Ezekiel 36:19

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ואפיץ וָאָפִיץ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פוץ

pûwts

Definition

to dash in pieces, literally or figuratively (especially to disperse)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to dash in pieces, literally or figuratively (especially to disperse); break (dash, shake) in (to) pieces, cast (abroad), disperse (selves), drive, retire, scatter (abroad), spread abroad.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6327

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פּוּץ

verb transitive • Strongs / High • Page 1159

(II., not used) tr. 1. to split, to divide, to separate; metaphor. to be intelligent. 2. Fig. to break (in mining language).

פּוּץ

verb intransitive • Strongs / High • Page 1159

(I.) intr. same as יָפַץ (to scatter, disperse).

פּוּץ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1160

To be reduced to dust, to be scattered about, to disperse themselves, to be driven away, to overflow, to pour forth, to spread.

פּוּץ

noun m. • Root פוץ • Strongs / High • Page 1160

Dispersion, exile, or separate return.

פּוּץ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1162

To be flexible, pliant (become supple); generally to move to and fro, to leap, to spring (Putz II).

פּוּץ

verb • Root פוץ • Strongs / High • Page 1162

To be scattered about (Nif. נָפוֹץ), specifically the bones of the slain.

פּוּץ

verb • Root פוץ • Strongs / High • Page 1162

To scatter, to pursue, to disperse, send into exile, to distribute largely, to dissipate (Pih. fut. יָפִיץ).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פּוֹץ

m. verbal • Root פוץ • Page 539

dispersion. Used in Zeph. 3:10 in the phrase 'the daughter of my dispersion', meaning those dispersed by God.

פּוּץ

verb • Page 538

1. to smite or dash in pieces. 2. to scatter or go astray; spoken of a flock or people (Ezek. 34:5, Zech. 13:7, Gen. 11:4). 3. to overflow (Zech. 1:17, Prov. 5:16). Niph. to be or become scattered.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6327

I. [פּוּץ] verb — be dispersed, scattered.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew = Biblical Hebrew
• Arabic فاظ (?) break asunder, scatter

Qal

— Imperfect 3 masculine plural יָפוּצוּ Psalm 68:2, יָפֻצוּ Ezekiel 48:16 +; 3 feminine plural וַתְּפוּצֶינָה Ezekiel 34:5 +, וּתְפוּצֶינָה Zechariah 13:7, etc.; Imperative masculine plural מֻּצוּ 1 Samuel 14:34; Participle passive plural suffix מּוּצַי Zephaniah 3:10 (see below).

• be dispersed, disperse, בָּעָם 1 Samuel 14:34
• be scattered, of enemies 1 Samuel 11:11; Numbers 10:35; Psalm 68:2
• of Israel (among nations) under figure of flock Ezekiel 34:5 (twice in verse); Zechariah 13:7
• בַּתמּֿוּצַי Zephaniah 3:10 is probably corrupt, and Zephaniah 3:9–10 gloss¹
• of besieging army 2 Samuel 20:22 (מֵעַל הָעִיר)
• people from (מִן) possessions Ezekiel 46:18
• men (from Babel) Genesis 11:4 (עַל location)

Niphal

— Perfect 3 feminine singular נָפ֫וֺצָה Jeremiah 10:21, 3 plural נָפֹ֫צוּ Genesis 10:18 +, 2 masculine plural נְפֹצֹתֶם Ezekiel 11:17 +, etc.; Participle feminine נָפ֫וֺצֶת 2 Samuel 18:8 Qr (> Kt נפצות); plural נְפֹצִים 1 Kings 22:17, נְפוֺצִים 2 Chronicles 18:16.

1. be scattered
   • of army 2 Kings 25:5 (מֵעַל person) = Jeremiah 52:8; 1 Kings 22:17 (אֶל location) = 2 Chronicles 18:16 (עַל), compare Jeremiah 40:15 (absolute)
   • of dispersed Israel with ב location Ezekiel 11:17; Ezekiel 20:34, 41; Ezekiel 28:25, as flock Jeremiah 10:21; Ezekiel 34:6 (עַל location), Ezekiel 34:12 (שָׁם)
   • Egyptians Ezekiel 29:13 (שָׁמָּה)
   • of battle scattered over country by defeat 2 Samuel 18:8
2. be spread abroad, of peoples Genesis 10:18.

Hiphil

— Perfect 3 masculine singular וְהֵפִיץ Deuteronomy 4:27 +, 1 singular וַהֲפִיצוֺתִי Ezekiel 22:15, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָפִיץ Job 37:11, וַיָּ֫פֶץ Genesis 11:8 +, etc.; Imperative masculine singular הָפֵץ Job 40:11; Infinitive construct לְהָפִיץ Ezekiel 20:23, etc.

1. transitive scatter:
   • a. with accusative of person Genesis 11:8, 9 (עַל location), Isaiah 41:16; Habakkuk 3:14; with ב Genesis 49:7; Israel among (ב) nations Deuteronomy 4:27; Deuteronomy 28:64; Jeremiah 9:15; Ezekiel 11:16; Ezekiel 12:15; Ezekiel 20:23; Ezekiel 22:15; Ezekiel 36:19; Nehemiah 1:8; with שׁמ(הׅ Deuteronomy 30:3; Jeremiah 30:11; with אֶל location Ezekiel 34:21; absolute Jeremiah 13:24; Jeremiah 18:17, under figure of flock Jeremiah 23:1, 2; אֲפִיצֵם also Deuteronomy 32:26 (see [פאה]); Egyptians (construct ב) Ezekiel 29:12; Ezekiel 30:23, 26; inhabitants of earth Isaiah 24:1.
   • b. with accusative of thing, arrows (figurative for lightnings) 2 Samuel 22:15 = Psalm 18:15; Psalm 144:6; cloud Job 37:11; הָפֵץ עַבְרוֺת אַמֶּ֑ךָ Job 40:11 (i.e. lightnings ?); seed Isaiah 28:25.
   • c. וֶהֱפִיצֻהוּ Job 18:11 and drive him (if true reading).
2. intransitive, scatter, with ב location Exodus 5:12, with מֵעַל person 1 Samuel 13:8; of wind Job 38:24 (עַל location).

