properly, the same as H5703 (עד) (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as עד (used as a preposition, adverb or conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long, or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during, while, until) or degree (equally with); against, and, as, at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as), (hither-) to, [phrase] how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that, till, toward, until, when, while, ([phrase] as) yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5704

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַד

particle • Strongs / High • Page 1053

A particle expressing continuance, progress, or duration; until, unto, as far as, up to, during, even, exceedingly. Denotes limits in space, time (till now, forever), or degree (highest limit).

עַד

noun • Root עדה ערה • Strongs / High • Page 1053

Progress, advance (in space); duration, perpetuitas; hence, eternity, perpetuity, everlasting.

עַד

adverb / preposition • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1060

Adverb: again, once more (repetition); continuedly, continually (continuance of action); longer, further, advanced state. Also Preposition/Conjunction: till, now, during (a time), while still.

עַד

preposition / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1054

1. (Of space) To, unto, as far as, even to; also like, as. 2. (Of time/Conj.) Till now, whilst that, until, so that, to the degree that. 3. (Particle) Even (used to intensify meaning).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Booty, spoil (parallel to plunder).

עַד

noun masculine • Root עדה • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Dress, ornament (found only in proper names).

עַד

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1054

Witness, testimony (collateral form of עֵד).

עַד

aram. prep. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1054

(Aramaic, same as Hebr. עַד 2) During, until, till at the last; to the intent that.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַד

m. subst. / preposition / conj. • Root עדה • Page 491

1. as a subst. eternity, duration. Ps. 9: 19. 19: 10. 2. as a subst. booty, prey. Gen. 49: 27. 3. as a prep. unto, until, spoken of time and space. Hab. 1: 2. 4. as a prep. during, while. Judg. 3: 26. 5. as a conj. until, construed with a pret. Josh.

עַד

chald. prep. and conj. • Page 492

As in Hebrew (preceding page).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5704

III. עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי (Numbers 24:20, 24; Psalm 104:23; Psalm 147:6; Job 7:4; Job 20:5, and in עֲדֵי עַד Isaiah 26:4; Isaiah 65:18; Psalm 83:18; Psalm 92:8; Psalm 132:12; Psalm 132:14: compare אֱלֵי, עֲלֵי) preposition — as far as, even to, up to, until, while.

Cognates:

• Aramaic עד
• Sabean עד, עדי ¹
• Assyrian adi ²
• Arabic عَدَا (is except)

— עַד; suffix עָדַי Numbers 23:18 +, עָדֶיךָ Micah 4:8 +, etc., עָֽדיֵכֵם Job 32:12; 2 Kings 9:18 עַדהֵֿם occurs; — as far as, even to (differing from אֶל in that the limit is included, as in Arabic إِلَى ³).

I. Preposition

1. Of space

• a. Genesis 11:31 ויבאו עד חרן as far as Haran, Genesis 12:6; Genesis 13:3, 12 + often.
• עד צואר יגעַ Isaiah 8:8, Isaiah 15:4; Isaiah 25:12; Isaiah 26:5; Psalm 36:6 אמונתך עד שׁחקים.
• דאו מים עד נפשׁ Psalm 69:2 (compare Jonah 2:6; Micah 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10, 18).
• תָּשֵׁב אֱנוֺשׁ עַד דַּכָּא Psalm 90:3; Job 11:7, etc.
• Pregnantly: Psalm 118:27 אִסְרוּ חָג עַד וגו bind . . . (and lead) up to . . .
• עַד מֵרָחוק Isaiah 57:9 even to afar.
• With the goal a person: Exodus 22:8 עד האלהים יָבאֹ דְבַר שְׁנֵיהֶם, 1 Samuel 9:9; Psalm 65:3 עָדֶיךָ כָלבָּֿשָׂר יָבאֹוּ; Isaiah 45:24; Job 4:5.
• שׁוּב עַד י׳ Hosea 14:2 (stronger than שׁוּב אֶל י׳).
• In poetry: Numbers 24:20 וְאַחֲרִיתוֺ עֲדֵי אֹבֵד shall be even unto destruction, Numbers 24:24.
• With verbs of attending: הֶאֱזִין עַד Numbers 23:18, הִתְבּוֺנֵן עַד Job 32:12; Job 38:18 (usually אֶל).
• Before another preposition: 1 Samuel 7:11 עַד מִתַּחַת ל׳; 1 Kings 4:12 עַד מֵעֵבֶר ל׳; עַד מֵעַל Ezekiel 41:20; עַד לִפְנֵי Esther 4:2; עַד אֲלֵיהֶם 2 Kings 9:20; עַד נֶגֶד Nehemiah 3:16, 26; עַד נֹכַח Judges 19:10.

b. In combination מִן ... (וְ)עַד

• Genesis 10:19 מצידון ... עַד עַזָּה from Sidon ... as far as Gaza.
• Idiomatic, to express both... and: Genesis 19:4 מִנַּעַר וְעַד זָקִן from young to old (inclusively).
• Without מִן, even to = including: Leviticus 11:42; Numbers 8:4; 1 Samuel 18:4.

