Ezekiel 43:8

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

בתתם בְּתִתָּם

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נתן

nâthan

Definition

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.); add, apply, appoint, ascribe, assign, [idiom] avenge, [idiom] be (healed), bestow, bring (forth, hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, [phrase] cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, [idiom] doubtless, [idiom] without fail, fasten, frame, [idiom] get, give (forth, over, up), grant, hang (up), [idiom] have, [idiom] indeed, lay (unto charge, up), (give) leave, lend, let (out), [phrase] lie, lift up, make, [phrase] O that, occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, [idiom] pull, put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send (out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), [phrase] sing, [phrase] slander, strike, (sub-) mit, suffer, [idiom] surely, [idiom] take, thrust, trade, turn, utter, [phrase] weep, [phrase] willingly, [phrase] withdraw, [phrase] would (to) God, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5414

ם

Definition

they, subject pronoun - subject 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal subject pronoun - suffix for some adverbs and infinitives: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9048

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 755

to give, bestow

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 999

A verb with a wide range of meanings, primarily: 1. to give, to hand over, to deliver, to deal out, to perform, to permit, to sell. 2. to set, to place, to lay, to erect, to appoint, to establish. It is used in numerous idiomatic phrases such as 'to give up to one's care' (נָתַן עַל־יַד), 'to bear or bring fruit' (נָתַן פְּרִי), 'to flee' (נָתַן עֹרֶף), 'to give favour' (נָתַן חֵן), 'to stretch forth the hand' (נָתַן יָד), 'to deliver into one's power' (נָתַן בְּיַד), and 'to give up to the sword' (נָתַן לְחֶרֶב).

נָתַן

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1000

To give, put, set, lay upon, impute guilt, apply the mind, make, or treat as. In Niphal: to be given, delivered, published, set, take place, or become. In Hophal: to be given, put, poured, or suspended.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Page 463

1. To give (Prov. 13:10, Josh. 15:19). Phrases: מִי יִתֵּן 'who will give?' used as an expression of a wish (Ps. 55:7, Ex. 16:3, Deut. 28:67). 2. To lay, set, place (Gen. 1:17, 9:13, Ps. 119:110, Ezek. 26:8). 3. To make or do (Ex. 7:9, Gen. 17:4, Jer. 1:5, Is. 41:2). 4. To permit, allow, grant (Gen. 20:6, Ex. 3:19, Judg. 1:34, 15:1, 1 Sam. 18:2, Job 9:18, 2 Chr. 20:10). 5. To give forth, yield, or utter; e.g., a smell or sound (Cant. 1:12, Job 1:22, Ps. 81:3). 6. To hold or regard (1 K. 10:27, Gen. 42:30, 1 Sam. 1:16). Includes Niph. and Hoph. (to be given, placed, or made).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5414

I. נָתַן (approximate number of occurrences: 2007) verb — give, put, set.

Cognates:

• Ecclesiasticus נתן
• Old Hebrew נתןיֿהו
• Phoenician יתן, נתן
• Assyrian nadânu
• Zinjirli נתן
• Nabataean ינתן
• Palmyrene יתן
• Targum יִתֵּן
• Sabean נתן
• Syriac נתן

— נָתַן absolute Genesis 24:53 +; 2 masculine singular נָתַ֫תָּ Judges 15:18, נָתַ֫תָּה Genesis 3:12; 1 singular נָתַ֫תִּי Judges 1:2; Imperfect יִּתֵּן Genesis 43:14; Imperative תֵּן 2 Kings 4:42; Infinitive absolute נָתוֺן Deuteronomy 15:10; construct תֵּת Genesis 4:12; Participle נֹתֵן Judges 21:18.

1. Give

a. Deliver or hand to personally

• 1 Samuel 10:4
• Leviticus 5:16 (Priests' Code)
• Genesis 21:14 (Elohist Source)

b. Bestow upon, grant, or procure for

• Genesis 24:53 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Kings 3:9 (an understanding heart)
• Deuteronomy 12:15 (blessing)
• Genesis 15:18 (of land to descendants)

c. Give woman to man as wife

• Genesis 29:28 (Elohist Source)
• Joshua 15:16–17

f. Who will give? (wish expression)

• (+ מִי יִתֵּן) Deuteronomy 28:67
• Job 14:4
• Exodus 16:3 (Priests' Code)

n. Pay wages or price

• Genesis 30:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jonah 1:3 (passage-money)
• Exodus 21:32 (fine)

x. Utter a sound or voice

• (+ קוֺל) Jeremiah 4:16
• Genesis 45:2 (Elohist Source)
• Amos 1:2 (of Jehovah in thunder)

2. Put, set

a. Literally (put or set on, in, or before)

• Genesis 41:42 (ring on hand)
• Jeremiah 29:26 (in stocks)
• Exodus 40:5 (before)

b. Figurative uses

• Isaiah 42:1 (spirit upon him)
• Deuteronomy 11:29 (blessing on mountain)
• Genesis 39:21 (Yahwist Source; favour in eyes)

3. Make, constitute

a. With double accusative

• Isaiah 3:4 (make boys princes)
• Genesis 17:5 (Priests' Code)

Niph`al — Perfect נִתַּן Isaiah 9:5; Imperfect יִנָּתֵן Exodus 5:18.

1. Be given

• Joshua 24:33 (bestowed upon)
• Genesis 38:14 (given as wife)
• 2 Kings 18:30 (given into power of)

Hoph`al — Imperfect יֻתַּן 1 Kings 2:21.

• Numbers 32:5 (Priests' Code)
• 2 Samuel 21:6 (delivered up)

Aramaic

I. נְתַן (compare Biblical Hebrew נָתַן) verb give.

1. Pe`al Imperfect
   • יִנְתִּן Daniel 2:16
   • suffix יִתְּנִנַּהּ Daniel 4:15
2. give, allow time
   • Daniel 2:16
3. give, pay
   • Ezra 4:13

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB).

³ Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik (Lzb).

Preposition, Verb Qal infinitive construct common, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἔδωκεν δώσω δοῦναι δώσει ἔδωκαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5414:

ἔδωκεν 299× (14.0%)

δώσω 178× (8.2%)

δοῦναι 93× (4.4%)

δώσει 88× (4.2%)

ἔδωκαν 77× (3.6%)

ἔδωκα 70× (3.3%)

δέδωκα 57× (2.9%)

'' 51× (2.2%)

δώσεισ 51× (2.4%)

παρέδωκεν 46× (2.1%)

ספם סִפָּ֜ם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

סף

çaph

Definition

a vestibule (as a limit); also a dish (for holding blood or wine)

Root

from H5605 (ספף), in its original sense of containing;

Exhaustive

from ספף, in its original sense of containing; a vestibule (as a limit); also a dish (for holding blood or wine); bason, bowl, cup, door (post), gate, post, threshold.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5592

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סַף

noun masculine • Root ספף • Strongs / High • Page 1029

1. a basin, dish, bowl, for receiving/containing. 2. Metaphor. entrance-space, i.e. the space between the posts. 3. (a preserver) proper name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סַף

noun masculine • Page 479

1. the threshold (Judg. 19: 27; 2 K. 12: 10). 2. a basin (Ex. 12: 22; Zech. 12: 2).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5592

I. סַף noun masculine — basin, goblet.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew סַף
• Phoenician סף (Inscription of Tyre¹)

— סַף absolute basin Exodus 12:22 (twice in verse) (Jehovist Source; containing blood of passover lamb); construct סַף־רַעַל Zechariah 12:2 goblet of reeling (intoxicating, figurative), probably also Habakkuk 2:15, where read מִסַּף חֲמָֽתְךָ from the goblet of thy fury (for ᵑ0 מְסַמֵּחַ חֲמָתְךָ, see I. ספח); plural absolute סַפּוֹת 2 Samuel 17:28 basins for ordinary use; הַסִּפִּים Jeremiah 52:19, הַסִפּוֹת 1 Kings 7:50 and construct סִפּוֹת כֶּסֶף 2 Kings 12:14, of temple utensils.

II. סַף noun masculine — threshold, sill.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Phoenician סַף
• Aramaic סִפָּא
• Assyrian sippu²

— absolute סַף 2 Kings 12:10 +; also הַסָּ֑ף Judges 19:27 (3 times; Baer Ginsb), 2 Kings 25:8; suffix סִפִּי Ezekiel 43:8, סִפָּם Ezekiel 43:8; plural סִפִּים Amos 9:1; Isaiah 6:4 (6 times in Ezra, Chronicles).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. threshold, sill

• Judges 19:27; Amos 9:1; Isaiah 6:4
• Ezekiel 41:16 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 43:8 (twice in verse)
• 2 Chronicles 3:7
• סַף הַבַּיִת 1 Kings 14:17
• סַף הַשַּׁעַר Ezekiel 40:6, 7
• collective חֹרֶב בַּסָּ֑ף Zephaniah 2:14 desolation in the thresholds

b. door-keeper (temple official)

• שֹׁמֵר הַסַּף Jeremiah 35:4
• שֹׁמְרֵי הַסַּף 2 Kings 12:10 (priests)
• 2 Kings 22:4; 2 Chronicles 34:9 (Levites!)
• 2 Kings 23:4; 2 Kings 25:18 = Jeremiah 52:24

c. other uses

• Of Persian palace: Esther 2:21; Esther 6:2
• Of tabernacle: שֹׁמְרֵי הַסִּפִּים 1 Chronicles 9:19
• שֹׁעֲרֵי הַסִּפִּים 2 Chronicles 23:4 (Levites), שֹׁעֲרִים בַּסִּפִּים 1 Chronicles 9:22

¹ Inscription of Tyre; see Schröder, ZMG xxxix (1886), 317 f.; Clermont-Ganneau, Recueil d'arch. orient. (1886), 89; Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl), 509.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: σταθμὸν '' πρόθυρα θύραν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5592b:

σταθμὸν 4× (12.3%)

'' 3× (9.2%)

πρόθυρα 2× (5.6%)

θύραν 2× (5.1%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by, at, among, etc.

Root

probably from H579 (אנה);

Exhaustive

probably from אנה; properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by, at, among, etc.; against, among, before, by, for, from, in(-to), (out) of, with. Often with another prepositional prefix.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H854

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H854

II. אֵת (preposition) with makkeph אֵת־, with suffix אִתִּי, אִתְּךָ, אִתְּכֶם etc. (also, however, אוֹתְךָ, אוֹתוֹ, and similarly מֵאוֹתְךָ, מֵאוֹתוֹ etc.), first in Joshua 10:25; Joshua 14:12, next 2 Samuel 24:24; then repeatedly (but not exclusively) 1 Kings 20 — 2 Kings 8, & in Jeremiah, Ezekiel, e.g. 1 Kings 20:25 (but 1 Kings 20:23 אִתָּם) 1 Kings 22:7,8,24 (beside מֵאִתִּי) 2 Kings 1:15; 2 Kings 3:11,12,26; 2 Kings 6:16 (beside מֵאִתּוֹ) 2 Kings 8:8; Jeremiah 2:35; Jeremiah 10:5; Jeremiah 16:8; Jeremiah 19:10; Jeremiah 20:11; Ezekiel 2:6; Ezekiel 10:17; Ezekiel 23:23; Ezekiel 37:26 (see below 1d; also Isaiah 59:21, contrast Genesis 17:4: on שָׁכַב אֵתָּה Genesis 34:2 and elsewhere, see below שָׁכַב, & compare Driver, Samuel, ii. 13, 14) preposition denoting proximity (synonym עִם; Phoenician את, e.g. Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum i. 3, 8 לא יכנ לם משכב את רפאם let there not be for them a resting-place with the shades; Assyrian itti (perhaps akin to ittu 'side,' Delitzsch, Prolegomena 115 Haupt Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek 2. 498; but compare Nöldeke Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft '86, 738 f.). Not found as yet in the other cognate languages: but compare Ethiopic አማርኛ 'enta, towards, which supports the view that אֵת is for 'int [compare תֵּת, תִּתִּי], perhaps from root אנה to meet Olshausen page 431 Prätorius Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft '73, 643 Lagarde Mitteilungen i. 226).