---

II. פּוּץ verb — flow, overflow.

Cognates:

• Arabic فاظ flow

Qal

— Imperfect 3 masculine plural יָפוּצוּ Proverbs 5:16 of springs, figurative for sources of pleasure; 3 feminine plural תְּפוּצֶנָה עָרַי מִטוֺב Zechariah 1:17 my cities shall overflow with good.

---

[פָצַץ] verb — break.

Cognates:

• Arabic فص break, break asunder
• Nabataean פצץ break asunder
• Syriac ܦܨ crush

Poel

— Imperfect 3 masculine singular יְפֹצֵץ סָ֑לַע Jeremiah 23:29 a hammer which shatters rock.

Hithpoel

— Imperfect 3 masculine plural וַיִּתְמִּצְצוּ Habakkuk 3:6 and the eternal mountains were shattered (elsewhere √ פּוּץ were scattered).

Pilpel

— Imperfect 3 masculine singular suffix וַיְפַצְמְּצֵנִי Job 16:12 he [God] dashed me in pieces (figurative).

¹ Friedrich Schwally, "Miscellen," Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 10 (1890): 203; also Wilhelm Nowack and A. B. Davidson.

conjunctive, Verb Hiphil sequential imperfect first person common singular

LXX: αὐτοὺσ διεσπάρησαν διασπερῶ --- διεσπάρη

LXX Usage Statistics

H6327a:

αὐτοὺσ 8× (8.7%)

διεσπάρησαν 5× (6.8%)

διασπερῶ 5× (6.2%)

--- 4× (5.6%)

διεσπάρη 4× (5.2%)

διασκορπιῶ 4× (5.2%)

διασπερεῖ 3× (3.8%)

διέσπειρα 3× (3.8%)

διεσκορπίσθησαν 2× (2.8%)

διεσκορπίσθητε 2× (2.8%)

אתם אֹתָם

your/their eternal selves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

Direct object eternal self, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

בגוים בַּגּוֹיִם

within the Nations

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

גוי

gôwy

Definition

a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts

Root

rarely (shortened) גי; apparently from the same root as H1465 (גוה) (in the sense of massing);

Exhaustive

rarely (shortened) גי; apparently from the same root as גוה (in the sense of massing); a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts; Gentile, heathen, nation, people.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1471

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גּוֹי

noun masculine • Root גוה • Strongs / High • Page 312

1. The body, properly belly; figuratively a being or person. 2. A connected mass, hence people, populace; most frequently a non-Israelite or heathen people; also a troop or flock of animals.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גּוֹי

noun masculine • Page 132

1. people, nation, in the widest sense. 2. especially foreign nations, those not Hebrew. References: Zeph. 2:9, Deut. 32:43, Joel 1:6, Prov. 30:25.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1471

I. גּוֺי (approximate number of occurrences: 561) noun masculine — nation, people.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id. Gentiles
• Phoenician גו community
• Sabean גו id.¹

— גּוֺי absolute Genesis 12:2 (121 times); suffix 1 singular גּוֺיִ Zephaniah 2:9, גּוֺיֶ֑ךָ Psalm 106:5, גּוֺיֵךְ Kt Ezekiel 36:13, 14, 15 (Qr wrongly גּוֺיַיִךְ compare Co²); plural גּוֺיִם Genesis 10:5 (410 times) + Qr Genesis 25:23; Psalm 79:10 (Kt גיים) + 6 times Ezekiel; construct גּוֺיֵי Genesis 18:18 (8 times), גּוֺיֵ 2 Chronicles 32:13, Ezra 6:21; suffix גּוֺיֵהֶם Genesis 10:5, 20, 31, 32.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Specifically of descendants of Abraham

• (+ גּוֺי גָּדוֺל) Genesis 12:2 (Jehovist Source)
• גּוֺיִם Genesis 17:6; הֲמוֺן גּוֺיִם Genesis 17:4, 15 (Priests' Code)
• Of Sarah גּוֺיִם Genesis 17:16 (Priests' Code)
• Of Ishmael גּוֺי Genesis 21:13 (Elohist Source)
• Of Jacob גּוֺי וּקְהַל גּוֺיִם Genesis 35:11 (Priests' Code)
• Of Jacob and Esau as two nations Genesis 25:23 (Jehovist Source)

b. Definitely of Israel

• Exodus 19:6 (+ גּוֺי קָדוֺשׁ); Exodus 33:13 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 4:6 (+ הַגּוֺי הַגָּדוֺל הַזֶּה)
• Psalm 33:12; Jeremiah 31:36; Ezekiel 37:22
• In narrative: Joshua 3:17; Joshua 4:1; Joshua 5:8 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Of Israel and Judah as two nations Ezekiel 35:10; Ezekiel 37:22
• Of Israel/Judah as sinful: Isaiah 1:4; Jeremiah 5:9, 29; Malachi 3:9

c. Usually of non-Hebrew peoples (heathen)

• Exodus 9:24; Exodus 34:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Leviticus 25:44 (Holiness Code)
• Opposed to Israel as עַם י׳: 2 Samuel 7:23; 1 Chronicles 17:21
• גְּלִיל הַגּוֺיִם circle or district of the nations Isaiah 8:23
• חֲרשֶׁת הַגּוֺיִם Charosheth of the nations Judges 4:2, 13, 16
• מֶלֶךְ גּוֺיִם לְגִלְגָּל king of nations belonging to Gilgal Joshua 12:23

2. Figurative usage

• Of swarm of locusts Joel 1:6
• Of all species of beasts Zephaniah 2:14

3. Proper name

גּוֺיִם proper name of a people Genesis 14:1, 9 in phrase תִּדְעָל מֶלֶךְ גּוֺיִם Tid`al king of Goim; probably a Babylonian or Elamitic name corrupted.³

¹ Müller, D. H., Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1883, p. 348.

² Cornill, C. H., Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

³ H. Rawlinson proposes Gutî, a people northeast of Babylonia; compare Schrader, Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament (COT); Delitzsch, F., Wo lag das Paradies? (Pa).

