Ezra 5:6

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

פרשגן פַּרְשֶׁגֶן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פרשגן

parshegen

Definition

a transcript

Root

or פתשגן; of foreign origin;

Exhaustive

or פתשגן; of foreign origin; a transcript; copy.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6572

פרשגן

parshegen

Definition

{a transcript}

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H6572 (פרשגן)

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to פרשגן; {a transcript}; copy.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6573

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פַּרְשֶׁגֶן

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1199

A copy, of a royal mandate, a transcript, coupled with נִשְׁתְּוָן. Seems to be of Old Persian origin.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פַּרְשֶׁגֶן

m. heb. and chald. • Page 556

a copy. Ezra 4:11, 23. 5:6. 7:11. (Also in the Targums.) Instead of it we find פַּתְשֶׁגֶן Est. 3:14. 4:8.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: διασάφησισ ἀντίγραφα

LXX Usage Statistics

H6572b:

διασάφησισ 2× (31.9%)

ἀντίγραφα 2× (24.1%)

H6573:

No stats available

אגרתא אִ֠גַּרְתָּא

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אגרת

ʼiggereth

Definition

an epistle

Root

feminine of H104 (אגרא);

Exhaustive

feminine of אגרא; an epistle; letter.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H107

אגרא

ʼiggᵉrâʼ

Definition

an epistle (as carried by a state courier or postman)

Root

(Aramaic) of Persian origin;

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) of Persian origin; an epistle (as carried by a state courier or postman); letter.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H104

a

Definition

the

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9010

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אִגֶּרֶת

noun feminine • Root אגר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 61

official document, writing, edict, account, letter

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אִגְּרָא

f. emph. אִגַּרְתָּא • Root אגרת • Page 24

Chald. i. q. Heb. אִגֶּרֶת letter, epistle. Ezra 4:8, 11, 5:6.

אִגֶּרֶת

f. dec. xiii. h. • Page 24

letter, epistle. Only in later Hebrew; e.g. 2 Chr. 30:1, 6, Est. 9:26, 29, Neh. 2:7, 8, 9, 6:5, 17, 19. Probably of Persian origin.

Noun common feminine singular determined, Particle affirmation

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0107:

No stats available

H0104:

No stats available

די דִּי־

which

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

זה

zeh

Definition

the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that; he, [idiom] hence, [idiom] here, it(-self), [idiom] now, [idiom] of him, the one...the other, [idiom] than the other, ([idiom] out of) the (self) same, such (a one) that, these, this (hath, man), on this side...on that side, [idiom] thus, very, which. Compare זאת, זה, זו, זו.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2088

די

dîy

Definition

that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of

Root

(Aramaic) apparently for H1668 (דא);

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) apparently for דא; that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of; [idiom] as, but, for(-asmuch [phrase]), [phrase] now, of, seeing, than, that, therefore, until, [phrase] what (-soever), when, which, whom, whose.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1768

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זֶה

demonstrative pronoun / relative pronoun / particle • Root ז • Strongs / High • Page 425

A multi-purpose word. I. As a demonstrative pronoun: this, referring to what is present. II. As a relative pronoun: who, that, which. III. As a demonstrative particle appended to interrogatives for emphasis, or to denote manner ('how'), location ('here', 'there'), or time ('now', 'just now').

זֶה

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 425

A collateral form of שֶׂה (lamb or sheep), found only in 1 Samuel 17:34.

זֶה

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 427

A demonstrative pronoun ('this') or relative pronoun ('that which'), used without distinction of gender or number. It can refer to masculine, feminine, or neuter antecedents.

זֶה

pronominal stem • Strongs / High • Page 431

(pronominal stem; not used) pron. demonstr. same as זֶה, forming with a prosthetic the time-particle אָז, which form also exists in the Aramaean אֱדַיִן.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דִּי

aramaic relative pronoun (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 365

Aramaic relative pronoun (singular and plural), meaning who, which. It is used in multiple ways: 1. as a relative pronoun, like Hebrew אֲשֶׁר; 2. as a designation of a genitive, like late Hebrew שֶׁל; 3. as a relative conjunction, meaning 'that'; 4. to express temporal relations, consequences, purpose, or reason.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דִּי

chaldee relative pronoun / conjunction • Root אשר • Page 162

Equivalent to Hebrew אֲשֶׁר. 1. Relative pronoun: who, which. 2. Sign of the genitive case. 3. Sign of relation (where, whose). 4. Conjunction: that, to the end that. 5. that (quod). 6. for, since. 7. Redundant particle at the beginning of speech.