Cognates:

• Phoenician את
• Assyrian itti
• Ethiopic enta

1. Companionship and Proximity

Of companionship, together with: Genesis 6:13 behold, I destroy them אֵת־הָאָרֶץ together with the earth, Genesis 11:31; Genesis 12:4 + verbs of dwelling, abiding, going, etc., as Judges 1:3; Judges 14:11; Judges 19:4, & in the phrase הָעָם אֲשֶׁר אִתּוֹ Judges 4:13; Judges 7:1; Judges 9:33,48; 1 Samuel 14:20; 1 Samuel 30:4 etc.; thou, and thy sons אִתָּךְ וְ־ with thee Genesis 6:18; similarly (3rd person) Genesis 7:7,13; Genesis 8:18; Genesis 9:8 and elsewhere (character of Priests' Code: Driver, Introduction to Literature of Old Testament 124); הִתְהַלֶּךְ אֵת־הָאֱלֹהִים to walk with God, i.e. to have him as a companion (that is, by adopting a course of life pleasing to him) Genesis 5:22,24; Genesis 6:9 (compare הִתְהַלֶּךְ אֵת literal 1 Samuel 25:15); — by the side of, like Isaiah 45:9, equally with Leviticus 26:39, in common with Jeremiah 23:28 b (compare עִם 1e, f).

a. With for the purpose of help

• Numbers 14:9 אִתָּנוּ וְיָה, Joshua 14:12 (אוֹתִי, as Jeremiah 20:11) Judges 1:19; 2 Kings 6:16; 2 Kings 9:32 מִי אִתִּי מִי who is on my side, who? כִּי אִתְּךָ אֲנִי Isaiah 43:5; Jeremiah 1:18,19 +; Isaiah 63:3; Psalm 12:5 our lips are with us, on our side; in the phrase אֵת יָד מִמֶּנִי 2 Samuel 14:19; 2 Kings 15:19; Jeremiah 26:24; נָשָׂא אֵת to bear together with, i.e. to assist Exodus 18:22; Numbers 11:17.
• Exceptionally, = with the help of: Genesis 4:1 for I have gotten a man עִם אֵתִי with the help of יָה (compare עִם 1 Samuel 14:45) Genesis 49:25 (where, however, the parallelism, & versions favour וְאֵל שַׁדַּי for וְאֵת שַׁדַּי) Micah 3:8; compare Esther 9:29.

b. Beside (German neben)

• Genesis 39:6 לֹא יָדַע אִתּוֹ מְאֻמָה he knew not with him, beside him, aught (i.e. Joseph managed everything), Genesis 39:8; Exodus 20:23 לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ אִתִּי ye shall not make (aught) beside me.

c. Beside = in the presence of (rare)

• Genesis 20:16 b and before all thou shalt be righted, Isaiah 30:8; Micah 6:1.

d. Of intercourse of different kinds with another, e.g. after verbs of making a covenant or contract, or (less often) of speaking or dealing

• (α) Genesis 9:9; Genesis 15:18; Genesis 17:4 (Ezekiel 16:60; Isaiah 59:21 - אוֹת) Joshua 10:4; 1 Kings 3:1 etc.; compare 1 Samuel 2:13 (but here הַכֹּהֵן מֵאֵת is probably to be read with versions, compare Deuteronomy 18:3).
• (β) Genesis 17:3; Genesis 42:30 דִּבֶּר אִתָּנוּ קָשׁוּת, 1 Kings 8:15; Psalm 109:2, & especially in Jeremiah and Ezekiel (as Jeremiah 1:16; Jeremiah 4:12 [Jeremiah 52:9 אִתּוֹ] Jeremiah 5:5; Jeremiah 12:1; Ezekiel 2:1; Ezekiel 3:22,24,27; Ezekiel 14:4; Ezekiel 44:5 — all - אוֹת); Genesis 24:49 to perform kindness אֵת (עִם is here more general), 2 Samuel 16:17 זֶה חַסְדְּךָ אֵת־רֵעֶךָ, Ruth 2:20; Zechariah 7:9; Jonah 1:27 וְאֵתָּה עָשִׂיתָ אִתִּי רָעָה, Deuteronomy 1:30; Deuteronomy 10:21; 1 Samuel 12:7 b, (- אוֹת) Jeremiah 21:2; Jeremiah 33:9; Ezekiel 7:27; Ezekiel 16:59; Ezekiel 22:14; Ezekiel 23:25,29; Ezekiel 39:24; absolute Ezekiel 17:17; Ezekiel 20:44; Psalm 109:21; Zephaniah 3:19.
• (γ) in a pregnant sense, (in dealing) with, i.e. towards (rare): Isaiah 66:14; Psalm 67:2 יָאֵר מָנוֹ אִתָּנוּ make his face to shine with (= toward) us (varied from Numbers 6:25) Deuteronomy 28:8; faithful with Psalm 78:8 (compare Psalm 78:37 נָכוֹן עִם); Ezekiel 2:6 (אוֹתְּךָ); Judges 16:15 וְלִבְּךָ אֵינֶן אִתִּי.
• (δ) often with verbs of fighting, striving, contending, as Genesis 14:2,8,9; Numbers 20:13; Isaiah 45:9; a Isaiah 50:8; Psalm 35:1; Proverbs 23:11; with בָּא בְּמִשְׁפָּט Psalm 143:2 (Isaiah 3:14 and elsewhere עִם).

2. Of Localities

Especially in the phrase אֲשֶׁר אֵת describing a site: Judges 3:19; Judges 4:11 אֲשֶׁר אֵת־קֶדֶשׁ which is near Kedesh, 1 Kings 9:26; 2 Kings 9:27 (compare עִם 2, which is commoner in this sense); Ezekiel 43:8; Exodus 33:21 הִנֵּה מָקוֹם אִתִּי. Perhaps, anomalously, 1 Samuel 7:16 at or by all those places (but see Driver); in 2 Samuel 15:23 עַל־מְנִי דֶּרֶךְ אֵת־הַמִּדְבָּר, אֵת = towards is against analogue: read with versions עַל־מָנוֹ דֶּרֶךְ הַזִּית אֲשֶׁר בַּמִּדְבָּר; 1 Kings 9:25 אִתּוֹ beside it (that is, the altar); but עָלָיו 1 Kings 13:1 etc. would be idiomatic, & for אִתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר Klo proposes plausibly אֵת־אֲשֶׁר (see Exodus 30:20).

3. Special Denotation of Possession or Keeping

אֵת מִמֶּנִי denotes specially,

a. In one's possession or keeping

• Genesis 27:15; Genesis 30:29 thou knowest אֵת אֲשֶׁר הָיָה מִקְנֶךָ אִתִּי how thy cattle fared with me, Genesis 30:33; Leviticus 5:23; Leviticus 19:13; Deuteronomy 15:3; Judges 17:2; 1 Samuel 9:7 מַה אִתָּנוּ = what have we? 1 Samuel 25:29; Isaiah 49:4 my right is with Jehovah (contrast Isaiah 40:27), Jeremiah 8:8; Psalm 38:11 the light of mine eyes also אֵינֶנִּי אִתִּי i.e. is gone from me, Proverbs 3:28; Proverbs 8:18; in his power, Jeremiah 10:5 הֲיִטִּיב אֵינֶנִּי אוֹתָם is not in their power, perhaps Psalm 12:5. A dream, or the word of יָה, is said to be אֵת with a prophet, 2 Kings 3:12; Jeremiah 23:28; Jeremiah 27:18. Metaphorically of a mental quality, Proverbs 11:2; Proverbs 13:10.

b. In one's knowledge or memory

• Isaiah 59:12 מְשַׁעֵינוּ אִתָּנוּ our transgressions are with us, i.e. present to our minds ("" וַעֲוֹנוֹתֵינוּ יְדַעֲנוּם), Job 12:3 אֵת־מִי אֵינֶנִּי כְּמוֹ־אֵלָּה with whom are not (i.e. who knoweth not?) things like these? Job 14:5 אִתְּךָ i.e. known to thee, Proverbs 2:1; Genesis 40:14; Jeremiah 12:3 (Ewald Gesenius towards thee, as 1d γ). So אִם־יֵשׁ מִי־אִתְּנַפְשְׁכֶם Genesis 23:8 [2 Kings 9:15 אֵת alone], אֵת־לְבַבְּךָ 2 Kings 10:15. Compare עִם 4b, which is more frequent in this sense.

4. From Proximity With

מֵאֵת (מֵאִתִּי, etc.; also - מֵאוֹת) from proximity with (like Greek παρά with a Genitive, From de chez; in Syriac, Arabic لع, corresponding synonym מֵעִם; see below). Coupled almost always with persons (contrast מֵעִם, a).

a. With verbs of buying, taking, sending, etc.

• With קָנָה to buy Genesis 25:10 + often (compare Genesis 17:27); לָקַח Genesis 42:24; Exodus 25:2; Leviticus 25:36; Numbers 17:17 + often; נָשָׂא Psalm 24:5; שָׁלַח, as Genesis 8:8 וַיְשַׁלֵּחַ אֵת־הַיּוֹנָה מֵאִתּוֹ and he sent forth the dove from with him Genesis 26:27; הָלַךְ Genesis 26:31; 1 Kings 18:12; 1 Kings 20:36; Jeremiah 9:1, of a wife deserting her husband Judges 19:2 וַתִּתֵּן מֵאִתּוֹ, Jeremiah 3:1 (compare Isaiah 57:8); with simile words Genesis 38:1; Deuteronomy 2:8; 1 Kings 11:23; Jeremiah 2:37 (see Exodus 5:20); Isaiah 54:10; Psalm 66:20; with שָׁאַל Judges 1:14; 1 Kings 2:16; Psalm 27:4 +, שָׁמַע 1 Kings 22:7 and elsewhere, דָּרַשׁ 1 Kings 22:8 and elsewhere, הָלַךְ Genesis 26:31; 1 Kings 18:12; 1 Kings 20:36; Jeremiah 9:1, of a wife deserting her husband Judges 19:2 וַתִּתֵּן מֵאִתּוֹ, Jeremiah 3:1 (compare Isaiah 57:8); with simile words Genesis 38:1; Deuteronomy 2:8; 1 Kings 11:23; Jeremiah 2:37 (see Exodus 5:20); Isaiah 54:10; Psalm 66:20; with שָׁאַל Judges 1:14; 1 Kings 2:16; Psalm 27:4 +, שָׁמַע 1 Kings 22:7 and elsewhere, דָּרַשׁ 1 Kings 22:8 and elsewhere.
• — אֵת מִמֶּנִי מִמֶּנִי Genesis 27:30; Genesis 43:34; Exodus 10:11; Job 2:7; Leviticus 10:4 (הַקֹּדֵשׁ), 2 Kings 16:14 (הַבַּיִת).

b. Of rights or dues, handed over from, given on the part of, any one

• Genesis 47:22 חֹק מֵאֵת מַרְעֵה; often in Priests' Code, as Genesis 23:20; Exodus 27:21 a perpetual due מֵאֵת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל from, or on the part of, the children of Israel, Leviticus 7:34; b Leviticus 24:8; Numbers 3:9; Numbers 7:84 +; Deuteronomy 18:3; 1 Samuel 2:13 (versions; see 1d) 2 Samuel 15:3 וְשֹׁמֵעַ אֵינֶנִּי לְּךָ מֵאֵת הַמֶּלֶךְ but there is none to hear thee deputed of the king, 1 Kings 5:14.

c. Expressing origination

• 1 Kings 1:27 אִם מֵאֵת אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ הָיְתָה. Especially אֵת מִמֶּנִי יָה — of a concrete object proceeding from him: Genesis 19:24 (brimstone), Numbers 11:31 (a wind), Numbers 16:35 (fire), 1 Samuel 16:14 (evil spirit), Isaiah 38:7 (a sign), Jeremiah 51:53 (wasters), Micah 5:6 (dew); of wrath Zechariah 7:12 (compare Numbers 17:11), teaching Isaiah 51:4, the word of prophecy Jeremiah 7:1 (so Jeremiah 11:1; Jeremiah 18:1 Jeremiah) Jeremiah 37:17; Ezekiel 33:30; with 'have I((we) heard' Isaiah 21:10; Isaiah 28:22; Jeremiah 49:14 (= Obadiah 1:1); of an event, or phase of history Joshua 11:20 הָיְתָה אֵת מִמֶּנִי יָה it came of יָה to..., 1 Kings 12:24; Habakkuk 2:13; Psalm 118:23 הָיְתָה זֹאת אֵת מִמֶּנִי יָה (versions παρά Κυρίου) Ezra 9:8; Nehemiah 6:16; of trouble (רָעָה) 2 Kings 6:33; Micah 1:12 (יָרַד); of a good or evil lot, having its source in יָה Jeremiah 13:25; Isaiah 54:17; Psalm 109:20, compare Job 2:10; Psalm 22:26 מֵאִתְּךָ תְּהִלָּתִי from thee cometh my praise (thou art the source of it); Isaiah 44:24 Qere מֵאִתִּי of myself (compare ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ John 5:30; Kt is מִי אִתִּי who was with me?), Isaiah 54:15 אֵפֶס מֵאוֹתִי not at my instance (compare לֹא מִמֶּנִּי Isaiah 30:1, לֹא מִמֶּנִּי Hosea 8:4).

d. Of a place

• 1 Kings 6:33 (corrupt: read with versions מְזוּזוֹת רְבֻעוֹת, & compare Ezekiel 41:21).

Note. אֵת expresses closer association than עִם: hence while מֵעִם sometimes denotes hardly more than from the surroundings or belongings of, מֵאֵת expresses from close proximity to. Thus Saul asks, מִי הָלַךְ מֵעִמָּנוּ who has gone from (those) about us? but Jacob, speaking of the loss of Joseph, says, Genesis 44:28 וַיֵּצֵא הָאֶחָד מֵאִתִּי and the one is gone from with me. מֵאֵת is accordingly preferred to מֵעִם in the sense of origination or authorship; מֵאֵת is not usual in the sense of מֵעִם c, nor מֵעִם in the sense of מֵאֵת b.

¹ K. Albrecht, Studien zu den Passah-Massoth-Gesetzen im Pentateuch, Berlin, 1911.

² Compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §90, §3b, §96.

³ M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Göttingen, 1898.

⁴ D. H. Müller, Die Mehri- und Soqotri-Sprache, Vienna, 1902.

⁵ Versions (e.g., Septuagint, Vulgate).

⁶ Jehovist Source.

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Preposition

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0854:

No stats available

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

ספי סִפִּ֗י

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

סף

çaph

Definition

a vestibule (as a limit); also a dish (for holding blood or wine)

Root

from H5605 (ספף), in its original sense of containing;

Exhaustive

from ספף, in its original sense of containing; a vestibule (as a limit); also a dish (for holding blood or wine); bason, bowl, cup, door (post), gate, post, threshold.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5592

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סַף

noun masculine • Root ספף • Strongs / High • Page 1029

1. a basin, dish, bowl, for receiving/containing. 2. Metaphor. entrance-space, i.e. the space between the posts. 3. (a preserver) proper name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סַף

noun masculine • Page 479

1. the threshold (Judg. 19: 27; 2 K. 12: 10). 2. a basin (Ex. 12: 22; Zech. 12: 2).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5592

I. סַף noun masculine — basin, goblet.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew סַף
• Phoenician סף (Inscription of Tyre¹)

— סַף absolute basin Exodus 12:22 (twice in verse) (Jehovist Source; containing blood of passover lamb); construct סַף־רַעַל Zechariah 12:2 goblet of reeling (intoxicating, figurative), probably also Habakkuk 2:15, where read מִסַּף חֲמָֽתְךָ from the goblet of thy fury (for ᵑ0 מְסַמֵּחַ חֲמָתְךָ, see I. ספח); plural absolute סַפּוֹת 2 Samuel 17:28 basins for ordinary use; הַסִּפִּים Jeremiah 52:19, הַסִפּוֹת 1 Kings 7:50 and construct סִפּוֹת כֶּסֶף 2 Kings 12:14, of temple utensils.