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: ἔθνη ἐθνῶν ἔθνεσιν ἔθνοσ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H1471a:

ἔθνη 194× (34.6%)

ἐθνῶν 125× (22.1%)

ἔθνεσιν 88× (13.3%)

ἔθνοσ 76× (14.1%)

'' 18× (3.0%)

ἔθνουσ 13× (2.3%)

ἔθνει 8× (1.5%)

pἀπὸ 4× (0.8%)

--- 4× (0.8%)

λαὸσ 4× (0.7%)

ויזרו וַיִּזָּרוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

זרה

zârâh

Definition

to toss about; by implication, to diffuse, winnow

Root

a primitive root (compare H2114 (זור));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare זור); to toss about; by implication, to diffuse, winnow; cast away, compass, disperse, fan, scatter (away), spread, strew, winnow.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2219

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זָרָה

verb • Root זרה • Strongs / High • Page 444

I. (Kal) to strew, to scatter about, to disperse; then to winnow; figuratively, to cast away. (Nif.) to be scattered. (Pih.) to disperse, to scatter. (Puh.) to be spread out, to be strewed, to be winnowed.

זָרָה

verb • Root זרה • Strongs / High • Page 444

II. (Kal unused) to encircle, to gird about, to enclose. (Pih.) to encircle, to surround, to hedge about, to watch, to guard.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

זָרָה

verb • Page 208

1. to scatter, disperse, cast away (Num. 17: 2). 2. to winnow grain (Jer. 4: 11; Ruth 3: 2). Pi. 1. to scatter/disperse a people (Lev. 26: 33). 2. to fan or winnow (Prov. 20: 26). 3. to sift or search (Ps. 139: 3). Pu. 1. to be scattered (Job 18: 15). 2. to be winnowed (Is. 30: 24). Niph. to be scattered (Ezek. 6: 3).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2219

I. זָרָה verb — scatter, fan, winnow.

Cognates:

• Arabic ذرى cause to fly, scatter (of wind), winnow
• Aramaic דְּרָא
• Ethiopic ዘረወ

— Qal Imperfect וַיִּ֫זֶר Exodus 32:20; 2 masculine singular תִּזְרֶה Ezekiel 5:2; suffix תִּזְרֵם Isaiah 30:22, Isaiah 41:16; וָאֶזְרֵם Jeremiah 15:7; Imperative זְרֵה Numbers 17:2; Infinitive לִזְרוֺת Jeremiah 4:11; Participle זֹרֶה Ruth 3:2, Isaiah 30:24.

1. Qal Meanings

a. scatter

• Exodus 32:20 (Elohist Source)
• Numbers 17:2 (Priests' Code)
• Ezekiel 5:2
• Isaiah 30:22

b. fan, winnow

• Ruth 3:2 (+ גֹּרֶן הַשְּׂעוֺרִים)
• Isaiah 30:24
• Isaiah 41:16 figurative
• Jeremiah 4:11 (purification)
• Jeremiah 15:7 (+ בְּמִזְרֶה)

2. Niph`al

Imperfect וַיִּזָּרוּ Ezekiel 36:19 be scattered, dispersed, of Israel; Infinitive suffix בְּהִזָּרוֺתֵיכֶם Ezekiel 6:8 when ye shall be dispersed (on plural suffix Ewald¹ § 259 b, but Cornill² strike out י).

3. Pi`el

Perfect suffix וְזֵרָם 1 Kings 14:15; זִרֵ֑יתָ Psalm 139:3; suffix זֵירִיתָ֫נוּ Psalm 44:12; וְזֵרִיתִ֫י Ezekiel 5:10 etc.; Infinitive זָרוֺת Ezekiel 20:23 etc.

a. scatter, disperse (intensive of Qal)

• 1 Kings 14:15
• Leviticus 26:33 (Holiness Code)
• Psalm 44:12
• Jeremiah 31:10
• Ezekiel 5:10, 12
• Ezekiel 12:14, 15
• Ezekiel 20:23
• Ezekiel 22:15
• Zechariah 2:2, 4
• Psalm 106:27
• Jeremiah 49:32, 36
• Jeremiah 51:2
• Malachi 2:3 (+ מֶּרֶשׁ)
• Proverbs 15:7 figurative
• Job 37:9 (participle מְזָרִים as substantive scatterers)

b. winnow, sift

• Psalm 139:3 figurative (Cheyne³; Barth⁴ measurest)

4. Pu`al

Imperfect יְזֹרֶה Job 18:15 be scattered, subject גָּפְרִית; Participle feminine מְזֹרָה Proverbs 1:17 (agreeing with רָשֶׁ֑ת).

¹ G. H. A. Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache.

² C. H. Cornill.

³ T. K. Cheyne.

⁴ J. Barth, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1887, 607.

conjunctive, Verb Niphal sequential imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: διασπερῶ αὐτοὺσ λικμήσω διασκορπίσαντα σκορπιῶ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2219:

διασπερῶ 6× (12.6%)

αὐτοὺσ 6× (9.8%)

λικμήσω 4× (8.0%)

διασκορπίσαντα 2× (4.7%)

σκορπιῶ 2× (4.3%)

διασκορπιῶ 2× (4.0%)

λικμήσεισ 2× (3.2%)

בארצות בָּאֲרָצוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ארץ

ʼerets

Definition

the earth (at large, or partitively a land)

Root

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm;

Exhaustive

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth (at large, or partitively a land); [idiom] common, country, earth, field, ground, land, [idiom] natins, way, [phrase] wilderness, world.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H776

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

(Not used) To be hard, firm, dense. (Root of the following noun)

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

Earth, as firm land i.e. a dense firm mass, in opposition to water. Includes meanings: a) the earth in opposition to heaven; b) earth as an element/material; c) the ground; d) piece of land/field; e) land of habitation or fatherland.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

noun masculine • Page 73

Earth, land. (masc. rarely, Gen. 13: 6; Is. 9: 18).