הֹזֶה

verb • Page 184

To dream, to speak in one’s sleep (Is. 56:10).

זֶה

pronoun • Page 197

1. this. When doubled, one...the other, 1 K. 22:20, Is. 6:3. Sometimes implies contempt, like the Greek οὗτος, Ex. 32:1. 2. more rarely in poetry as a relative, who, like the Germ. der. Ps. 104:8. 3. here, for בָּזֶה in hoc scil. loco. Gen. 28:17. Hence מִזֶּה, hence, 37:17.

Conjunction

LXX: τοῦτο τοῦτον οὗτοσ τούτου τούτῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2088:

τοῦτο 223× (14.4%)

τοῦτον 126× (8.3%)

οὗτοσ 96× (6.2%)

τούτου 95× (6.1%)

τούτῳ 74× (4.9%)

'' 63× (3.5%)

ταύτησ 56× (3.6%)

ταύτῃ 52× (3.2%)

'' 39× (2.2%)

αὕτη 39× (2.6%)

H1768:

No stats available

שלח שְׁלַ֞ח

he has sent

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שלח

shâlach

Definition

to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications); [idiom] any wise, appoint, bring (on the way), cast (away, out), conduct, [idiom] earnestly, forsake, give (up), grow long, lay, leave, let depart (down, go, loose), push away, put (away, forth, in, out), reach forth, send (away, forth, out), set, shoot (forth, out), sow, spread, stretch forth (out).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7971

שלח

shᵉlach

Definition

{to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)}

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H7971 (שלח)

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to שלח; {to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)}; put, send.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7972

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁלַח

verb • Root שלח • Strongs / High • Page 1431

To stretch out, spread, extend, pour out, or make spring forth (Kal); to be sent, dismissed, or let go; to be free, unrestrained; to be hunted, scared away, or forsaken.

שָׁלַח

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1432

The little brook flowing southward out of the fountain, referring to Siloah/Shelach, and the pool of Siloah.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁלַח

verb peal (aramaic) • Root שלח • Strongs / High • Page 1431

Aramaic transitive verb: Same as Hebrew שָׁלַח: to send, to issue, to stretch out, to attempt a thing.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁלַח

verb • Root שלח • Page 677

To send, stretch out, or set free. Continued from previous page: 2. to send a commission or charge (Prov. 26:6, Gen. 38:25). 3. to commission (2 Sam. 11:22, Is. 55:11). 4. to stretch out or put forth (Is. 58:9, Ps. 110:2, Gen. 3:22, Job 1:11). 5. to set free or let loose (Ps. 50:19).

שִׁלַּח

verb • Root שלח • Page 677

1. to send (Gen. 19:13, Ps. 78:45). 2. to let go or dismiss (Ex. 8:28, Jud. 7:8). 3. to set free or loose (Gen. 32:27, Zech. 9:11). 4. to accompany one departing or send forward (Gen. 18:16). 5. to chase or drive away (Gen. 3:23, Is. 50:1). 6. to let hang down, e.g. the hair (Ezek. 44:20); to let down by a cord (Jer. 38:6). 7. to throw off or rid oneself of a thing (Job 30:11, 39:3). 8. to throw, e.g. arrows at a mark (1 Sam. 20:20), or fire into a city (Am. 1:4). 9. to push away (Job 30:12). 10. to set on fire (Ps. 74:7, Judg. 1:8). 11. joined with יָד, to stretch out the hand (Prov. 31:19); spoken of a tree, to spread out its branches (Jer. 17:8, Ezek. 17:6).