II. סַף noun masculine — threshold, sill.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Phoenician סַף
• Aramaic סִפָּא
• Assyrian sippu²

— absolute סַף 2 Kings 12:10 +; also הַסָּ֑ף Judges 19:27 (3 times; Baer Ginsb), 2 Kings 25:8; suffix סִפִּי Ezekiel 43:8, סִפָּם Ezekiel 43:8; plural סִפִּים Amos 9:1; Isaiah 6:4 (6 times in Ezra, Chronicles).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. threshold, sill

• Judges 19:27; Amos 9:1; Isaiah 6:4
• Ezekiel 41:16 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 43:8 (twice in verse)
• 2 Chronicles 3:7
• סַף הַבַּיִת 1 Kings 14:17
• סַף הַשַּׁעַר Ezekiel 40:6, 7
• collective חֹרֶב בַּסָּ֑ף Zephaniah 2:14 desolation in the thresholds

b. door-keeper (temple official)

• שֹׁמֵר הַסַּף Jeremiah 35:4
• שֹׁמְרֵי הַסַּף 2 Kings 12:10 (priests)
• 2 Kings 22:4; 2 Chronicles 34:9 (Levites!)
• 2 Kings 23:4; 2 Kings 25:18 = Jeremiah 52:24

c. other uses

• Of Persian palace: Esther 2:21; Esther 6:2
• Of tabernacle: שֹׁמְרֵי הַסִּפִּים 1 Chronicles 9:19
• שֹׁעֲרֵי הַסִּפִּים 2 Chronicles 23:4 (Levites), שֹׁעֲרִים בַּסִּפִּים 1 Chronicles 9:22

¹ Inscription of Tyre; see Schröder, ZMG xxxix (1886), 317 f.; Clermont-Ganneau, Recueil d'arch. orient. (1886), 89; Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl), 509.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: σταθμὸν '' πρόθυρα θύραν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5592b:

σταθμὸν 4× (12.3%)

'' 3× (9.2%)

πρόθυρα 2× (5.6%)

θύραν 2× (5.1%)

ומזוזתם וּמְזוּזָתָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מזוזה

mᵉzûwzâh

Definition

a door-post (as prominent)

Root

or מזזה; from the same as H2123 (זיז);

Exhaustive

or מזזה; from the same as זיז; a door-post (as prominent); (door, side) post.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4201

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מְזוּזָה

noun feminine • Root זוז • Strongs / High • Page 831

Projecting, hence post, of a gate or door.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מְזוּזָה

noun feminine • Root זוז • Page 366

a door-post. Ex. 12:7. 21:6. Deut. 6:9. Root perhaps זוּז to move.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4201

I. מְזוּזָה (approximate number of occurrences: 17) noun feminine — door-post, gate-post.

— מְזוּזָה absolute Exodus 21:6, Isaiah 57:8; construct מְזוּזַת 1 Samuel 1:9, Ezekiel 46:2 + Ezekiel 41:21 (strike out Co¹ cf. ᵐ5² Hi³), Ezekiel 45:19 (twice in verse) (in both מְזוּזוֺת ᵐ5² ᵑ6⁴ ᵑ9⁵ Co¹); suffix מְזוּזָתִי Ezekiel 43:8, מְזוּזָתָם Ezekiel 43:8; plural מְזוּזוֺת 1 Kings 6:31 (twice) (+ Ezekiel 45:19 (twice in verse) Co¹ see above), מְזוּזֹת Exodus 12:7 (4 times), מְזֻזוֺת Deuteronomy 6:9, Judges 16:3.

1. Of dwelling-houses

• Exodus 12:7 (Priests' Code), Exodus 12:22, Exodus 12:23, Exodus 21:6 (all Yahwist and Elohist Sources)
• Deuteronomy 6:9, Deuteronomy 11:20 compare Isaiah 57:8
• (+ מְּתָחָ֑י) Proverbs 8:34
• מְזוּזָתָם Ezekiel 43:8
• Of Solomon's house 1 Kings 7:5

2. Of the house of Yahweh

a. Of the pre-Solomonic sanctuary

• 1 Samuel 1:9

b. Of Solomon's temple

• 1 Kings 6:33; of the דְּבִיר 1 Kings 6:31

c. Of Ezekiel's temple

• Ezekiel 41:21 (strike out Co¹ see above)
• מְזוּזָתִי Ezekiel 43:8
• מְזוּזַת הַבַּיִת Ezekiel 45:19
• מְזוּזַת שַׁעַר Ezekiel 45:9 compare Ezekiel 46:2

3. Of city-gates

• Judges 16:3

¹ C. H. Cornill.

² Septuagint (LXX).

³ F. Hitzig.

⁴ Peshitta (Syriac).

⁵ Vulgate.

Conjunction, Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: φλιὰσ σταθμῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H4201:

φλιὰσ 5× (28.8%)

σταθμῶν 5× (28.8%)

אצל אֵצֶל

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אצל

ʼêtsel

Definition

a side; (as a preposition) near

Root

from H680 (אצל) (in the sense of joining);

Exhaustive

from אצל (in the sense of joining); a side; (as a preposition) near; at, (hard) by, (from) (beside), near (unto), toward, with. See also בית האצל.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H681

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲצַל

root • Lemma_Lookup • Page 180

(Not used) to lean upon, attach oneself to, to incline to, proceeding from the fundamental signification of binding.

אֶצֶל

noun masculine / preposition • Lemma_Lookup • Page 180

1. properly slope, declivity, then side; 2. a preposition beside, at, by, near; 3. proper name of a place.

אָצֵל

proper name • Root אצל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 180

1. noble, choice (proper name); 2. slope, declivity (proper name of a place near Jerusalem).

אָצַל

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 180

To separate, divide, take away, take out; to refuse, withdraw; to select for one.

אָצַל

verb • Root אצל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 200

(not used) to be firm, pressed close, pressed firmly together, hence to be strong, hard; to make firm.

אַצְלַח

verb (aramaic) • Root צלח • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1231

Aramaic (Afel): same as Hebr. הִצְלִיחַ to cause to succeed, to make prosperous, to accomplish prosperously, to succeed.

אֲצַלְיָה

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 180

Distinguished is Jah.

בֵּית הָאֵצֶל

proper name • Root אצל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 180

Proper name of a place mentioned in Mic. 1:11.

בֵּית הָאֵצֶל

proper name • Lemma_Lookup • Page 239

See אָצַל, אָצֵל.

נֶאֱצַל

verb • Root אצל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 180

To be separated (spoken of space).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֵצֶל

noun • Page 68

II. Proper name of a place. Found only Zech. 14:5 in pause. Also proper name of a person 1 Chr. 8:38. 9:44. If it denoted foot of a mountain, it would be pointed אָצַל in pause.

אֵצֶל

adverb • Root אצל • Page 68

By the side of, by, near. Derived from אָצַל. With suff. אֶצְלִי etc. מֵאֵצֶל from beside, de chez, 1 K. 3:20. 1 Sam. 20:41.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H681

I. אֵצֶל (61 times) noun conjunction, proximity; with suffix אֵצְלִי, אֵצְלוֹ etc.; only used as a preposition.

1. in proximity to (as an implicit accusative) (as though לְאֵל ¹), beside: Genesis 39:10, Genesis 39:15; Genesis 41:3 and stood אֵצֶל הַמַּרְוֹת beside the kine, 1 Samuel 5:2 אֵצֶל דָּגוֹן beside Dagon, 1 Kings 13:24, 1 Kings 13:25; 1 Kings 21:1; Proverbs 8:30; Ezekiel 1:15, Ezekiel 1:19; Ezekiel 33:30; Ezekiel 39:15; often in phrase (וְיָם) אֵצֶל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ Leviticus 1:16; Leviticus 6:3; Deuteronomy 16:21; 1 Kings 2:29; Amos 2:8 +; of a locality (compare II. אֵת 2²) Deuteronomy 11:30 beside the terebinths of Moreh, 1 Kings 1:9; 1 Kings 4:12; Jeremiah 41:17. After a verb of motion (late) Daniel 8:7, Daniel 8:17; compare 2 Chronicles 28:15.
2. with מִן, מֵאֵצֶל from proximity to, from beside (compare מֵאֵת, מֵעִם): 1 Samuel 20:41 (read with אֲחֵרִים מֵאֵצֶל הָאַרְגָּב from beside the mound); Ezekiel 40:7 contiguous to, beside (מִן 3c); with suffix 1 Samuel 17:30 וַיָּסַב מֵאֵצְלוֹ and he turned about from beside him, 1 Kings 3:20; 1 Kings 20:36; Ezekiel 10:16.

¹ P. de Lagarde, Bildung d. Nomina §68.

² Reference to II. אֵת 2 in the lexicon, meaning "sign" or similar, for comparison of locality usage.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0681:

No stats available

מזוזתי מְזוּזָתִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מזוזה

mᵉzûwzâh

Definition

a door-post (as prominent)

Root

or מזזה; from the same as H2123 (זיז);

Exhaustive

or מזזה; from the same as זיז; a door-post (as prominent); (door, side) post.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4201

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מְזוּזָה

noun feminine • Root זוז • Strongs / High • Page 831

Projecting, hence post, of a gate or door.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מְזוּזָה

noun feminine • Root זוז • Page 366

a door-post. Ex. 12:7. 21:6. Deut. 6:9. Root perhaps זוּז to move.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4201

I. מְזוּזָה (approximate number of occurrences: 17) noun feminine — door-post, gate-post.

— מְזוּזָה absolute Exodus 21:6, Isaiah 57:8; construct מְזוּזַת 1 Samuel 1:9, Ezekiel 46:2 + Ezekiel 41:21 (strike out Co¹ cf. ᵐ5² Hi³), Ezekiel 45:19 (twice in verse) (in both מְזוּזוֺת ᵐ5² ᵑ6⁴ ᵑ9⁵ Co¹); suffix מְזוּזָתִי Ezekiel 43:8, מְזוּזָתָם Ezekiel 43:8; plural מְזוּזוֺת 1 Kings 6:31 (twice) (+ Ezekiel 45:19 (twice in verse) Co¹ see above), מְזוּזֹת Exodus 12:7 (4 times), מְזֻזוֺת Deuteronomy 6:9, Judges 16:3.

1. Of dwelling-houses

• Exodus 12:7 (Priests' Code), Exodus 12:22, Exodus 12:23, Exodus 21:6 (all Yahwist and Elohist Sources)
• Deuteronomy 6:9, Deuteronomy 11:20 compare Isaiah 57:8
• (+ מְּתָחָ֑י) Proverbs 8:34
• מְזוּזָתָם Ezekiel 43:8
• Of Solomon's house 1 Kings 7:5

2. Of the house of Yahweh

a. Of the pre-Solomonic sanctuary

• 1 Samuel 1:9

b. Of Solomon's temple

• 1 Kings 6:33; of the דְּבִיר 1 Kings 6:31

c. Of Ezekiel's temple

• Ezekiel 41:21 (strike out Co¹ see above)
• מְזוּזָתִי Ezekiel 43:8
• מְזוּזַת הַבַּיִת Ezekiel 45:19
• מְזוּזַת שַׁעַר Ezekiel 45:9 compare Ezekiel 46:2

3. Of city-gates

• Judges 16:3

¹ C. H. Cornill.

² Septuagint (LXX).

³ F. Hitzig.

⁴ Peshitta (Syriac).

⁵ Vulgate.

Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: φλιὰσ σταθμῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H4201:

φλιὰσ 5× (28.8%)

σταθμῶν 5× (28.8%)

והקיר וְהַקּיר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

קיר

qîyr

Definition

a wall (as built in a trench)

Root

or קר; (Isaiah 22:5), or (feminine) קירה; from H6979 (קור);

Exhaustive

or קר; (Isaiah 22:5), or (feminine) קירה; from קור; a wall (as built in a trench); [phrase] mason, side, town, [idiom] very, wall.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קִיר

pih. verb • Root קור • Strongs / High • Page 1271

(Pih. usage) 1. prop. to break or stick through; hence to lay in ruins, to break down, to destroy. 2. to deepen out, to make deep.

קִיר

word entry • Root קור • Strongs / High • Page 1272

farther (pl. קִירִים), and perhaps the denom. קִירָה and הַקּוּרָה.

קִיר

noun masculine • Root קיר קיר • Strongs / High • Page 1276

1. Depth of walls. 2. A thing which embraces or encloses; hence a wall (about a city, of a house, etc.). Also refers generally to a city (like קִיר מוֹאָב, a Moabite city).