2. Of time

• a. (α) even to, until: Genesis 8:5; Exodus 12:6, 15, 18.
• עד היום unto this day, Genesis 19:37–38; עד היום הזה Genesis 26:33; Genesis 32:33.
• עד יום followed by infinitive: Exodus 40:37; Joshua 6:10; Judges 18:30.
• עד בקר till morning, Exodus 12:10; עד (ה)ערב Exodus 18:13–14; poetic עֲדֵי ערב Psalm 104:23.
• עַד עוֺלָם Genesis 13:15; עַד דּוֺר וָדוֺר Isaiah 13:20.
• With the force of against: Judges 6:31 יוּמַת עַד הַבֹּקֶר.
• (β) followed by infinitive: Genesis 8:7; Genesis 32:35 עַד עֲלוֺת הַשַּׁחַר; Genesis 3:19 עַד שׁוּבְךָ; Leviticus 25:29 עַד תֹּם; 1 Samuel 15:18 עַד כַּלּוֺתָם.
• Force of against in עַד בֹּאָם: Genesis 43:25; Exodus 22:25; Numbers 10:21 והקימו את המשׁכן עַד בֹּאָם used to set up the tabernacle against their coming.
• Elliptical: Judges 16:2 עַד אוֺד הַבֹּקֶד וַהֲרַגְנוּהוּ (wait) till the morning dawn, and we slay him!
• (γ) with adverbs of time: עַד אָנָה, עַד מָה, עַד מָתַי, עַד הֵנָּה, עַד כֹּה, עַד עַתָּה.
• (δ) suggesting degree: עַד אֵין מָקוֺם Isaiah 5:8; עַד אֵין מִסְמָּר Psalm 40:13; Job 5:9; Leviticus 26:18.
• b. During (rare): 2 Kings 9:22 עַד זְנוּנֵי אִיזֶבֶל; Job 20:5 עֲדֵי רָ֑גַע; followed by infinitive Judges 3:26 עַד הִתְמַהְמְהָם; Exodus 33:22; Job 7:19; Jonah 4:2.

3. Of degree

• עַד מְאֹד exceedingly; עַד מְהֵרָה Psalm 147:15; Esther 5:6 עַד חֲצִי הַמַּלְכוּת.
• With a negative, not even: Deuteronomy 2:5 עַד מִדְרַךְ כַּף רָ֑גֶל; Exodus 9:7 לֹא מֵת ... עַד אֶחָד; Exodus 14:28; 2 Samuel 17:22.
• Almost = Latin adeo: 1 Samuel 2:5 עַד עֲקָרָה ילדה שׁבעה; Job 25:5; Haggai 2:19.
• In comparisons: Nahum 1:10 עַד סִירִים סְבֻכִים entangled even like thorns; 1 Chronicles 4:27; 2 Samuel 23:19 עַד הַשְּׁלשָׁה לֹא בָא.

II. Conjunction

1. Until

• a. עַד אֲשֶׁר until that: (α) with perfect, of past time, Exodus 32:20; Deuteronomy 2:14; Joshua 3:17; Joshua 8:26; Judges 4:24; 1 Kings 10:7; 2 Kings 17:20, 23; 2 Kings 21:16. Future perfect: 2 Samuel 17:13; Ezekiel 34:21.
• So עַד שֶׁ־ Judges 5:7; Songs 3:4; עַד כִּי Genesis 26:13; Genesis 41:49; 2 Samuel 23:10.
• (β) with imperfect, of future time, Genesis 27:44 עַד אֲשֶׁר תָּשׁוּב חֲמַר אָחִיךָ, Genesis 29:8; Exodus 23:30; Numbers 11:20; Hosea 5:15. Past: Jonah 4:5; Ecclesiastes 2:3.
• b. עַד alone, until: (α) with perfect, of past time, Joshua 2:22; Joshua 4:23; 1 Samuel 20:41; 1 Kings 11:16. Future: 2 Kings 7:3; Daniel 11:36. (β) with imperfect, of future time, 1 Samuel 1:22; Isaiah 22:14; Isaiah 26:20; Psalm 57:2.
• In poetry, marks an epoch: Psalm 110:1 עַד אָשִׁית אֹיְבֶיךָ הֲדֹם לְרַגְלֶיךָ, Hosea 10:12.