שְׁלַח

chald. v. • Page 678

1. to send, to send away. Dan. 3. 2. Construed with על of the person sent to, Ezra 4: 11, 18. 5: 7, 17. 2. joined with יד, to stretch out the hand. Dan. 5: 24. Construed with ל, aggredi aliquid, Ezra 6: 12.

שֶׁלַח

noun masculine • Root שלח • Page 678

Verbal from שָׁלַח. 1. a sprout, shoot. Cant. 4: 13. 2. a pointed weapon, a spear, dart, sword. 2 Chr. 32: 5. 23: 10. Joel 2: 8. 3. proper name of a son of Arphaxad. Gen. 10: 24. 11: 12. 4. name of a conduit and pool, near mount Zion, prob. the same with שִׁלֹחַ. Neh. 3: 15. Vulg. Siloe.

שָׁלַח

verb • Root שלח • Page 676

To send a person or thing. The person or thing sent is put in the accusative (Gen. 31:4, 41:8, 14). Used with various prepositions (אֶל, לְ, בְּיַד) to denote the person sent to.

שָׁלַח

verb • Page 678

Metaphorically to spread out (a people,) Ps. 44: 3. Pu. 1. to be sent; freq. 2. to be put away. Is. 50: 1. 3. to be driven out. Is. 16: 2. 4. to be forsaken. Is. 27: 10. 5. to be let loose, set free. Prov. 29: 15. Hiph. i. q. Pi. no. 1. to send, e. g. misfortune, plagues, etc. Lev. 26: 22. Am. 8: 11.

Verb peal perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀπέστειλεν ἐξαπέστειλεν ἐξαποστελῶ ἀπέστειλα ἐξέτεινεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7971:

ἀπέστειλεν 228× (24.0%)

ἐξαπέστειλεν 62× (6.6%)

ἐξαποστελῶ 25× (2.6%)

ἀπέστειλα 23× (2.5%)

ἐξέτεινεν 23× (2.4%)

ἀπέστειλαν 21× (2.1%)

αὐτούσ 19× (1.8%)

ἐξαποστεῖλαι 19× (2.1%)

ἀπέστειλέν 18× (2.1%)

ἀποστελῶ 17× (1.9%)

H7972:

No stats available

תתני׀ תַּתְּנַי׀

you are giving

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

תתני

Tattᵉnay

Definition

Tattenai, a Persian

Root

of foreign derivation;

Exhaustive

of foreign derivation; Tattenai, a Persian; Tatnai.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8674

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תַּתְּנַי

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1536

Proper name of a Persian governor.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: θανθαναι

LXX Usage Statistics

H8674:

θανθαναι 3× (75.0%)

פחת פַּחַת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פחה

pechâh

Definition

a prefect (of a city or small district)

Root

of foreign origin;

Exhaustive

of foreign origin; a prefect (of a city or small district); captain, deputy, governor.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6346

פחה

pechâh

Definition

{a prefect (of a city or small district)}

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H6346 (פחה)

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to פחה; {a prefect (of a city or small district)}; captain, governor.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6347

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פַּחַת

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1165

A pit, a fissure, of rocks; a figure of destruction.

Matched via consonantal key only

פָּחַת

unknown • Root פחת • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1165

(Not used) tr. 1. to deepen, to dig out, a pit; to dig through, to pierce, with a spear. 2. Metaphor. to take away, to lessen.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פֶּחָה

m. irreg. • Page 540

A satrap, governor, deputy, viceroy; an officer under the ancient Chaldean and Persian monarchs. (Neh. 5: 14; Est. 3: 12; 8: 9; 9: 3).

פַּחָה

m. chald. • Page 541

A governor or prefect. Ezra 5:3, 14; 6:7; Dan. 3:2, 3, 27; 6:8.

פַּחַת

noun masculine • Root פחת • Page 541

A pit. 2 Sam. 17:9. As representing destruction, it is joined with פחד and פח in Is. 24:17; Jer. 48:43; Lam. 3:27.

Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX: pἐκ φυλῆσ ἔπαρχοσ ἡγουμένουσ τοπάρχου

LXX Usage Statistics

H6346:

pἐκ 4× (10.9%)

φυλῆσ 4× (9.3%)

ἔπαρχοσ 3× (7.8%)

ἡγουμένουσ 3× (7.8%)

τοπάρχου 2× (5.5%)

ἡγεμόνασ 2× (5.5%)

'' 2× (4.6%)

ἐπάρχουσ 2× (4.6%)

σατραπῶν 2× (4.2%)

βίασ 2× (4.2%)

H6347:

No stats available

עבר עֲבַר־

crossed over

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עבר

ʻêber

Definition

properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)

Root

from H5674 (עבר);

Exhaustive

from עבר; properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east); [idiom] against, beyond, by, [idiom] from, over, passage, quarter, (other, this) side, straight.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5676

עבר

ʻăbar

Definition

{properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)}

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H5676 (עבר)

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to עבר; {properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)}; beyond, this side.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5675

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֵבֶר

aram. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1049

Aram. same as Hebr. עֶבֶר I (bank, margin).

עֵבֶר

aram. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1049

Aram. same as Hebr. עֶבֶר II (side, flank).

עֵבֶר

noun / noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1050

Side, edge, region beyond or across. Used geographically, especially referring to the East Jordan-land (Transjordan) and is the source of the appellation 'Hebrew'.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֲבַר

noun masculine • Root עבר • Strongs / High • Page 1049

Aram. m. same as Hebr. עֵבֶר bank-district, coast-district; hence עֲבַר נַהֲרָא the western bank-district of the Euphrates.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עֲבַר

chald. (aramaic) • Page 489

The same as the Hebrew word (side); specifically עֲבַר נַהֲרָא 'the other side of the Euphrates' (Ezra 4:10 ff).

עֵבֶר

noun masculine • Page 489

1. What is on the other side (Gen. 50:10, 11; Deut. 1:1; Josh. 24:2, 3). 2. Sometimes that which is on this side (1 K. 4:24). 3. Side, quarter generally (1 Sam. 14:40). 4. Over against, in front, before (Josh. 22:11, Ex. 25:37). 5. Eber or Heber, proper name of the progenitor of the Hebrews (Gen. 10:24, 25; 11:14, 15). Used in poetry (Num. 24:24) for Hebrews.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πέραν ποταμοῦ '' πέρα

LXX Usage Statistics

H5676:

πέραν 64× (51.9%)

ποταμοῦ 13× (7.9%)

πέραν 9× (8.3%)

'' 5× (4.1%)

πέρα 3× (2.5%)

[f] 2× (1.6%)

δουλείαν 2× (1.6%)

ποταμοῦ 2× (1.4%)

κατὰ 2× (1.9%)

παρὰ 2× (1.9%)

H5675:

No stats available

נהרה נַהֲרָ֗ה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נהר

nâhâr

Definition

a stream (including the sea; expectation the Nile, Euphrates, etc.); figuratively, prosperity

Root

from H5102 (נהר);

Exhaustive

from נהר; a stream (including the sea; expectation the Nile, Euphrates, etc.); figuratively, prosperity; flood, river.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5104

נהר

nᵉhar

Definition

a river, especially the Euphrates

Root

(Aramaic) from a root corresponding to H5102 (נהר);

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) from a root corresponding to נהר; a river, especially the Euphrates; river, stream.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5103

a

Definition

the

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9010

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָהָר

noun masculine • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 951

1. streaming, current, running water. 2. a river, stream. Applied to rivers such as the Euphrates, Nile, and others, as well as smaller brooks.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נְהַר

noun masculine • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 951

Used in the dual form נַהֲרַיִם (naharayim), meaning 'two rivers,' referring to the Euphrates and Tigris; hence Mesopotamia.

נְהַר

noun masculine • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 951

(Aramaic) a stream, a river; especially the Euphrates.

נְהַר

aramaic verb (aramaic) • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 957

Aramaic: to shine, lighten. Same as Hebrew נוּר I.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נְהַר

m. chald. • Page 431

A stream. Dan, 7: 10.

נָהָר

verb • Root נהר • Page 431

As in Aramean, to shine, to be clear, bright; hence figuratively to rejoice, to have a bright countenance. Ps. 34: 6. Is. 60: 5.