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Page 74

1. earth; also inhabitants of the earth, Gen. 6:11. 11:1. 2. land; e.g. אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם the land of Egypt. Sometimes Palestine, Joel 1:2. 3. jurisdiction of a city. Josh. 8:1. Plur. אֲרָצוֹת lands.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H776

I. אֶרֶץ (approximate number of occurrences: 2407) noun feminine Genesis 10:11 & (seldom) masculine Genesis 13:16 — earth, land.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אֶרֶץ
• Assyrian irṣitu (compare COT Glossary)
• Arabic أرض
• Sabean אֶרֶץ (for example, Osiris 9, DHM ZMG 1875, 594, 614; Semitic Sprachforschung 12, compare Prä BAS i. 374 note)
• Aramaic אַרְעָא, ܐܪܥܐ

— אֶרֶץ absolute Genesis 1:24 +; construct Genesis 2:11 +; אָרֶץ Genesis 1:10 +; with article always הָאָרֶץ Genesis 1:11 +; with הָ locative אַרְצָה Genesis 11:31 +, (this form also in poetry = אֶרֶץ Job 34:13 +); suffix אַרְצִי Job 20:15 +; (אַרְצֶנּוּ) אַרְצְכֶם Job 12:1 +, etc.; plural אֲרָצוֹת Jeremiah 28:8 (65 times); construct אַרְצוֹת Ezekiel 39:27 (6 times); suffix אַרְצֹתָם Genesis 10:5 (2 times).

1. Forms and Grammatical Notes

• Absolute: אֶרֶץ — Genesis 1:24 +
• Construct: אַרְצֵי — Genesis 2:11 +
• With article: הָאָרֶץ — Genesis 1:11 +
• Locative: אַרְצָה — Genesis 11:31 + (also in poetry equivalent to אֶרֶץ Job 34:13 +)
• Suffix forms:
  • אַרְצִי — Job 20:15 +
  • אַרְצְכֶם — Job 12:1 +
• Plural:
  • Absolute: אֲרָצוֹת — Jeremiah 28:8 (65 times)
  • Construct: אַרְצוֹת — Ezekiel 39:27 (6 times)
  • Suffix: אַרְצֹתָם — Genesis 10:5 (2 times)

2. Meanings and Uses

a. Earth (whole earth, opposed to a part)

• Genesis 18:18, Genesis 18:25
• Genesis 22:18 (= הָאֲדָמָה Genesis 12:3)
• Jeremiah 25:26, Jeremiah 25:29, Jeremiah 25:30
• Jeremiah 26:6
• Isaiah 37:16, Isaiah 37:20 = 2 Kings 19:15
• 2 Kings 19:19
• Zechariah 4:10, Zechariah 4:14 +

b. Earth, opposed to heaven or sky

• Genesis 1:2
• Exodus 20:4
• Deuteronomy 5:8
• Deuteronomy 30:19
• Judges 5:4
• Lamentations 2:1
• Isaiah 37:16 = 2 Kings 19:15
• Psalm 146:6
• 1 Chronicles 21:16
• 1 Chronicles 29:11
• 2 Chronicles 2:11 +
• As permanent: Ecclesiastes 1:4
• Built on foundations or pillars: 1 Samuel 2:8; Psalm 104:5; Job 38:4; Isaiah 48:13; Isaiah 51:13, Isaiah 51:16
• Compare also: Isaiah 24:18; Psalm 82:5
• Firm, shaking as terrible: 1 Samuel 14:4; 2 Samuel 22:8 = Psalm 18:8; Job 9:6; compare Psalm 46:2 & Psalm 46:6
• Also: Amos 8:8; Isaiah 2:19, Isaiah 2:21; Isaiah 24:18, Isaiah 24:19, Isaiah 24:20; Psalm 60:4; Psalm 77:19; Psalm 99:1; Psalm 114:7
• Hung on nothing: Job 26:7
• With waters under it: Exodus 20:4 = Deuteronomy 5:8; compare Genesis 7:11
• Personified, addressed: Deuteronomy 32:1; Jeremiah 6:19; Jeremiah 22:29; Isaiah 1:2; Micah 1:2; Job 16:18

c. Earth = inhabitants of earth

• Genesis 6:11
• 1 Kings 2:2
• 1 Kings 10:24
• Psalm 33:8
• Psalm 66:4
• תְּהִלַּת כָּל הָאָרֶץ Proverbs 8:31
• Job 37:12

2. Land (country, territory)

• a. Country, territory: שִׁנְעַר הָאָרֶץ Genesis 10:10; מִצְרַיִם הָאָרֶץ Genesis 21:21; compare also Genesis 10:11; Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31; Genesis 13:10; Genesis 47:6, Genesis 47:27; Genesis 50:8; Isaiah 7:18; Isaiah 23:1; Isaiah 23:13; Isaiah 27:13; Psalm 78:12; Jeremiah 25:20; 1 Chronicles 1:43; personified Isaiah 62:4; Ecclesiastes 10:16, Ecclesiastes 10:17
• b. District, region: Genesis 19:28; Genesis 22:2; Joshua 11:3; Psalm 42:7
• c. Tribal territory: Deuteronomy 34:2; Judges 21:21; 1 Samuel 9:4, 1 Samuel 9:16; 1 Samuel 13:7; 1 Kings 15:20; Isaiah 8:23; and smaller territories 1 Samuel 9:4, 1 Samuel 9:5
• d. Piece of ground: Genesis 23:15
• e. Specifically land of Canaan or Israel: Genesis 11:31; Genesis 12:1; Genesis 12:5; Genesis 12:6; Genesis 12:7; Genesis 31:3; Exodus 14:34; Deuteronomy 17:14; Deuteronomy 18:9; 2 Kings 5:2, 2 Kings 5:4 +; especially object of יָרַשׁ possess Deuteronomy 3:20 (Deuteronomy, Psalms and elsewhere); so after נָחַל Joshua 19:49 +; נָתַן Deuteronomy 1:21 +
• f. = Inhabitants of land: Leviticus 19:29; Ezekiel 14:13; Deuteronomy 24:4; Zechariah 12:12 etc.
• g. Used of Sheol: Job 10:21, Job 10:22 (compare Assyrian irṣit la târat, land without return, in Descent of Ishtar, see Jeremiah 10:65); see also Psalm 139:15; Isaiah 44:23

