Ezekiel 33:27

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

כה כֹּה־

like this

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כה

kôh

Definition

properly, like this, i.e. by implication, (of manner) thus (or so); also (of place) here (or hither); or (of time) now

Root

from the prefix k and H1931 (הוא);

Exhaustive

from the prefix k and הוא; properly, like this, i.e. by implication, (of manner) thus (or so); also (of place) here (or hither); or (of time) now; also, here, + hitherto, like, on the other side, so (and much), such, on that manner, (on) this (manner, side, way, way and that way), + mean while, yonder.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3541

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּה

adverb • Strongs / High • Page 668

A multi-purpose adverb with several meanings: 1. (Relative) how, in what way. 2. (Qualitative) as, so; used in comparisons, often doubled (כֹּה...כֹּה) to mean 'so...as'. 3. (Indefinite likeness) about, nearly, approximately, especially with numerals, measures, and time. 4. (Intensive) indicating completeness or a high degree: very, so much, even, extremely.

כֹּה

particle / adverb • Root כה • Strongs / High • Page 678

A demonstrative particle or adverb meaning: thus, so; now, here, there, in this or that way. It can refer to what precedes (by comparison) or what follows (in quotations). Also used specifically as a particle of time (now, so far), place (here, hither), or manner (in this manner, of this sort).

כֹּה

aramaic particle (aramaic) • Root כה • Strongs / High • Page 678

(Aramaic) The same as the Hebrew particle; hence, 'hitherto'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּה

adv. prim. • Page 309

1. Thus (Gen. 32:5). 2. Here (Gen. 31:37). 3. In reference to time, now (Ex. 7:16).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3541

I. כֹּה demonstrative adverb — thus, here.

Cognates:

• Biblical Aramaic כָּה
• Targum ᵑ7, Jerusalem Targum ᵑ6, Mandean כָּא here
• Syriac with prefixes: לְכָא hither, מִכָּא (Jerusalem Targum מִכָּה) hence, אֵיכָא where? (compare אֵיכָה, p. 32, and König¹)

— כֹּה absolute Genesis 15:5 + etc.

1. Of manner

thus (so most frequently, and usually pointing to what is to follow, while כֵּן points commonly to what has preceded):

• Genesis 15:5 כה יהיה זרעך thus shall thy seed be
• Numbers 6:23
• 1 Kings 2:30 כֹּה דִבֶּר יוֺאָב וְכֹה עָנָנִי
• 1 Kings 5:25
• Isaiah 24:13 (answered by בְּ, as Jeremiah 23:29)
• with a substantive: Isaiah 20:6 הִנֵּה כֹה מַבָּטֵנוּ
• Jeremiah 9:21 (si vera lectio)
• Jeremiah 23:29
• 1 Samuel 27:11

Mostly confined to particular phrases:

a. With different forms of אמר

• כה תאמר thus shalt thou say Exodus 3:14–15; Exodus 19:3; Exodus 20:22 etc.
• especially כה אמר יי֞ thus saith (or said) Yahweh Exodus 4:22; Exodus 5:1; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 7:26; Exodus 8:16 etc.
• continually in the prophets, as Isaiah 7:7; Isaiah 8:11; Isaiah 18:4 etc.; Jeremiah 2:2, 5; Jeremiah 4:27; Jeremiah 6:16 etc.
• idiomatic formula אִם כֹּה יאֹמַר if he say (or used to say) Genesis 31:8; 1 Samuel 14:9–10; 1 Samuel 20:7; 2 Samuel 15:26

b. With עשׂה to do thus

• Exodus 5:15; Deuteronomy 7:5
• pointing back: Numbers 22:30; Joshua 6:14; 1 Samuel 27:11
• especially in the phrase כה יעשׂה אלהים וכה יוסיף (with variations), 1 Samuel 3:17 + (see יסף), in which כֹּה points to an imprecation understood but not expressed
• with בְּ prefixed: 1 Kings 22:20 ויאמר זה בְּכֹה וזה אמר בְּכֹה and one spake in this wise, and another spake in that wise (parallel 2 Chronicles 18:19 כָּכָה ... כָּכָה)

2. Of place

here (rare, chiefly in Elohist Source):

• Genesis 31:37 שִׂים כֹּה place it here before my brethren
• Numbers 23:15 (twice)
• 2 Samuel 18:30
• Ruth 2:8
• Repeated: Exodus 2:12 וַיִּפֶן כֹּה וָכֹה and he turned this way and that way
• כֹּה ... כֹּה on this side ... on that side Numbers 11:31
• With עַד: Genesis 22:5 עַד כֹּֿה as far as here (δεικτικῶς) i.e. yonder

3. Of time

• עַד כֹּה hitherto, Exodus 7:16 (compare עַד־הֵֿנָּה), Joshua 17:14
• עַד־כֹּֿה וְעַד־כֹּֿה till now and till then, i.e. meanwhile, 1 Kings 18:45

Aramaic

I. כָּה adverb — here (Biblical Hebrew כֹּה).

Cognates:

• Targum ᵑ7, Mandean כָּא
• Christian-Palestinian Aramaic כא
• Syriac with prefixes: לְכָא hither, אֵיכָא where?

1. literally here, hitherto
   • עָד כָּֿה סוֺפָא דִי־מִלְּתָא hitherto is the end of the matter Daniel 7:28 (compare Jeremiah 48:47; Jeremiah 51:64)

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-Kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897), ii. 1, 252.

Adverb

LXX: τάδε οὕτωσ '' --- ὧδε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3541:

τάδε 367× (64.0%)

οὕτωσ 158× (27.7%)

'' 20× (3.0%)

--- 10× (1.8%)

ὧδε 8× (1.4%)

ἐντεῦθεν 2× (0.4%)

τοῦτο 2× (0.3%)

תאמר תֹאמַר

you/she is speaking

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אמר

ʼâmar

Definition

to say (used with great latitude)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to say (used with great latitude); answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 155

1. (not used) to stand prominently upwards, to project upwards, hence to be elevated. 2. to say, to speak, to command; to press out sounds from within.

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to say, speak

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 58

1. to say (dico). Differs from דבר (to speak) in that אָמַר is almost uniformly followed by the words spoken (Lev. 1:2; Gen. 44:16). 2. to think. (Speaking and thinking).

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 59

To command (Est 1:17, 1 Chr 21:17); to praise (Ps 40:11). Niph.: to be said, to be called holy (Is 4:3). Hiph.: to declare solemnly, to promise (Deut 26:17, 18). Hithpa.: to boast one's self (Ps 94:4), or to exercise dominion.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H559

I. אָמַר (5287) verb utter, say (Egyptian mr command; Phoenician אמר; Aramaic אֲמַר; Ethiopic ሀሁሂሃ I. 2 shew, declare; Arabic أمر command; perhaps √ אמר originally = be or make prominent, hence Hithpael below, אָמִיר; Sabaean אמר lofty, epithet of king idem Mordtmann ZMG 1876, 37; compare Dl Pr 28 who thinks original meaning hell, sichtbar sein, whence Assyrian amāru, see, & shew, declare, say).

