Ezekiel 37:7

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ונבאתי וְנִבֵּאתִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נבא

nâbâʼ

Definition

to prophesy, i.e. speak (or sing) by inspiration (in prediction or simple discourse)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to prophesy, i.e. speak (or sing) by inspiration (in prediction or simple discourse); prophesy(-ing), make self a prophet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5012

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָבָא

verb • Root נבא • Strongs / High • Page 933

(Kal not used) intr. to spring forth, to stream forth, to be poured out, to bubble up, of inspired human discourse; hence to discourse, to speak, to propound, to announce.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָבָא

verb • Page 421

to deliver an oracle from God, to speak as God's ambassador; to prophesy or predict future events; also to sing songs or hymns under divine inspiration. In Hithpa., also to act like a madman or rave in ecstatic frenzy. References: Jer. 23:21; Joel 3:1; 1 K. 22:8; 1 Sam. 18:10; 10:11.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5012

I. נָבָא (verb denominative; in oldest forms, of religious ecstasy with or without song and music; later, essentially religious instruction, with occasional predictions) — prophesy.

Cognates:

• Biblical Hebrew נָבָא idem
• Assyrian nabû (compare Bewer¹)

— נָבָא Niph`al Perfect 3 masculine singular נִבֵּא Jeremiah 20:1 (7 times); 2 masculine singular נִבֵּאתָ Jeremiah 20:6 (2 times); נִבֵּיתָ Jeremiah 26:9; 1 singular נִבֵּאתִי Ezekiel 37:7; 3 plural נִבֵּאוּ Jeremiah 2:8 (3 times); נִבָּ֑אוּ Jeremiah 23:21; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִנָּבֵא Amos 3:8 (9 times); Imperative הִנָּבֵא Amos 7:15 (27 times); Infinitive הִנָּבֵא Amos 7:13; suffix הִנָָּֽבְאוֺ Zechariah 13:3; הִנָָּֽבְאֹתוֺ Zechariah 13:4 (+ 4 times); Participle נִבָּא Jeremiah 26:18 (20 times).

1. Niph`al meanings

a. In the ecstatic state, with song and music

• 1 Samuel 10:11
• 1 Samuel 19:20
• 1 Chronicles 25:1, 2, 3 (with music)

b. The word of Yahweh

• Absolute: Amos 2:12; Amos 3:8 (emended יחרד We Now needless); Amos 7:12–13; Joel 3:1; Jeremiah 19:14; Jeremiah 26:18; Jeremiah 28:9; Jeremiah 32:3; Ezekiel 11:13; Ezekiel 12:27; Ezekiel 21:19; Ezekiel 37:7; Ezekiel 38:17
• Especially in phrase הִנָּבֵא וֶאַמַדְתָּ: Ezekiel 12:27; Ezekiel 21:14; Ezekiel 21:33; Ezekiel 30:2; Ezekiel 34:2; Ezekiel 36:3; Ezekiel 37:7, 12; Ezekiel 38:14, 17
• With accusative: Jeremiah 20:1; Jeremiah 25:30; Jeremiah 28:6
• Followed by עַל (against): Amos 7:16; Jeremiah 25:13; Jeremiah 26:20; Ezekiel 4:7; Ezekiel 11:4; Ezekiel 13:17; Ezekiel 25:2; Ezekiel 28:21; Ezekiel 29:2; Ezekiel 34:2; Ezekiel 35:2; Ezekiel 36:6; Ezekiel 38:2; Ezekiel 39:1; (unto) Ezekiel 37:4
• Followed by אֶל (unto): Amos 7:15; Jeremiah 26:11–12; Jeremiah 28:8; Ezekiel 36:1; Ezekiel 37:9; (against) Ezekiel 6:2; Ezekiel 13:2; Ezekiel 21:2, 7
• In the name of Yahweh (בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה): Jeremiah 11:21; Jeremiah 14:15; Jeremiah 23:25; Jeremiah 26:9

2. Of false prophets (Niph`al)

• Absolute: Jeremiah 23:21; Ezekiel 13:2; Zechariah 13:3 (twice); Zechariah 13:4
• With accusative: 1 Kings 22:12; 2 Chronicles 18:11
• With שֶׁקֶר (falsely): Jeremiah 14:14; Jeremiah 23:25; Jeremiah 27:10, 14, 16; Jeremiah 29:21; לַשָּׁ֑קֶר Jeremiah 27:15; בַּשֶּׁקֶר Jeremiah 5:31; Jeremiah 20:6; Jeremiah 29:9
• Prophets of a lie (נִבְּאֵי הַשּׁ): Jeremiah 23:26; compare Jeremiah 23:32
• With לְ: Jeremiah 14:16; Jeremiah 23:16; Jeremiah 27:15, 16; Jeremiah 29:31; Jeremiah 37:19
• Followed by אֶל (concerning): Ezekiel 13:16

3. Of heathen prophets

• By Baal (בַּבַּעַל): Jeremiah 2:8

— Hithpa`el Perfect 2 masculine singular הִתְנַבִּיתָ 1 Samuel 10:16; 1 singular הִנַּבֵּאתִי Ezekiel 37:10; Imperfect יִתְנַבֵּא 1 Samuel 10:10 (7 times); 3 masculine plural יִתְנַבְּאוּ Numbers 11:25 (5 times); Imperative הִנַּבְּאוּ Jeremiah 23:13; Infinitive הִתְנַבּוֺת 1 Samuel 10:13; Participle מִתְנַבֵּא Jeremiah 26:20 (9 times).

1. Hithpa`el meanings

a. In the ecstatic state

• Numbers 11:25, 26, 27 (Yahwist Source)
• With music: 1 Samuel 10:5, 6, 10, 13
• In frenzy: 1 Samuel 19:20, 21 (twice), 23, 24
• Excited to violence: 1 Samuel 18:10 (= מְשֻׁגָּע mad 2 Kings 9:11); Jeremiah 29:26

b. Apart from ecstatic state

• Absolute: Ezekiel 37:10
• With לְ: 1 Kings 22:8; Jeremiah 29:27
• With עַל: 1 Kings 22:18; 2 Chronicles 18:17, 7; 2 Chronicles 20:37
• In the name of Yahweh (בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה): Jeremiah 26:20

2. Of heathen prophets of Baal in ecstatic state

• 1 Kings 18:29
• בַּבַּעַל: Jeremiah 23:13

3. Of false prophets (Hithpa`el)

• 1 Kings 22:10; 2 Chronicles 18:9
• Jeremiah 14:14
• Ezekiel 13:17

¹ Bewer, Amos. J. Semitic Lang., Jan. 1902. Compares Assyrian nabû, "tear away, lead forcibly", hence prophets as carried away by divine frenzy, ecstasy.

conjunctive, Verb Niphal sequential perfect first person common singular

LXX: προφήτευσον προφητεύουσιν ἐπροφήτευον ἐπροφήτευσεν προφητεύσεισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5012:

προφήτευσον 27× (24.2%)

προφητεύουσιν 11× (10.0%)

ἐπροφήτευον 7× (6.4%)

ἐπροφήτευσεν 7× (6.0%)

προφητεύσεισ 6× (5.1%)

ἐπροφήτευσαν 6× (4.9%)

προφητεύων 4× (3.7%)

προφητεῦσαι 4× (3.0%)

προφητεύει 3× (2.8%)

--- 3× (2.8%)

כאשר כַּאֲשֶׁר

as when

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Preposition, Particle relative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834d:

No stats available

צויתי צֻוֵּיתִי

I have laid charge upon

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

צוה

tsâvâh

Definition

(intensively) to constitute, enjoin

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; (intensively) to constitute, enjoin; appoint, (for-) bid, (give a) charge, (give a, give in, send with) command(-er, -ment), send a messenger, put, (set) in order.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6680

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צָוָה

verb • Root צוה • Strongs / High • Page 1220

I. (Kal not used) trans. prop. to establish, to erect, to set up, proceeding from the fundamental signification to join firmly together, to put closely together (into one) to close or wind together. Meanings: 1. (not used) to erect, set up, a monument of stone, cippus. 2. (not used) to settle, to appoint, to constitute, to give definite directions, to arrange; hence to point out, for performance, to settle, a statute.

צָוָה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1221

III. (Not used) to see צִוָא III.

צָוָה

verb intransitive • Strongs / High • Page 1221

IV. (Not used) intransitive: same as אָפַס (which see).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צָוָה

verb • Page 565

1. To command any one (Gen. 26:11); 2. to commission, depute, send (Jer. 14:14; 23:32); 3. to appoint a person over any thing (Neh. 7:2); 4. to appoint, ordain (Ps. 68:29); 5. to put one's house in order (2 Sam. 17:23; 2 K. 20:1).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6680

I. צָוָה (approximate number of occurrences: 485) verb Pi`el — lay charge (upon), give charge (to), charge, command, order.

Cognates:

• Arabic وصى (combine, II. enjoin, IV. charge)¹
• Syriac ܨܘܐ (heap up stones)³

— צִוָּה Perfect 3 masculine singular Genesis 6:22 +; suffix צִוַּנִי Deuteronomy 4:5 +; צִוְּךָ Deuteronomy 4:23 +; צִוָּהוּ Genesis 7:5 +, etc.; 1 singular צִוִּיתִי Exodus 29:35 (29 times), צִוֵּיתִי Leviticus 8:31 (4 times), etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יְצַוֶּה Genesis 18:19 (8 times); יְצַו Deuteronomy 28:8; וַיְצַו Genesis 2:16 +; suffix וִיצַוְּךָ 1 Chronicles 22:12, etc.; 1 singular וָאֲצִוֶּה Ezra 8:17 Qr (> Kt ואוצאה); 3 masculine plural וַיְצַזּוּ Genesis 50:16 +, etc.; Infinitive construct צַוֹּת 2 Samuel 18:5 +, etc.; Imperative masculine singular צַוֵּה Joshua 4:16 + 2 times; צַו Leviticus 6:2 (9 times); masculine plural צַוּוּ Joshua 1:11, Joshua 4:3; Participle מְצַוֶּה Numbers 32:23 +; construct מְצַוֵּה Isaiah 55:4, etc.; feminine מְצַוָּה Genesis 27:8.