3. Ground, surface of ground = אֲדָמָה

• Genesis 1:26, Genesis 1:30
• Genesis 18:2
• Genesis 33:3
• Genesis 38:9
• Exodus 4:3
• Exodus 16:4
• Ruth 2:10
• 1 Samuel 5:4 + very often in Samuel

4. Soil, as productive = אֲדָמָה

• Genesis 1:11, Genesis 1:12
• Leviticus 19:9
• Leviticus 25:9
• Leviticus 26:4; compare Numbers 14:7, Numbers 14:8
• Isaiah 36:7 = 2 Kings 18:32
• Psalm 72:6
• Psalm 72:16
• Psalm 107:34
• Psalm 107:35
• Ezra 9:12
• Nehemiah 9:35

5. Phrases

• a. People of the land: עַם הָאָרֶץ of non-Israelites Genesis 23:7, Genesis 23:12, Genesis 23:13 (P) Numbers 14:9 (JE); as well as Israel Leviticus 20:4 (H) 2 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 16:15; 2 Kings 21:24 (twice in verse); especially common people, opposed to officials, princes Leviticus 4:27 (P) Ezekiel 7:27; 2 Kings 11:18, 2 Kings 11:19
• b. In measurements of distance: כִּבְרַת הָאָרֶץ the space or distance of country (see כִּבְרָה) Genesis 35:16, so כִּבְרַת אֶרֶץ some distance Genesis 48:7; 2 Kings 5:19
• c. Country of the plain: אֶרֶץ הַמִּישׁוֹר Deuteronomy 4:33; Jeremiah 48:21; מִישׁוֹר הָאָרֶץ figurative Psalm 143:10 (but read אֹרַח according to Bi, Gr, Che, compare Psalm 27:11)
• d. Land of the living: חַיִּים הָאָרֶץ Psalm 27:13; הַחַיִּים הָאָרֶץ Psalm 142:6
• e. Ends of the earth: קְצֵה הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 42:10; Isaiah 43:6 (|| רָחוֹק) Psalm 135:7; Proverbs 17:24, so אַפְסֵי אֶרֶץ Proverbs 30:4 +; קְצוֹת הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 40:28; Isaiah 41:5, Isaiah 41:9

6. Plural אֲרָצוֹת

The plural אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late, Jeremiah 16:15 (6 times Jeremiah); 23 times Ezekiel; Isaiah 36:20; Isaiah 37:11 = 2 Kings 18:35; 2 Kings 19:11 (Isaiah 37:18 read הַגּוֹיִם see Che Di & compare 2 Kings 19:17); 22 times Chronicles; Daniel 9:7; Daniel 11:40, Daniel 11:42; Psalm 105:44; Psalm 106:27; Psalm 107:3; Psalm 116:9; besides these only P Genesis 10:5, Genesis 10:20, Genesis 10:31; Leviticus 26:36, Leviticus 26:39, except Genesis 26:3, Genesis 26:4 (J R) Genesis 41:54 (JE); it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc., see especially absolute Ezekiel 20:32; Ezekiel 22:4; = the various petty divisions of Canaan afterward united under Israel's control Genesis 26:3, Genesis 26:4, compare 1 Chronicles 13:2 אַרְצוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, 2 Chronicles 11:23 אַרְצוֹת יְהוּדָה.

¹ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

² || Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

³ t. times (following a number).

⁴ + Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

⁵ ? Sign of doubt.

⁶ J Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ P Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁸ JE Jehovist-Elohist Source.

⁹ H Holiness Code.

¹⁰ R Redactor.

¹¹ Bi G. Bickell.

¹² Gr G. Gesenius.

¹³ Che T. K. Cheyne.

¹⁴ Di A. Dillmann.

¹⁵ DHM D. H. Müller.

¹⁶ ZMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.

¹⁷ BAS Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft.

¹⁸ COT Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0776:

No stats available

כדרכם כְּדַרְכָּם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

דרך

derek

Definition

a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb

Root

from H1869 (דרך);

Exhaustive

from דרך; a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb; along, away, because of, [phrase] by, conversation, custom, (east-) ward, journey, manner, passenger, through, toward, (high-) (path-) way(-side), whither(-soever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1870

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּרַךְ

verb • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 377

prop. to go along, to advance, to ascend. Hence 1. intr. to go, to wander, to walk. 2. tr. to tread, to tread down, an enemy.

Matched via consonantal key only

דֶּרֶךְ

noun / common gender • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 378

A derivative of the verb דָּרַךְ. 1. A going, walking, journey. 2. A way, path, via. 3. An accessible, level road. 4. Metaphorically, conduct, undertaking, or way of acting.

Matched via consonantal key only

דָּרַךְ

verb • Root דרך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 378

To tread, to walk. Specific uses include treading a wine-press, stretching or bending a bow by treading on it. Figuratively, to spur, drive, urge on, or in a bad sense, to despise.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דֶּרֶךְ

com. gen. • Page 174

1. way, the place to which the way leads; 2. walk, manner of life, conduct; 3. religious walk, devotion to God, religion; 4. way, manner, method; 5. work.

דָּרַךְ

verb • Page 173

1. To tread, to tread on; often used with an accusative or various prepositions (Job 22: 15, Judg. 5: 21, Ps. 91: 13). 2. To bend or stretch a bow by resting it on the ground and treading on it (Ps. 7: 13, 11: 3, 37: 14, 1 Chr. 5: 18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1870

I. דֶּ֫רֶךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 715) noun masculine^{Deuteronomy 17:16} & (less often) feminine^{Exodus 18:20} — way, road, distance, journey, manner.