Cognates:

• Egyptian mr command
• Phoenician אמר
• Aramaic אֲמַר
• Ethiopic ሀሁሂሃ I. 2 shew, declare
• Arabic أمر command
• Sabaean אמר lofty, epithet of king
• Assyrian amāru see, & shew, declare, say

Qal

Perfect 3 masculine singular אָמַר Genesis 3:1 +; Imperfect יֹאמַר Genesis 31:8 +; וַיֹּאמֶר Genesis 1:3 +; וַיֹּאמַר Genesis 14:19 +; in Job always וַיֹּאמַר Job 3:2 +; 3 feminine singular תֹּאמַר Genesis 21:12 +; תֹּאמַר Proverbs 1:21; 1 singular אֹמַר Genesis 22:2 +; אוֹמְרָה Psalm 42:10; וָאֹמַר Genesis 20:13 +; וָאוֹמַר Nehemiah 2:7,17,20; 3 masculine plural יֹאמְרוּ Exodus 4:1 + etc.; suffix יֹמְרוּךָ Psalm 139:20; 2 masculine plural תֹּמְרוּ 2 Samuel 19:14 (compare Kö i. p. 385); Imperative אֱמֹר Genesis 45:17 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָמוֹר Exodus 21:5 +; construct אֱמֹר Ezekiel 25:8 +; הָאֱמֹר Job 34:18 but read הָאֹמַר idem Di, or better הֵאָמֹר Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative compare Ew § 328 d; suffix אָמְרִי Joshua 6:10 +; אֲמָרְכֶם Jeremiah 23:38; אֱמָרְכֶם Malachi 1:7 +; לֵאמֹר Genesis 1:22 +, etc.; Participle active אֹמֵר Genesis 32:10 +, etc.; passive הָאָמֻר Micah 2:7, but this grammatically indefensible, read הֵאָמֹר, Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative, see Dr Expositor, April, 1887, 263.

Say (subject God Genesis 3:1 Genesis 32:5, serpent Genesis 3:1, ass Numbers 22:28, horse יֹאמַר הָאָח Job 39:25 etc.; inanimate things, personified Job 28:14 compare Job 28:22 etc.; so in allegory or fable Judges 9:8; 2 Kings 14:9 etc.; especially in narration, וַיֹּאמֶר etc., Genesis 4:6 + very often): mostly followed by thing said, either substantive Jeremiah 14:17 (with clause app.) Deuteronomy 27:16 f.; Judges 12:6; pronoun Genesis 44:16; 2 Kings 20:14 +; or (usually) clause Genesis 1:3; Genesis 3:1; Genesis 37:20 + often (oratio recta [direct speech]); with adverb thus, so Genesis 32:5; Numbers 20:14; 1 Kings 20:3,5 + often; especially כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה Exodus 5:1; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 8:1; Exodus 8:20; 1 Chronicles 17:4 + often; the person addressed usually introduced by אֵל Genesis 3:1; Genesis 15:7; Genesis 22:7; Leviticus 21:1; 2 Samuel 3:7; 1 Kings 12:5,23, or לְ Genesis 3:13; Genesis 4:15; 1 Samuel 20:2; 2 Samuel 2:21; 1 Kings 14:2 + often; rarer combinations are, בְּאָזְנֵי כֹה אָמַר Isaiah 49:20 (compare Isaiah 5:9 & see דָּבַר); לִפְנֵי כֹה אָמַר Ezekiel 28:9; לְעֵינֵי כֹה אָמַר Deuteronomy 31:7; Joshua 10:12; Jeremiah 28:11; בְּ כֹה אָמַר Joel 2:17; Psalm 126:2, where בְּ local; in all cases usually followed by direct object of words said, Exodus 19:25 being very singular; Genesis 4:8 the object-clause has probably fallen out, compare Vrss Di; = mention, name, designate Genesis 22:2,3; Genesis 43:27,29; Exodus 32:13; Numbers 14:40; 1 Samuel 10:16; 1 Samuel 16:3; 2 Samuel 6:22; Nehemiah 6:19; compare Psalm 139:20 יֹמְרוּךָ לִמְזִמָּה speak of thee for falsehood (but many, as Hup Pe Dy Che, read יַמְרוּךָ); = tell, declare, proclaim, (followed by direct object only) Psalm 40:11; Ezekiel 13:7; in reply to question = answer Exodus 12:27; Joshua 4:7; 1 Kings 9:9; Jeremiah 5:19; Jeremiah 22:9. The object spoken of may be referred to by אֵל 2 Kings 19:32; Jeremiah 22:18; Jeremiah 27:19, or לְ Genesis 20:13 אִמְרִי לִי say of me, etc. Deuteronomy 33:9; Judges 9:54; Isaiah 5:20; Psalm 3:3; Psalm 71:10, very rarely by a simple accusative Isaiah 3:10 (where read probably for אִמְרוּ, אַשְׁרֵי), except after אֲשֶׁר where the words used follow (compare אֲשֶׁר 4d) Genesis 3:17; Numbers 10:29; Numbers 14:31; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4; 1 Samuel 9:17,23b 1 Kings 8:29; Lamentations 4:20; compare Numbers 21:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4, & (two extreme cases) Isaiah 8:12; Lamentations 2:15 (see Dr Sm i. 24, 5); הָאָמֻר Micah 2:7 read infinitive absolute with ה interrogative הֵאָמֹר (see above) shall one say? shall it be said? After another verb of saying, introducing thing said: Deuteronomy 21:7; Deuteronomy 25:9; Deuteronomy 27:15; Song of Solomon 2:10 +, even after אָמַר Genesis 22:7; Leviticus 21:1; Jeremiah 34:2; Esther 7:5 +; especially infinitive לֵאמֹר, after דָּבַר Genesis 8:15, צָוָה Genesis 2:16, עָנָה Genesis 44:16, בָּרַךְ Genesis 1:22, נָשַׁבַע Genesis 24:7, נָּדַר Genesis 28:20, etc.; after אָמַר 2 Samuel 3:18; 1 Kings 12:23; Ruth 4:4; 1 Chronicles 21:18 +; after שָׁלַח 2 Chronicles 35:21, שׁוּב Genesis 32:7; compare also Genesis 28:6; Exodus 5:13; Exodus 9:5; Exodus 13:8; Exodus 17:4; Numbers 11:20; Deuteronomy 1:28; Deuteronomy 13:7; Judges 8:15; 1 Samuel 23:2; 1 Kings 13:3; Jeremiah 32:3; Jeremiah 37:9 +; also when subject of לֵאמֹר differs from that of preceding clause Genesis 31:1; Genesis 38:13,24 etc.; after שָׁמַע Isaiah 37:9 = 2 Kings 19:9.

1. Say in the heart (= think)

• בְּלֵב כֹּה אָמַר Deuteronomy 8:17 compare 1 Kings 12:26; Psalm 10:6; Psalm 10:11; Psalm 10:13; Psalm 14:1; Psalm 35:25; Isaiah 14:13; Isaiah 47:8,10; Isaiah 49:21; Ecclesiastes 2:1,15; Ecclesiastes 3:17,18; לִלְבָבוֹ כֹּה אָמַר Hosea 7:2; אֵל לִבּוֹ כֹּה אָמַר Genesis 8:21 said unto his heart (to himself), subject כֹּה יְהוָה, compare 1 Samuel 27:1; אָמְרָה נַפְשִׁי Lamentations 3:24; thence כֹּה אָמַר alone Genesis 20:11; Genesis 26:9; Numbers 24:11; Ruth 4:4; 1 Samuel 20:26; 2 Samuel 5:6; 2 Kings 5:11; followed by clause with כִּי Judges 15:2; in particular = desire מַה תֹּאמַר נַפְשֶׁךָ 1 Samuel 20:4 compare Esther 2:13; followed by infinitive = purpose, Exodus 2:14 thinkest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? Joshua 22:33; 1 Samuel 30:6; 1 Kings 5:19; 2 Chronicles 28:10,13; expect 2 Samuel 21:16 he expected to slay David 2 Chronicles 13:8; 2 Chronicles 32:1.