1. Laying charge and appointing

a. Lay charge upon

• With עַל person: Genesis 2:16 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 28:6 (Priests' Code), 1 Kings 2:43, 1 Kings 11:11, Amos 2:12, Jeremiah 35:6 + 6 times.
• With עַל of thing: Isaiah 5:6, Job 36:32, 2 Chronicles 7:13.

b. Give charge to, command to

• With לְ person: Exodus 1:22 (Elohist Source), 1 Samuel 20:29, 1 Chronicles 22:17, Isaiah 13:3, Jeremiah 32:23, Psalm 105:8.
• Of the Law: Deuteronomy 33:4, Nehemiah 9:14.
• To household: צַו לְבֵיתֶ֑ךָ 2 Kings 20:1 (verbal will) = Isaiah 38:1.

c. Give charge unto

• With אֶל person: Exodus 16:34 (Priests' Code), 1 Kings 11:10; 2 Samuel 17:23.

d. Give charge over, appoint

• With accusative of person + עַל of thing: Nehemiah 7:2, 1 Chronicles 22:12, 2 Samuel 6:21, 1 Kings 1:35.
• As ruler: 1 Samuel 13:14, 1 Samuel 25:30.
• As judges: 2 Samuel 7:11 = 1 Chronicles 17:10.
• Install in office: Numbers 27:19, 23 (Priests' Code).

e. Give charge or command (often concerning עַל)

• Genesis 12:20 (Jehovist Source), Numbers 8:22 (Priests' Code), 2 Samuel 14:8, 2 Samuel 18:5, Jeremiah 7:22, Jeremiah 39:11, Isaiah 45:12, Isaiah 10:6, Nahum 1:14.
• With לְ: Numbers 9:8, Numbers 32:38 (Priests' Code), Psalm 91:11, Lamentations 1:17, Esther 3:2.
• With אֶל: Isaiah 23:11, Jeremiah 47:7.

2. Construction with objects

a. With accusative of person + thing (especially of the law)

• Exodus 34:11 (Jehovist Source), Deuteronomy 4:40, Deuteronomy 6:2, 15:15; Deuteronomy 4:2.
• Deuteronomy 13:6, Exodus 32:8 (Elohist Source), Deuteronomy 5:30, Deuteronomy 9:12, 16, 11:28, 31:29.

b. With object clause (Infinitive or ו consecutive)

• Genesis 50:2, Genesis 18:19 (Jehovist Source), Numbers 35:2 (Priests' Code), 2 Samuel 4:12, 1 Kings 2:46.
• Exodus 27:20 (Priests' Code), Joshua 4:16, 1:9, 1 Samuel 18:22.

c. Accusative of person (thing omitted)

• Exodus 18:23 (Elohist Source), Genesis 49:33 (Priests' Code).
• With לֵאמֹר: Genesis 26:11, 32:15, 20, Leviticus 6:2, Genesis 28:1, 49:29.

d. Accusative of thing (person omitted)

• Psalm 111:9, Exodus 16:16, 32, Exodus 35:4, Leviticus 8:5, Leviticus 9:6, 17:2, Numbers 30:2, 36:6 (Priests' Code).
• Leviticus 8:34, 13:54 (Priests' Code), Genesis 42:25 (Elohist Source), 1 Kings 5:20, Judges 4:6.

e. Absolute

• Genesis 50:16 (Elohist Source), Lamentations 3:37.

3. Phrases of Command

a. In the phrase "as he commanded"

• כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה: Exodus 23:15 (Elohist Source), Genesis 7:9 (Priests' Code), Genesis 7:5 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 29:35 (Priests' Code).
• Of Moses: Exodus 12:28, 50, 39:1, 5, 32, 42 + 5 times (Priests' Code).
• Joshua 1:18, 22:2, Jeremiah 35:8.
• Person omitted: Exodus 7:10, Numbers 32:25 (Priests' Code), 2 Kings 11:9, Exodus 36:1 (Priests' Code).

4. Charge as Commission

a. With accusative of person + אֶל person

• Exodus 6:13, 25:22, Leviticus 27:34 (Priests' Code), Deuteronomy 1:3, Jeremiah 27:4, Esther 4:10.
• Person omitted: Genesis 50:16 (Elohist Source), Esther 3:12, 8:9.

b. Through an agent

• With בְּיַד: Numbers 15:23, 36:13, Leviticus 8:36 (Priests' Code), Ezra 9:11, Nehemiah 8:14.

c. Accusative of person + עַל (for אֶל)

• Ezra 8:17, 1 Chronicles 22:13, Malachi 3:22, Esther 4:5.

d. To command things (e.g., blessings)

• Leviticus 25:21 (Priests' Code), Deuteronomy 28:8, Psalm 133:3.
• Psalm 42:9, Job 38:12, Amos 9:3, 4.

5. Divine acts and ordination

a. In creation, providence, and redemption

• In creation: Isaiah 45:12, Psalm 33:9, Psalm 148:5.
• In providence: 2 Samuel 17:4, Amos 6:11, 9:9, Job 37:12, Psalm 78:23, Isaiah 34:16.
• In redemption: Psalm 7:7, 44:5, 68:29, 71:3.
• Of an idol: Isaiah 48:5 (parallel עשׂה).

Pu`al

צֻוָּה Perfect 3 masculine singular Numbers 3:16, Numbers 36:2; 2 masculine singular צֻוֵּיתָה Genesis 45:19, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יְצֻוֶּה Exodus 34:34 — be commanded (receive command).

• Subject person: Genesis 45:19 (Elohist Source).
• With בְּ (by whom): Numbers 36:2 (Priests' Code).
• General usage: Exodus 34:34 (Priests' Code), Leviticus 8:35, 10:13 (Priests' Code), Numbers 3:16 (Priests' Code), Ezekiel 12:7, 24:18, 37:7.

¹ Barth, ZMG xii (1887), 641.

² Gerber, Die hebräischen Verba denominativa, 124.

³ Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae (Thes).

⁴ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁵ Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁶ Elohist Source.

Verb Pual perfect first person common singular

LXX: ἐνετείλατο συνέταξεν ἐνετειλάμην ἐντέλλομαί ἐνετείλατό

LXX Usage Statistics

H6680:

ἐνετείλατο 172× (33.2%)

συνέταξεν 76× (15.2%)

ἐνετειλάμην 39× (7.6%)

ἐντέλλομαί 26× (5.2%)

ἐνετείλατό 25× (5.0%)

ἐντέλλομαι 17× (3.0%)

αὐτοῖσ 13× (2.1%)

ἔντειλαι 12× (2.4%)

ἐνετείλω 12× (2.4%)

προσέταξεν 7× (1.3%)

ויהי וַיְהִי־

and he is being

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

קול קוֹל

voice

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

קול

qôwl

Definition

a voice or sound

Root

or קל; from an unused root meaning to call aloud;

Exhaustive

or קל; from an unused root meaning to call aloud; a voice or sound; [phrase] aloud, bleating, crackling, cry ([phrase] out), fame, lightness, lowing, noise, [phrase] hold peace, (pro-) claim, proclamation, [phrase] sing, sound, [phrase] spark, thunder(-ing), voice, [phrase] yell.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6963

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קוֹל

noun masculine • Root קול • Strongs / High • Page 1266

1. the voice, expressing various human feelings (joy, sorrow, rage), or the voice of speakers or God. 2. the voice or cry of animals (bleating, roaring). 3. the sound, noise, rattle, crack, crash, of inanimate things, especially thunder.

קוֹל

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1267

Voice, sound, utterance, word. Used in various contexts including weeping, crying, shouting for joy, proclaiming, singing, roaring, thundering, giving hearing, listening, obeying, and making known.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קוֹל

noun masculine plural • Page 583

1. a voice. Ps. 142: 2. In the accusative with (all) my voice, i. e. with a loud voice. קוֹל יְהוָה the voice of Jehovah, i. e. the thunder, Ps. 29: 3 ff. נָתַן קוֹל to lift up one’s voice, Gen. 45: 2. to call to, Prov. 2: 3. to proclaim in a country, 2 Chr. 24: 9. 2. a report, rumour. Gen. 45: 16. 3. a sound, noise, of inanimate things. 2 Sam. 15: 10. Ezek. 1: 24.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6963

I. קוֹל (sometimes, with prefix and suffix, קֹל) (approximate number of occurrences: 506) noun masculine¹ — sound, voice.

— קוֹל absolute Genesis 4:10 + (הַקֹּל Genesis 27:22; Genesis 45:16); construct קוֺל Genesis 3:8 + (וְקֹל Exodus 19:16, לְקֹל Exodus 4:8 (twice in verse)); suffix קוֺלִי 1 Samuel 26:17 +, קוֺלְךָ Judges 18:25 +, etc. (קֹלִי Genesis 22:18, קֹלֶ֑ךָ Exodus 3:18, etc.); plural (usually of thunder) קֹלֹת Exodus 9:23 (4 times), קוֺלֹת Exodus 20:18 (Gi² Exodus 20:15), קֹלוֺת 1 Samuel 2:17 (5 times).