קִיר

noun proper / noun masculine • Root קיר • Strongs / High • Page 1277

1. Proper noun of a town in Moab (Is. 15, 1, 22, 36), possibly meaning 'tower' or 'fortress'. 3. Proper noun of an Assyrian province, the district lying on the river Kur. 4. (pl. קִירוֹת) beams, beams of the roof and floor.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קִיר

m. gen. • Page 587

1. a wall (1 K. 6: 5, Lev. 1: 15). 2. a city, hence as a proper name (Is. 15: 1). 3. name of a people and country under the dominion of the Assyrians (Is. 22: 6, 2 K. 16: 9).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7023

I. קִיר (approximate number of occurrences: 74) noun masculine^{Psalm 62:4} — wall (√ unknown).

— קִיר absolute Numbers 22:25 +, קִר Isaiah 22:5; construct קִיר 1 Kings 6:5 +; plural קִירוֺת 1 Kings 6:16 +, construct id., 1 Kings 6:5 +; suffix קִירֹתָיו Exodus 30:3 +, etc. — wall, especially as flat surface:

1. Usually of house or chamber

a. Inner surface

• Amos 5:19
• 1 Samuel 18:11 (9 times)
• (of temple) 1 Kings 6:15 a, 15 b (but read קוֺרוֺת beams, with ¹ᵐ5 The Kit Benz)
• 1 Kings 6:16; 1 Kings 6:27 (6 times)

b. Outer surface

• 2 Kings 9:33
• Ezekiel 33:30
• Isaiah 59:10 (in simile)
• זֶרֶם קִיר Isaiah 25:4 (but Lo Kn Gr Di Du Che and others read קֹר; JP Peters² proposes בָּדָד [as Isaiah 28:2])
• (of temple) 1 Kings 6:5 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 6:6
• Ezekiel 41:6 (twice in verse)

c. Both inner and outer

• Ezekiel 41:17; Ezekiel 41:20; Ezekiel 41:25

d. Indeterminate

• Ezekiel 12:5, 7, 12
• Ezekiel 23:14

e. Thickness specified

• Ezekiel 41:5, 9, 12, 13 (of Ezekiel's temple)

f. As enclosing or separating

• 2 Kings 4:10 (of עֲלִיָּה)
• Ezekiel 43:8

2. Wall of court, vineyard, or city

• (of temple-court) Ezekiel 8:7, 8 (twice in verse) (in vision)
• (of vineyard) Numbers 22:25 (twice in verse) (Jehovist Source)
• (of city) Numbers 35:4 (Priestly Code)
• ק׳ הַחוֹמָה Joshua 2:15 (Jehovist/Elohist Source) the (inner) surface of the wall

3. General and figurative uses

• 1 Kings 5:13
• (in phrase מַשְׁתִּין בְּקִיר) 1 Samuel 25:22, 34; 1 Kings 14:10; 1 Kings 16:11; 1 Kings 21:21; 2 Kings 9:8
• figurative Ezekiel 13:12, 14 (apparently feminine, but city Jerusalem probably in mind, compare Albr³ Kö⁴), Ezekiel 13:15
• ("" חַיִץ Ezekiel 13:10)
• ק׳ נָטוּי Psalm 62:4
• אֶבֶן קִיר 2 Samuel 5:11 = 1 Chronicles 14:1, compare Habakkuk 2:11 (figurative)
• קִיר בַּרְזֶל Ezekiel 4:3 (symbolic)

— Isaiah 22:5 is dubious: usually wall (so even Du Che Marti), but reference not clear; Ew Che Klo Brd Wkl קוֺע, so WMM, but see Dr.

4. Of flat side of altar

• Ezekiel 41:22
• Exodus 30:3; Exodus 37:26; Leviticus 1:15; Leviticus 5:9 (all Priestly Code)

5. Walls of heart

• קִירוֹת לִבִּי Jeremiah 4:19 walls of my heart (as seat of pain).

¹ ᵐ5 Septuagint; The = O. Thenius; Kit = R. Kittel; Benz = I. Benzinger.

² J. P. Peters, Journal of Biblical Literature xi (1892), 46.

³ K. Albrecht, Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft xvi (1896), 85.

⁴ E. König, Historisch-Kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

Conjunction, Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: τοῖχον τοίχου --- '' τοίχουσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7023:

τοῖχον 23× (29.5%)

τοίχου 10× (12.5%)

--- 6× (9.1%)

'' 5× (6.5%)

τοίχουσ 5× (6.2%)

τοίχων 4× (4.9%)

τοῖχοσ 2× (2.6%)

τοίχῳ 2× (2.4%)

τοίχοισ 2× (2.1%)

τοῖχοι 2× (2.1%)

ביני בֵּינִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בין

bêyn

Definition

between (repeated before each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction, either...or

Root

(sometimes in the plural masculine or feminine); properly, the constructive form of an otherwise unused noun from H995 (בין); a distinction; but used only as a preposition,

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H996

ני

Definition

me, personal pronoun - verb/prep. suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9030

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בִּין

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 228

Aramaic form of the Hebrew verb meaning to understand or perceive.

בִּין

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 236

See בּוּן Hif. II.

בִּין

noun • Lemma_Lookup • Page 236

As a noun, see בִּינָה.

בֵּין

preposition • Lemma_Lookup • Page 236

Aramaic preposition, the same as the Hebrew equivalent: between.

בֵּין

preposition • Root בינת • Lemma_Lookup • Page 239

Between; abridged from בַּיִנַת.

בַּיִן

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 236

Division, separation, and therefore concrete interval (space between two things); commonly used as a preposition meaning 'between' or 'among'.

הִלְבִּין

verb • Root לבן • Lemma_Lookup • Page 766

To show whiteness, to be white, of snow. Figuratively: to cleanse, to purify, to absolve from sin.

יָבִין

noun proper • Root בין • Lemma_Lookup • Page 571

intelligent; a proper name of Phenician kings of northern Palestine.

מֵבִין

masculine noun • Root בין • Lemma_Lookup • Page 803

Instructing (only in plural מְבִינִים in K'tib).

שְׁבִיבִין

aram. m. pl. (aramaic) • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1373

the same (flame/spark).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בִּין

verb • Root , , בין , , • Page 94

1. to see, perceive, observe (Prov. 7:7, Dan. 10:1). 2. to see into, to understand (Is. 6:9, Dan. 12:8). 3. to know (Ps. 139:2). 4. to have understanding, to be wise or intelligent (Ps. 49:21). Also found in Niph. (intelligent, Gen. 41:33), Pil. (to observe, take care of, Deut. 32:10), and Hiph. (to explain, Dan. 8:16; to teach, instruct, Neh. 8:9; to make wise, Job 32:8; to perceive/attend, Dan. 8:5; to know, Job 28:23).

בֵּין

strictly a subst. / used as a prep. • Page 95

Intermediate space, interval, midst; hence dual בֵּינַיִם (1 Sam. 17:4, 23) a middle-man, umpire, champion. Used as a preposition meaning 'between' (Ex. 11:7, Gen. 26:28, Neh. 5:18, Prov. 26:13).

בֵּין

preposition • Page 95

Between, as in Hebrew.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H996

[ בֵּין ] substantive properly interval, space between (ܐܠܗܐ ܫܠܡ idem) — construct בֵּין once Isaiah 44:4 (Ba¹) בֵּן, בֵּינִי, בֵּינְךָ, בֵּינְךְ, בֵּינוֹ (בֵּינָיו Joshua 3:4; Joshua 8:11 Qr); with plural suffix in plural form בֵּינֵינוּ (בֵּנֵינוּ), etc.; also בֵּינוֹת Ezekiel 10:2 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 10:6 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 10:7 (twice in verse) (+ Ezekiel 1:13 אֵשׁ Hi Ew etc. for דְּמוּת), בֵּינוֹתֵינוּ Genesis 26:28; Joshua 22:34; Judges 11:10, בֵּינוֹתָם Genesis 42:23; 2 Samuel 21:7; Jeremiah 25:16; dual בֵּנַיִם (see below); — 1 always (except dual) as preposition in the interval of, between (so Aramaic בֵּין, & plural בֵּינֵי, ܐܠܗܐ, ܐܠܗܐ; ነጻት), as Genesis 15:17 בֵּין הַגְּזָרִים between the pieces, Exodus 13:9 and elsewhere בֵּין עֵינֶיךָ between thy eyes (see עַיִן), Isaiah 22:11 and elsewhere between the two walls (see חוֹמָה), Job 24:11; Job 30:7; Job 40:30 part him between merchants; rather more generally among Hosea 13:15; Canticles 2:2,3; Ezekiel 19:2; Ezekiel 31:3; Job 34:37; less exactly within Proverbs 26:13 a lion is בֵּין הָרְחֹבוֹת within the board places (compare Proverbs 23:13 בְּתוֹךְ): once with a singular (unusual) Daniel 8:16 בֵּין אֻלַי between the Ulai, i.e. between its banks. When the space separating two distinct objects is to be indicated, this is done a. most commonly by repeating בֵּין, as Genesis 13:3 בֵּין בֵּית־אֵל וּבֵין הָעַי literally in the interval of Bethel, and in the interval of Ai, i.e. between Bethel and Ai, Genesis 16:14; Genesis 17:7; Genesis 31:50,51 b. more rarely by בֵּין — לְ, Genesis 1:6 dividing בֵּין מַיִם לָמַיִם literally in the interval of waters with reference to waters, i.e. between the waters and the waters, Leviticus 20:25; Leviticus 27:33; Deuteronomy 17:8 (3 times in verse); 2 Samuel 19:36; 1 Kings 3:9; Ezekiel 41:18; Ezekiel 42:20; Ezekiel 44:23 (twice in verse); Jonah 4:11; Malachi 3:18 (twice in verse); 2 Chronicles 14:10. c. by בֵּין — וְלְ Joel 2:17. d. by בֵּין — לְבֵין Isaiah 59:2. בֵּין is used not only of actual locality, but also with verbs of dividing (figurative) Genesis 1:14; Leviticus 10:10, and of judging, knowing, teaching, etc., if the idea of distinguishing be involved, as Genesis 16:5; 2 Samuel 19:36 הָאֵדַע בֵּין טוֹב לְרָע can I discern between good and evil? 1 Kings 3:9; Jonah 4:11; Genesis 31:49 (watch between), Judges 11:10 (hear), Joshua 22:27 (witness), Isaiah 2:4 and he shall judge (arbitrate) between the nations, Isaiah 5:3; Leviticus 27:33; Ezekiel 44:23; Malachi 3:18; 2 Chronicles 14:10 (see RV); and in other metaphoric applications, as of a covenant or sign between two contracting parties, Genesis 9:12,15; Exodus 31:13 +; or an oath Genesis 26:28; 2 Samuel 21:7; enmity or strife Genesis 3:15; Genesis 13:7; Deuteronomy 25:1; Proverbs 6:19; peace 1 Kings 5:26; good-will Proverbs 14:9. — It is used of time in the phrase of P בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם (see below עֶרֶב), & Nehemiah 5:18 בֵּין עֶשְׂרֵת יָמִים during the interval of ten days, i.e. every ten days (unusual).

With other prepositions: — a. אֵל־בֵּין, after a verb implying motion, in between, in among Ezekiel 31:10,14. So אֵל־בֵּינוֹת לְ ib. Ezekiel 10:2. b. בְּבֵין Isaiah 44:4 in the midst of, amongst (אֵשׁ Ew Di Che כְּבֵין מַיִם חָצִיר). c. עַל־בֵּין nearly as אֵל־בֵּין Ezekiel 19:11 d. מִבֵּין from between: Genesis 49:10 nor the ruler's staff מִבֵּין רַגְלָיו from between his feet (where, as the king sits in state, he holds it), Exodus 25:22 from between the cherubim (so Numbers 7:89), Hosea 2:4; Zechariah 6:1; Zechariah 9:7; Deuteronomy 28:57 the after-birth הַיּוֹצֵת מִבֵּין רַגְלֶיהָ that cometh forth from between her feet, i.e. from her womb (compare Il. 19. 10 πὸσὶν μεταξὺ γυναικός). Repeated 2 Kings 16:14 to specify the two objects from between which a thing is moved. Ezekiel 47:18 is difficult and uncertain: see Commentaries. Less precisely from, the midst of: Numbers 17:2 מִבֵּין הַשְּׂרֵפָה out of the midst of the burning, Psalm 104:12 מִבֵּין עֲפָאִים from amongst the branches they utter their song, Jeremiah 48:45 and a flame מִבֵּין סִיחוֹן from the midst of Sihon (Sihon representing his people: but expression is singular; read perhaps מִבֵּית ס, compare Numbers 21:28 מִקִּרְיַת ס: "" in both passages מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן), Ezekiel 37:21. e. מִבֵּינוֹת לְ from between Ezekiel 10:2,6 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 10:7.

2 Dual בֵּנַיִם space between two armies (= Greek μεταίχμιον), 1 Samuel 17:4,23 אִישׁ הַבֵּנַיִם man of the μεταίχμιον, i.e. champion (of Goliath).

בֵּית feminine of בֵּין, בֵּין (Nö M 194 f.; Syriac ܐܠܗܐ often, PS 470) preposition between Ezekiel 41:9 b (to be joined with Ezekiel 41:10; see RVm), unless indeed a mere error for בֵּין (which Ezekiel often uses); also Proverbs 8:2 accusative To אֵשׁ (ἀνὰ μέσον) אֵשׁ אֵשׁ Hi Ew §217 g; and Job 8:17 according to אֵשׁ Ew Di 1 (Di 2 undecided).

בֵּין preposition between (Biblical Hebrew [ בֵּין,] בֵּין; אֵשׁ, בֵּין, בֵּינֵי Syriac ܒܪܝܬ, ܢܝܢ), Daniel 7:5; with suffix 3 plural masculine בֵּינֵיהוֹן Daniel 7:7 Kt (Qr 3 plural feminine בֵּינֵיהֶן).

Cognates:

• Aramaic בֵּין, & plural בֵּינֵי
• Syriac ܐܠܗܐ, ܐܠܗܐ
• Ethiopic ነጻት

¹ Baer: Reference to the Masoretic text edition by Seligman Baer.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0996:

No stats available

וביניהם וּבֵינֵיהֶם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בין

bêyn

Definition

between (repeated before each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction, either...or

Root

(sometimes in the plural masculine or feminine); properly, the constructive form of an otherwise unused noun from H995 (בין); a distinction; but used only as a preposition,

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H996

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בִּין

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 228

Aramaic form of the Hebrew verb meaning to understand or perceive.

בִּין

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 236

See בּוּן Hif. II.

בִּין

noun • Lemma_Lookup • Page 236

As a noun, see בִּינָה.

בֵּין

preposition • Lemma_Lookup • Page 236

Aramaic preposition, the same as the Hebrew equivalent: between.

בֵּין

preposition • Root בינת • Lemma_Lookup • Page 239

Between; abridged from בַּיִנַת.

בַּיִן

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 236

Division, separation, and therefore concrete interval (space between two things); commonly used as a preposition meaning 'between' or 'among'.

הִלְבִּין

verb • Root לבן • Lemma_Lookup • Page 766

To show whiteness, to be white, of snow. Figuratively: to cleanse, to purify, to absolve from sin.

יָבִין

noun proper • Root בין • Lemma_Lookup • Page 571

intelligent; a proper name of Phenician kings of northern Palestine.