2. Promise

• (followed by infinitive) 1 Chronicles 27:23; 2 Chronicles 21:7; Esther 4:7; (idem + לְ of person) 2 Kings 8:19; Nehemiah 9:15; (followed by accusative of direct object + לְ of person + infinitive of purpose) Nehemiah 9:23.

3. Command

• (especially late) followed by אֵל of person addressed, Numbers 15:38; 1 Chronicles 21:18; followed by לְ Joshua 11:9; 2 Samuel 16:11; 2 Kings 4:24; Job 9:7; Psalm 106:34 (see below אֲשֶׁר 8e); followed by infinitive 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Chronicles 21:17; 2 Chronicles 1:18; 2 Chronicles 29:27,30; 2 Chronicles 31:11; Esther 1:17; Esther 4:13,15; Esther 6:1; followed by infinitive + לְ of pers, 2 Chronicles 14:3; 2 Chronicles 29:21; 2 Chronicles 31:4; Esther 1:10; followed by accusative direct object 2 Chronicles 29:24 the king commanded the burnt-offering and the sin-offering, compare 1 Kings 5:20; Esther 2:15; followed by clause with אֲשֶׁר = that Nehemiah 13:19; idem + לְ of person Nehemiah 13:22; followed by clause with כִּי Job 36:10; absolute 1 Samuel 16:16 (read however probably יֹאמְרוּ for יֹאמַר, compare Dr); also Psalm 105:31; Psalm 105:34; Psalm 107:25; 1 Chronicles 14:12; 2 Chronicles 24:8; Nehemiah 13:9,19 (all followed by verb consecutive); command by letter עִם הַסֵּפֶר כֹּה אָמַר Esther 9:25 (followed by imperfect); appoint, assign לוֹ לְלֶחֶם כֹּה אָמַר 1 Kings 11:18 = threaten followed by infinitive Deuteronomy 9:25; Psalm 106:23.

Niphal

Perfect נֶאֱמַר Daniel 8:26; Imperfect יֵאָמֵר Genesis 22:14 +; יֵאָמַר לוֹ Isaiah 4:3; יֵאָמַר Genesis 10:9 +; וַיֵּאָמַר Joshua 2:2; be said, told Genesis 10:9; Genesis 22:14; Psalm 87:5; Jeremiah 4:11; Jeremiah 16:14 (all absolute, indefinite subject, of current saying); so said in a book Numbers 21:14; be related, told, of vision Daniel 8:26; said, told to (followed by לְ indirect object) Joshua 2:2; Hosea 2:1 (twice in verse); Zephaniah 3:16; either so, or told concerning Numbers 23:23; Ezekiel 13:12 (אֵל); יֵאָמֵר לָכֶם = ye shall be called (it shall be said to you) Isaiah 61:6 ("" תִּקָּרְאוּ לָכֶם), compare Isaiah 4:3; Isaiah 19:18; Isaiah 32:5 ("" יִקָּרֵא לְ) Isaiah 62:4 (twice in verse); hence be called, of Tophet לֹא יֵאָמֵר עוֹד הַתֹּפֶת Jeremiah 7:32; subject שֵׁם Genesis 32:29; Job 34:31 כִּי אֵל אֵל יֵאָמֵר, Rabb (compare AV) treat יֵאָמֵר as Niph`al Infinitive for לֵאָמֵר, but against grammar; the form as it stands is Qal Perfect, אֵל אֵל being prefixed to the interrogative for emphasis (compare Jeremiah 22:15; Jeremiah 23:26; Nehemiah 13:27), see Dr § 9 Di and others; Hoffm., however, reads יֵאָמֵר infinitive absolute = imperative 'so must one speak (it be spoken) to God.'

Hiphil

Perfect הֵאֱמִיר Deuteronomy 26:17 הֵאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לְךָ לֵאלֹהִים; Deuteronomy 26:18 הֵאֱמִיר יְהוָה הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְעַם (literally cause to declare, i.e. through agency of Moses; on this & other interpretations see Di).

Hithpael

Imperfect יִתְאַמֵּר Psalm 94:4 subject כָּל מְעֹלֵל אָוֶן act proudly, boast ("" יַבִּיעוּ יְדַבְּרוּ עָתָק probably also 2 masculine plural תִּתְאַמֵּרוּ Isaiah 61:6 (in good sense, followed by בְּ of thing gloried in) Ges Comm. so De Che Kö i. 457 f. (from [ יָמַר ] exchange Thes Hi Kn Ew Di; but see יָמַר, מוֹר).

¹ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

² √ Root or stem.

³ || Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

⁴ = Equivalent / equals.

⁵ + Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

⁶ J Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ ? Sign of doubt.

⁸ t. times (following a number).

⁹ * Assumed form (not actually found).

¹⁰ ° Additions / glosses.

¹¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Mordtmann ZMG 1876, 37.

¹³ Dl Pr 28.

¹⁴ Ew § 328 d.

¹⁵ Kö i. p. 385.

¹⁶ Dr Expositor, April, 1887, 263.

¹⁷ Dr Sm i. 24, 5.

¹⁸ Vrss Versions.

¹⁹ Di Dillmann.

²⁰ Hup Hupfeld.

²¹ Pe Perowne.

²² Dy Delitzsch.

²³ Che Cheyne.

²⁴ AV Authorized Version.

²⁵ Rabb Rabbinic.

²⁶ Dr § 9.

²⁷ Hoffm Hoffmann.

²⁸ Ges Gesenius.

²⁹ De Delitzsch.

³⁰ Kö König.

³¹ Thes Thesaurus.

³² Hi Hitzig.

³³ Kn Knobel.

³⁴ Ew Ewald.

Verb Qal imperfect second person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0559:

No stats available

אלהם אֲלֵהֶ֜ם

toward themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H413

אֵל (nearly always followed by maqqeph), in poetry אֱלֵי (compare עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (1 Samuel 3:22; 1 Samuel 5:26; 1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 29:19), with suffix אֱלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֱלֶיךְ, etc. אֱלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 times) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often); once אֱלֵימוֹ Psalm 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Exodus 1:19 (Assyrian ilî, Arabic عربي), preposition denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).