1. Sound, especially:

a. of human voice

• Joshua 6:10; 2 Kings 7:10
• In speech: Genesis 27:22 (twice in verse); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 24:17; 1 Samuel 26:17 (twice in verse)
• Recognized (הִכִּיר): 1 Samuel 26:17; Jeremiah 18:3
• יְפֵה ק׳ Ezekiel 33:32 pleasant of voice, compare Song of Solomon 2:14 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 8:13
• In singing: Exodus 32:18; 2 Samuel 19:36; Isaiah 52:8
• Calling and shouting: Judges 9:7; Exodus 32:17; 1 Samuel 4:6 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 1:40; Ezra 3:13
• In rejoicing: Jeremiah 7:34 (4 times in verse) = Jeremiah 16:9; Jeremiah 25:10; Jeremiah 33:11
• Praise: Psalm 66:8; Psalm 26:7; Joel 2:10
• Laughter: Jeremiah 30:19
• Weeping: Genesis 21:16; Judges 2:4; 1 Samuel 11:4; Ruth 1:9, 14; Ezra 3:13
• Outcry: Genesis 39:15, 18; 1 Samuel 4:14; Jeremiah 8:19
• Distress and lament: Jeremiah 9:18; Ezekiel 27:30; Zechariah 11:3; Psalm 102:6
• Supplication: Psalm 28:2, 6; Psalm 31:23; Psalm 86:6
• Adverbial phrases: ק׳ אֶחָד with one voice Exodus 24:3, 2 Chronicles 5:13; ק׳ גָּדוֺל loud voice 2 Samuel 15:23 + (compare בְּק׳ ג׳ Genesis 39:14; 1 Samuel 28:12 +); ק׳ רָם Deuteronomy 27:14
• Verbal phrases: נָשָׂא ק׳ Genesis 21:16 + (see נָשָׂא 1b (5)); הֵרִים ק׳ Genesis 39:15 + (see דום Hiph`il)
• Independent noun (followed by subject + verb): Psalm 3:5; Psalm 27:7; Psalm 142:2 (see GKC³ § 144m)

b. of Yahweh

• Genesis 3:8, 10; Isaiah 6:8; Exodus 19:19; 1 Kings 19:3; Micah 6:9; Ezekiel 10:5 +
• Adverbial: ק׳ גָּדוֺל Deuteronomy 5:19; Ezekiel 9:1; ק׳ דְּמָמָה דַקָּה 1 Kings 19:12

c. of seraph

• Isaiah 6:4

d. of angel

• Daniel 8:16 (ק׳ אָדָם i.e. in human speech, compare Bev⁴); ק׳ דְּבָרָיו Daniel 10:6, 9 (twice in verse)

e. of animals

• Bleating of sheep: 1 Samuel 15:14; lowing of cattle: 1 Samuel 15:14, Jeremiah 9:9
• Neighing of horses: Jeremiah 8:16; roaring of lion: Amos 3:4, Jeremiah 2:15 +
• Hissing of serpent: Jeremiah 46:22 (in simile); singing of birds: Nahum 2:8, Zephaniah 2:14, Psalm 104:12, Song of Solomon 2:12, Ecclesiastes 12:4

f. exclamation, at beginning of clause

• a sound of...! = hark! Genesis 4:10; Isaiah 13:4; Isaiah 40:3; Isaiah 52:8; Jeremiah 4:15; Jeremiah 10:22; Jeremiah 50:28; Song of Solomon 2:8; Song of Solomon 5:2 (GKC § 146b)

2. Sound (non-human):

a. of instrument

• Especially ק׳ (הַ)שֹּׁפָר: Exodus 19:16; Exodus 20:18 (Gi Exodus 20:15); Amos 2:2; 1 Kings 1:41 +
• ק׳ חֲצֹצְרוֺת: 2 Chronicles 5:13; כִּנּוֺר: Ezekiel 26:13; עוּנָב: Job 21:12
• Of מַּעֲמֹנִים (bells) on high priest's robe: Exodus 28:35

b. thunder-clap or peal

• (Compare Driver⁵ 1 Samuel 12:17), קוֹל י׳ (or קוֹלוֺ): Amos 1:2; Isaiah 30:30, 31; Jeremiah 10:13 = Jeremiah 51:16, Joel 2:11; Joel 4:16; Psalm 18:14 = 2 Samuel 22:14; Psalm 29:3, 7; Psalm 46:7; Job 37:4
• Compare also: 1 Samuel 7:10; Psalm 77:18, 19; Psalm 104:7
• Plural absolute: Exodus 9:23, 28, 29, 33, 34; Exodus 19:16; Exodus 20:18; 1 Samuel 7:10; 1 Samuel 12:17, 18; Job 28:26 = Job 38:25

c. footsteps

• קוֹל רַגְלֶיהָ 1 Kings 14:6 compare 2 Kings 6:32, and (probably) Genesis 3:8
• ק׳ (הַ)צְּעָדָה 2 Samuel 5:24 = 1 Chronicles 14:15
• Of runners: 2 Kings 11:13; 2 Chronicles 23:12

d. stamping of hoofs

• Jeremiah 47:3; Ezekiel 26:10 (+ chariots), compare 1 Kings 1:41

e. of chariots and wheels

• Nahum 3:2; Joel 2:5; wheels: Ezekiel 3:13; whip: Nahum 3:2

f. of sea, and great waters

• Habakkuk 3:10; Ezekiel 1:24; Ezekiel 43:2; Psalm 93:3, 4, compare Jeremiah 50:42 (in simile); ק׳ צִנּוֺרֶיךָ Psalm 42:8

g. earthquake, fall, and multitude

• Earthquake: Ezekiel 37:7
• A fall: Jeremiah 49:21; Ezekiel 26:15; Ezekiel 31:16
• Of a multitude: 1 Samuel 4:14; Isaiah 13:4; Ezekiel 23:42

h. miscellaneous sounds

• Din of war: Exodus 32:17; Jeremiah 50:22, 46; Jeremiah 51:55; Lamentations 2:7
• Of wings: Ezekiel 1:24; Ezekiel 3:13; Ezekiel 10:5
• Flame: Joel 2:5; crackling of thorns: Ecclesiastes 7:6; rustling of leaves: Leviticus 26:36
• Millstones: Jeremiah 25:10; Ecclesiastes 12:4

3. Of articulate speech, thing said:

a. human advice, command, report, proclamation

• Advice/Command: Genesis 3:17; Genesis 4:23; Exodus 3:18; Exodus 4:1, 9; Deuteronomy 1:45; Deuteronomy 21:18; 20; 1 Samuel 2:25; 1 Samuel 8:7, 9; 2 Samuel 12:18
• ק׳ דִּבְרֵיכֶם: Deuteronomy 1:34; Deuteronomy 5:25
• Even of written words: 2 Kings 10:6; of a sign: ק׳ הָאֹת Exodus 4:8
• Report/Proclamation: Genesis 45:16; Ecclesiastes 10:20; Exodus 36:6 (Priests' Code); 2 Chronicles 24:9; Ezra 1:1; Nehemiah 8:15
• Utterance of adjuration: ק׳ אָלָה Leviticus 5:1

b. words of Yahweh or His angel

• Of Yahweh: Genesis 22:18; Genesis 26:5; Exodus 5:2; Exodus 15:26; Exodus 19:5; Deuteronomy 8:20; Deuteronomy 13:15; Judges 2:2, 20; 1 Samuel 12:14; Jeremiah 7:23 +
• Of מַלְאַךְ י׳: Exodus 23:21, 22

II. קֹל noun masculine — lightness, frivolity (so Versions, Kimchi, Giesebrecht; Graf thinks = קָלוֺן; others = voice).

• מִקֹּל זְנוּנָהּ Jeremiah 3:9

¹ Genesis 39:14.

² Christian David Ginsburg, The Old Testament, diligently revised according to the Massorah and the early editions (1894).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ A. A. Bevan, A Short Commentary on the Book of Daniel, Cambridge, 1892.

⁵ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text and the Topography of the Books of Samuel, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1913.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: φωνῆσ φωνὴν φωνὴ φωνῇ φωνήν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6963a:

φωνῆσ 153× (26.1%)

φωνὴν 127× (24.6%)

φωνὴ 91× (18.5%)

φωνῇ 51× (9.9%)

φωνήν 18× (3.4%)

--- 11× (2.4%)

φωνή 8× (1.5%)

'' 7× (1.3%)

αὐτῆσ 6× (1.0%)

---% 6× (0.9%)

כהנבאי כְּהִנָּבְאִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נבא

nâbâʼ

Definition

to prophesy, i.e. speak (or sing) by inspiration (in prediction or simple discourse)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to prophesy, i.e. speak (or sing) by inspiration (in prediction or simple discourse); prophesy(-ing), make self a prophet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5012

ני

Definition

I, subject pronoun - subject: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal subject pronoun - suffix for some adverbs and infinitives: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9040

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָבָא

verb • Root נבא • Strongs / High • Page 933

(Kal not used) intr. to spring forth, to stream forth, to be poured out, to bubble up, of inspired human discourse; hence to discourse, to speak, to propound, to announce.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָבָא

verb • Page 421

to deliver an oracle from God, to speak as God's ambassador; to prophesy or predict future events; also to sing songs or hymns under divine inspiration. In Hithpa., also to act like a madman or rave in ecstatic frenzy. References: Jer. 23:21; Joel 3:1; 1 K. 22:8; 1 Sam. 18:10; 10:11.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5012

I. נָבָא (verb denominative; in oldest forms, of religious ecstasy with or without song and music; later, essentially religious instruction, with occasional predictions) — prophesy.

Cognates:

• Biblical Hebrew נָבָא idem
• Assyrian nabû (compare Bewer¹)

— נָבָא Niph`al Perfect 3 masculine singular נִבֵּא Jeremiah 20:1 (7 times); 2 masculine singular נִבֵּאתָ Jeremiah 20:6 (2 times); נִבֵּיתָ Jeremiah 26:9; 1 singular נִבֵּאתִי Ezekiel 37:7; 3 plural נִבֵּאוּ Jeremiah 2:8 (3 times); נִבָּ֑אוּ Jeremiah 23:21; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִנָּבֵא Amos 3:8 (9 times); Imperative הִנָּבֵא Amos 7:15 (27 times); Infinitive הִנָּבֵא Amos 7:13; suffix הִנָָּֽבְאוֺ Zechariah 13:3; הִנָָּֽבְאֹתוֺ Zechariah 13:4 (+ 4 times); Participle נִבָּא Jeremiah 26:18 (20 times).