מֵבִין

masculine noun • Root בין • Lemma_Lookup • Page 803

Instructing (only in plural מְבִינִים in K'tib).

שְׁבִיבִין

aram. m. pl. (aramaic) • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1373

the same (flame/spark).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בִּין

verb • Root , , בין , , • Page 94

1. to see, perceive, observe (Prov. 7:7, Dan. 10:1). 2. to see into, to understand (Is. 6:9, Dan. 12:8). 3. to know (Ps. 139:2). 4. to have understanding, to be wise or intelligent (Ps. 49:21). Also found in Niph. (intelligent, Gen. 41:33), Pil. (to observe, take care of, Deut. 32:10), and Hiph. (to explain, Dan. 8:16; to teach, instruct, Neh. 8:9; to make wise, Job 32:8; to perceive/attend, Dan. 8:5; to know, Job 28:23).

בֵּין

strictly a subst. / used as a prep. • Page 95

Intermediate space, interval, midst; hence dual בֵּינַיִם (1 Sam. 17:4, 23) a middle-man, umpire, champion. Used as a preposition meaning 'between' (Ex. 11:7, Gen. 26:28, Neh. 5:18, Prov. 26:13).

בֵּין

preposition • Page 95

Between, as in Hebrew.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H996

[ בֵּין ] substantive properly interval, space between (ܐܠܗܐ ܫܠܡ idem) — construct בֵּין once Isaiah 44:4 (Ba¹) בֵּן, בֵּינִי, בֵּינְךָ, בֵּינְךְ, בֵּינוֹ (בֵּינָיו Joshua 3:4; Joshua 8:11 Qr); with plural suffix in plural form בֵּינֵינוּ (בֵּנֵינוּ), etc.; also בֵּינוֹת Ezekiel 10:2 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 10:6 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 10:7 (twice in verse) (+ Ezekiel 1:13 אֵשׁ Hi Ew etc. for דְּמוּת), בֵּינוֹתֵינוּ Genesis 26:28; Joshua 22:34; Judges 11:10, בֵּינוֹתָם Genesis 42:23; 2 Samuel 21:7; Jeremiah 25:16; dual בֵּנַיִם (see below); — 1 always (except dual) as preposition in the interval of, between (so Aramaic בֵּין, & plural בֵּינֵי, ܐܠܗܐ, ܐܠܗܐ; ነጻት), as Genesis 15:17 בֵּין הַגְּזָרִים between the pieces, Exodus 13:9 and elsewhere בֵּין עֵינֶיךָ between thy eyes (see עַיִן), Isaiah 22:11 and elsewhere between the two walls (see חוֹמָה), Job 24:11; Job 30:7; Job 40:30 part him between merchants; rather more generally among Hosea 13:15; Canticles 2:2,3; Ezekiel 19:2; Ezekiel 31:3; Job 34:37; less exactly within Proverbs 26:13 a lion is בֵּין הָרְחֹבוֹת within the board places (compare Proverbs 23:13 בְּתוֹךְ): once with a singular (unusual) Daniel 8:16 בֵּין אֻלַי between the Ulai, i.e. between its banks. When the space separating two distinct objects is to be indicated, this is done a. most commonly by repeating בֵּין, as Genesis 13:3 בֵּין בֵּית־אֵל וּבֵין הָעַי literally in the interval of Bethel, and in the interval of Ai, i.e. between Bethel and Ai, Genesis 16:14; Genesis 17:7; Genesis 31:50,51 b. more rarely by בֵּין — לְ, Genesis 1:6 dividing בֵּין מַיִם לָמַיִם literally in the interval of waters with reference to waters, i.e. between the waters and the waters, Leviticus 20:25; Leviticus 27:33; Deuteronomy 17:8 (3 times in verse); 2 Samuel 19:36; 1 Kings 3:9; Ezekiel 41:18; Ezekiel 42:20; Ezekiel 44:23 (twice in verse); Jonah 4:11; Malachi 3:18 (twice in verse); 2 Chronicles 14:10. c. by בֵּין — וְלְ Joel 2:17. d. by בֵּין — לְבֵין Isaiah 59:2. בֵּין is used not only of actual locality, but also with verbs of dividing (figurative) Genesis 1:14; Leviticus 10:10, and of judging, knowing, teaching, etc., if the idea of distinguishing be involved, as Genesis 16:5; 2 Samuel 19:36 הָאֵדַע בֵּין טוֹב לְרָע can I discern between good and evil? 1 Kings 3:9; Jonah 4:11; Genesis 31:49 (watch between), Judges 11:10 (hear), Joshua 22:27 (witness), Isaiah 2:4 and he shall judge (arbitrate) between the nations, Isaiah 5:3; Leviticus 27:33; Ezekiel 44:23; Malachi 3:18; 2 Chronicles 14:10 (see RV); and in other metaphoric applications, as of a covenant or sign between two contracting parties, Genesis 9:12,15; Exodus 31:13 +; or an oath Genesis 26:28; 2 Samuel 21:7; enmity or strife Genesis 3:15; Genesis 13:7; Deuteronomy 25:1; Proverbs 6:19; peace 1 Kings 5:26; good-will Proverbs 14:9. — It is used of time in the phrase of P בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם (see below עֶרֶב), & Nehemiah 5:18 בֵּין עֶשְׂרֵת יָמִים during the interval of ten days, i.e. every ten days (unusual).

With other prepositions: — a. אֵל־בֵּין, after a verb implying motion, in between, in among Ezekiel 31:10,14. So אֵל־בֵּינוֹת לְ ib. Ezekiel 10:2. b. בְּבֵין Isaiah 44:4 in the midst of, amongst (אֵשׁ Ew Di Che כְּבֵין מַיִם חָצִיר). c. עַל־בֵּין nearly as אֵל־בֵּין Ezekiel 19:11 d. מִבֵּין from between: Genesis 49:10 nor the ruler's staff מִבֵּין רַגְלָיו from between his feet (where, as the king sits in state, he holds it), Exodus 25:22 from between the cherubim (so Numbers 7:89), Hosea 2:4; Zechariah 6:1; Zechariah 9:7; Deuteronomy 28:57 the after-birth הַיּוֹצֵת מִבֵּין רַגְלֶיהָ that cometh forth from between her feet, i.e. from her womb (compare Il. 19. 10 πὸσὶν μεταξὺ γυναικός). Repeated 2 Kings 16:14 to specify the two objects from between which a thing is moved. Ezekiel 47:18 is difficult and uncertain: see Commentaries. Less precisely from, the midst of: Numbers 17:2 מִבֵּין הַשְּׂרֵפָה out of the midst of the burning, Psalm 104:12 מִבֵּין עֲפָאִים from amongst the branches they utter their song, Jeremiah 48:45 and a flame מִבֵּין סִיחוֹן from the midst of Sihon (Sihon representing his people: but expression is singular; read perhaps מִבֵּית ס, compare Numbers 21:28 מִקִּרְיַת ס: "" in both passages מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן), Ezekiel 37:21. e. מִבֵּינוֹת לְ from between Ezekiel 10:2,6 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 10:7.

2 Dual בֵּנַיִם space between two armies (= Greek μεταίχμιον), 1 Samuel 17:4,23 אִישׁ הַבֵּנַיִם man of the μεταίχμιον, i.e. champion (of Goliath).

בֵּית feminine of בֵּין, בֵּין (Nö M 194 f.; Syriac ܐܠܗܐ often, PS 470) preposition between Ezekiel 41:9 b (to be joined with Ezekiel 41:10; see RVm), unless indeed a mere error for בֵּין (which Ezekiel often uses); also Proverbs 8:2 accusative To אֵשׁ (ἀνὰ μέσον) אֵשׁ אֵשׁ Hi Ew §217 g; and Job 8:17 according to אֵשׁ Ew Di 1 (Di 2 undecided).

בֵּין preposition between (Biblical Hebrew [ בֵּין,] בֵּין; אֵשׁ, בֵּין, בֵּינֵי Syriac ܒܪܝܬ, ܢܝܢ), Daniel 7:5; with suffix 3 plural masculine בֵּינֵיהוֹן Daniel 7:7 Kt (Qr 3 plural feminine בֵּינֵיהֶן).

Cognates:

• Aramaic בֵּין, & plural בֵּינֵי
• Syriac ܐܠܗܐ, ܐܠܗܐ
• Ethiopic ነጻት

¹ Baer: Reference to the Masoretic text edition by Seligman Baer.

Conjunction, Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0996:

No stats available

וטמאו׀ וְטִמְּאוּ׀

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

טמא

ṭâmêʼ

Definition

to be foul, especially in a ceremial or moral sense (contaminated)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to be foul, especially in a ceremial or moral sense (contaminated); defile (self), pollute (self), be (make, make self, pronounce) unclean, [idiom] utterly.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2930

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

טָמֵא

verb • Root טמא • Strongs / High • Page 561

Intransitive verb. Properly, to be muddy, dark, obscure, black. Metaphorically, to be dirty, rancid, stinking; to be unclean in a Levitical sense. Figuratively, to be desecrated, to be spiritually unclean.

טָמֵא

verb • Root טמא • Strongs / High • Page 562

A verb with multiple stems. Piel (טִמֵּא): to desecrate, profane, make unclean, defile. Pual (טֻמָּא): passive of Piel, to be made unclean. Hithpael (הִטַּמֵּא): to make oneself unclean. Hothpael (הֻטַּמָּא): to be defiled.

טָמֵא

adjective • Root טמא • Strongs / High • Page 562

Unclean, in a Levitical sense (spoken of men, animals, or things) or in a moral sense (guilty, sinful). As a substantive, it can mean an uncircumcised one, a heathen, or one with unclean lips.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

טָמֵא

verb • Page 263

1. to be or become unclean or impure. Lev. 11: 24 ff. Pi. to render unclean. Pu. pass. Ezek. 4: 14. 2. to pronounce unclean. 3. to permit to be polluted. 4. to deflour, defile.

טָמֵא

verb • Root טמא • Page 263

unclean, impure; in a ceremonial (Lev. 5: 2) or moral (Job 14: 4) sense.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2930

I. טָמֵא (approximate number of occurrences: 161) verb — be or become unclean.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew טִמֵּא (Pi`el) pollute (ceremonially)
• Aramaic טְמָא and derivatives, especially Pa`el pollute; see RS¹

— טָמֵא Perfect 3 masculine singular Leviticus 11:25 (22 times); 3 feminine singular טָֽמְאָה Leviticus 12:2 (2 times); 2 feminine singular טָמֵאת Ezekiel 22:4; plural טָֽמְאוּ Leviticus 15:18; Imperfect יִטְמָא Leviticus 5:3 (34 times); 3 feminine singular תִּטְמָא Leviticus 12:2 (4 times); plural יִטְמְאוּ Psalm 106:39; Infinitive טָמְאָה Leviticus 15:32 (6 times).

1. Qal

be or become unclean:

a. Sexually

• with בְּ Leviticus 18:20, 23 (Holiness Code); Ezekiel 23:17
• the land Leviticus 18:25, 27 (Holiness Code)

b. Religiously, with idols

• Ezekiel 22:3; with בְ Ezekiel 22:4
• with necromancers Leviticus 19:31 (Holiness Code)
• by sacrificing children to idols Psalm 106:39

c. Ceremonially

• by contact with carcasses of unclean animals Leviticus 11:24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34 (twice), 35, 36, 40 (Priestly Code); any carcass Leviticus 17:15 (Holiness Code); eating of a carcass Leviticus 22:8 (Holiness Code)
• by issues Leviticus 15:4, 9, 20 (twice), 24, 27, 32 (Priestly Code)
• by contact with an unclean man Leviticus 5:3; Leviticus 15:4 (Priestly Code), Leviticus 22:5 (Holiness Code), or thing Leviticus 22:6 (Holiness Code)
• by leprosy Leviticus 13:14, 46; Leviticus 14:36, 46 (Priestly Code)
• by contact with the dead Numbers 6:12; Numbers 19:20 (Priestly Code), Ezekiel 44:25, or with one unclean by such contact Numbers 19:22 (Priestly Code), Haggai 2:13 (twice)
• by contact with creeping things Leviticus 22:5 (Holiness Code); certain animals were always unclean Leviticus 11:26, 27 (Priestly Code)

In ordinary cases of uncleanness טמא עד הערב unclean till even Leviticus 11:24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 39, 40 (twice); Leviticus 14:46; Leviticus 15:5, 6, 7, 8, 10 (twice), 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27; Numbers 19:7, 8, 10, 21, 22 (all Priestly Code), Leviticus 17:15; Leviticus 22:6 (Holiness Code); but uncleanness lasted 7 days for woman bearing a son Leviticus 12:2 (twice) (Priestly Code), for lying with woman having an issue Leviticus 15:24 (Priestly Code), or one coming in contact with the dead Numbers 19:11, 14, 16 (Priestly Code); it lasted 14 days for a woman bearing a daughter Leviticus 12:5 (Priestly Code).