Cognates:

• Assyrian ilî
• Arabic عربي

1. Motion to or unto a person or place

• Genesis 2:19, Genesis 2:22; Genesis 3:19; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 14:22; Genesis 16:9 etc.
• After every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though לְ is here more common) Genesis 21:14; Genesis 35:4; Deuteronomy 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Deuteronomy 37:36, etc.
• Metaphorical Jeremiah 2:19 וְלֹא פַּחַדְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (compare Job 31:23).
• Peculiarly Genesis 6:16 אֵל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc.
• And metaphor in the phrase אֵל (אֱלֵי) גִּיל unto exultation Hosea 9:11; Job 3:22.
• Once, exceptionally (si vera 1.) = even: Job 5:5 וְאֵל מִצִּגִּים יִקָּחֶהָ and even out of thorns he taketh it.
• Sometimes pregnant, as Isaiah 66:17; Jeremiah 41:7 זָנָה אֵל commit whoredom (by going) to Numbers 25:1; Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29; דָּרַשׁ אֵל seek (by resorting) to Deuteronomy 18:11; Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 11:10 +; חָבַר אֵל join together (& come) unto Genesis 14:3; הִשְׁכִּימוּ אֵל rise early (and go) to Genesis 19:27; Genesis 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֵל made to kneel down at; Genesis 47:18 תַּם אֵל i.e. has been made over to; מָחַד אֵל to come in fear to Hosea 3:5; Micah 7:17.
• Opposite is מִן, as מִן הַקָּצֶה אֵל הַקָּצֶה from end to end Exodus 26:28; מֵה אֵל מֵה Ezra 9:11 (synonym 2 Kings 21:16 מֵה לָפֶה).
• And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֵל עֵת 1 Chronicles 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֵל יוֹם Numbers 30:15 (P) 1 Chronicles 16:23 (in the Psalm 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).

2. Where the limit is actually entered, into

• Genesis 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark Genesis 7:1; Genesis 19:3; Genesis 41:21; Genesis 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting Genesis 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיכוּ) Genesis 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֵל בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Exodus 28:30 (Leviticus 8:8) Deuteronomy 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Genesis 49:29; שָׁחַט to squeeze Genesis 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Numbers 5:23, etc.; metaphor Genesis 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׁם אֵל לֵב, הָשִׁיב to place, bring into ( = lay to ) heart Deuteronomy 4:39; 2 Samuel 19:20 and elsewhere In connection with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 Samuel 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֵל הַכְּלִים in among the baggage, Jeremiah 4:3 sow not אֵל קֹצִים in among thorns.

3. Of direction towards anything

• (a) Of physical acts or states, as Genesis 30:40 נָתַן מִנִּי הַצֹּאן אֵל, Genesis 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֵל, Exodus 25:20; Numbers 6:26, נָשָׂא פָּנָיו אֵל (2 Kings 9:32 differently), 2 Kings 24:1 שָׁת מִנִּיו אֵל, Joshua 8:18; Psalm 28:2; 1 Kings 8:29, 1 Kings 8:30 (to pray towards) 1 Kings 8:38; pregnantly חָרַד אֵל to tremble (turning) to Genesis 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֵל to wonder (turning) towards Genesis 43:33; Isaiah 13:8, מָחַד אֵל Jeremiah 36:16: without a verb מֵנִּים אֵל מֵנִּים face to face Genesis 32:31 +; מֵה אֵל מֵה Numbers 12:8; כִּאֲיִנֵּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).
• (b) With words such as אָמַר to say to Genesis 3:1 + often, דִּבֵּר Genesis 8:15 + often, קָרָא Genesis 19:5, הִגִּיד Genesis 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to Genesis 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to Genesis 12:15 (compare Ezekiel 13:19 חִלֵּל אֵל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר Ezekiel 40:14.
• (c) With words expressing the direction of the mind, as קָוָה to wait Psalm 27:14 +; יָחַל to hope Isaiah 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֵל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; שָׁם לֵב אֵל, שִׁית to set the heart (mind) to Exodus 9:21 and elsewhere; לָמַד אֵל to accustom oneself to Jeremiah 10:2; חָרַד אֵל to shew fear towards 2 Kings 4:13; Genesis 43:30; Deuteronomy 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).

4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, against

• Genesis 4:8 אֵל הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 Samuel 24:8) 1 Samuel 22:12; Exodus 14:5; Numbers 32:14; with נִקַּם Joshua 10:6, הָלַךְ Judges 1:10; Judges 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Genesis 42:21; Judges 9:57; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Kings 14:10 +; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֵלִי Isaiah 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֵל) Hosea 7:15 (compare Nahum 1:9) Hosea 12:5 וַיָּשַׁר אֵל מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in particular the phrase הִנְנִי אֵל Behold I am against (thee, you, etc.) Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Jeremiah 21:13 (Jeremiah 23:30-32 עַל) Jeremiah 50:31; Jeremiah 51:25; Ezekiel 13:8, Ezekiel 13:20; Ezekiel 21:8; Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:22; Ezekiel 34:10; Ezekiel 35:3; Ezekiel 38:3; Ezekiel 39:1 (Ezekiel 5:8; Ezekiel 26:3; Ezekiel 28:22; Ezekiel 29:3 עַל: on Ezekiel 36:9 see above)

5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

• As Leviticus 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֵל אֲחֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Joshua 13:22 (Numbers 31:8 עַל); 1 Samuel 14:34 at eat אֵל הַחֹם together with the blood (1 Samuel 14:32 & Generally עַל); 1 Kings 10:7 הוֹסַף אֵל (generally עַל); Jeremiah 25:26; Ezekiel 7:26 שְׁמֻעָה אֵל שְׁמֻעָה (עַל); Ezekiel 44:7; Lamentations 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֵל כַּפֵּינוּ our hearts together with the hands (compare Arabic عربي, Qor 4:2; W AG ii. § 51 c).

6. Metaphor in regard to, concerning, on account of

• Thus הִתְאַבֵּל אֵל to mourn concerning 1 Samuel 15:35; הִנָּחֵם אֵל to repent as regards 2 Samuel 24:16; הִתְפַּלֵּל אֵל to pray with regard to 1 Samuel 1:27; 2 Kings 19:20; צָעַק אֵל to cry 2 Kings 8:3 (2 Kings 8:5 עַל); נֶעֱצַב אֵל be pained 1 Samuel 20:34; נִחַם אֵל to comfort 2 Samuel 10:2; more Generally 1 Kings 16:13; 1 Kings 21:22; אֵל נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one's life 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 7:7 (Genesis 19:17 עַל). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר אֵל Genesis 20:2; Isaiah 29:22; Isaiah 37:21, Isaiah 37:33 +; דִּבֵּר אֵל 2 Samuel 7:19; Jeremiah 40:16 b; סִמֵּר אֵל Psalm 2:7; Psalm 69:27; צָוָה אֵל Isaiah 23:11; שָׁמַע אֵל Ezekiel 19:4; הַשְׁמֻעָה אֵל the report regarding . . . 1 Samuel 4:19. (Not frequently, ext. in the case of אָמַר.)

7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare)

• אֵל מִצְוָה according to the command of, Joshua 15:13; Joshua 17:4; Joshua 21:3 (generally עַל מִצְוָה); אֵל נָבוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4 (see Dr); perhaps Psalm 5:1; Psalm 80:1 (Psalm 45:1 עַל).

8. Expressing presence at a spot, against; at, by

• Not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (compare 1), as Joshua 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֵל מֵי מְרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 Samuel 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 Samuel 2:23 and elsewhere and smote him אֵל הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Deuteronomy 33:28; Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7; but also in other cases, as Joshua 5:3 and he circumcised the Israelites אֵל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלִים at the hill of the foreskins, Joshua 22:11 have built an altar אֵל גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Judges 12:6; 2 Samuel 3:32, 2 Samuel 14:30 & 2 Samuel 18:4 אֵל יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 Kings 13:20 as they were sitting אֵל הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 Kings 11:14 אֵל הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Jeremiah 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., Jeremiah 46:10 אֵל נְהַר מְרָתַיִם by the Euphrates, Ezekiel 3:15; Ezekiel 11:11; Ezekiel 17:8; Ezekiel 31:7; Ezekiel 40:18; Ezekiel 43:3; Ezekiel 47:7; Ezekiel 48:12.