1. Niph`al meanings

a. In the ecstatic state, with song and music

• 1 Samuel 10:11
• 1 Samuel 19:20
• 1 Chronicles 25:1, 2, 3 (with music)

b. The word of Yahweh

• Absolute: Amos 2:12; Amos 3:8 (emended יחרד We Now needless); Amos 7:12–13; Joel 3:1; Jeremiah 19:14; Jeremiah 26:18; Jeremiah 28:9; Jeremiah 32:3; Ezekiel 11:13; Ezekiel 12:27; Ezekiel 21:19; Ezekiel 37:7; Ezekiel 38:17
• Especially in phrase הִנָּבֵא וֶאַמַדְתָּ: Ezekiel 12:27; Ezekiel 21:14; Ezekiel 21:33; Ezekiel 30:2; Ezekiel 34:2; Ezekiel 36:3; Ezekiel 37:7, 12; Ezekiel 38:14, 17
• With accusative: Jeremiah 20:1; Jeremiah 25:30; Jeremiah 28:6
• Followed by עַל (against): Amos 7:16; Jeremiah 25:13; Jeremiah 26:20; Ezekiel 4:7; Ezekiel 11:4; Ezekiel 13:17; Ezekiel 25:2; Ezekiel 28:21; Ezekiel 29:2; Ezekiel 34:2; Ezekiel 35:2; Ezekiel 36:6; Ezekiel 38:2; Ezekiel 39:1; (unto) Ezekiel 37:4
• Followed by אֶל (unto): Amos 7:15; Jeremiah 26:11–12; Jeremiah 28:8; Ezekiel 36:1; Ezekiel 37:9; (against) Ezekiel 6:2; Ezekiel 13:2; Ezekiel 21:2, 7
• In the name of Yahweh (בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה): Jeremiah 11:21; Jeremiah 14:15; Jeremiah 23:25; Jeremiah 26:9

2. Of false prophets (Niph`al)

• Absolute: Jeremiah 23:21; Ezekiel 13:2; Zechariah 13:3 (twice); Zechariah 13:4
• With accusative: 1 Kings 22:12; 2 Chronicles 18:11
• With שֶׁקֶר (falsely): Jeremiah 14:14; Jeremiah 23:25; Jeremiah 27:10, 14, 16; Jeremiah 29:21; לַשָּׁ֑קֶר Jeremiah 27:15; בַּשֶּׁקֶר Jeremiah 5:31; Jeremiah 20:6; Jeremiah 29:9
• Prophets of a lie (נִבְּאֵי הַשּׁ): Jeremiah 23:26; compare Jeremiah 23:32
• With לְ: Jeremiah 14:16; Jeremiah 23:16; Jeremiah 27:15, 16; Jeremiah 29:31; Jeremiah 37:19
• Followed by אֶל (concerning): Ezekiel 13:16

3. Of heathen prophets

• By Baal (בַּבַּעַל): Jeremiah 2:8

— Hithpa`el Perfect 2 masculine singular הִתְנַבִּיתָ 1 Samuel 10:16; 1 singular הִנַּבֵּאתִי Ezekiel 37:10; Imperfect יִתְנַבֵּא 1 Samuel 10:10 (7 times); 3 masculine plural יִתְנַבְּאוּ Numbers 11:25 (5 times); Imperative הִנַּבְּאוּ Jeremiah 23:13; Infinitive הִתְנַבּוֺת 1 Samuel 10:13; Participle מִתְנַבֵּא Jeremiah 26:20 (9 times).

1. Hithpa`el meanings

a. In the ecstatic state

• Numbers 11:25, 26, 27 (Yahwist Source)
• With music: 1 Samuel 10:5, 6, 10, 13
• In frenzy: 1 Samuel 19:20, 21 (twice), 23, 24
• Excited to violence: 1 Samuel 18:10 (= מְשֻׁגָּע mad 2 Kings 9:11); Jeremiah 29:26

b. Apart from ecstatic state

• Absolute: Ezekiel 37:10
• With לְ: 1 Kings 22:8; Jeremiah 29:27
• With עַל: 1 Kings 22:18; 2 Chronicles 18:17, 7; 2 Chronicles 20:37
• In the name of Yahweh (בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה): Jeremiah 26:20

2. Of heathen prophets of Baal in ecstatic state

• 1 Kings 18:29
• בַּבַּעַל: Jeremiah 23:13

3. Of false prophets (Hithpa`el)

• 1 Kings 22:10; 2 Chronicles 18:9
• Jeremiah 14:14
• Ezekiel 13:17

¹ Bewer, Amos. J. Semitic Lang., Jan. 1902. Compares Assyrian nabû, "tear away, lead forcibly", hence prophets as carried away by divine frenzy, ecstasy.

Preposition, Verb Niphal infinitive construct common, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: προφήτευσον προφητεύουσιν ἐπροφήτευον ἐπροφήτευσεν προφητεύσεισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5012:

προφήτευσον 27× (24.2%)

προφητεύουσιν 11× (10.0%)

ἐπροφήτευον 7× (6.4%)

ἐπροφήτευσεν 7× (6.0%)

προφητεύσεισ 6× (5.1%)

ἐπροφήτευσαν 6× (4.9%)

προφητεύων 4× (3.7%)

προφητεῦσαι 4× (3.0%)

προφητεύει 3× (2.8%)

--- 3× (2.8%)

והנה וְהִנֵּה־

And behold!

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הנה

hinnêh

Definition

lo!

Root

prolongation for H2005 (הן);

Exhaustive

prolongation for הן; lo!; behold, lo, see.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2009

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הִנֵּה

adverb / interjection / demonstrative pronoun • Root הן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

A demonstrative particle, functioning as an adverb or interjection. Its primary meanings are there, here, behold!, lo!. It points to a definite existence or presence (e.g., 'is there', 'was there'), and is frequently used with suffixes (הִנְנִי, behold me; הִנְךָ, behold you). Before participles, it adds demonstrative liveliness. It can also function as a mere exclamation or mean 'if'.

Matched via consonantal key only

הֵנָּה

personal pronoun • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

They (feminine). A 3rd person plural feminine personal pronoun. Related to הֵן I.

Matched via consonantal key only

הֵנָּה

adverb • Root הן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

An adverb of place and time. 1. hither, to this place, often used after verbs of motion or to add the idea of motion. Can also mean 'thus far' or 'of time till now'. 2. here, in this place.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הִנֵּה

interjection • Page 191

see! behold! Very frequent. (Gen. 19:2; Dan. 12:5; 1 K. 20:40).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2009

I. הִנֵּה (once הִנֶּהֿ Genesis 19:2) demonstrative particle — lo! behold!.

Cognates:

• Arabic إِنَّ (certainly, surely, literally lo!)

— with suffix (the pronoun being conceived as accusative¹) הִנְנִי Genesis 6:13 + often; (also הִנֶּ֣נִּי Genesis 22:7), הִנֵּ֑נִי Genesis 22:1, 11 +; (הִנֶּ֔נִּי Genesis 27:18); Isaiah 65:1 הִנֵּ֣נִי הִנֵּ֔נִי; but הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי is also said Genesis 24:13, 43; Genesis 25:32; Genesis 48:21; Exodus 4:23; Exodus 7:17 +; and, more rarely, הִנֵּה אֲנִי Ezekiel 37:5, 12, 19, 21; 2 Chronicles 2:3, compare 2 Kings 10:9; Jeremiah 32:27; הִנְּךָ Genesis 20:3 + (2 Kings 7:2 הִנְּכָה), הִנֶּ֑ךָּ Psalm 139:8; feminine הִנָּךָ Genesis 16:11 (6 times); הִנּוֺ Numbers 23:17; Job 2:6; 1 Chronicles 11:25; הִנֵּ֫הוּ Jeremiah 18:3 Kt (הִנֵּה הוּא is more usual, as Genesis 20:16; Genesis 42:27; 1 Samuel 10:22; Jeremiah 38:5; Ruth 3:2); 1 plural הִנְנוּ Joshua 9:25; 2 Samuel 5:1; Jeremiah 3:22; Ezra 9:15, הִנֶּ֫נּוּ Genesis 44:16; Genesis 50:18; Numbers 14:40, הִנֵּנ֑וּ Job 38:35; הִנְּכֶם Deuteronomy 1:10; Jeremiah 16:12; הִנָּם Genesis 40:5 + often (37 times) — lo! behold!

1. Pointing to persons or things

a. General usage

• Genesis 12:19 and now הִנֵּה אִשְׁתְּךָ behold thy wife!
• Genesis 18:9 הִנֵּה בָאֹהֶל behold (she is) in the tent (the suffix being not unfrequently omitted when the noun has immediately preceded, Genesis 16:14; compare Driver² § 135. 6, 2), Genesis 30:3; Genesis 31:51; Exodus 24:8 etc.

b. In response to a call ("Here I am!")

• Genesis 22:1, 7, 11; Genesis 27:1, 18; Genesis 31:11; Genesis 37:13; Genesis 46:2; Exodus 3:4; 1 Samuel 3:4, 5, 6, 8, 16; 1 Samuel 22:12; 2 Samuel 1:7; Isaiah 6:8.
• 1 Samuel 12:3 הִנְנִי עֲנוּ בִי here I am, answer against me; 1 Samuel 14:43; 2 Samuel 15:26 (in resignation: compare Genesis 44:16; Genesis 50:18; Joshua 9:25; Ezra 9:15).
• Of God: Isaiah 52:6; Isaiah 58:9; Isaiah 65:1.
• Plural: Numbers 14:40; Jeremiah 3:22; Job 38:35.
• Emphatic: הִנְנִי אָ֕נִי Ezekiel 34:11, 20, compare Ezekiel 6:3.

2. Introducing clauses involving predication

a. Reference to the past or present

Pointing to some truth either newly asserted or recognized:

• Genesis 1:29 behold! I have given to you all herbs etc. Genesis 17:20; Genesis 27:6; 1 Samuel 14:33.
• In proposals or entreaties using הִנֵּהנָֿא: Genesis 12:11; Genesis 16:2; Genesis 18:7; 1 Kings 20:31; 1 Kings 22:13.

b. Reference to the future

Introducing a solemn declaration or prediction, especially with the participle (futuram instans³):

• Genesis 20:3 הִנְּךָ מֵת behold thou art about to die.
• Exodus 4:23; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 9:3; Deuteronomy 31:17; 1 Samuel 3:11; Isaiah 3:1; Isaiah 10:33; Isaiah 17:1; Isaiah 19:1.
• Phrase הנה ימים באים: 1 Samuel 2:31; 2 Kings 20:17; Amos 4:2; Amos 8:11; Amos 9:13 + Jeremiah 15:1 etc.
• With 1sg הִנְנִי מֵבִיא: Genesis 6:17; Exodus 10:4; Isaiah 13:17; Isaiah 29:14; Isaiah 43:19; Jeremiah 8:17; Jeremiah 11:22 (הִנְנִי פֹקֵד); Jeremiah 16:16; Jeremiah 20:4.
• Anomalously with change of person: Isaiah 28:16 הִנְנִי יִסַּד behold me, one who has founded; Isaiah 29:14 הִנְנִי יוֺסִף behold me, one who will add (so Isaiah 38:5).