2. Niph`al

— Perfect 3 masculine singular נִטְמָא Hosea 5:3; Hosea 6:10; 3 feminine singular נִטְמְאָה Numbers 5:27, 28; נִטְמָ֑אָה Numbers 5:13 (5 times); 1 singular נִטְמֵאתִי Jeremiah 2:23; 2 masculine plural נִטְמֵתֶם Leviticus 11:43 (א omitted; but see GKC²); Participle plural נִטְמְאִים Ezekiel 20:30, 31; — defile oneself, be defiled:

a. Sexually

• Leviticus 18:24 (Holiness Code), Numbers 5:13, 14 (twice), 20, 27, 28, 29 (Priestly Code)

b. By idolatry conceived as whoredom

• Hosea 5:3; Hosea 6:10; Jeremiah 2:23; Ezekiel 20:30, 31, 43; Ezekiel 23:7, 13, 30

c. Ceremonially, by eating creeping things

• Leviticus 11:43

d. Be regarded as unclean

• (compare Pi`el 4), probably נִטְמִינִוּ Job 18:3 we are accounted as unclean

3. Pi`el

— Perfect טִמֵּא Genesis 34:5 (15 times); suffix טִמְּאוֺ Leviticus 13:8 (3 times); 2 feminine singular טִמֵּאת Ezekiel 5:11; Imperfect יְטַמֵּא 2 Kings 23:8 (12 times); Imperative plural טַמְּאוּ Ezekiel 9:7; Infinitive טַמֵּא Leviticus 13:44 (2 times); suffix טַמְּאָם Leviticus 15:31; — defile:

a. Sexually

• Genesis 34:5, 13, 27 (Redactor), Ezekiel 18:6, 11, 15; Ezekiel 22:11; Ezekiel 33:26
• the land by sexual impurities Leviticus 18:28 (Holiness Code); Israel by spiritual whoredom Ezekiel 23:17

b. Religiously: the land and sacred places

• land by bloodshed Numbers 35:34 (Priestly Code); by dead body of murderer Deuteronomy 21:23; by idolatry Jeremiah 2:7; Ezekiel 36:17, 18
• sacred places by sacrifice of children Leviticus 20:3 (Holiness Code), Ezekiel 23:38; by idolatry 2 Chronicles 36:14; Jeremiah 7:30, 32:34, Ezekiel 5:11; the holy name Ezekiel 43:7, 8
• Josiah defiled idolatrous places 2 Kings 23:8, 10, 13, 16; Israel defiling images Isaiah 30:22; nations the temple Psalm 79:1

c. Ceremonially: by ceremonial uncleanness

• sacred places Leviticus 15:31; Numbers 19:13, 20 (Priestly Code); the camp Numbers 5:3 (Priestly Code); the temple by dead bodies Ezekiel 9:7
• Nazirite's head Numbers 6:9 (Priestly Code); defile themselves (נפשׁתיכם) by creeping things Leviticus 11:44 (Priestly Code)

d. Pronounce or declare ceremonially unclean

• the leper Leviticus 13:3, 8, 11, 15, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 44 (twice), 59 (Priestly Code); unclean animals Leviticus 20:25 (Holiness Code)

4. Pu`al

— Participle נַפְשִׁי לֹא מְטֻמָּאָה Ezekiel 4:14 myself is not polluted.

5. Hithpa`el

— Imperfect יִטַּמָּא Leviticus 21:1 (4 times); plural יִטַּמְּאוּ Ezekiel 14:11; Ezekiel 37:23; יִטַּמָּ֑אוּ Hosea 9:4; Ezekiel 44:25; — reflexive, defile oneself:

• by eating of an unaccepted peace-offering Hosea 9:4
• with בְּ Leviticus 18:24, 30 (Holiness Code), Leviticus 11:43 (Priestly Code), Ezekiel 14:11; Ezekiel 20:7, 18; Ezekiel 37:23
• with לְ for a dead person Leviticus 21:1, 3, 11 (Holiness Code), Numbers 6:7 (Priestly Code)
• by Leviticus 11:24 (Priestly Code)
• without preposition Leviticus 21:4 (Holiness Code), Ezekiel 44:25

6. Hothpa`al

— Perfect אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר חֻטַּמָּ֑אָה Deuteronomy 24:4 after that she has been defiled (sexually); on form see GKC² § 54. 3.

II. טָמְאָה noun feminine — uncleanness.

• Micah 2:10; of ethical uncleanness, from wrong-doing.

¹ W. Robertson Smith, Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (RS).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

conjunctive, Verb Piel sequential perfect third person common plural

LXX: ἔσται ἀκάθαρτοσ μιανεῖ ἀκάθαρτον μιανθήσεται

LXX Usage Statistics

H2930a:

ἔσται 50× (19.9%)

ἀκάθαρτοσ 39× (18.3%)

μιανεῖ 12× (5.4%)

ἀκάθαρτον 10× (4.9%)

μιανθήσεται 9× (4.5%)

ἐμίανεν 8× (3.9%)

ἐμιάνθη 7× (3.3%)

ἐμίαναν 5× (2.4%)

μιαίνεσθε 5× (2.6%)

μεμίανται 4× (2.0%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

שם שֵׁם

there/name/he set

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שם

shêm

Definition

an appellation, as amark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character

Root

a primitive word (perhaps rather from through the idea of definite and conspicuous position; compare H8064 (שמים));

Exhaustive

a primitive word (perhaps rather from through the idea of definite and conspicuous position; compare שמים); an appellation, as amark or memorial of individuality; by implication honor, authority, character; [phrase] base, (in-) fame(-ous), named(-d), renown, report.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8034

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֵׁם

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1442

A sign, a memorial, a token, a mark, and therefore a name. (Includes usage regarding calling or inscribing a name).

שֵׁם

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1442

Metaphor: The internal essence as outwardly revealed and known as operative; hence of God (the Divine Essence, Presence, Protection, or Power).

שֵׁם

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1442

Fame, renown, fama, an honourable name. Also used to denote a good name, sweet scent (assonance), bad reputation, or posterity (name after death).

שֵׁם

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1442

Proper noun: The oldest son of Noah (Gen. 5, 32), progenitor of the Semites.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֵׁם

m. constr. • Page 683

1. a name; a celebrated name, celebrity, renown. Gen. 6: 4, Num. 16: 2. 2. a rumour, report. Deut. 22: 14. 3. the name of Jehovah, particularly his praise or glory. Ps. 79: 9, Is. 48: 9.

שָׁם

adverb • Page 683

1. there. 2. thither (i.q. שָׁמָּה). 3. then (spoken of time). 4. thither/whither (with paragagic ה). Gen. 13: 3, 1 Sam. 2: 14, Ps. 14: 5, Gen. 19: 20.

שֻׁם

m. chald. • Page 684

A name. References: Dan. 4:5 [4:8]; Ezra 5:1. With suffix שֻׁמֵּהּ (from שֵׁם) Dan. 2:20, 26; 4:5 [4:8]; 5:12. Ezra 5:14: 'and they were given to Sheshbazzar, as his name was'.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8034

I. שֵׁם (approximate number of occurrences: 864) noun masculine^{2 Samuel 7:9} — name (√ unknown; compare Late Hebrew = Biblical Hebrew, especially הַשֵּׁם = יהוה).

Cognates:

• Phoenician שם
• Assyrian šumu
• Sabean סם
• Ethiopic ስም
• Arabic اِسْم
• Aramaic שֵׁם, שְׁמָא, שׁוּם, שֻׁם
• Old Aramaic, Palmyrene שם

— שֵׁם absolute Genesis 6:4 +; construct שֵׁם Genesis 12:8 +, rarely שֶׁםֿ 1 Samuel 8:2 +; suffix שְׁמִי Exodus 3:15 +, שִׁמְךָ Genesis 32:9 +, שְׁמֶ֑ךָ 1 Kings 18:31 +, etc.; plural שֵׁמוֺת (rarely שֵׁמֹת) Genesis 2:20 +; construct שְׁמוֺת Exodus 6:16 +, suffix שְׁמוֺתָם Numbers 13:4 +, שְׁמוֺתָן Ezekiel 23:4 (twice in verse).

1. Designations of things

• Of river Genesis 2:11, 13, 14
• Of beasts Genesis 2:19, 20
• Of city Genesis 26:33 (Jehovist Source) +
• Of the day שׁ׳ הַיּוֺם Ezekiel 24:2, i.e. exact designation of it (+ אֶת־עֶצֶם הַיּ׳ הַזֶּה)

2. Of persons and reputation

a. Usually of person

• Genesis 4:17, 19 (Jehovist Source)
• As significant: 1 Samuel 25:25, compare Proverbs 21:24
• In phrase וַיְהִי אִישׁ ... וּשְׁמוֺ אֶלְקָנָה 1 Samuel 1:1, compare 1 Samuel 9:1, 2, Jeremiah 37:13
• In token of ownership: נִקְרָא שׁ׳ עַל 2 Samuel 12:28, Isaiah 4:1
• Change of name: Genesis 17:15 (Priests' Code / Narrative), Genesis 35:10 (Priests' Code / Narrative)
• Acknowledged personally: יְדַעְתִּיךָ בְּשֵׁם Exodus 33:12, 17 (Jehovist Source)
• As representative of: בְּשֵׁם פ׳ 1 Samuel 25:5, 9, 1 Kings 21:8, Esther 8:8

b. Reputation, fame, or glory

• Positive sense: Genesis 12:2, 2 Samuel 7:9
• Make oneself a name: Genesis 11:4, 2 Samuel 8:13, Jeremiah 32:20
• Men of renown: אַנְשֵׁי הַשֵּׁם Genesis 6:4, Numbers 16:2
• Bad sense (reproach): שֵׁם רָע Deuteronomy 22:14, 19
• As byword: Ezekiel 23:10, טְמֵאַת הַשּׁ׳ Ezekiel 22:5

c. Posthumous life, especially in sons

• 2 Samuel 18:18, Deuteronomy 25:7, Ruth 4:5, 10
• Blotting out of name: Deuteronomy 25:6, Numbers 27:4 (Priests' Code / Narrative)
• Extirpate family: 1 Samuel 24:22, 2 Samuel 14:7, Isaiah 14:22

3. Of God, specifically of Yahweh

• Call with the name (in worship): ק׳ בְּשֵׁם י׳ Genesis 4:26 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 12:8, Genesis 21:33
• Place of worship: Exodus 20:24, Deuteronomy 12:5, 2 Samuel 7:13
• Swearing by the name: 1 Samuel 20:42, Deuteronomy 6:13, Exodus 20:7
• Embodying revealed character: Amos 5:8, Exodus 3:15 (Elohist Source), Exodus 34:14 (Jehovist Source)
• Praise and glory: 2 Samuel 22:50, Psalm 18:50, Psalm 29:2
• As powerful agent: בְּשִׁמְךָ הוֺשִׁיעֵנִי Psalm 54:3
• As hypostasis / ineffable: הַשֵּׁם Leviticus 24:11

4. Of false gods

• Usage forbidden: Exodus 23:13 (Elohist Source), Joshua 23:7 (Deuteronomic Redactor), Hosea 2:19
• Calling upon: 1 Kings 18:24, Micah 4:5

5. Memorial or monument

• Isaiah 55:13 ("" אוֺת)
• יָד וָשֵׁם Isaiah 56:5

Aramaic

I. שֻׁם noun masculine name (Biblical Hebrew שֵׁם).

— construct שֻׁם Ezra 5:1 +; suffix שְׁמֵהּ Daniel 2:20 +; plural construct שְׁמָהָת Ezra 5:4, suffix שְׁמָהָתְהֹם Ezra 5:10.

1. of divinity
   • Daniel 2:20
   • Daniel 4:5
   • Ezra 5:1
   • Ezra 6:12
2. of a man
   • Daniel 2:26
   • Daniel 4:15–16
   • Daniel 5:12
   • Ezra 5:4, 10, 14

¹ J. Barth, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), xli (1887), 635.

² P. de Lagarde, Bildung der Nomina (BN), 160.

³ W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (RS K), 213, 303 ff.

⁴ E. König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (Kö), ii. 1. 104, 512.

⁵ M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb), 377.

⁶ A. Geiger, Urschrift und Übersetzungen der Bibel (Gei Urschr), 273 f.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὄνομα ὄνομά ὀνόματι ὀνόματί ὀνόματα

LXX Usage Statistics

H8034:

ὄνομα 400× (45.4%)

ὄνομά 128× (14.3%)

ὀνόματι 86× (9.2%)

ὀνόματί 62× (6.4%)

ὀνόματα 50× (5.6%)

ὀνομάτων 22× (2.8%)

ὀνόματοσ 17× (1.8%)

ὀνόματόσ 15× (1.6%)

'' 15× (1.7%)

αὐτῆσ 10× (0.9%)

קדשי קָדְשִׁ֗י

holy ones

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

קדש

qôdesh

Definition

a sacred place or thing; rarely abstract, sanctity

Root

from H6942 (קדש);

Exhaustive

from קדש; a sacred place or thing; rarely abstract, sanctity; consecrated (thing), dedicated (thing), hallowed (thing), holiness, ([idiom] most) holy ([idiom] day, portion, thing), saint, sanctuary.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6944

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קֹדֶשׁ

noun masculine • Root קדש • Strongs / High • Page 1262

Sanctuary, seat of worship, like Heychal (temple).

קֹדֶשׁ

noun masculine • Root קדש • Strongs / High • Page 1263

1. Purity, by ablution; sinlessness; hence holiness. Dedicated to God, godly. 2. Holiness, as the highest attribute of God. 3. A consecrated or holy thing, sacred gifts. 4. The sanctuary; holy things (frankincense, sacred vessels, the altar, sacrifices, holy places).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קָדַשׁ and קָדֹשׁ

verb • Page 580

1. to be sacred or holy, Ex. 29: 37. 2. to be consecrated, to fall to the sanctuary. Deut. 22: 9. Niph. to be sanctified. Ex. 29: 43. 3. to show one's self holy or glorious.

קֹדֶשׁ

noun masculine • Root קדש • Page 581

1. Holiness (Ps. 89:36); often used as a genitive for 'holy' (e.g., שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי 'my holy name'). 2. A holy place or sanctuary, especially of the tabernacle or temple (Ex. 28:43, 1 K. 8:8). 3. What is holy or sacred (Lev. 12:4, Jer. 2:3). 4. Something consecrated or a sacred thing.