9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

• Thus אֵל אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18, 2 Kings 9:19 סֹב אֵל אַחֲרֵי turn to behind me, Zechariah 6:5 (where אֵל is pleonastic, probably due to clerical error; note יָצָא אֵל before & after); אֵל בֵּין in between Ezekiel 31:10, Ezekiel 31:14; אֱל בֵּינֹת similarly Ezekiel 10:2; אֵל בֵּית to (the part) within (see below בַּיִת), in within Leviticus 16:15; 2 Kings 11:15 have her forth in within the ranks; אֵל מוּל see מוּל; אֵל מִנֶּגֶב to the south of Joshua 15:3; אֵל מִחוּץ to the outside of Leviticus 4:12, Leviticus 4:21 +; אֵל נֹכַח to the front of Numbers 19:4; אֵל תַּחַת Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6 and elsewhere (see below תַּחַת).

Note I. — In Genesis 20:13 אֵל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה וְג׳; Numbers 33:54 אֵל אֲשֶׁר וְג׳; Proverbs 17:8 (compare Deuteronomy 16:6); — אֵל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֵל to be used instead of בְּ. In Deuteronomy 31:14 אֱלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אֵל III or IV (q. v.); if the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

Note 2. — There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Joshua 5:14 וַיִּמָּל אֵל מָנָיִו; 1 Samuel 13:13 אַתְּמַמְלֵאתָּ אֵלִי שְׂרָאֵל; 1 Samuel 14:34 (see below 5); 1 Samuel 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֵל הָהָר (contracted עַל הָהָר Deuteronomy 11:29); Deuteronomy 19:16; 2 Samuel 6:3; 2 Samuel 20:23 (contracted 2 Samuel 8:16) 1 Kings 13:29; 1 Kings 18:46 (contracted 2 Kings 3:15 עַל) Jeremiah 35:15; Ezekiel 7:18. (b) Judges 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, Judges 6:39 let there be dryness on (אֵל) the fleece; 1 Samuel 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, 1 Samuel 14:12 come up אֱלֵינוּ; 1 Samuel 16:23 & 1 Samuel 16:16 & 1 Samuel 18:10 צָלַח אֵל, 1 Samuel 10:6 and elsewhere צָלַח עַל; 1 Samuel 25:17 evil is determined אֵל אֲדֹנִינוּ וְעַל כָּל בֵּיתוֹ; 1 Samuel 25:25; 1 Samuel 27:10; 2 Samuel 2:9 וַיַּמְלֵךְ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳; 2 Samuel 3:29 יָחֻל עַל וְאֵל; 2 Kings 8:3 & 2 Kings 8:5; Jeremiah 19:15; Jeremiah 25:2; Jeremiah 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֵל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; Jeremiah 27:19; Jeremiah 28:8; Jeremiah 33:14; Jeremiah 34:7; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 37:13, Jeremiah 37:14; Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11 & Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 21:12 etc. Psalm 79:6 (Jeremiah 10:25 עַל twice). It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל, as 1 Samuel 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (1 Samuel 1:26 אֵל); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 25:25 אֵל עַל; 1 Kings 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל בֵּיתוֹ (1 Kings 21:4 אֵל); Isaiah 22:15; Jeremiah 11:2; Jeremiah 23:35; Jeremiah 31:12. compare Dr Sm i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

¹ If the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

² There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences.

³ It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers.

⁴ Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל.

⁵ Compare Driver, Samuel, i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

Preposition, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

כה כֹּה־

like this

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כה

kôh

Definition

properly, like this, i.e. by implication, (of manner) thus (or so); also (of place) here (or hither); or (of time) now

Root

from the prefix k and H1931 (הוא);

Exhaustive

from the prefix k and הוא; properly, like this, i.e. by implication, (of manner) thus (or so); also (of place) here (or hither); or (of time) now; also, here, + hitherto, like, on the other side, so (and much), such, on that manner, (on) this (manner, side, way, way and that way), + mean while, yonder.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3541

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּה

adverb • Strongs / High • Page 668

A multi-purpose adverb with several meanings: 1. (Relative) how, in what way. 2. (Qualitative) as, so; used in comparisons, often doubled (כֹּה...כֹּה) to mean 'so...as'. 3. (Indefinite likeness) about, nearly, approximately, especially with numerals, measures, and time. 4. (Intensive) indicating completeness or a high degree: very, so much, even, extremely.

כֹּה

particle / adverb • Root כה • Strongs / High • Page 678

A demonstrative particle or adverb meaning: thus, so; now, here, there, in this or that way. It can refer to what precedes (by comparison) or what follows (in quotations). Also used specifically as a particle of time (now, so far), place (here, hither), or manner (in this manner, of this sort).

כֹּה

aramaic particle (aramaic) • Root כה • Strongs / High • Page 678

(Aramaic) The same as the Hebrew particle; hence, 'hitherto'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּה

adv. prim. • Page 309

1. Thus (Gen. 32:5). 2. Here (Gen. 31:37). 3. In reference to time, now (Ex. 7:16).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3541

I. כֹּה demonstrative adverb — thus, here.

Cognates:

• Biblical Aramaic כָּה
• Targum ᵑ7, Jerusalem Targum ᵑ6, Mandean כָּא here
• Syriac with prefixes: לְכָא hither, מִכָּא (Jerusalem Targum מִכָּה) hence, אֵיכָא where? (compare אֵיכָה, p. 32, and König¹)

— כֹּה absolute Genesis 15:5 + etc.

1. Of manner

thus (so most frequently, and usually pointing to what is to follow, while כֵּן points commonly to what has preceded):

• Genesis 15:5 כה יהיה זרעך thus shall thy seed be
• Numbers 6:23
• 1 Kings 2:30 כֹּה דִבֶּר יוֺאָב וְכֹה עָנָנִי
• 1 Kings 5:25
• Isaiah 24:13 (answered by בְּ, as Jeremiah 23:29)
• with a substantive: Isaiah 20:6 הִנֵּה כֹה מַבָּטֵנוּ
• Jeremiah 9:21 (si vera lectio)
• Jeremiah 23:29
• 1 Samuel 27:11

Mostly confined to particular phrases:

a. With different forms of אמר

• כה תאמר thus shalt thou say Exodus 3:14–15; Exodus 19:3; Exodus 20:22 etc.
• especially כה אמר יי֞ thus saith (or said) Yahweh Exodus 4:22; Exodus 5:1; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 7:26; Exodus 8:16 etc.
• continually in the prophets, as Isaiah 7:7; Isaiah 8:11; Isaiah 18:4 etc.; Jeremiah 2:2, 5; Jeremiah 4:27; Jeremiah 6:16 etc.
• idiomatic formula אִם כֹּה יאֹמַר if he say (or used to say) Genesis 31:8; 1 Samuel 14:9–10; 1 Samuel 20:7; 2 Samuel 15:26

b. With עשׂה to do thus

• Exodus 5:15; Deuteronomy 7:5
• pointing back: Numbers 22:30; Joshua 6:14; 1 Samuel 27:11
• especially in the phrase כה יעשׂה אלהים וכה יוסיף (with variations), 1 Samuel 3:17 + (see יסף), in which כֹּה points to an imprecation understood but not expressed
• with בְּ prefixed: 1 Kings 22:20 ויאמר זה בְּכֹה וזה אמר בְּכֹה and one spake in this wise, and another spake in that wise (parallel 2 Chronicles 18:19 כָּכָה ... כָּכָה)