3. Use in historical style (וְהִנֵּה)

Frequently after verbs of seeing or discovering, making narrative graphic:

• Genesis 1:31 and behold, it was very good, Genesis 6:12; Genesis 8:13; Genesis 15:12; Genesis 18:2; Genesis 37:29; Exodus 2:6; Deuteronomy 9:13.
• In descriptions of dreams or visions: Genesis 37:7, 9; Genesis 40:9, 16; Genesis 41:1–3; Isaiah 29:8; Amos 7:1, 4; Amos 8:1.
• With a participle (past context): Genesis 24:30; Genesis 37:15; Judges 9:43; Judges 11:34; 1 Kings 19:5, 11.

4. As conditional particle (if)

Rare usage, nearly equivalent to II. הֵן:

• Leviticus 13:5, 6, 7, 8; Deuteronomy 13:15.
• Deuteronomy 17:4 וְהִנֵּה אֱמֶת and behold it is true = and if it be true; Deuteronomy 19:18; 1 Samuel 20:12; 1 Samuel 9:7; 2 Samuel 18:11; Hosea 9:6.

¹ Ewald's Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, § 262 c (Ew).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, § 135. 6, 2.

³ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, § 135. 3.

Conjunction, Particle interjection

LXX: ἰδοὺ --- ἰδού '' ἦν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2009:

ἰδοὺ 634× (73.5%)

--- 25× (3.1%)

ἰδού 14× (1.6%)

'' 12× (1.3%)

ἦν 9× (0.9%)

ἐστιν 8× (0.8%)

ὅτι 7× (0.9%)

ἰδου 7× (0.8%)

νῦν 6× (0.7%)

ὧδε 6× (0.7%)

רעש רַעַשׁ

quaking/shaking

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רעש

raʻash

Definition

vibration, bounding, uproar

Root

from H7493 (רעש);

Exhaustive

from רעש; vibration, bounding, uproar; commotion, confused noise, earthquake, fierceness, quaking, rattling, rushing, shaking.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7494

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָעַשׁ (יִרְעַשׁ)

verb • Root רעש • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1350

(Intrans.) To quake, to move violently.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רַעַשׁ

m. verbal from רָעַשׁ • Root רעש • Page 626

1. a shaking; e.g. of a spear (Job 41:21), particularly an earthquake (1 K. 19:11, Am. 1:1, Zech. 15:5). 2. tumult, noise; e.g. of a chariot (Nah. 3:2), battle (Is. 9:4, Jer. 10:22), a snorting horse (Job 39:24). 3. a trembling (Ezek. 12:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7494

I. רַ֫עַשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 17) noun masculine (Jeremiah 10:22) — quaking, shaking.

— רַ֫עַשׁ absolute 1 Kings 19:11 +; construct רַ֫עַשׁ Nahum 3:2; Job 41:21; —

1. Earthquake

• Specifically earthquake, Amos 1:1; Zechariah 14:5; 1 Kings 19:11 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 19:12
• figurative of י׳’s judgement Isaiah 29:6; Ezekiel 38:19
• Compare (in vision) קוֺל רַ֫עַשׁ גָּרוֺל Ezekiel 3:12, 13; probably also Ezekiel 37:7 (ᵐ5 Thes Co Krae; > rustling, rattling, Hi-Sm Toy)
• Hence hyperbole of shaking of earth by tramping of warriors Isaiah 9:4, by war-chariots Jeremiah 47:3, compare Jeremiah 10:22, or wheels Nahum 3:2

2. Quaking, trembling

• Of person Ezekiel 12:18

3. Shaking, quivering

• Of horse eager to start Job 39:24 (+ רֹגֶז)
• Of dart Job 41:21 (al. rushing sound)

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: σεισμοῦ σεισμὸσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7494:

σεισμοῦ 8× (43.3%)

σεισμὸσ 2× (11.5%)

ותקרבו וַתִּקְרְבוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

קרב

qârab

Definition

to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose; (cause to) approach, (cause to) bring (forth, near), (cause to) come (near, nigh), (cause to) draw near (nigh), go (near), be at hand, join, be near, offer, present, produce, make ready, stand, take.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7126

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קָרַב

verb • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 755

to draw near to

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 753

To approach (used for comparison with קִלֵּב, Lamed/Resh interchange)

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1294

To lay hold of, to seize, to take; to pierce, to hurt. (I. Not used in Hebrew, used in Chaldee.)

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1294

To join a thing, to stick to, to cling to, to approach, draw near (abs., or with אֶל or עַל); to draw near (with good will or in hostile sense); to devote oneself to God, appear before Him; euphemistically, to cohabit with a woman.

קָרַב

verb qal • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

To draw near, to approach. Also, generally, to sacrifice (to bring near the object of sacrifice); or, to be near (in place or time).

קָרַב

verb piel • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

To fold up or wind together, applied to certain interior parts of the body (e.g., sheaths and covers).

קָרַב

verb • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1294

(I. not used) tr. to lay hold of, to seize, to take; applied not only to birds of prey, but to hostile men; to pierce, to hurt.

קָרַב

verb qal • Strongs / High • Page 1294

(II. intr.) prop. to join a thing, to stick to, to cling to, to approach, to draw near. Especially: a) to draw near to one with good will, to devote oneself to God, to appear before Him, to perform service; c) (euphemist.) to cohabit with a woman; d) to approach in a hostile sense. Also applied metaphorically to time, to approach.

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1295

I. 1. To approach, to come near. 2. To be sacrificed. 3. To be near, doing a thing. (Also Niphal: To be sacrificed, to be near, to bring close to each other.)

קָרַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1295

II. To bring close to each other, i. e. removing them from their former places.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קָרַב

verb • Root קרב • Page 595

To be near to a thing; to come near; to bring near; to grant access; to bring or join together. Verse references include Gen. 47: 29, Is. 41: 21, Job 31: 37, Ezek. 37: 17.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7126

I. [קָרֵב], קָרַב (approximate number of occurrences: 279) verb — come near, approach.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew קָרַב approach, be offered
• Assyrian ‡arâbu approach
• Arabic قرب be near, approach
• Ethiopic ቀረበ be near, approach
• Sabean קרב approach a woman (sexually)
• Aramaic קְרֵב, קְרֵיב approach
• Sabean קרבן oblation
• Arabic قربان oblation
• Targum קוּרְבָּנָא
• Syriac ܩܘܪܒܢܐ
• Assyrian kurbannu

— קָרַב Perfect 3 masculine singular קָרַב Genesis 20:4 +; 3 feminine singular קָרֵבָה Zephaniah 3:2, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִקְרַב Genesis 37:18 + etc.; Imperative masculine singular קְרַב 2 Samuel 20:16 +, קָרְבָה Psalm 69:19; masculine plural קִרְבוּ Exodus 16:9; infinitive absolute קָרוֹב Ecclesiastes 4:17; construct קְרֹב Psalm 27:2, Psalm 32:9, לְקָרְבָה Exodus 36:2, etc.

1. Qal — approach

a. with אֶל person (27 times)

• Genesis 37:18
• Numbers 18:4
• Malachi 3:5 (+ לְמִּשְׁמָּט)
• Jonah 1:6
• In kindness 1 Kings 2:7
• Of Yahweh to help Psalm 69:19
• For war, battle Exodus 14:20, Judges 20:24
• Unto God 1 Samuel 14:36, Zephaniah 3:2, Ezekiel 44:15, Isaiah 48:16
• Approach sexually, of man Genesis 20:4, Isaiah 8:3, Deuteronomy 22:14, Leviticus 18:6, 14, 19 (Holiness Code), Ezekiel 18:6
• Of woman Leviticus 20:16 (אֶל of beast)
• Keep to thyself Isaiah 65:5 (+ אַל־תִּגַּשׁ־בִּי)
• With עַל person, in hostility Psalm 27:2, Psalm 55:19

b. with אֶל location

• Exodus 32:19
• Deuteronomy 2:37, Deuteronomy 20:10
• Proverbs 5:8
• Of things Joshua 3:3, Ezekiel 42:14, Leviticus 22:3, Exodus 36:2
• עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ 2 Kings 16:12

c. with לִפְנֵי person (Yahweh)

• Exodus 16:9
• Leviticus 16:1
• Psalm 119:169
• Before men Numbers 9:6, Joshua 17:4

d. draw near for a purpose, with infinitive

• 1 Samuel 17:48
• 2 Samuel 15:5
• Deuteronomy 25:11
• Leviticus 21:17, 18
• Ecclesiastes 4:17

e. absolute usage

• Technically of approach to sanctuary Joshua 7:14
• Of Yahweh’s counsel Isaiah 5:19
• Of battle 1 Kings 20:29
• Of calamities Ezekiel 9:1, Lamentations 4:18

2. Of time, draw near

• Genesis 27:41
• Deuteronomy 15:9
• Specifically of death Genesis 47:27, Deuteronomy 31:14, 1 Kings 2:1

Niphal — be brought near

— נִקְרַב Perfect 3 masculine singular consecutive וְנִקְרַב אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים Exodus 22:7 he shall be brought unto God (at the sanctuary); reflexive 2 masculine plural consecutive וְנִקְרַבְתֶּם Joshua 7:14.