נָהָר

noun masculine • Root נהר • Page 431

A stream, river. Gen. 15:18 (Euphrates), Gen. 31: 21, Ex. 23: 31, Ps. 72: 8, Ezr. 8: 36, Jon. 2: 3. Dual נַהֲרַיִם (Mesopotamia, Gen. 24:10). Plur. נְהָרוֹת.

Noun common both singular determined, Particle affirmation

LXX: ποταμοῦ ποταμοὺσ ποταμῶν πέραν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5104:

ποταμοῦ 43× (27.3%)

ποταμοῦ 13× (6.1%)

ποταμοὺσ 12× (8.3%)

ποταμῶν 10× (7.2%)

πέραν 9× (6.4%)

ποταμοὶ 9× (5.9%)

ποταμὸσ 9× (5.8%)

ποταμὸν 8× (5.2%)

ποταμοῖσ 5× (3.1%)

ποταμῷ 5× (3.4%)

H5103:

No stats available

ושתר וּשְׁתַר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שתר בוזני

Shᵉthar Bôwzᵉnay

Definition

Shethar-Bozenai, a Persian officer

Root

of foreign derivation;

Exhaustive

of foreign derivation; Shethar-Bozenai, a Persian officer; Shetharboznai.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8370

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁתַר בּוֹזְנַי

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1492

Proper name of a Persian high officer (Ezr. 5, 3; 6, 6). The name components mean 'star' and 'splendour'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֶׁתַר בּוֹזְנַי

proper name • Page 704

(in Pers. a shining star,) proper name of a Persian governour. Ezra 5: 3; 6: 6.

Conjunction, Noun proper name masculine

LXX: σαθαρβουζανα

LXX Usage Statistics

H8370:

σαθαρβουζανα 8× (100.0%)

בוזני בּוֹזְנַי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שתר בוזני

Shᵉthar Bôwzᵉnay

Definition

Shethar-Bozenai, a Persian officer

Root

of foreign derivation;

Exhaustive

of foreign derivation; Shethar-Bozenai, a Persian officer; Shetharboznai.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8370

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁתַר בּוֹזְנַי

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1492

Proper name of a Persian high officer (Ezr. 5, 3; 6, 6). The name components mean 'star' and 'splendour'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֶׁתַר בּוֹזְנַי

proper name • Page 704

(in Pers. a shining star,) proper name of a Persian governour. Ezra 5: 3; 6: 6.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: σαθαρβουζανα

LXX Usage Statistics

H8370:

σαθαρβουζανα 8× (100.0%)

וכנותה וּכְנָוָתֵהּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כנת

kᵉnâth

Definition

a colleague (as having the same title)

Root

from H3655 (כנה);

Exhaustive

from כנה; a colleague (as having the same title); companion.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3674

כנת

kᵉnâth

Definition

{a colleague (as having the same title)}

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H3674 (כנת)

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to כנת; {a colleague (as having the same title)}; companion.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3675

ה

Definition

her, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9024

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כְּנָת

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 716

The act of giving a title or name; acquaintance, intimacy. Concretely: one invested with office, a friend, an associate, colleague.

כְּנָת

noun feminine (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 716

Aramaic word with the same meaning as the Hebrew כְּנָת.

Conjunction, Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX: σύνδουλοι

LXX Usage Statistics

H3674:

σύνδουλοι 5× (57.1%)

H3675:

No stats available

אפרסכיא אֲפַרְסְכָיֵא

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אפרסכי

ʼĂpharçᵉkay

Definition

an Apharsekite or Apharsathkite, an unknown Assyrian tribe

Root

(Aramaic) or אפרסתכי; (Aramaic), of foreign origin (only in the plural);

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) or אפרסתכי; (Aramaic), of foreign origin (only in the plural); an Apharsekite or Apharsathkite, an unknown Assyrian tribe; Apharsachites, Apharasthchites.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H671

a

Definition

the

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9010

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַפַרְסְכַיָא

chald. masc. plur. • Page 67

Ezra 5:6 and אַפַרְסַתְכַיָא Ezra 4:9. Names of two nations in subjection to the Assyrians. The latter compared with Parasitaceni, Parætaceni, of Media.