2. Of place

here (rare, chiefly in Elohist Source):

• Genesis 31:37 שִׂים כֹּה place it here before my brethren
• Numbers 23:15 (twice)
• 2 Samuel 18:30
• Ruth 2:8
• Repeated: Exodus 2:12 וַיִּפֶן כֹּה וָכֹה and he turned this way and that way
• כֹּה ... כֹּה on this side ... on that side Numbers 11:31
• With עַד: Genesis 22:5 עַד כֹּֿה as far as here (δεικτικῶς) i.e. yonder

3. Of time

• עַד כֹּה hitherto, Exodus 7:16 (compare עַד־הֵֿנָּה), Joshua 17:14
• עַד־כֹּֿה וְעַד־כֹּֿה till now and till then, i.e. meanwhile, 1 Kings 18:45

Aramaic

I. כָּה adverb — here (Biblical Hebrew כֹּה).

Cognates:

• Targum ᵑ7, Mandean כָּא
• Christian-Palestinian Aramaic כא
• Syriac with prefixes: לְכָא hither, אֵיכָא where?

1. literally here, hitherto
   • עָד כָּֿה סוֺפָא דִי־מִלְּתָא hitherto is the end of the matter Daniel 7:28 (compare Jeremiah 48:47; Jeremiah 51:64)

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-Kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897), ii. 1, 252.

Adverb

LXX: τάδε οὕτωσ '' --- ὧδε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3541:

τάδε 367× (64.0%)

οὕτωσ 158× (27.7%)

'' 20× (3.0%)

--- 10× (1.8%)

ὧδε 8× (1.4%)

ἐντεῦθεν 2× (0.4%)

τοῦτο 2× (0.3%)

אמר אָמַר

he has said

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אמר

ʼâmar

Definition

to say (used with great latitude)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to say (used with great latitude); answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 155

1. (not used) to stand prominently upwards, to project upwards, hence to be elevated. 2. to say, to speak, to command; to press out sounds from within.

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to say, speak

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 58

1. to say (dico). Differs from דבר (to speak) in that אָמַר is almost uniformly followed by the words spoken (Lev. 1:2; Gen. 44:16). 2. to think. (Speaking and thinking).

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 59

To command (Est 1:17, 1 Chr 21:17); to praise (Ps 40:11). Niph.: to be said, to be called holy (Is 4:3). Hiph.: to declare solemnly, to promise (Deut 26:17, 18). Hithpa.: to boast one's self (Ps 94:4), or to exercise dominion.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H559

I. אָמַר (5287) verb utter, say (Egyptian mr command; Phoenician אמר; Aramaic אֲמַר; Ethiopic ሀሁሂሃ I. 2 shew, declare; Arabic أمر command; perhaps √ אמר originally = be or make prominent, hence Hithpael below, אָמִיר; Sabaean אמר lofty, epithet of king idem Mordtmann ZMG 1876, 37; compare Dl Pr 28 who thinks original meaning hell, sichtbar sein, whence Assyrian amāru, see, & shew, declare, say).

Cognates:

• Egyptian mr command
• Phoenician אמר
• Aramaic אֲמַר
• Ethiopic ሀሁሂሃ I. 2 shew, declare
• Arabic أمر command
• Sabaean אמר lofty, epithet of king
• Assyrian amāru see, & shew, declare, say

Qal

Perfect 3 masculine singular אָמַר Genesis 3:1 +; Imperfect יֹאמַר Genesis 31:8 +; וַיֹּאמֶר Genesis 1:3 +; וַיֹּאמַר Genesis 14:19 +; in Job always וַיֹּאמַר Job 3:2 +; 3 feminine singular תֹּאמַר Genesis 21:12 +; תֹּאמַר Proverbs 1:21; 1 singular אֹמַר Genesis 22:2 +; אוֹמְרָה Psalm 42:10; וָאֹמַר Genesis 20:13 +; וָאוֹמַר Nehemiah 2:7,17,20; 3 masculine plural יֹאמְרוּ Exodus 4:1 + etc.; suffix יֹמְרוּךָ Psalm 139:20; 2 masculine plural תֹּמְרוּ 2 Samuel 19:14 (compare Kö i. p. 385); Imperative אֱמֹר Genesis 45:17 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָמוֹר Exodus 21:5 +; construct אֱמֹר Ezekiel 25:8 +; הָאֱמֹר Job 34:18 but read הָאֹמַר idem Di, or better הֵאָמֹר Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative compare Ew § 328 d; suffix אָמְרִי Joshua 6:10 +; אֲמָרְכֶם Jeremiah 23:38; אֱמָרְכֶם Malachi 1:7 +; לֵאמֹר Genesis 1:22 +, etc.; Participle active אֹמֵר Genesis 32:10 +, etc.; passive הָאָמֻר Micah 2:7, but this grammatically indefensible, read הֵאָמֹר, Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative, see Dr Expositor, April, 1887, 263.