Piel — cause to approach, bring near

a. In space

• With accusative of thing Ezekiel 37:17
• Of person, to receive Job 31:37, Psalm 65:5
• רִיבְכֶם קֵרְבוּ Isaiah 41:21 bring on your suit!

b. In time

• Of Yahweh’s righteousness Isaiah 46:13
• At hand Ezekiel 36:8

Hiphil — bring near, present, offer

a. General presentation

• With accusative of thing Judges 5:25, Exodus 29:3
• Tribute Psalm 72:10
• Incorporating land Isaiah 5:8
• Of an affair/case Deuteronomy 1:17, Numbers 27:5
• Of time Genesis 12:11, Isaiah 26:17, Ezekiel 22:4

b. Technical sacrificial term (c. 158 times)

• Aaron and his sons Exodus 29:4, Leviticus 8:6
• For selection by lot Joshua 7:16, 1 Samuel 10:20
• Animal offerings Leviticus 3:7, Leviticus 1:15
• Blood Leviticus 1:5, Leviticus 9:9
• Grain offerings Leviticus 2:8, Numbers 15:9
• Incense/fire Numbers 16:35, Leviticus 10:1
• Cognate קָרְבָּן Leviticus 1:2, Numbers 7:10

Aramaic

I. קְרֵב verb approach (Biblical Hebrew I. קרב).

1. Peal approach
   • Perfect 3 masculine singular קְרֵב Daniel 3:26
   • Perfect 1 singular קִרְבַת Daniel 7:16
   • Infinitive כְּמִקְרְבֵהּ Daniel 6:21
2. Pael offer sacrifice
   • Imperfect 2 masculine singular תְּקָרֵב Ezra 7:17
3. Haphel offer or bring near
   • Perfect 3 masculine plural הַקְרִבוּ Ezra 6:17
   • Perfect with suffix הַקְרְבוּהִי Daniel 7:13

¹ D.H. Müller, Hofmuseum.

² Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS).

³ Mordtmann & Müller, Sabäische Denkmäler (SabDenkm).

⁴ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (HWS).

⁵ W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites (RS).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect second person masculine plural

LXX: προσάξει προσάξετε προσοίσει προσήγαγεν προσήνεγκαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7126:

προσάξει 18× (5.8%)

προσάξετε 17× (5.5%)

προσοίσει 16× (5.1%)

προσήγαγεν 10× (3.1%)

προσήνεγκαν 9× (2.8%)

προσάξεισ 8× (2.6%)

προσοίσετε 8× (2.7%)

προσήνεγκεν 7× (2.2%)

προσελεύσεται 7× (2.5%)

προσάξουσιν 6× (2.1%)

עצמות עֲצָמוֹת

bones

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עצם

ʻetsem

Definition

a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame

Root

from H6105 (עצם);

Exhaustive

from עצם; a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame; body, bone, [idiom] life, (self-) same, strength, [idiom] very.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6106

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֶצֶם

noun masculine • Root עצם • Strongs / High • Page 1121

1. The hard, the firm, a pile of wood. 2. Commonly, a bone, often referring to the bone of a dead person.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַצְמוֹת

f. verbal • Root עצם • Page 522

Strong reasons, arguments (Is. 41:21). In Talmud: argumenta valida.

עֶצֶם

m. verbal • Root עצם • Page 522

1. strength (Deut. 8:17, Job 30:21). 2. body, frame (Ps. 139:15).

עֶצֶם

f. verbal from עָצַם • Root עצם • Page 521

1. a bone. Gen. 2:23. 2. body, form, appearance. Lam. 4:7. 3. the same, very, itself, in reference to things; e.g. עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה (the self-same day).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6106

I. עֶ֫צֶם (approximate number of occurrences: 125) noun feminine¹ (with pronoun masculine Ezekiel 37:5, 6 etc., compare Albr²) — bone, substance, self.

— עֶצֶם absolute Genesis 2:23 +; עָ֑צֶם Proverbs 15:30, Proverbs 16:24; construct עֶצֶם Exodus 24:10 +; suffix עַצְמִי Job 19:20 + etc.; plural עֲצָמוֺת 2 Kings 23:16 +; construct עַצְמוֺת Joshua 24:32 +; suffix עַצְמֹתַי Job 4:14 + etc.; also plural עֲצָמִים Ezekiel 24:4 +, suffix עֲצָמַי Genesis 2:23 + etc.

1. Bone

a. Of living person

• Micah 3:2–3 (hyperbole)
• Job 10:11; Job 19:20
• Lamentations 4:8; Psalm 102:6
• Ecclesiastes 11:5 +
• Figurative of close relationship: עֶצֶם מֵעֲצָמַי Genesis 2:23, compare Genesis 29:14 (both Jehovist Source), Judges 9:2; 2 Samuel 5:1 = 1 Chronicles 11:1; 2 Samuel 19:13–14 (+ בָּשָׂר)

b. Body and limbs

• עֶצֶם + בָּשָׂר = body, Job 2:5
• Plural = bodily frame Jeremiah 20:9 (simile)
• Limbs, members, לַעֲצָמֶיהָ Judges 19:29 i.e. limb by limb
• As seat of vigour Job 20:11 etc.

c. As seat of disease and pain (poetry)

• Job 30:17, 30
• (Especially of personified Israel) Psalm 22:15; Psalm 31:11; Psalm 102:4; Lamentations 1:13; Habakkuk 3:16 +

d. Plural as representing entire person

• One's whole being, (especially of personified Israel) Psalm 6:3 ("" נֶפֶשׁ Psalm 6:4), Psalm 35:10 ("" נֶפֶשׁ Psalm 35:9), Isaiah 66:14
• Of individual (including physical and moral) Proverbs 3:8; Proverbs 14:30; Proverbs 15:30; Proverbs 16:24

e. External body (dubious)

• Singular = external body Lamentations 4:7; but dubious, perhaps מְּנִינִים coral or עוֺרָם their skin

f. Of the dead

• Numbers 19:16, 18 (Priests' Code), Ezekiel 37:1 +
• Often (plural) = remains Amos 6:10; Genesis 50:25; Exodus 13:19 (twice in verse); Joshua 24:32 (all Elohist Source) +

2. Bone of animal

• Exodus 12:46; Numbers 9:12 (both Priests' Code)
• Ezekiel 24:4, 5 (symbolic)
• Of (living) hippopotamus Job 40:18

3. Substance, self

Singular substance, self (compare גֶּרֶם 3):

• כְּעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם Exodus 24:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), like the substance of the sky = the sky itself
• בְּעֶצֶם תֻּמּוֺ Job 21:23 i.e. full prosperity
• Especially אֶת־עֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 24:2 this selfsame day, בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 24:2; Ezekiel 40:1; Genesis 7:13; Genesis 17:23, 26; Exodus 12:17, 41, 51; Leviticus 23:21, 28, 29, 30; Deuteronomy 32:48; Joshua 5:11 (all Priests' Code)
• עַד־עֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 2:3; Leviticus 23:14 (Priests' Code), Joshua 10:27 (Redactor Source)

— Ezekiel 24:5a read הָעֵצִים; Ezekiel 24:10 strike out הָעֲצָמוֺת; Job 7:15 read מֵעַצְּבוֺתָ֑י; Psalm 53:6 read perhaps מֵעֲצַת (compare Psalm 14:6); Psalm 69:5 read מֵעַצְמוֺתַי (for ᵑ0 מַצְמִיתַי) ³.

¹ Psalm 35:10.

² Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter," ZAW xvi (1896), 73.

³ Masoretic Text (ᵑ0); Syriac Peshitta (ᵑ6).

Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: ὀστᾶ ὀστέοισ ὀστῶν ὀστοῦν ὀστέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H6106:

ὀστᾶ 65× (46.1%)

ὀστέοισ 7× (4.9%)

ὀστῶν 7× (5.0%)

ὀστοῦν 6× (4.8%)

ὀστέων 6× (4.7%)

ἡμέρασ 4× (2.6%)

ταύτῃ 3× (2.2%)

--- 3× (2.6%)

ὀστέα 3× (2.2%)

σήμερον 3× (1.9%)

עצם עֶצֶם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עצם

ʻetsem

Definition

a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame

Root

from H6105 (עצם);

Exhaustive

from עצם; a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame; body, bone, [idiom] life, (self-) same, strength, [idiom] very.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6106

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֶצֶם

noun masculine • Root עצם • Strongs / High • Page 1121

1. The hard, the firm, a pile of wood. 2. Commonly, a bone, often referring to the bone of a dead person.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַצְמוֹת

f. verbal • Root עצם • Page 522

Strong reasons, arguments (Is. 41:21). In Talmud: argumenta valida.

עֶצֶם

m. verbal • Root עצם • Page 522

1. strength (Deut. 8:17, Job 30:21). 2. body, frame (Ps. 139:15).

עֶצֶם

f. verbal from עָצַם • Root עצם • Page 521

1. a bone. Gen. 2:23. 2. body, form, appearance. Lam. 4:7. 3. the same, very, itself, in reference to things; e.g. עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה (the self-same day).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6106

I. עֶ֫צֶם (approximate number of occurrences: 125) noun feminine¹ (with pronoun masculine Ezekiel 37:5, 6 etc., compare Albr²) — bone, substance, self.

— עֶצֶם absolute Genesis 2:23 +; עָ֑צֶם Proverbs 15:30, Proverbs 16:24; construct עֶצֶם Exodus 24:10 +; suffix עַצְמִי Job 19:20 + etc.; plural עֲצָמוֺת 2 Kings 23:16 +; construct עַצְמוֺת Joshua 24:32 +; suffix עַצְמֹתַי Job 4:14 + etc.; also plural עֲצָמִים Ezekiel 24:4 +, suffix עֲצָמַי Genesis 2:23 + etc.