קֹדֶשׁ

noun masculine • Page 582

1. what is very holy, spoken e.g. of the altar and sacred utensils, Ex. 29: 37; of the sacred gifts, Lev. 21: 22. 2. the holy of holies in the temple, otherwise called דְּבִיר, Ex. 26: 33.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: ἅγιον ἁγίων ἅγια ἁγίου ἁγίῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6944:

ἅγιον 86× (18.1%)

ἁγίων 85× (17.8%)

ἅγια 63× (13.3%)

ἁγίου 50× (10.4%)

ἁγίῳ 42× (8.4%)

ἁγία 23× (5.5%)

ἅγιόν 22× (4.8%)

ἁγίασμα 10× (2.3%)

ἁγίοισ 7× (1.3%)

ἅγιοι 6× (1.4%)

בתועבותם בְּתוֹעֲבוֹתָם

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

תועבה

tôwʻêbah

Definition

properly, something disgusting (morally), i.e. (as noun) an abhorrence; especially idolatry or (concretely) an idol

Root

or תעבה; feminine active participle of H8581 (תעב);

Exhaustive

or תעבה; feminine active participle of תעב; properly, something disgusting (morally), i.e. (as noun) an abhorrence; especially idolatry or (concretely) an idol; abominable (custom, thing), abomination.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8441

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תּוֹעֵבָה

noun masculine • Root תעב • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1504

an abominable thing, an abomination, of deeds, things or persons which are disagreeable Gen. 43, 32; Prov. 3, 32; idolatry, idols Deut. 32, 16; something disgusting, loathing, unclean, of food Deut. 14, 3.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תּוֹעֵבָה

f. const. תּוֹעֲבַת • Root תעב • Page 710

1. An abomination (Prov. 21:27, 28:9). Particularly what is ceremonially unclean or forbidden (Gen. 43:32, Deut. 14:3), and referring to idols (2 K. 23:13). 2. An abominable deed or practice, especially regarding idolatry (1 K. 14:24, Ezra 9:1, Ezek. 16:2).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8441

I. תּוֹעֵבָה (approximate number of occurrences: 117) noun feminine — abomination.

— תּוֹעֵבָה absolute Genesis 43:32 (21 times); תֹּעֵבָה Jeremiah 44:4; construct תּוֹעֲבַת Genesis 46:34 +; plural תּוֹעֵבוֹת Ezekiel 8:6 +; plural construct תּוֹעֲבוֹת Ezekiel 6:11 +; suffix תֹּעֲבֹתָיו 2 Chronicles 36:8 etc.

1. Ritual sense

a. Israel's sacrifices

• תּוֹעֲבַת מִצְרַיִם (genitive object) Exodus 8:22 (twice in verse) (Elohist Source), compare Genesis 46:34 (Yahwist Source)
• תּוֹעֲבַת לְמִצְרַיִם Genesis 43:32 (Yahwist Source)
• תּוֹעֵבָה לְ of physical repugnance Psalm 88:9

b. To God and his people

• Of unclean food Deuteronomy 14:3
• Worshipper of idols Isaiah 41:24, compare Jeremiah 2:7
• Various objectionable acts: תּוֹעֵבָה לִפְנֵי י׳ Deuteronomy 24:4
• תּוֹעֲבַת י׳ Deuteronomy 7:25 (+ חֵרֶם, compare Deuteronomy 7:26), Deuteronomy 17:1; Deuteronomy 18:12; Deuteronomy 22:5; Deuteronomy 23:19; Deuteronomy 27:15
• Offering of children (עָשָׂה) Deuteronomy 12:31, compare Jeremiah 32:35; also plural 2 Kings 16:3, 2 Chronicles 28:3; Deuteronomy 18:9, 12 (+ witchcraft)
• Idolatrous practices (sometimes with other illegal acts) עָשָׂה (כְּ)תּוֹעֵבָה Deuteronomy 13:15; Deuteronomy 17:4; Ezekiel 16:50; Ezekiel 18:12; Malachi 2:11 (intermarriage with idolaters), compare Jeremiah 44:4
• Usually with plural noun Deuteronomy 20:18; 1 Kings 14:24; 2 Kings 21:2, 11; 2 Chronicles 33:2; 36:8; Jeremiah 7:10; Jeremiah 44:22; Ezekiel 8:6 (12 times in Ezekiel); compare תּוֹעֵבוֹת 2 Chronicles 36:14; Ezra 9:1, 11, 14; Ezekiel 5:9 (18 times in Ezekiel)
• Of idols Deuteronomy 32:16; 2 Kings 23:13; Isaiah 44:19 (compare Deuteronomy 27:15)
• Idolatrous objects 2 Chronicles 34:33; parallel with שִׁקּוּצִים Jeremiah 16:18 (Redactor of Jehovist Source), Ezekiel 5:11; Ezekiel 11:18, 21, (צַלְמֵי תּוֹעֲבֹת) Ezekiel 7:20; parallel with גִּלּוּלִים Ezekiel 14:6, compare Ezekiel 6:9; גִּלּוּלֵי תּוֹעֲבוֹת Ezekiel 16:36

2. Ethical sense

a. c. Genitive object of man

• תּוֹעֲבַת שְׂפָתַי Proverbs 8:7
• תּוֹעֲבַת מְלָכִים Proverbs 16:12
• תּוֹעֲבַת צַדִּקִים Proverbs 29:27a
• תּוֹעֲבַת כְּסִילִים Proverbs 13:19
• תּוֹעֲבַת רָשָׁע Proverbs 29:27b
• תּוֹעֵבָה לְאָדָם Proverbs 24:9

b. To God and his people

• Of sacrifice of wicked Proverbs 21:27 (compare Proverbs 15:8)
• His prayers Proverbs 28:9, compare Isaiah 1:13 (תּוֹעֵבָה לְ)
• Probably also Jeremiah 6:15 = Jeremiah 8:12 (of various kinds of wickedness)
• Unchastity Leviticus 18:22; with עָשָׂה Leviticus 20:13 (Holiness Code), Ezekiel 22:11; Ezekiel 33:26
• Compare תּוֹעֵבוֹת Leviticus 18:26, 27, 29 (compare Leviticus 18:30; Holiness Code), also Proverbs 26:25
• תּוֹעֲבַת י׳ Deuteronomy 25:16; Proverbs 3:32 (10 times in Proverbs), compare Proverbs 6:16

¹ Elohist Source.

² Yahwist Source.

³ Redactor of Jehovist (Yahwist/Elohist) Source.

⁴ Holiness Code.

Preposition, Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: βδέλυγμα ἀνομίασ βδελύγματα βδελυγμάτων ἀνομίαισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8441:

βδέλυγμα 32× (28.4%)

ἀνομίασ 17× (13.2%)

βδελύγματα 13× (9.7%)

βδελυγμάτων 8× (6.2%)

ἀνομίαισ 5× (3.5%)

βδελύγμασιν 4× (3.1%)

βδελύγματά 4× (2.8%)

ἀκάθαρτοσ 3× (2.7%)

ἀνομιῶν 3× (2.2%)

αὐτῆσ 3× (1.9%)

אשר אֲשֶׁר

who/which

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Conjunction

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834a:

No stats available

עשו עָשׂוּ

they have made

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עשה

ʻâsâh

Definition

to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application; accomplish, advance, appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow, bring forth, bruise, be busy, [idiom] certainly, have the charge of, commit, deal (with), deck, [phrase] displease, do, (ready) dress(-ed), (put in) execute(-ion), exercise, fashion, [phrase] feast, (fight-) ing man, [phrase] finish, fit, fly, follow, fulfill, furnish, gather, get, go about, govern, grant, great, [phrase] hinder, hold (a feast), [idiom] indeed, [phrase] be industrious, [phrase] journey, keep, labour, maintain, make, be meet, observe, be occupied, offer, [phrase] officer, pare, bring (come) to pass, perform, pracise, prepare, procure, provide, put, requite, [idiom] sacrifice, serve, set, shew, [idiom] sin, spend, [idiom] surely, take, [idiom] thoroughly, trim, [idiom] very, [phrase] vex, be (warr-) ior, work(-man), yield, use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6213

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָשָׂה

verb • Root עשה • Strongs / High • Page 755

to make for

עָשָׂה

verb • Root עשה • Strongs / High • Page 1140

1. To do, to make, to form, to construct (e.g., an ark, altar, garments); to build up, to establish, to create. 2. To acquire (by labor); to make or procure a name (fame); to make money; to bring, to make (i.e., to be of use). Also, to prepare (food, sacrifice); to offer; to appoint, constitute to an office. 3. Metaphorically, to keep, to celebrate (a feast, e.g., Sabbath, Passover); to live through or spend the time of life; to perform, to practise, observe, to consider. 4. To do, generally without an object (good or evil); to deal with, execute upon. 5. Altogether generally to act, the interpretation being drawn from the context; to act considerately or falsely.

עָשָׂה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1141

To do, to make, to prepare, to work, to act, to perform, to effect. Also: to bring forth, to beget; to give milk; to bear fruit; to put forth shoots; to be made, created, sacrificed, executed; to be committed (a crime); to be celebrated (a festival); to happen, to become. (Includes Nif. passive, Pih. to press/squeeze, Puh. to be made/created).

עָשָׂה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1141

(unused) intr. to be shaggy, rough, rough-haired, of men; probably also of a rough, rugged forest-mountain.

עָשָׂה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1139

(I) tr. 1. To feel, to touch. 2. To labour = to do; to work; to create (of God); to accomplish; to execute (a vow or wrath); to make, to form, fabricari.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָשַׂה

ii. in kal • Page 531

to press, squeeze, (the breast.) Ezekiel 23:21. (Chald. עֲשָׁא idem.)

עָשָׂה

verb • Root עשה • Page 530

To make, do, act. Extensive entry covering various nuances: 1. to make/do (Gen. 1:7); 2. to labour (Ex. 5:9); 3. to execute or accomplish (Ps. 37:5); 4. to prepare or dress food (Gen. 18:7); 5. to make or acquire riches (Gen. 31:1); 6. to pass or spend time (Ecc. 6:12); 7. to keep one's self or abide (Ruth 2:19); 8. to produce or bear fruit (Gen. 1:11); 9. to offer or present (Ex. 10:25); 10. to appoint to an office (1 Sam. 12:6); 11. to celebrate or keep a festival (Ex. 12:48).

עָשָׂה

verb • Page 532

1. to labour, fabricari. 2. to be made smooth or polished, to be bright, to shine. Jer. 5: 28. Hithpa. to think or be mindful of any one. Jon. 1: 6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6213

I. עָשָׂה (approximate number of occurrences: 2622) verb — do, make.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Moabite עשתי
• Proper names עשיו, אלעשה, מעשיהו

— עָשָׂה 3 masculine singular Perfect Genesis 3:1 +; suffix עָשָׂהוּ Hosea 8:6 +; 3 feminine singular עָֽשְׂתָה Deuteronomy 22:21 +, וְעָשָׂת Leviticus 25:21; 2 masculine singular עָשִׂיתָ Genesis 3:14 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַעֲשֶׂה Genesis 18:25 +, וַיַּעֲשֶׂה 1 Kings 16:25, וַיַּעַשׂ Isaiah 5:2 +; jussive תַּעַשׂ Genesis 22:12 +; 1 singular אֶעֱשֶׂה Genesis 2:18 +, וָאַעַשׂ Deuteronomy 10:3; Infinitive absolute עָשׂה Jeremiah 44:17 +; construct עֲשׂוֺת Genesis 2:4 +; Participle active עשֶֹׁה Isaiah 5:5 +; passive עָשׂוּי Exodus 3:16 +.

1. Meanings and Uses: Do

a. General usage

• With accusative Genesis 3:14 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 20:10 (Elohist Source)
• Do right in eyes of יהוה 2 Kings 12:3; evil 2 Kings 8:18
• Do commands Deuteronomy 16:12, Numbers 15:39 (Priests' Code)
• Perform a work (מַעֲשֶׂה) Exodus 18:20, (מְלָאכָה) Genesis 2:2

b. To or with someone

• To someone (ל) Genesis 20:9 (Elohist Source)
• Against reflexive (עַל) Jeremiah 26:19
• With someone (אֵת / עִם) Deuteronomy 1:30, Ruth 2:11
• Maintain cause (מִשְׁמַּט) 1 Kings 8:45

c. Kindness and Goodness

• Do kindness (חֶסֶד) Genesis 19:19, 2 Samuel 2:5
• Kindness and truth (חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת) Joshua 2:14 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)
• Do good (טוֺב) Genesis 26:29

2. Meanings and Uses: Make

a. Create or produce

• Ark Genesis 8:6; idols Judges 18:24
• Of God's creation Genesis 1:7, 1:25 (Priests' Code), Nehemiah 9:6
• Produce fruit or grain Hosea 8:7, Genesis 1:11

b. Transform or Appoint

• Make something out of material Exodus 25:18, Deuteronomy 10:3
• Make into something Hosea 8:4, Psalm 104:4
• Appoint priests or feasts 1 Kings 12:31–32

c. Ritual and Celebration

• Prepare sacrifice 1 Kings 18:23, Judges 6:19
• Make offering (עוֺלָה) Judges 13:16, Leviticus 16:24
• Observe/celebrate Passover Exodus 12:48, Sabbath Exodus 31:16

d. Other uses

• Acquire property Genesis 12:5, Deuteronomy 8:17
• Make war Genesis 14:2, peace Joshua 9:15
• Spend or pass days Ecclesiastes 6:12

3. Passive and Reflexive Forms

Niphal — be done, be made.

• Be done (of work) Judges 16:11, (of offence) Deuteronomy 13:15
• Be executed (of decree) Esther 9:1
• Be made (of objects) 1 Kings 10:20, Jeremiah 3:16
• Be observed (of festival) 2 Kings 24:22

Pual — be made.

• עֻשֵּׂיתִי Psalm 139:15 I was made.

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II. עָשָׂה verb Pi`el — press, squeeze.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew עִשָּׂה
• Aramaic עַסִּי
• Arabic عص

• 3 plural עִשּׂוּ דַּדֵּי בְּתוּלִים Ezekiel 23:3, 23:8
• Infinitive construct בְּעַשּׂוֺת Ezekiel 23:21 (read as Pi`el)

¹ Mesha Inscription (MI), l. 23, 26.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ David Heinrich Müller, SB Berl. Akkadian 1886.