Noun common masculine plural determined, Particle affirmation

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0671a:

No stats available

די דּי

which

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

זה

zeh

Definition

the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that; he, [idiom] hence, [idiom] here, it(-self), [idiom] now, [idiom] of him, the one...the other, [idiom] than the other, ([idiom] out of) the (self) same, such (a one) that, these, this (hath, man), on this side...on that side, [idiom] thus, very, which. Compare זאת, זה, זו, זו.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2088

די

dîy

Definition

that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of

Root

(Aramaic) apparently for H1668 (דא);

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) apparently for דא; that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of; [idiom] as, but, for(-asmuch [phrase]), [phrase] now, of, seeing, than, that, therefore, until, [phrase] what (-soever), when, which, whom, whose.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1768

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זֶה

demonstrative pronoun / relative pronoun / particle • Root ז • Strongs / High • Page 425

A multi-purpose word. I. As a demonstrative pronoun: this, referring to what is present. II. As a relative pronoun: who, that, which. III. As a demonstrative particle appended to interrogatives for emphasis, or to denote manner ('how'), location ('here', 'there'), or time ('now', 'just now').

זֶה

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 425

A collateral form of שֶׂה (lamb or sheep), found only in 1 Samuel 17:34.

זֶה

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 427

A demonstrative pronoun ('this') or relative pronoun ('that which'), used without distinction of gender or number. It can refer to masculine, feminine, or neuter antecedents.

זֶה

pronominal stem • Strongs / High • Page 431

(pronominal stem; not used) pron. demonstr. same as זֶה, forming with a prosthetic the time-particle אָז, which form also exists in the Aramaean אֱדַיִן.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דִּי

aramaic relative pronoun (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 365

Aramaic relative pronoun (singular and plural), meaning who, which. It is used in multiple ways: 1. as a relative pronoun, like Hebrew אֲשֶׁר; 2. as a designation of a genitive, like late Hebrew שֶׁל; 3. as a relative conjunction, meaning 'that'; 4. to express temporal relations, consequences, purpose, or reason.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דִּי

chaldee relative pronoun / conjunction • Root אשר • Page 162

Equivalent to Hebrew אֲשֶׁר. 1. Relative pronoun: who, which. 2. Sign of the genitive case. 3. Sign of relation (where, whose). 4. Conjunction: that, to the end that. 5. that (quod). 6. for, since. 7. Redundant particle at the beginning of speech.

הֹזֶה

verb • Page 184

To dream, to speak in one’s sleep (Is. 56:10).

זֶה

pronoun • Page 197

1. this. When doubled, one...the other, 1 K. 22:20, Is. 6:3. Sometimes implies contempt, like the Greek οὗτος, Ex. 32:1. 2. more rarely in poetry as a relative, who, like the Germ. der. Ps. 104:8. 3. here, for בָּזֶה in hoc scil. loco. Gen. 28:17. Hence מִזֶּה, hence, 37:17.

Conjunction

LXX: τοῦτο τοῦτον οὗτοσ τούτου τούτῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2088:

τοῦτο 223× (14.4%)

τοῦτον 126× (8.3%)

οὗτοσ 96× (6.2%)

τούτου 95× (6.1%)

τούτῳ 74× (4.9%)

'' 63× (3.5%)

ταύτησ 56× (3.6%)

ταύτῃ 52× (3.2%)

'' 39× (2.2%)

αὕτη 39× (2.6%)

H1768:

No stats available

בעבר בַּעֲבַר

facing

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עבר

ʻêber

Definition

properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)

Root

from H5674 (עבר);

Exhaustive

from עבר; properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east); [idiom] against, beyond, by, [idiom] from, over, passage, quarter, (other, this) side, straight.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5676

עבר

ʻăbar

Definition

{properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)}

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H5676 (עבר)

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to עבר; {properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)}; beyond, this side.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5675

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֵבֶר

aram. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1049

Aram. same as Hebr. עֶבֶר I (bank, margin).