2. While

• a. with perfect: 1 Samuel 14:19 עד דִּבֶּר שׁאול while Saul spake.
• b. with imperfect: Psalm 141:10 יַחד אָנֹכִי עַד אֶעֱבֹר.
• c. with participle: Job 1:18 עַד זֶה מְדַבֵּר (but read probably עֹד); Nehemiah 7:3.
• d. עַד לֹא while not = ere yet: Proverbs 8:26; עַד אֲשֶׁר לֹא Ecclesiastes 12:1, 2, 6.

3. Of degree, so that even

• Isaiah 47:7 עַד לֹא שַׂמְתְּ אֵלֶּה עַל לִבֵךְ; Job 14:6.

III. עַד לְ, strengthened form

1. Of space

• Joshua 13:5 עד לבוא חמת; 1 Chronicles 5:9 עד למדברה; 1 Chronicles 4:39; 1 Chronicles 12:17; Ezra 9:6.

2. Of time

• 1 Chronicles 23:25 עד לעולם; Ezra 3:13; Ezra 9:4 עד למנחת הערב.
• Followed by infinitive: 1 Kings 18:29 עַד לַעֲלוֺת הַמִּנְחָה; 1 Chronicles 28:20 עַד לִכְלוֺת; 2 Chronicles 32:24 עַד לָמוּת.

3. Of degree

• 1 Chronicles 12:23 עַד לְמַחֲנֶה גָדוֺל; 2 Chronicles 16:12 עַד לְמַ֫עְלָה exceedingly; 2 Chronicles 36:16 עַד לְאֵין מַרְמֵּא.

¹ Mordtmann, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG) xxx (1876), 27; D.H. Müller, ZMG xxxvii (1883), 414.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrische Grammatik (Dl), § 81 a.

³ Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften (Fl), i. 402 f.

⁴ Olshausen, Heb. Gram. (Ol), 428, 431; König, Heb. Gram. (Kö), ii. 309 ff.

Preposition

LXX: ἕωσ εἰσ '' ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H5704:

ἕωσ 1013× (78.3%)

εἰσ 28× (2.2%)

'' 26× (1.7%)

--- 24× (1.9%)

ἕωσ 22× (1.7%)

μέχρι 12× (0.9%)

ἔτι 11× (0.8%)

ἐπὶ 9× (0.7%)

dἕωσ 7× (0.5%)

πρὸσ 7× (0.6%)

אחיו אָחִיו׃

brother of himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אח

ʼâch

Definition

a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance (like father))

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; a brother (used in the widest sense of literal relationship and metaphorical affinity or resemblance (like father)); another, brother(-ly); kindred, like, other. Compare also the proper names beginning with 'Ah-' or 'Ahi-'.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H251

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָח

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 93

Brother; a word of relationship used in various ways: 1. friend, companion. 2. kinsman, fellow-countryman, person of same family or race. 3. ally, confederate. 4. neighbour, fellow man. 5. Used in phrases expressing 'the one... the other' (any one, other).

אָח

noun masculine • Root אחה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 94

Brother; 'fellow' or 'other' in poetical and figurative discourse, applied to persons, animals, and inanimate things. Used frequently in compound proper names, often as an epithet of deity (friend/protector). Usage in Ez. 18:10 is discussed as a possible textual variant for 'one' or 'man'.

אָח

noun feminine • Root אחה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 95

Properly fire, then chafing-dish; heats winter chambers.

אָח

noun masculine • Root אחו • Strongs_Numbers • Page 95

Meadow; to bear fruit between meadows.

אָח

interjection • Strongs_Numbers • Page 95

An exclamation of grief: ah! alas! woe!

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָח

m. prim. irreg. • Page 37

1. brother; freq. 2. cousin, kinsman of any degree. 3. one belonging to the same tribe. 4. fellow countryman. 5. confederated, bound together by a league. 6. friend, companion. 7. neighbour, fellowman. 8. applied metaphorically to persons and things which have resemblance.

אָח

interj. of lament. • Page 37

Ah! alas! construed with the dative.

אָח

noun feminine • Page 37

firepan, such as is employed in the east for warming chambers. (comp. Arab. ardeo)

אָח

chald. n.m. • Page 37

brother, as in Hebrew.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H251

I. אָח (approximate number of occurrences: 630) noun masculine — brother.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אח
• Arabic أخ (construct أخي etc.)
• Sabean אח׳ (suffix אח׳יהו) CIS iv.1,17 and 24 and others
• Ethiopic አማርኛ
• Assyrian a—u compare Dl W
• Aramaic אָח, 𐎱𐎡𐎽𐎢
• Palmyrene, Nabataean suffix אחוהי, אחיה