Verb Qal perfect third person common plural

LXX: ἐποίησεν ποιήσεισ ἐποίησαν ποιῆσαι ποιήσω

LXX Usage Statistics

H6213a:

ἐποίησεν 538× (20.3%)

ποιήσεισ 196× (7.3%)

ἐποίησαν 191× (7.2%)

ποιῆσαι 141× (5.2%)

ποιήσω 113× (4.3%)

ποιήσει 111× (4.2%)

'' 86× (2.9%)

ἐποίησασ 82× (3.2%)

ποιεῖν 79× (2.9%)

ποιήσετε 76× (2.9%)

ואכל וָאֲכַל

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כלה

kâlâh

Definition

to end, whether intransitive (to cease, be finished, perish) or transitived (to complete, prepare, consume)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to end, whether intransitive (to cease, be finished, perish) or transitived (to complete, prepare, consume); accomplish, cease, consume (away), determine, destroy (utterly), be (when... were) done, (be an) end (of), expire, (cause to) fail, faint, finish, fulfil, [idiom] fully, [idiom] have, leave (off), long, bring to pass, wholly reap, make clean riddance, spend, quite take away, waste.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3615

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כָּלָה

verb • Root כלה • Strongs / High • Page 755

to long for

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כָּלָה

verb • Page 316

1. To be completed, finished (Ex. 39:32, 1 K. 6:38). 2. To be over, past (Gen. 41:53, Is. 24:13). 3. To be prepared or ready, particularly regarding evil (Prov. 22:8, 1 Sam. 20:7). 4. To be consumed, to be all gone (Gen. 21:15, 1 K. 17:16). 5. To waste away, vanish, or disappear; spoken of clouds, smoke, or time (Job 7:9, Ps. 37:20, Ps. 31:11).

כָּלָה

verb • Page 317

6. to be destroyed, to perish, spoken of men (Jer. 16: 4, Ezek. 5: 13). 7. to be fulfilled, spoken of a prophecy (Ezra 1: 1, Dan. 12: 7).

כָּלָה

fem. adj. • Root כלה • Page 317

verbal from כָּלָה; languishing, failing, spoken of the eye (Deut. 28: 32).

כָּלָה

f. verbal • Root כלה • Page 317

1. destruction; עָשָׂה כָלָה to cause or make utter destruction (Jer. 4: 27, 5: 10, Nah. 1: 8). 2. as an adv. entirely, wholly, altogether (Gen. 18: 21, Ex. 11: 1).

כִּלָּה

pi. • Root כלה • Page 317

1. to complete, finish (Gen. 2: 2, 6: 16, Ex. 34: 33). 2. to prepare; i. e. devises, mischief (Prov. 16: 30). 3. to consume, let pass away, as time (Ps. 78: 33). 4. to consume, destroy; as men, nations, through hunger (Gen. 41: 30, Jer. 14: 12). 5. to fulfil (a prophecy).

כֻּלָּה

pu. • Root כלה • Page 317

to be finished, ended (Gen. 2: 1, Ps. 72: 20). Often occurs as כֻּלָּא.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3615

I. כָּלָה (approximate number of occurrences: 206) verb — be complete, at an end, finished, accomplished, spent.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Phoenician כלה
• Assyrian kalû
• Late Aramaic כְּלָא

Qal

— כָּלָה absolute 1 Kings 6:38 +; 3 feminine singular כָּֽלְתָה 1 Samuel 20:7 +; 1 singular כָּלִיתִי Psalm 39:11; 3 plural כָּלוּ Job 19:27 +; 2 masculine plural כְּלִיתֶם Malachi 3:6; וּכְלִיתֶם consecutive Ezekiel 13:14; 1 plural כָּלִינוּ Psalm 90:7 +; 3 masculine singular יִכְלֶה Proverbs 22:8; jussive יִ֫כֶל Job 33:21 (compare GKC¹); infinitive construct כְּלוֹת Ruth 2:23 +.

1. Completion and Fulfillment
   • a. be complete, at an end, of a period of time Genesis 41:53 (Elohist Source; opposed to (+ חלל) begin Genesis 41:54), Jeremiah 8:20; so of action or event Isaiah 10:25, Isaiah 24:13, Ruth 2:23.
   • b. be completed, finished, of a work: temple 1 Kings 6:38, 1 Chronicles 28:20; tabernacle Exodus 39:32 (Priests' Code).
   • c. be accomplished, fulfilled, of purposed wrath or prediction Ezekiel 5:13, Daniel 11:36, Ezra 1:1.
   • d. be ideally complete, be determined, always in bad sense, plotted 1 Samuel 20:7, 20:9, 20:33 (textual correction), 1 Samuel 25:17, Esther 7:7.
2. Exhaustion and Destruction
   • a. be spent, used up, of water Genesis 21:15 (Elohist Source), meal 1 Kings 17:14.
   • b. waste away, be exhausted, fail, of grass Isaiah 15:6; of vintage Isaiah 32:10; of vanishing cloud Job 7:9; figurative of fleeting days Job 7:6, Psalm 102:4; of flesh and heart Psalm 73:26, נפשׁ exhausted by longing Psalm 84:3, Psalm 119:81.
   • c. come to an end, vanish, perish, by judgment Isaiah 1:28, Isaiah 16:4, Jeremiah 16:4, Ezekiel 5:12, Malachi 3:6.

Pi`el

— כִּלָּה Genesis 18:33 +; suffix כִּלָּנוּ 2 Samuel 21:5; 1 singular כִּלִּיתִי Numbers 25:11; 3 plural כִּלּוּ Genesis 24:19 +; וַיְכַל Genesis 2:2; infinitive construct כַּלּוֹת 1 Samuel 2:33 +.

1. To Finish or Complete
   • a. complete, bring to an end, finish a task Exodus 5:13 (Jehovist Source), 1 Kings 6:9, Genesis 2:2, Exodus 40:33 (Priests' Code).
   • b. complete a period of time Ezekiel 4:6, Job 21:13.
   • c. finish doing a thing, usually followed by (+ ל) infinitive Genesis 18:33, Genesis 24:15 (Jehovist Source), Amos 7:2, 1 Kings 1:41.
   • d. make an end, absolute Genesis 44:12; adverbially (+ עַד־כַּלֵּה) utterly 2 Kings 13:17, Ezra 9:14.
   • e. accomplish, fulfil, wrath Lamentations 4:11, Ezekiel 5:13.
2. To Consume or Destroy
   • a. cause to cease Numbers 17:25, Psalm 78:33.
   • b. exhaust, use up, spend Deuteronomy 32:23, Isaiah 49:4; of the eyes 1 Samuel 2:33, Leviticus 26:16 (Holiness Code).
   • c. destroy, exterminate 2 Samuel 21:5, Deuteronomy 7:22, Joshua 24:20 (Elohist Source), Exodus 32:10 (JE Source), Ezekiel 22:31.

Pu`al

— 3 plural כָּלּוּ Psalm 72:20 be finished, ended; 3 masculine singular וַיְכֻלּוּ Genesis 2:1 be completed (Priests' Code).

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB).

³ Jacob Barth, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Ba ZMG).

conjunctive, Verb Piel sequential imperfect first person common singular

LXX: συνετέλεσεν ὡσ συντελέσαι ἐξέλιπον συντελέσω

LXX Usage Statistics

H3615:

συνετέλεσεν 28× (11.2%)

ὡσ 15× (6.4%)

συντελέσαι 11× (4.1%)

ἐξέλιπον 11× (4.9%)

συντελέσω 6× (2.5%)

ἐξαναλῶσαι 6× (2.4%)

συνετέλεσαν 5× (1.9%)

συνετελέσθη 5× (2.0%)

ἐξέλιπεν 5× (2.3%)

συντελείασ 5× (2.3%)

אתם אֹתָם

your/their eternal selves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

Direct object eternal self, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

באפי בְּאַפִּי׃

in my nostril/nose

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אף

ʼaph

Definition

properly, the nose or nostril; hence, the face, and occasionally a person; also (from the rapid breathing in passion) ire

Root

from H599 (אנף);

Exhaustive

from אנף; properly, the nose or nostril; hence, the face, and occasionally a person; also (from the rapid breathing in passion) ire; anger(-gry), [phrase] before, countenance, face, [phrase] forebearing, forehead, [phrase] (long-) suffering, nose, nostril, snout, [idiom] worthy, wrath.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H639

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַף

noun masculine • Root אנף • Strongs_Numbers • Page 171

Properly the projecting, the prominent; the nose as the prominent thing of the face; anger (conceived of as a snorting of the nose); face.

אַף

preposition / conj. • Strongs_Numbers • Page 172

Properly a preposition meaning 'with', 'at', 'to', 'before', 'toward'. As a conjunction it signifies 'also', 'likewise', 'even', 'yea', 'how much more' (a fortiori). It is often used to make pronouns or particles emphatic. When reduplicated (אַף ... אַף) it means 'as well ... as also'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַף

conj. prim. • Page 64

1. also. 2. and. 3. yea rather. 4. but, yet. 5. how much less. 6. literally also when; how much more (after affirmation) or how much less (after negation).

אַף

chald. • Page 65

Chald. idem. (likewise, also). Dan. 6: 23.

אַף

noun masculine • Root אנף • Page 65

1. nose; pride of nose, i. e. of countenance (Ps. 10: 4); the breathing of the nose, i. e. anger (Job. 4: 9). 2. anger (Prov. 22: 24). 3. face, countenance (Gen. 3: 19). 4. two persons (1 Sam. 1: 5).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H639

I. אַף (approximate number of occurrences: 277) noun masculine Genesis 30:2 — nostril, nose, face, anger.

Cognates:

• Assyrian appu (face; Flood iii. 27, 29; compare Paul Haupt¹, Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament², Glossaries)
• Arabic أنف (nose)
• Ethiopic አፍ (nose)
• Aramaic ܐܦܝܢ, אַנְפִּין (face)

— אַף absolute Psalm 78:21 +; construct Genesis 27:45 +; suffix אַפִּי Exodus 22:23 +, etc.; dual אַפַּיִם Proverbs 14:17 +; אַפָּיו Genesis 2:7 + etc.; — In Hexateuch Jehovist (Yahwist) Source, Elohist Source (Joshua 7:1 Priests' Code / Narrative? Joshua 23:16 Deuteronomic).

1. Physical Meanings

a. Nostril, as organ of breathing

• Genesis 2:7
• Genesis 7:22
• Job 27:3; compare Numbers 11:20
• 2 Samuel 22:9 = Psalm 18:9; compare Isaiah 65:5
• Isaiah 2:22
• Lamentations 4:20
• Ezekiel 38:18 (strike out C. H. Cornill)
• Amos 4:10
• ר֣וּחַ אַפֶּ֑יךָ (of יְהוָ֑ה) i.e. wind Exodus 15:8; compare נִשְׁמַת ר֣וּחַ אַפּ֑וֹ 2 Samuel 22:16 = Psalm 18:16 (see also below 3)

b. Nose, singular

• Canticles 7:5, 7:9
• Ezekiel 8:17
• Ezekiel 23:25
• Proverbs 30:33 (where play upon different meaning of אַף & אַפַּיִם)
• As organ of smelling: Deuteronomy 33:10; Psalm 115:6
• As place of ring for ornament: Genesis 24:47; Isaiah 3:21; Ezekiel 16:12
• As place of ring or hook for captive: 2 Kings 19:28 = Isaiah 37:29; for beasts, e.g. swine Proverbs 11:22; hippopotamus Job 40:24; crocodile Job 40:26

c. Dual: face (especially in phrase אַפַּיִם אַרְצָה)

• Genesis 19:1
• Genesis 42:6
• Genesis 48:12
• Numbers 22:31
• 1 Samuel 20:41
• 1 Samuel 24:9
• 1 Samuel 25:41
• 1 Samuel 28:14
• 2 Samuel 14:4, 14:33
• 2 Samuel 18:28
• 2 Samuel 24:20
• 1 Kings 1:23, 1:31
• Isaiah 49:23
• 1 Chronicles 21:21
• 2 Chronicles 7:3; 20:18
• Nehemiah 8:6
• Also Genesis 3:19; גֹּ֣בַהּ אַפּ֑וֹ pride of his countenance Psalm 10:4; לְאַפִּי before, local sense (compare לִפְנֵי) 1 Samuel 25:23; אַפָּיִם 1 Samuel 1:5 read אֹפֶס (compare A. B. Davidson³, S. R. Driver⁴, quod vide)

2. Anger

a. Human anger

• Genesis 27:45
• Genesis 49:6, 49:7 + (45 times)
• Often subject חָרָה (וַיִּחַר etc.) his anger was kindled: Genesis 30:2; Genesis 39:19; Exodus 4:14; Exodus 22:23; Exodus 32:10, 32:11 +
• In various combinations, especially חֲרוֹן אַף fierceness of anger: Exodus 32:12; Numbers 25:4; Numbers 32:14 +; compare חֲרִי אַף 1 Samuel 20:34; בַּעַל אַף one given to anger Proverbs 22:24, etc.
• אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם slow to anger: Proverbs 14:29; Proverbs 15:18; Proverbs 16:32; Proverbs 25:15 of man

b. Divine anger

• Exodus 32:12
• Deuteronomy 9:19
• 2 Kings 24:20 + (177 times)
• אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם slow to anger: Exodus 34:6; Numbers 14:18; Nehemiah 9:17 (7 times) of God

I. אַף see below אֲנָף.

¹ Paul Haupt, Akkadische und sumerische Keilschrifttexte, Berlin, 1881-1882 (or related works).

² E. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 3rd ed., Giessen, 1902-1903.

³ A. B. Davidson, Hebrew Syntax, 3rd ed., Edinburgh, 1901.

⁴ S. R. Driver, Hebrew Tenses in Hebrew Poetry, Oxford, 1892.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0639:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
In their giving their threshold with my thresholds, and their door-post by my door-posts, and the wall between me and between them, and they defiled my holy name with their abominations which they did: and consuming them in my anger.

LITV Translation:
In their setting of their threshold by My threshold, and their door post beside My door post, and the wall between Me and them, even they have defiled My holy name by their abominations that they have done. And I consumed them in My anger.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
when they set my doorway by their doorway, and my thresholds near to their thresholds: and they made my wall as it were joining myself and them, and they profaned my holy name with their iniquities which they wrought: and I destroyed them in my wrath and with slaughter.