עֵבֶר

aram. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 1049

Aram. same as Hebr. עֶבֶר II (side, flank).

עֵבֶר

noun / noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1050

Side, edge, region beyond or across. Used geographically, especially referring to the East Jordan-land (Transjordan) and is the source of the appellation 'Hebrew'.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֲבַר

noun masculine • Root עבר • Strongs / High • Page 1049

Aram. m. same as Hebr. עֵבֶר bank-district, coast-district; hence עֲבַר נַהֲרָא the western bank-district of the Euphrates.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עֲבַר

chald. (aramaic) • Page 489

The same as the Hebrew word (side); specifically עֲבַר נַהֲרָא 'the other side of the Euphrates' (Ezra 4:10 ff).

עֵבֶר

noun masculine • Page 489

1. What is on the other side (Gen. 50:10, 11; Deut. 1:1; Josh. 24:2, 3). 2. Sometimes that which is on this side (1 K. 4:24). 3. Side, quarter generally (1 Sam. 14:40). 4. Over against, in front, before (Josh. 22:11, Ex. 25:37). 5. Eber or Heber, proper name of the progenitor of the Hebrews (Gen. 10:24, 25; 11:14, 15). Used in poetry (Num. 24:24) for Hebrews.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πέραν ποταμοῦ '' πέρα

LXX Usage Statistics

H5676:

πέραν 64× (51.9%)

ποταμοῦ 13× (7.9%)

πέραν 9× (8.3%)

'' 5× (4.1%)

πέρα 3× (2.5%)

[f] 2× (1.6%)

δουλείαν 2× (1.6%)

ποταμοῦ 2× (1.4%)

κατὰ 2× (1.9%)

παρὰ 2× (1.9%)

H5675:

No stats available

נהרה נַהֲרָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נהר

nâhâr

Definition

a stream (including the sea; expectation the Nile, Euphrates, etc.); figuratively, prosperity

Root

from H5102 (נהר);

Exhaustive

from נהר; a stream (including the sea; expectation the Nile, Euphrates, etc.); figuratively, prosperity; flood, river.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5104

נהר

nᵉhar

Definition

a river, especially the Euphrates

Root

(Aramaic) from a root corresponding to H5102 (נהר);

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) from a root corresponding to נהר; a river, especially the Euphrates; river, stream.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5103

a

Definition

the

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9010

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָהָר

noun masculine • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 951

1. streaming, current, running water. 2. a river, stream. Applied to rivers such as the Euphrates, Nile, and others, as well as smaller brooks.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נְהַר

noun masculine • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 951

Used in the dual form נַהֲרַיִם (naharayim), meaning 'two rivers,' referring to the Euphrates and Tigris; hence Mesopotamia.

נְהַר

noun masculine • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 951

(Aramaic) a stream, a river; especially the Euphrates.

נְהַר

aramaic verb (aramaic) • Root נהר • Strongs / High • Page 957

Aramaic: to shine, lighten. Same as Hebrew נוּר I.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נְהַר

m. chald. • Page 431

A stream. Dan, 7: 10.

נָהָר

verb • Root נהר • Page 431

As in Aramean, to shine, to be clear, bright; hence figuratively to rejoice, to have a bright countenance. Ps. 34: 6. Is. 60: 5.

נָהָר

noun masculine • Root נהר • Page 431

A stream, river. Gen. 15:18 (Euphrates), Gen. 31: 21, Ex. 23: 31, Ps. 72: 8, Ezr. 8: 36, Jon. 2: 3. Dual נַהֲרַיִם (Mesopotamia, Gen. 24:10). Plur. נְהָרוֹת.