— אָח absolute Genesis 24:29 + (Ezekiel 18:10 strike out Co compare אֲחִי אֲחִים אֲחִים; Ew Sm אָח; Dl Ba Ez x defends as = one compare Assyrian a—u) never with article; construct אֲחִי Genesis 10:21 +; suffix אָחִי Genesis 4:9 +; אָחִיךָ Genesis 4:9 +; אָחִיו Genesis 4:2 +; אָחִיהו Jeremiah 34:9 3 times etc.; plural אֲחִים Genesis 13:8 +; so read Hosea 13:15 see De Compl. Var. 23 compare below אָחו; construct אֲחֵי Numbers 27:10 +; suffix אֲחַי Genesis 19:7 +; אָחָי 1 Samuel 20:29 + (but 1 Samuel 30:23 אֲחִי We אֲחָרִי for אָחָי אַת); אֲחֵיךָ Genesis 37:13 +; אָחָיו Genesis 44:14 +.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Biological brother

• Born of same mother (& father) Genesis 4:2, Genesis 4:8, Genesis 4:9, Genesis 4:10, Genesis 4:11; Genesis 27:6, Genesis 27:11; Genesis 44:20; Genesis 49:5; compare Genesis 28:2; Genesis 29:10 (twice in verse) + Exodus 4:14 + often; also of half-brother Genesis 20:5, Genesis 20:13, Genesis 20:16 (on parentage compare Genesis 20:12) Genesis 37:2, Genesis 37:4, Genesis 37:5 +, 2 Samuel 13:4, 2 Samuel 13:7, 2 Samuel 13:8 +.

b. Indefinite = relative

• Lot, of Abraham Genesis 13:8; Genesis 14:12, Genesis 14:14, Genesis 14:16; Jacob, of Laban Genesis 29:12, Genesis 29:15 (nephew); hence of kinship in wider sense; member of same tribe Numbers 16:10; Numbers 18:2, Numbers 18:6; 2 Samuel 19:13; of same people Exodus 2:11 (twice in verse); Exodus 4:18; Deuteronomy 15:12; Judges 14:3; Isaiah 66:20; Nehemiah 5:1, Nehemiah 5:5, Nehemiah 5:8 see especially Leviticus 19:17 compare Leviticus 19:18 (extended to include sojourner גֵּר Leviticus 19:34); of Israel & Judah 2 Samuel 19:42; Israel & Edom Numbers 20:14; compare of Ishmael Genesis 16:12; Genesis 25:18; of friend 2 Samuel 1:26; 1 Kings 9:13; 1 Kings 20:32, 1 Kings 20:33 of allies בְּרִית אָח Amos 1:9.

c. Figurative of resemblance

• Job 30:29 אָח הָיִיתִי לְתַנִּים (|| רֵעַ לִבְנוֹת יַעֲנָה i.e. by reason of his crying, compare Di); Proverbs 18:9 מִתְרַמֶּה בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ אָח הוּא לְבַעַל מַשְׁחִית.

d. In phrase one . . . another

• אִישׁ אָחִיו Genesis 9:5; Joel 2:8; Zechariah 7:10; אִישׁ אֶת אָחִיו Genesis 13:11 25 times + Exodus 32:27 (where also same phrase with רֵעֵהוּ & קְרֹבוֹ — see these words — & also אִישׁ, אֵחָד; for development of idiom compare Deuteronomy 15:2; Isaiah 19:2; Jeremiah 34:14 (compare 15) 17 Ezekiel 38:21; Haggai 2:22; usually of men; of faces of golden cherubim Exodus 25:20; Exodus 37:9; of scales of crocodile Job 41:9.

(אָח fire-pot. see below II. אחח.)

אחה (assumed as √ of following; compare Biblical Hebrew אָח).

¹ Co: C. H. Cornill.

² Ew: H. Ewald.

³ Sm: R. Smend.

⁴ Dl: Friedrich Delitzsch.

⁵ Ba: J. Barth.

⁶ Ez: Ezekiel.

⁷ De: Franz Delitzsch.

⁸ We: J. Wellhausen.

⁹ Di: A. Dillmann.

¹⁰ J: Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

¹¹ E: Elohist Source.

¹² P: Priests' Code / Narrative.

¹³ ||: Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0251:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

And himself he has crossed over to their faces, and is bowing-down himself Earth-ward seven occurances,¹⁰⁴⁵ until his drawing near until his brother.

RBT Paraphrase:

His Brother's Witness

And he, himself has crossed over to the faces of themselves, and he is bowing himself to her Earth, seven beats/strokes, a witness of his approaching the witness of the brother of himself.

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And he passed through before them, and he will bow himself upon the earth seven times till he brought himself near to his brother.

LITV Translation:
And he passed over in front of them and bowed himself to the ground seven times until he came even to his brother.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
But he advanced himself before them, and did reverence to the ground seven times, until he drew near to his brother.

Footnotes

1045

Genesis 33:3

Hebrew paam in the plural. See note on Genesis 2:23.