Say (subject God Genesis 3:1 Genesis 32:5, serpent Genesis 3:1, ass Numbers 22:28, horse יֹאמַר הָאָח Job 39:25 etc.; inanimate things, personified Job 28:14 compare Job 28:22 etc.; so in allegory or fable Judges 9:8; 2 Kings 14:9 etc.; especially in narration, וַיֹּאמֶר etc., Genesis 4:6 + very often): mostly followed by thing said, either substantive Jeremiah 14:17 (with clause app.) Deuteronomy 27:16 f.; Judges 12:6; pronoun Genesis 44:16; 2 Kings 20:14 +; or (usually) clause Genesis 1:3; Genesis 3:1; Genesis 37:20 + often (oratio recta [direct speech]); with adverb thus, so Genesis 32:5; Numbers 20:14; 1 Kings 20:3,5 + often; especially כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה Exodus 5:1; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 8:1; Exodus 8:20; 1 Chronicles 17:4 + often; the person addressed usually introduced by אֵל Genesis 3:1; Genesis 15:7; Genesis 22:7; Leviticus 21:1; 2 Samuel 3:7; 1 Kings 12:5,23, or לְ Genesis 3:13; Genesis 4:15; 1 Samuel 20:2; 2 Samuel 2:21; 1 Kings 14:2 + often; rarer combinations are, בְּאָזְנֵי כֹה אָמַר Isaiah 49:20 (compare Isaiah 5:9 & see דָּבַר); לִפְנֵי כֹה אָמַר Ezekiel 28:9; לְעֵינֵי כֹה אָמַר Deuteronomy 31:7; Joshua 10:12; Jeremiah 28:11; בְּ כֹה אָמַר Joel 2:17; Psalm 126:2, where בְּ local; in all cases usually followed by direct object of words said, Exodus 19:25 being very singular; Genesis 4:8 the object-clause has probably fallen out, compare Vrss Di; = mention, name, designate Genesis 22:2,3; Genesis 43:27,29; Exodus 32:13; Numbers 14:40; 1 Samuel 10:16; 1 Samuel 16:3; 2 Samuel 6:22; Nehemiah 6:19; compare Psalm 139:20 יֹמְרוּךָ לִמְזִמָּה speak of thee for falsehood (but many, as Hup Pe Dy Che, read יַמְרוּךָ); = tell, declare, proclaim, (followed by direct object only) Psalm 40:11; Ezekiel 13:7; in reply to question = answer Exodus 12:27; Joshua 4:7; 1 Kings 9:9; Jeremiah 5:19; Jeremiah 22:9. The object spoken of may be referred to by אֵל 2 Kings 19:32; Jeremiah 22:18; Jeremiah 27:19, or לְ Genesis 20:13 אִמְרִי לִי say of me, etc. Deuteronomy 33:9; Judges 9:54; Isaiah 5:20; Psalm 3:3; Psalm 71:10, very rarely by a simple accusative Isaiah 3:10 (where read probably for אִמְרוּ, אַשְׁרֵי), except after אֲשֶׁר where the words used follow (compare אֲשֶׁר 4d) Genesis 3:17; Numbers 10:29; Numbers 14:31; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4; 1 Samuel 9:17,23b 1 Kings 8:29; Lamentations 4:20; compare Numbers 21:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4, & (two extreme cases) Isaiah 8:12; Lamentations 2:15 (see Dr Sm i. 24, 5); הָאָמֻר Micah 2:7 read infinitive absolute with ה interrogative הֵאָמֹר (see above) shall one say? shall it be said? After another verb of saying, introducing thing said: Deuteronomy 21:7; Deuteronomy 25:9; Deuteronomy 27:15; Song of Solomon 2:10 +, even after אָמַר Genesis 22:7; Leviticus 21:1; Jeremiah 34:2; Esther 7:5 +; especially infinitive לֵאמֹר, after דָּבַר Genesis 8:15, צָוָה Genesis 2:16, עָנָה Genesis 44:16, בָּרַךְ Genesis 1:22, נָשַׁבַע Genesis 24:7, נָּדַר Genesis 28:20, etc.; after אָמַר 2 Samuel 3:18; 1 Kings 12:23; Ruth 4:4; 1 Chronicles 21:18 +; after שָׁלַח 2 Chronicles 35:21, שׁוּב Genesis 32:7; compare also Genesis 28:6; Exodus 5:13; Exodus 9:5; Exodus 13:8; Exodus 17:4; Numbers 11:20; Deuteronomy 1:28; Deuteronomy 13:7; Judges 8:15; 1 Samuel 23:2; 1 Kings 13:3; Jeremiah 32:3; Jeremiah 37:9 +; also when subject of לֵאמֹר differs from that of preceding clause Genesis 31:1; Genesis 38:13,24 etc.; after שָׁמַע Isaiah 37:9 = 2 Kings 19:9.

1. Say in the heart (= think)

• בְּלֵב כֹּה אָמַר Deuteronomy 8:17 compare 1 Kings 12:26; Psalm 10:6; Psalm 10:11; Psalm 10:13; Psalm 14:1; Psalm 35:25; Isaiah 14:13; Isaiah 47:8,10; Isaiah 49:21; Ecclesiastes 2:1,15; Ecclesiastes 3:17,18; לִלְבָבוֹ כֹּה אָמַר Hosea 7:2; אֵל לִבּוֹ כֹּה אָמַר Genesis 8:21 said unto his heart (to himself), subject כֹּה יְהוָה, compare 1 Samuel 27:1; אָמְרָה נַפְשִׁי Lamentations 3:24; thence כֹּה אָמַר alone Genesis 20:11; Genesis 26:9; Numbers 24:11; Ruth 4:4; 1 Samuel 20:26; 2 Samuel 5:6; 2 Kings 5:11; followed by clause with כִּי Judges 15:2; in particular = desire מַה תֹּאמַר נַפְשֶׁךָ 1 Samuel 20:4 compare Esther 2:13; followed by infinitive = purpose, Exodus 2:14 thinkest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? Joshua 22:33; 1 Samuel 30:6; 1 Kings 5:19; 2 Chronicles 28:10,13; expect 2 Samuel 21:16 he expected to slay David 2 Chronicles 13:8; 2 Chronicles 32:1.

2. Promise

• (followed by infinitive) 1 Chronicles 27:23; 2 Chronicles 21:7; Esther 4:7; (idem + לְ of person) 2 Kings 8:19; Nehemiah 9:15; (followed by accusative of direct object + לְ of person + infinitive of purpose) Nehemiah 9:23.

3. Command

• (especially late) followed by אֵל of person addressed, Numbers 15:38; 1 Chronicles 21:18; followed by לְ Joshua 11:9; 2 Samuel 16:11; 2 Kings 4:24; Job 9:7; Psalm 106:34 (see below אֲשֶׁר 8e); followed by infinitive 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Chronicles 21:17; 2 Chronicles 1:18; 2 Chronicles 29:27,30; 2 Chronicles 31:11; Esther 1:17; Esther 4:13,15; Esther 6:1; followed by infinitive + לְ of pers, 2 Chronicles 14:3; 2 Chronicles 29:21; 2 Chronicles 31:4; Esther 1:10; followed by accusative direct object 2 Chronicles 29:24 the king commanded the burnt-offering and the sin-offering, compare 1 Kings 5:20; Esther 2:15; followed by clause with אֲשֶׁר = that Nehemiah 13:19; idem + לְ of person Nehemiah 13:22; followed by clause with כִּי Job 36:10; absolute 1 Samuel 16:16 (read however probably יֹאמְרוּ for יֹאמַר, compare Dr); also Psalm 105:31; Psalm 105:34; Psalm 107:25; 1 Chronicles 14:12; 2 Chronicles 24:8; Nehemiah 13:9,19 (all followed by verb consecutive); command by letter עִם הַסֵּפֶר כֹּה אָמַר Esther 9:25 (followed by imperfect); appoint, assign לוֹ לְלֶחֶם כֹּה אָמַר 1 Kings 11:18 = threaten followed by infinitive Deuteronomy 9:25; Psalm 106:23.

Niphal

Perfect נֶאֱמַר Daniel 8:26; Imperfect יֵאָמֵר Genesis 22:14 +; יֵאָמַר לוֹ Isaiah 4:3; יֵאָמַר Genesis 10:9 +; וַיֵּאָמַר Joshua 2:2; be said, told Genesis 10:9; Genesis 22:14; Psalm 87:5; Jeremiah 4:11; Jeremiah 16:14 (all absolute, indefinite subject, of current saying); so said in a book Numbers 21:14; be related, told, of vision Daniel 8:26; said, told to (followed by לְ indirect object) Joshua 2:2; Hosea 2:1 (twice in verse); Zephaniah 3:16; either so, or told concerning Numbers 23:23; Ezekiel 13:12 (אֵל); יֵאָמֵר לָכֶם = ye shall be called (it shall be said to you) Isaiah 61:6 ("" תִּקָּרְאוּ לָכֶם), compare Isaiah 4:3; Isaiah 19:18; Isaiah 32:5 ("" יִקָּרֵא לְ) Isaiah 62:4 (twice in verse); hence be called, of Tophet לֹא יֵאָמֵר עוֹד הַתֹּפֶת Jeremiah 7:32; subject שֵׁם Genesis 32:29; Job 34:31 כִּי אֵל אֵל יֵאָמֵר, Rabb (compare AV) treat יֵאָמֵר as Niph`al Infinitive for לֵאָמֵר, but against grammar; the form as it stands is Qal Perfect, אֵל אֵל being prefixed to the interrogative for emphasis (compare Jeremiah 22:15; Jeremiah 23:26; Nehemiah 13:27), see Dr § 9 Di and others; Hoffm., however, reads יֵאָמֵר infinitive absolute = imperative 'so must one speak (it be spoken) to God.'