Noun common both singular determined, Particle affirmation

LXX: ποταμοῦ ποταμοὺσ ποταμῶν πέραν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5104:

ποταμοῦ 43× (27.3%)

ποταμοῦ 13× (6.1%)

ποταμοὺσ 12× (8.3%)

ποταμῶν 10× (7.2%)

πέραν 9× (6.4%)

ποταμοὶ 9× (5.9%)

ποταμὸσ 9× (5.8%)

ποταμὸν 8× (5.2%)

ποταμοῖσ 5× (3.1%)

ποταμῷ 5× (3.4%)

H5103:

No stats available

על עַל־

upon/against/yoke

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

על

ʻal

Definition

{above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications}

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H5921 (על)

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to על; {above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications}; about, against, concerning, for, (there-) fore, from, in, [idiom] more, of, (there-, up-) on, (in-) to, [phrase] why with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5922

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

H5922:

No stats available

דריוש דָּרְיָוֶשׁ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דריוש

Dârᵉyâvêsh

Definition

Darejavesh, a title (rather than name) of several Persian kings

Root

of Persian origin;

Exhaustive

of Persian origin; Darejavesh, a title (rather than name) of several Persian kings; Darius.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1867

דריוש

Dârᵉyâvêsh

Definition

{Darejavesh, a title (rather than name) of several Persian kings}

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H1867 (דריוש)

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to דריוש; {Darejavesh, a title (rather than name) of several Persian kings}; Darius.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1868

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּרְיָוֶשׁ

proper noun • Root , • Consonantal / Medium • Page 377

Proper name of three Perso-Median kings: 1. Darius the Mede (Cyaxares II). 2. Darius son of Hystaspes. 3. Darius Nothus.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּרְיוֹשׁ

noun • Page 173

Probably a corrupt reading for דרוש (to search, examine) in Ezra 10: 16.

דָּרְיָוֶשׁ

proper name • Page 173

Darius, the common name of several Persian kings. Mentioned in Dan. 6: 1, 9: 1, Ezra 4: 5, Hagg. 1: 1, Zech. 1: 1, Neh. 12: 22.

Noun proper name masculine

LXX: δαρείου δαρεῖοσ δαρείῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1867:

δαρείου 9× (34.0%)

δαρεῖοσ 5× (21.4%)

δαρείου 4× (16.5%)

δαρείῳ 3× (12.2%)

H1868:

No stats available

מלכא מַלְכָּא׃

the King

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מלך

melek

Definition

a king

Root

from H4427 (מלך);

Exhaustive

from מלך; a king; king, royal.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4428

מלך

melek

Definition

a king

Root

(Aramaic) corresponding to H4428 (מלך);

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) corresponding to מלך; a king; king, royal.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4430

a

Definition

the

Root

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9010

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מֶלֶךְ

masculine noun • Root מלך • Strongs / High • Page 859

A king, ruler; properly an abstract concept of rule or government, but commonly used concretely. It can refer to a king of a land, city, people, or tribe. The term is also applied to Jehovah, idols, and animals distinguished for strength. It can also mean an adviser or counsellor, and is used as a proper name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מֶלֶךְ

noun masculine • Page 380

a king. Ezek. 26: 7. 'the king of kings,' a title of the king of Babylon. Spoken frequently of Jehovah, Ps. 5: 3, and of false gods, Am. 5: 26.

Noun common both singular determined, Particle affirmation

LXX: βασιλεὺσ βασιλέωσ βασιλέα βασιλεῖ βασιλεῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4428:

βασιλεὺσ 631× (23.4%)

βασιλέωσ 546× (20.5%)

βασιλέα 419× (15.7%)

βασιλεῖ 196× (7.1%)

βασιλεῖσ 133× (4.9%)

βασιλεύσ 100× (3.5%)

--- 77× (3.2%)

'' 66× (2.3%)

βασιλέων 63× (2.4%)

βασιλεῦσιν 46× (1.6%)

H4430:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
The copy of the epistle that Tatnai, prefect beyond the river, sent, and Shethar-Bozni and his colleagues, the Apharsachites, that were beyond the river to Darius the king:

LITV Translation:
The copy of the letter which Tatnai, governor of the province Beyond the River, and Shethar-boznai, and his associates the officials who were Beyond the River, sent to Darius the king:

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
the copy of a letter, which Tattenai, the governor of the part on this side the river, and Shethar-bozenai, and their fellow servants the Apharsachaeans who were on this side of the river, sent to King Darius.