— דֶּ֫רֶךְ absolute Genesis 38:16 +; דָּ֫רֶךְ Genesis 38:21 +; construct דֶּ֫רֶךְ Genesis 3:24; suffix דַּרְכִּי Genesis 24:42 (4 times) + 2 Samuel 22:33 דַּרְכִּו; דַּרְכְּךָ Hosea 10:13, 1 Kings 19:15; דַּרְכֶּ֫ךָ Psalm 5:9 (9 times); דַּרְכֵךְ Jeremiah 2:23 (8 times); דַּרְכּוֹ Genesis 6:12 +; דַּרְכָּהּ 1 Samuel 1:18, Job 28:23; דַּרְכֵּ֫נוּ Judges 18:5 (2 times); דַּרְכְּכֶם Genesis 19:2 (3 times); דַּרְכָּם 1 Kings 2:4 +; dual דְּרָכַיִם Proverbs 28:6, 18; plural דְּרָכִים Deuteronomy 28:7 (6 times); construct דַּרְכֵי Proverbs 3:17 (24 times); suffix דְּרָכַי Job 13:15 (17 times), דְּרָכָ֑י Psalm 95:10 (4 times); דְּרָכֶ֫יךָ Deuteronomy 28:29 (16 times); דְּרָכֶ֫ךָ Exodus 33:13 (2 times); דְּרָכַ֫יִךְ Jeremiah 3:18 (4 times); דְּרָכָ֑יִךְ Ezekiel 7:3 (3 times); דְּרָכָיו Deuteronomy 10:12 +; דְּרָכֶ֫יהָ Proverbs 3:17 (3 times); דְּרָכֵ֫ינוּ Lamentations 3:40, Zechariah 1:6; דַּרְכֵיכֶם Leviticus 26:22 (17 times); דַּרְכֵיהֶם Jeremiah 16:17 (5 times); דַּרְכֵיהֶן Ezekiel 16:47.

1. way, road, path
   • Genesis 35:3 (Elohist Source)
   • Genesis 38:16, 21 (Jehovist Source)
   • Genesis 48:7 (Priestly Code)
   • Leviticus 26:22 (Holiness Code)
   • construct way of (often = to, toward): דֶּ֫רֶךְ עֵץ הַחַיִּים Genesis 3:24 (Jehovist Source); דֶּ֫רֶךְ שׁוּר Genesis 16:7 (Jehovist Source); דֶּ֫רֶךְ אֶ֫רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים Exodus 13:17 (Elohist Source).
   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ הַמֶּ֫לֶךְ Numbers 20:17; 21:22 i.e. the highway.
   • Of the path of God: בַּיָּם דַּרְכֶּ֫ךָ Psalm 77:20; Nahum 1:3.
   • figurative of death: בְּדֶ֫רֶךְ כָּל־הָאָ֫רֶץ Joshua 23:14 (Deuteronomic Source); 1 Kings 2:2.
2. journey
   • Genesis 24:21, 40, 42 (Jehovist Source)
   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ שְׁלֹ֫שֶׁת יָמִים journey of three days Genesis 30:36 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 3:18.
   • go one's way הָלַךְ לְדַרְכּוֹ Genesis 19:2 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 32:2 (Elohist Source).
3. direction, toward
   • 1 Kings 8:44, 48 pray toward the city.
   • In Ezekiel (c. 28 times): דֶּ֫רֶךְ צָפ֫וֹנָה Ezekiel 8:5; דֶּ֫רֶךְ הַקָּדִים Ezekiel 40:10.
4. way, manner
   • a. usage דֶּ֫רֶךְ כָּל־הָאָ֫רֶץ Genesis 19:31.
   • b. customary experience דֶּ֫רֶךְ נָשִׁים Genesis 31:35 (Elohist Source).
   • c. manner of Egypt דֶּ֫רֶךְ מִצְרַ֫יִם Amos 4:10.
5. figurative of course of life, or action, undertakings
   • Deuteronomy 28:29; Joshua 1:8; Psalm 37:5; Proverbs 3:6.
   • In summary of a king's life: 2 Chronicles 13:22; 2 Chronicles 27:7.
6. of moral action and character

   a. In general

   • הִשְׁחִית כָּל־בָּשָׂר אֶת־דַּרְכּוֹ Genesis 6:12 (Priestly Code).
   • Psalm 119:5, 59; Proverbs 16:9; Jeremiah 7:3.

   b. Of duty (commanded by God)

   • Exodus 18:20 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 13:6; Psalm 25:8; Isaiah 30:21.

   c. Specifically in good sense

   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ הַטּוֹבָה וְהַיְשָׁרָה 1 Samuel 12:23.
   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ צַדִּיקִים Psalm 1:6; דֶּ֫רֶךְ חַיִּים Proverbs 6:23.

   d. Oftener in bad sense

   • דַּרְכָּם הַקָּשָׁה Judges 2:19; דֶּ֫רֶךְ רָעָה 1 Kings 13:33.
   • דֶּ֫רֶךְ שֶׁ֫קֶר Psalm 119:29; דֶּ֫רֶךְ מָ֫וֶת Proverbs 14:12.

   e. Way of Yahweh

   • (α) Creative activity: Job 26:14; Proverbs 8:22.
   • (β) Moral administration: Deuteronomy 32:4; Psalm 103:7; Isaiah 55:9.
   • (γ) His commandments: Genesis 18:19 (Jehovist Source); Deuteronomy 5:30; Psalm 25:4; Malachi 2:9.

¹ Elohist Source.

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Priestly Code.

⁴ Deuteronomic Source.

⁵ Holiness Code.

⁶ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel, Oxford, 1890.

⁷ J. Wellhausen, Text der Bücher Samuelis, 1871.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ὁδὸν ὁδῷ ὁδοὺσ ὁδοῦ ὁδοῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1870:

ὁδὸν 148× (20.8%)

ὁδῷ 125× (15.6%)

ὁδοὺσ 59× (8.0%)

ὁδοῦ 57× (7.4%)

ὁδοῖσ 54× (6.7%)

ὁδόν 41× (5.5%)

ὁδὸσ 35× (4.9%)

ὁδούσ 25× (3.3%)

ὁδοὶ 19× (2.8%)

ὁδόσ 13× (1.7%)

וכעלילותם וְכַעֲלִילוֹתָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עלילה

ʻălîylâh

Definition

an exploit (of God), or a performance (of man, often in a bad sense); by implication, an opportunity

Root

or עללה; from H5953 (עלל) in the sense of effecting;

Exhaustive

or עללה; from עלל in the sense of effecting; an exploit (of God), or a performance (of man, often in a bad sense); by implication, an opportunity; act(-ion), deed, doing, invention, occasion, work.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5949