1. Bone

a. Of living person

• Micah 3:2–3 (hyperbole)
• Job 10:11; Job 19:20
• Lamentations 4:8; Psalm 102:6
• Ecclesiastes 11:5 +
• Figurative of close relationship: עֶצֶם מֵעֲצָמַי Genesis 2:23, compare Genesis 29:14 (both Jehovist Source), Judges 9:2; 2 Samuel 5:1 = 1 Chronicles 11:1; 2 Samuel 19:13–14 (+ בָּשָׂר)

b. Body and limbs

• עֶצֶם + בָּשָׂר = body, Job 2:5
• Plural = bodily frame Jeremiah 20:9 (simile)
• Limbs, members, לַעֲצָמֶיהָ Judges 19:29 i.e. limb by limb
• As seat of vigour Job 20:11 etc.

c. As seat of disease and pain (poetry)

• Job 30:17, 30
• (Especially of personified Israel) Psalm 22:15; Psalm 31:11; Psalm 102:4; Lamentations 1:13; Habakkuk 3:16 +

d. Plural as representing entire person

• One's whole being, (especially of personified Israel) Psalm 6:3 ("" נֶפֶשׁ Psalm 6:4), Psalm 35:10 ("" נֶפֶשׁ Psalm 35:9), Isaiah 66:14
• Of individual (including physical and moral) Proverbs 3:8; Proverbs 14:30; Proverbs 15:30; Proverbs 16:24

e. External body (dubious)

• Singular = external body Lamentations 4:7; but dubious, perhaps מְּנִינִים coral or עוֺרָם their skin

f. Of the dead

• Numbers 19:16, 18 (Priests' Code), Ezekiel 37:1 +
• Often (plural) = remains Amos 6:10; Genesis 50:25; Exodus 13:19 (twice in verse); Joshua 24:32 (all Elohist Source) +

2. Bone of animal

• Exodus 12:46; Numbers 9:12 (both Priests' Code)
• Ezekiel 24:4, 5 (symbolic)
• Of (living) hippopotamus Job 40:18

3. Substance, self

Singular substance, self (compare גֶּרֶם 3):

• כְּעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם Exodus 24:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), like the substance of the sky = the sky itself
• בְּעֶצֶם תֻּמּוֺ Job 21:23 i.e. full prosperity
• Especially אֶת־עֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 24:2 this selfsame day, בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 24:2; Ezekiel 40:1; Genesis 7:13; Genesis 17:23, 26; Exodus 12:17, 41, 51; Leviticus 23:21, 28, 29, 30; Deuteronomy 32:48; Joshua 5:11 (all Priests' Code)
• עַד־עֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 2:3; Leviticus 23:14 (Priests' Code), Joshua 10:27 (Redactor Source)

— Ezekiel 24:5a read הָעֵצִים; Ezekiel 24:10 strike out הָעֲצָמוֺת; Job 7:15 read מֵעַצְּבוֺתָ֑י; Psalm 53:6 read perhaps מֵעֲצַת (compare Psalm 14:6); Psalm 69:5 read מֵעַצְמוֺתַי (for ᵑ0 מַצְמִיתַי) ³.

¹ Psalm 35:10.

² Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter," ZAW xvi (1896), 73.

³ Masoretic Text (ᵑ0); Syriac Peshitta (ᵑ6).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ὀστᾶ ὀστέοισ ὀστῶν ὀστοῦν ὀστέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H6106:

ὀστᾶ 65× (46.1%)

ὀστέοισ 7× (4.9%)

ὀστῶν 7× (5.0%)

ὀστοῦν 6× (4.8%)

ὀστέων 6× (4.7%)

ἡμέρασ 4× (2.6%)

ταύτῃ 3× (2.2%)

--- 3× (2.6%)

ὀστέα 3× (2.2%)

σήμερον 3× (1.9%)

אל אֶל־

toward

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H413

אֵל (nearly always followed by maqqeph), in poetry אֱלֵי (compare עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (1 Samuel 3:22; 1 Samuel 5:26; 1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 29:19), with suffix אֱלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֱלֶיךְ, etc. אֱלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 times) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often); once אֱלֵימוֹ Psalm 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Exodus 1:19 (Assyrian ilî, Arabic عربي), preposition denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).

Cognates:

• Assyrian ilî
• Arabic عربي

1. Motion to or unto a person or place

• Genesis 2:19, Genesis 2:22; Genesis 3:19; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 14:22; Genesis 16:9 etc.
• After every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though לְ is here more common) Genesis 21:14; Genesis 35:4; Deuteronomy 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Deuteronomy 37:36, etc.
• Metaphorical Jeremiah 2:19 וְלֹא פַּחַדְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (compare Job 31:23).
• Peculiarly Genesis 6:16 אֵל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc.
• And metaphor in the phrase אֵל (אֱלֵי) גִּיל unto exultation Hosea 9:11; Job 3:22.
• Once, exceptionally (si vera 1.) = even: Job 5:5 וְאֵל מִצִּגִּים יִקָּחֶהָ and even out of thorns he taketh it.
• Sometimes pregnant, as Isaiah 66:17; Jeremiah 41:7 זָנָה אֵל commit whoredom (by going) to Numbers 25:1; Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29; דָּרַשׁ אֵל seek (by resorting) to Deuteronomy 18:11; Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 11:10 +; חָבַר אֵל join together (& come) unto Genesis 14:3; הִשְׁכִּימוּ אֵל rise early (and go) to Genesis 19:27; Genesis 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֵל made to kneel down at; Genesis 47:18 תַּם אֵל i.e. has been made over to; מָחַד אֵל to come in fear to Hosea 3:5; Micah 7:17.
• Opposite is מִן, as מִן הַקָּצֶה אֵל הַקָּצֶה from end to end Exodus 26:28; מֵה אֵל מֵה Ezra 9:11 (synonym 2 Kings 21:16 מֵה לָפֶה).
• And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֵל עֵת 1 Chronicles 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֵל יוֹם Numbers 30:15 (P) 1 Chronicles 16:23 (in the Psalm 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).

2. Where the limit is actually entered, into

• Genesis 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark Genesis 7:1; Genesis 19:3; Genesis 41:21; Genesis 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting Genesis 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיכוּ) Genesis 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֵל בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Exodus 28:30 (Leviticus 8:8) Deuteronomy 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Genesis 49:29; שָׁחַט to squeeze Genesis 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Numbers 5:23, etc.; metaphor Genesis 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׁם אֵל לֵב, הָשִׁיב to place, bring into ( = lay to ) heart Deuteronomy 4:39; 2 Samuel 19:20 and elsewhere In connection with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 Samuel 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֵל הַכְּלִים in among the baggage, Jeremiah 4:3 sow not אֵל קֹצִים in among thorns.

3. Of direction towards anything

• (a) Of physical acts or states, as Genesis 30:40 נָתַן מִנִּי הַצֹּאן אֵל, Genesis 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֵל, Exodus 25:20; Numbers 6:26, נָשָׂא פָּנָיו אֵל (2 Kings 9:32 differently), 2 Kings 24:1 שָׁת מִנִּיו אֵל, Joshua 8:18; Psalm 28:2; 1 Kings 8:29, 1 Kings 8:30 (to pray towards) 1 Kings 8:38; pregnantly חָרַד אֵל to tremble (turning) to Genesis 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֵל to wonder (turning) towards Genesis 43:33; Isaiah 13:8, מָחַד אֵל Jeremiah 36:16: without a verb מֵנִּים אֵל מֵנִּים face to face Genesis 32:31 +; מֵה אֵל מֵה Numbers 12:8; כִּאֲיִנֵּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).
• (b) With words such as אָמַר to say to Genesis 3:1 + often, דִּבֵּר Genesis 8:15 + often, קָרָא Genesis 19:5, הִגִּיד Genesis 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to Genesis 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to Genesis 12:15 (compare Ezekiel 13:19 חִלֵּל אֵל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר Ezekiel 40:14.
• (c) With words expressing the direction of the mind, as קָוָה to wait Psalm 27:14 +; יָחַל to hope Isaiah 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֵל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; שָׁם לֵב אֵל, שִׁית to set the heart (mind) to Exodus 9:21 and elsewhere; לָמַד אֵל to accustom oneself to Jeremiah 10:2; חָרַד אֵל to shew fear towards 2 Kings 4:13; Genesis 43:30; Deuteronomy 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).

4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, against

• Genesis 4:8 אֵל הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 Samuel 24:8) 1 Samuel 22:12; Exodus 14:5; Numbers 32:14; with נִקַּם Joshua 10:6, הָלַךְ Judges 1:10; Judges 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Genesis 42:21; Judges 9:57; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Kings 14:10 +; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֵלִי Isaiah 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֵל) Hosea 7:15 (compare Nahum 1:9) Hosea 12:5 וַיָּשַׁר אֵל מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in particular the phrase הִנְנִי אֵל Behold I am against (thee, you, etc.) Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Jeremiah 21:13 (Jeremiah 23:30-32 עַל) Jeremiah 50:31; Jeremiah 51:25; Ezekiel 13:8, Ezekiel 13:20; Ezekiel 21:8; Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:22; Ezekiel 34:10; Ezekiel 35:3; Ezekiel 38:3; Ezekiel 39:1 (Ezekiel 5:8; Ezekiel 26:3; Ezekiel 28:22; Ezekiel 29:3 עַל: on Ezekiel 36:9 see above)

5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

• As Leviticus 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֵל אֲחֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Joshua 13:22 (Numbers 31:8 עַל); 1 Samuel 14:34 at eat אֵל הַחֹם together with the blood (1 Samuel 14:32 & Generally עַל); 1 Kings 10:7 הוֹסַף אֵל (generally עַל); Jeremiah 25:26; Ezekiel 7:26 שְׁמֻעָה אֵל שְׁמֻעָה (עַל); Ezekiel 44:7; Lamentations 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֵל כַּפֵּינוּ our hearts together with the hands (compare Arabic عربي, Qor 4:2; W AG ii. § 51 c).

6. Metaphor in regard to, concerning, on account of

• Thus הִתְאַבֵּל אֵל to mourn concerning 1 Samuel 15:35; הִנָּחֵם אֵל to repent as regards 2 Samuel 24:16; הִתְפַּלֵּל אֵל to pray with regard to 1 Samuel 1:27; 2 Kings 19:20; צָעַק אֵל to cry 2 Kings 8:3 (2 Kings 8:5 עַל); נֶעֱצַב אֵל be pained 1 Samuel 20:34; נִחַם אֵל to comfort 2 Samuel 10:2; more Generally 1 Kings 16:13; 1 Kings 21:22; אֵל נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one's life 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 7:7 (Genesis 19:17 עַל). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר אֵל Genesis 20:2; Isaiah 29:22; Isaiah 37:21, Isaiah 37:33 +; דִּבֵּר אֵל 2 Samuel 7:19; Jeremiah 40:16 b; סִמֵּר אֵל Psalm 2:7; Psalm 69:27; צָוָה אֵל Isaiah 23:11; שָׁמַע אֵל Ezekiel 19:4; הַשְׁמֻעָה אֵל the report regarding . . . 1 Samuel 4:19. (Not frequently, ext. in the case of אָמַר.)

7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare)

• אֵל מִצְוָה according to the command of, Joshua 15:13; Joshua 17:4; Joshua 21:3 (generally עַל מִצְוָה); אֵל נָבוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4 (see Dr); perhaps Psalm 5:1; Psalm 80:1 (Psalm 45:1 עַל).