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֲלִילָה

noun feminine • Root עלל • Strongs / High • Page 1096

prop. busy working; hence 1. deed, doing, work (especially wonderful and gracious deeds of God). 2. in a bad sense: an evil, sinful deed. 3. pretext, motive, cause, occasion.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עֲלִילָה

f. verbal • Root עלל • Page 510

An action, deed, work, facinus; 1. deeds, mighty works of God (Is. 12:4, Ps. 9:12, 77:13). 2. actions of men (Zeph. 3:7, Ps. 14:1, 141:4, Ezek. 14:22).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5949

I. עֲלִילָה noun feminine — wantonness, deed.

— עֲלִילָה absolute Psalm 14:1; Psalm 66:5; elsewhere plural עֲלִלוֺת 1 Samuel 2:3; Psalm 141:4; construct עֲלִילֹת Deuteronomy 22:14, 17; suffix עֲלִילוֺתֶיךָ Psalm 77:13, עֲלִילוֺתָם Zephaniah 3:7 + etc.

1. Wantonness

• דְּבָרִים עֲלִילָה Deuteronomy 22:14, 17 wantonness of words, i.e. baseless charges (compare Dillmann¹, especially Driver²).

2. Deed

a. In general, of men

• 1 Samuel 2:3

b. Of Yahweh (only Psalms)

• Psalm 9:12 = Psalm 105:1 = Isaiah 12:4 = 1 Chronicles 16:8
• Psalm 77:13 ("" מָּעֳלֶ֑ךָ)
• Psalm 78:11 ("" נִפְלְאוֺתָיו)
• Psalm 103:7
• נוֺרָא עֲלִילָה עַל Psalm 66:5 he is terrible in deed toward, etc.

c. Usually practices = evil deeds (especially in Ezekiel, 8 times):

• Ezekiel 14:22, 23
• Ezekiel 20:43
• Ezekiel 24:14
• Ezekiel 36:17, 19 (all "" דֶּרֶךְ)
• fully עֲלִילֹת הַנִּשְׁחָתוֺת Ezekiel 20:44 ("" דַּרְכֵי הָרָעִים)
• Ezekiel 21:29
• Zephaniah 3:11
• הִשְׁחִיתוּ כָּל־עֲלִילוֹתָם Zephaniah 3:7

¹ August Dillmann, Die Bücher Numeri, Deuteronomium und Josua (1886).

² S. R. Driver, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy (1895).

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐπιτηδεύματα προφασιστικοὺσ ἐπιτηδεύμασιν ἐνθυμήματα

LXX Usage Statistics

H5949:

ἐπιτηδεύματα 6× (26.2%)

προφασιστικοὺσ 2× (10.6%)

ἐπιτηδεύμασιν 2× (7.4%)

ἐνθυμήματα 2× (7.4%)

שפטתים שְׁפַטְתִּים׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שפט

shâphaṭ

Definition

to judge, i.e. pronounce sentence (for or against); by implication, to vindicate or punish; by extenssion, to govern; passively, to litigate (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to judge, i.e. pronounce sentence (for or against); by implication, to vindicate or punish; by extenssion, to govern; passively, to litigate (literally or figuratively); [phrase] avenge, [idiom] that condemn, contend, defend, execute (judgment), (be a) judge(-ment), [idiom] needs, plead, reason, rule.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8199

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁפַט

verb • Root שפט • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1469

Transitive, properly to separate, divide, split off, transferred to deciding or judging; 1. to judge, absol. to act the part of judge; 2. to procure right, to defend right, to vindicate; 3. to condemn, to punish; 4. generally to govern, to rule.

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁפָט

noun proper masculine • Root שפט • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1469

A proper name (a Judge, viz. Jah is).

Matched via consonantal key only

שִׁפֵּט

verb piel • Root שפט • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1469

To pronounce judgment. Part. right-pronouncer = judge. Also, to accuse before a judge (Arab.).

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁפַט (Nif.)

verb nifal • Root שפט • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1469

To be judged; to be condemned; to go to law or plead; to take into judgment, to punish one.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֶׁפֶט

m. verbal • Root שפט • Page 695

Judgments, punishments. Ex. 12: 12, Num. 33: 4.

שְׁפַט

chald. part. • Page 695

A judge. Ezra 7: 25.

שָׁפַט

verb • Page 694

1. to judge (Ex. 18: 22). 2. to do justice to any one (Ps. 10: 18). 3. to condemn, punish (1 Sam. 3: 13). 4. to command, rule; since judging and ruling are connected in the east (Am. 2: 3).

שָׁפַט

verb • Root שפט • Page 695

To be judged (Niph. 1, Ps. 37: 33). To contend with a person (Niph. 2, Prov. 29: 9, Is. 43: 26). To execute punishment, particularly when spoken of Jehovah (Niph. 3, Ezek. 38: 22, Is. 66: 16). 'My judge' (Po. Job 9: 15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8199

I. שָׁפַט (approximate number of occurrences: 185) verb — judge, govern.

Cognates:

• Phoenician שפט = שֹׁפֵט
• Punic sufet¹
• Biblical Aramaic שָֽׁפְטִין
• Assyrian šapâtu (t = ת), synonym dânu (דִּין)²
• Arabic (possible connection)³

— שָׁפַט Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׁפַט Judges 16:31 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׁפֹּט Genesis 16:5, יִשְׁפּוֹט Isaiah 11:3; 3 masculine plural יִשְׁפְּטוּ Genesis 31:53 +, יִשְׁפֹּטוּ Exodus 18:26 (Kimchi⁴ יִשְׁפּוּטוּ; compare GKC⁵ § 47g); Infinitive absolute שָׁפוֹט Genesis 19:9; construct שְׁפֹט Ruth 1:1, לִשְׁפֹּט Exodus 18:13 +; Imperative שְׁפָט־ Proverbs 31:9, שָׁפְטָה Psalm 82:8, Lamentations 3:59, שִׁפְטוּ Isaiah 1:17 +, שְׁפֹטוּ Zechariah 7:9; Participle שֹׁפֵט 1 Samuel 3:13 + etc.

1. Act as law-giver, judge, or governor

(Giving law, deciding controversies and executing law, civil, religious, political, social; both early and late):

a. Of God only

• שֹׁפֵט כל הארץ Genesis 18:25 (Jehovist Source)
• parallels מֶלֶךְ, מְחֹקֵק Isaiah 33:22

b. Of man

• Genesis 19:9 (twice in verse) (Jehovist Source)
• Moses deciding cases Exodus 18:13 (Elohist Source)
• Making known statutes Exodus 18:16 (Elohist Source)
• Assistants Exodus 18:22; 18:26 (Elohist Source)
• Of the judges of Israel שֹׁפְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Numbers 25:5 (executioners)
• Yahweh set judges שֹׁפְטִים over Israel Judges 2:16, 18; 2 Samuel 7:11 = 1 Chronicles 17:10
• To deliver Israel שָׁפַט יִשְׂרָאֵל Judges 3:10; 4:4; 10:2 (and 39 times in Judges)
• 1 Samuel 4:18; 7:15–17; 2 Kings 23:22
• As substantive שֹׁפֵט Judges 2:17–19; 1 Samuel 8:1, 2; 2 Kings 23:22
• שֹׁפְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Chronicles 17:6 (parallel 2 Samuel 7:7 שִׁבְטֵי)
• בִּימֵי שְׁפֹט הַשֹּׁפְטִים Ruth 1:1 (twice in verse)
• Parallel מֶלֶךְ 1 Samuel 8:5, 6, 20; Hosea 7:7; 13:10; שֹׁפֵט יִשְׂרָאֵל Micah 4:14 (= king)
• King judges people 1 Kings 3:9 (twice in verse) = 2 Chronicles 1:10; 2 Kings 15:5; 2 Chronicles 26:21
• Parallel שָׂרִים Exodus 2:14 (Elohist Source); Amos 2:3; Zephaniah 3:3
• Parallel יוֹעֵץ Isaiah 1:26; Job 12:17
• שֹׁפְטֵי אָרֶץ Isaiah 40:23; Proverbs 8:16; Psalm 2:10; Psalm 148:11

2. Specifically decide controversy

Discriminate between persons, in civil, political, domestic and religious questions:

a. Of God

• Psalm 82:1
• Between parties בֵּין ... וּבֵין Genesis 16:5 (Jehovist Source; domestic); Judges 11:27; 1 Samuel 24:13, 16 (war); Ezekiel 34:20 (religious)
• With בֵּין ... לְ Ezekiel 34:17, 22
• With בֵּינֵינוּ Genesis 31:53 (Elohist Source; domestic)
• Condemning wicked and justifying righteous 1 Kings 8:32; 2 Chronicles 6:23; Job 21:22
• שֹׁפֵט צַדִּיק Psalm 7:12

b. Of man

• In civil cases Exodus 18:16 (Elohist Source); Numbers 35:24 (Priestly Code); Deuteronomy 1:16
• With accusative Leviticus 19:15 (Holiness Code); Deuteronomy 25:1
• Influenced by bribes Micah 3:11; 7:3; Job 9:24
• Absalom desires to be judge 2 Samuel 15:4
• Jehoshaphat set up judges 2 Chronicles 19:5–6
• The judge declares the sentence דְּבַר הַמִּשְׁפָּט Deuteronomy 17:9, 12; 25:2

3. Execute judgment

a. Discriminating (of man only)

• מִשְׁפַּט אֱמֶת Zechariah 7:9
• מֵישָׁרִים שָׁפַט judge uprightly Psalm 58:2

b. Vindicating

• Subject God: The fatherless Psalm 10:18; vindicate from hand of מִיַּד 1 Samuel 24:16; 2 Samuel 18:19, 31
• Subject man: With accusative fatherless Isaiah 1:17, 23; the poor Isaiah 11:4; Proverbs 29:14; Psalm 82:3

c. Condemning and punishing

• God: כְּדַרְכֵי ... שָׁפַט according to ways of Ezekiel 7:3, 8; 18:30; 24:14
• Judgment of adulteresses מִשְׁפְּטֵי נֹאֲפוֹת Ezekiel 16:38

d. At theophanic advent for final judgment

• God is שֹׁפֵט Psalm 50:6; 75:8
• Comes to judge the earth בָּא לִשְׁפֹּט הָאָרֶץ Psalm 96:13 = 1 Chronicles 16:33; Psalm 98:9
• Judging the world תֵּבֵל Psalm 9:9; 96:13

Niph`al

1. Enter into controversy, plead (reciprocal)

• With אֵת (of God) Jeremiah 2:35; Ezekiel 17:20; 20:35
• With עִם Joel 4:2; 2 Chronicles 22:8
• Have controversy together נִשְׁפַּט יַחַד Isaiah 43:26
• By fire בָּאֵשׁ Isaiah 66:16

2. Passive: be judged

• Psalm 9:20; 37:33; 109:7

Pô`el

Participle suffix מְשֹׁפְטִי (dubious) = my opponent-at-law Job 9:15; Psalm 109:31.

¹ Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl).

³ Nöldeke in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG).

⁴ David Kimchi (Ki).

⁵ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁶ Ferguson in Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL).

Aramaic

I. [שְׁפַט] verb judge (Biblical Hebrew שָׁפַט).

1. Participle as plural noun absolute
   • שָֽׁפְטִין Ezra 7:25 judges.

Verb Qal perfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἔκρινεν κρινεῖ κρινῶ κριτὰσ κρίνων

LXX Usage Statistics

H8199:

ἔκρινεν 16× (7.1%)

κρινεῖ 14× (6.6%)

κρινῶ 11× (5.2%)

κριτὰσ 9× (4.2%)

κρίνων 9× (4.1%)

κρινεῖσ 8× (3.6%)

κρίνατε 6× (2.9%)

κριταὶ 6× (2.6%)

κριτῶν 5× (2.0%)

κρῖναι 4× (2.0%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And I will scatter them among the nations, and they shall be dispersed in the lands: according to their ways and according to their doings, I judged them.

LITV Translation:
And I scattered them among the nations, and they were sown among the lands; I judged them by their way and by their doings.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
and I dispersed them among the nations, and utterly scattered them through the countries: I judged them according to their way and according to their sin.