8. Expressing presence at a spot, against; at, by

• Not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (compare 1), as Joshua 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֵל מֵי מְרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 Samuel 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 Samuel 2:23 and elsewhere and smote him אֵל הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Deuteronomy 33:28; Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7; but also in other cases, as Joshua 5:3 and he circumcised the Israelites אֵל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלִים at the hill of the foreskins, Joshua 22:11 have built an altar אֵל גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Judges 12:6; 2 Samuel 3:32, 2 Samuel 14:30 & 2 Samuel 18:4 אֵל יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 Kings 13:20 as they were sitting אֵל הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 Kings 11:14 אֵל הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Jeremiah 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., Jeremiah 46:10 אֵל נְהַר מְרָתַיִם by the Euphrates, Ezekiel 3:15; Ezekiel 11:11; Ezekiel 17:8; Ezekiel 31:7; Ezekiel 40:18; Ezekiel 43:3; Ezekiel 47:7; Ezekiel 48:12.

9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

• Thus אֵל אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18, 2 Kings 9:19 סֹב אֵל אַחֲרֵי turn to behind me, Zechariah 6:5 (where אֵל is pleonastic, probably due to clerical error; note יָצָא אֵל before & after); אֵל בֵּין in between Ezekiel 31:10, Ezekiel 31:14; אֱל בֵּינֹת similarly Ezekiel 10:2; אֵל בֵּית to (the part) within (see below בַּיִת), in within Leviticus 16:15; 2 Kings 11:15 have her forth in within the ranks; אֵל מוּל see מוּל; אֵל מִנֶּגֶב to the south of Joshua 15:3; אֵל מִחוּץ to the outside of Leviticus 4:12, Leviticus 4:21 +; אֵל נֹכַח to the front of Numbers 19:4; אֵל תַּחַת Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6 and elsewhere (see below תַּחַת).

Note I. — In Genesis 20:13 אֵל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה וְג׳; Numbers 33:54 אֵל אֲשֶׁר וְג׳; Proverbs 17:8 (compare Deuteronomy 16:6); — אֵל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֵל to be used instead of בְּ. In Deuteronomy 31:14 אֱלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אֵל III or IV (q. v.); if the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

Note 2. — There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Joshua 5:14 וַיִּמָּל אֵל מָנָיִו; 1 Samuel 13:13 אַתְּמַמְלֵאתָּ אֵלִי שְׂרָאֵל; 1 Samuel 14:34 (see below 5); 1 Samuel 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֵל הָהָר (contracted עַל הָהָר Deuteronomy 11:29); Deuteronomy 19:16; 2 Samuel 6:3; 2 Samuel 20:23 (contracted 2 Samuel 8:16) 1 Kings 13:29; 1 Kings 18:46 (contracted 2 Kings 3:15 עַל) Jeremiah 35:15; Ezekiel 7:18. (b) Judges 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, Judges 6:39 let there be dryness on (אֵל) the fleece; 1 Samuel 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, 1 Samuel 14:12 come up אֱלֵינוּ; 1 Samuel 16:23 & 1 Samuel 16:16 & 1 Samuel 18:10 צָלַח אֵל, 1 Samuel 10:6 and elsewhere צָלַח עַל; 1 Samuel 25:17 evil is determined אֵל אֲדֹנִינוּ וְעַל כָּל בֵּיתוֹ; 1 Samuel 25:25; 1 Samuel 27:10; 2 Samuel 2:9 וַיַּמְלֵךְ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳; 2 Samuel 3:29 יָחֻל עַל וְאֵל; 2 Kings 8:3 & 2 Kings 8:5; Jeremiah 19:15; Jeremiah 25:2; Jeremiah 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֵל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; Jeremiah 27:19; Jeremiah 28:8; Jeremiah 33:14; Jeremiah 34:7; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 37:13, Jeremiah 37:14; Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11 & Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 21:12 etc. Psalm 79:6 (Jeremiah 10:25 עַל twice). It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל, as 1 Samuel 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (1 Samuel 1:26 אֵל); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 25:25 אֵל עַל; 1 Kings 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל בֵּיתוֹ (1 Kings 21:4 אֵל); Isaiah 22:15; Jeremiah 11:2; Jeremiah 23:35; Jeremiah 31:12. compare Dr Sm i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

¹ If the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

² There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences.

³ It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers.

⁴ Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל.

⁵ Compare Driver, Samuel, i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

Preposition

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

עצמו עַצְמוֹ׃

they have fortified

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עצם

ʻetsem

Definition

a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame

Root

from H6105 (עצם);

Exhaustive

from עצם; a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame; body, bone, [idiom] life, (self-) same, strength, [idiom] very.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6106

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֶצֶם

noun masculine • Root עצם • Strongs / High • Page 1121

1. The hard, the firm, a pile of wood. 2. Commonly, a bone, often referring to the bone of a dead person.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַצְמוֹת

f. verbal • Root עצם • Page 522

Strong reasons, arguments (Is. 41:21). In Talmud: argumenta valida.

עֶצֶם

m. verbal • Root עצם • Page 522

1. strength (Deut. 8:17, Job 30:21). 2. body, frame (Ps. 139:15).

עֶצֶם

f. verbal from עָצַם • Root עצם • Page 521

1. a bone. Gen. 2:23. 2. body, form, appearance. Lam. 4:7. 3. the same, very, itself, in reference to things; e.g. עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה (the self-same day).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6106

I. עֶ֫צֶם (approximate number of occurrences: 125) noun feminine¹ (with pronoun masculine Ezekiel 37:5, 6 etc., compare Albr²) — bone, substance, self.

— עֶצֶם absolute Genesis 2:23 +; עָ֑צֶם Proverbs 15:30, Proverbs 16:24; construct עֶצֶם Exodus 24:10 +; suffix עַצְמִי Job 19:20 + etc.; plural עֲצָמוֺת 2 Kings 23:16 +; construct עַצְמוֺת Joshua 24:32 +; suffix עַצְמֹתַי Job 4:14 + etc.; also plural עֲצָמִים Ezekiel 24:4 +, suffix עֲצָמַי Genesis 2:23 + etc.

1. Bone

a. Of living person

• Micah 3:2–3 (hyperbole)
• Job 10:11; Job 19:20
• Lamentations 4:8; Psalm 102:6
• Ecclesiastes 11:5 +
• Figurative of close relationship: עֶצֶם מֵעֲצָמַי Genesis 2:23, compare Genesis 29:14 (both Jehovist Source), Judges 9:2; 2 Samuel 5:1 = 1 Chronicles 11:1; 2 Samuel 19:13–14 (+ בָּשָׂר)

b. Body and limbs

• עֶצֶם + בָּשָׂר = body, Job 2:5
• Plural = bodily frame Jeremiah 20:9 (simile)
• Limbs, members, לַעֲצָמֶיהָ Judges 19:29 i.e. limb by limb
• As seat of vigour Job 20:11 etc.

c. As seat of disease and pain (poetry)

• Job 30:17, 30
• (Especially of personified Israel) Psalm 22:15; Psalm 31:11; Psalm 102:4; Lamentations 1:13; Habakkuk 3:16 +

d. Plural as representing entire person

• One's whole being, (especially of personified Israel) Psalm 6:3 ("" נֶפֶשׁ Psalm 6:4), Psalm 35:10 ("" נֶפֶשׁ Psalm 35:9), Isaiah 66:14
• Of individual (including physical and moral) Proverbs 3:8; Proverbs 14:30; Proverbs 15:30; Proverbs 16:24

e. External body (dubious)

• Singular = external body Lamentations 4:7; but dubious, perhaps מְּנִינִים coral or עוֺרָם their skin

f. Of the dead

• Numbers 19:16, 18 (Priests' Code), Ezekiel 37:1 +
• Often (plural) = remains Amos 6:10; Genesis 50:25; Exodus 13:19 (twice in verse); Joshua 24:32 (all Elohist Source) +

2. Bone of animal

• Exodus 12:46; Numbers 9:12 (both Priests' Code)
• Ezekiel 24:4, 5 (symbolic)
• Of (living) hippopotamus Job 40:18

3. Substance, self

Singular substance, self (compare גֶּרֶם 3):

• כְּעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם Exodus 24:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), like the substance of the sky = the sky itself
• בְּעֶצֶם תֻּמּוֺ Job 21:23 i.e. full prosperity
• Especially אֶת־עֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 24:2 this selfsame day, בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 24:2; Ezekiel 40:1; Genesis 7:13; Genesis 17:23, 26; Exodus 12:17, 41, 51; Leviticus 23:21, 28, 29, 30; Deuteronomy 32:48; Joshua 5:11 (all Priests' Code)
• עַד־עֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 2:3; Leviticus 23:14 (Priests' Code), Joshua 10:27 (Redactor Source)

— Ezekiel 24:5a read הָעֵצִים; Ezekiel 24:10 strike out הָעֲצָמוֺת; Job 7:15 read מֵעַצְּבוֺתָ֑י; Psalm 53:6 read perhaps מֵעֲצַת (compare Psalm 14:6); Psalm 69:5 read מֵעַצְמוֺתַי (for ᵑ0 מַצְמִיתַי) ³.

¹ Psalm 35:10.

² Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter," ZAW xvi (1896), 73.

³ Masoretic Text (ᵑ0); Syriac Peshitta (ᵑ6).

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ὀστᾶ ὀστέοισ ὀστῶν ὀστοῦν ὀστέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H6106:

ὀστᾶ 65× (46.1%)

ὀστέοισ 7× (4.9%)

ὀστῶν 7× (5.0%)

ὀστοῦν 6× (4.8%)

ὀστέων 6× (4.7%)

ἡμέρασ 4× (2.6%)

ταύτῃ 3× (2.2%)

--- 3× (2.6%)

ὀστέα 3× (2.2%)

σήμερον 3× (1.9%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And I prophesied as I was commanded: and there will be a voice as I prophesied, and behold a shaking, the bones will draw near, bone to his bone.

LITV Translation:
So I prophesied as I was commanded. And as I prophesied, there was a noise. And, behold, a shaking! And the bones drew near, a bone to its bone.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
So I prophesied as the Lord commanded me: and it came to pass while I was prophesying, that, behold, there was a shaking, and the bones approached each one to his joint.