Hiphil

Perfect הֵאֱמִיר Deuteronomy 26:17 הֵאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לְךָ לֵאלֹהִים; Deuteronomy 26:18 הֵאֱמִיר יְהוָה הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְעַם (literally cause to declare, i.e. through agency of Moses; on this & other interpretations see Di).

Hithpael

Imperfect יִתְאַמֵּר Psalm 94:4 subject כָּל מְעֹלֵל אָוֶן act proudly, boast ("" יַבִּיעוּ יְדַבְּרוּ עָתָק probably also 2 masculine plural תִּתְאַמֵּרוּ Isaiah 61:6 (in good sense, followed by בְּ of thing gloried in) Ges Comm. so De Che Kö i. 457 f. (from [ יָמַר ] exchange Thes Hi Kn Ew Di; but see יָמַר, מוֹר).

¹ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

² √ Root or stem.

³ || Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

⁴ = Equivalent / equals.

⁵ + Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

⁶ J Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ ? Sign of doubt.

⁸ t. times (following a number).

⁹ * Assumed form (not actually found).

¹⁰ ° Additions / glosses.

¹¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Mordtmann ZMG 1876, 37.

¹³ Dl Pr 28.

¹⁴ Ew § 328 d.

¹⁵ Kö i. p. 385.

¹⁶ Dr Expositor, April, 1887, 263.

¹⁷ Dr Sm i. 24, 5.

¹⁸ Vrss Versions.

¹⁹ Di Dillmann.

²⁰ Hup Hupfeld.

²¹ Pe Perowne.

²² Dy Delitzsch.

²³ Che Cheyne.

²⁴ AV Authorized Version.

²⁵ Rabb Rabbinic.

²⁶ Dr § 9.

²⁷ Hoffm Hoffmann.

²⁸ Ges Gesenius.

²⁹ De Delitzsch.

³⁰ Kö König.

³¹ Thes Thesaurus.

³² Hi Hitzig.

³³ Kn Knobel.

³⁴ Ew Ewald.

Verb Qal perfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0559:

No stats available

אדני אֲדֹנָי

inner master of myself/pedastals

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אדני

ʼĂdônây

Definition

the Lord (used as a proper name of God only)

Root

an emphatic form of H113 (אדון);

Exhaustive

an emphatic form of אדון; the Lord (used as a proper name of God only); (my) Lord.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H136

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲדֹנָי

proper name • Strongs_Numbers • Page 591

Lord. A title used for God, whose vowel points were applied to the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to create the form יְהוָה, guiding the reader to say 'Adonai' instead of pronouncing the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲדֹנָי

noun proper • Page 25

The Lord; used exclusively of God. An ancient plural termination used to distinguish from אֲדֹנַי (my lords). Gen. 18:3; Ex. 4:10; Is. 8:7; Job 28:28.

Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0136:

No stats available

יהוה יְהוִה

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvih

Definition

{YHWH}

Root

a variation of H3068 (יהוה) (used after H136 (אדני), and pronounced by Jews as H430 (אלהים), in order to prevent the repetition of the same sound, since they elsewhere pronounce H3068 (יהוה) as H136 (אדני))

Exhaustive

a variation of יהוה (used after אדני, and pronounced by Jews as אלהים, in order to prevent the repetition of the same sound, since they elsewhere pronounce יהוה as אדני); {YHWH}; God.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3069

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהוָה

proper name • Root הוה היה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 591

The proper name of God in the Old Testament. The vowel points are a later addition, taken from the word אֲדֹנָי (Adonai), as the name was considered too sacred to be pronounced. Its etymology is connected to the verb 'to be', signifying 'the existing', 'the everlasting'.

Matched via consonantal key only

יְהוָֹה

noun / masculine • Root היה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 587

A characteristic name of God among the Hebrews, frequently used in post-Mosaic proper names.

Matched via consonantal key only

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Matched via consonantal key only

יֱהֹוִה

proper name • Root הוה היה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 591

A variant vocalization of the divine name, using the vowels of אֱלֹהִים (Elohim). This form is used when the divine name follows the word אֲדֹנָי (Adonai) to avoid the repetition of Adonai's vowels.

Matched via consonantal key only

יַהְוֶה

proper name • Consonantal / Medium • Page 591

A scholarly vocalization and proposed original pronunciation of the divine name.

Matched via consonantal key only

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κύριε θεόσ κυρίου θεὸσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3069:

κύριοσ 199× (74.1%)

κύριε 27× (10.0%)

θεόσ 16× (5.3%)

κυρίου 13× (4.6%)

θεὸσ 6× (1.8%)

κυρίῳ 3× (0.9%)

δέσποτα 2× (0.7%)

'' 2× (0.6%)

חי חַי־

living one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חי

chay

Definition

alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively

Root

from H2421 (חיה);

Exhaustive

from חיה; alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively; [phrase] age, alive, appetite, (wild) beast, company, congregation, life(-time), live(-ly), living (creature, thing), maintenance, [phrase] merry, multitude, [phrase] (be) old, quick, raw, running, springing, troop.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2416

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חַי

noun masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

I. (abridged from חָיָה) 1. abstract: the power of life, life, vital energy; health as a salutation. 2. concrete: a living one, living thing, remaining, enduring. 3. thorn-bush, thorn-copse. 4. race, tribe, people, family.

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

II. (properly a participle of חָיָה) 1. living. 2. living again, reviving, becoming young again.

חַי

substantive • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

As a substantive: a living person or thing; living, i.e. living men; the earth inhabited by men.

חַי

aramaic adj. and subst. m. (aramaic) • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

Aramaic adjective and substantive for 'living'.

חַי

noun / masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

An abridged form from חַיָּה; life, state, existence.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Page 224

1. as an adj. living, lively. Gen. 3: 20. 2. fresh, flowing, spoken of water. Gen. 26: 19. 3. raw, fresh, spoken of flesh. 1 Sam. 2: 15. 4. reviving, living again. Gen. 18: 10. 5. as a subst. life. Lev. 25: 36. Often used in formulas of swearing (e.g., as Jehovah liveth).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2416

I. חַי adjective — alive, living.

— חַי Genesis 25:6 +; חָ֑י Genesis 3:20 +, חֵי Amos 8:14 (15 times) (Ewald¹ explains as construct, but Gesenius² and others as contracted absolute); feminine חַיָּה Genesis 1:20 +; plural חַיִּים Psalm 116:9 +.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Of God

As the living one, the fountain of life:

• אֵל חַי Joshua 3:10 (Jehovist Source), Hosea 2:1; Psalm 42:3; Psalm 84:3
• אלהים חי 2 Kings 19:4, 16 = Isaiah 37:4, 17
• אלהים חיים Deuteronomy 5:23; 1 Samuel 17:26, 36; Jeremiah 10:10; Jeremiah 23:36
• חי יהוה Yahweh is living Psalm 18:47 = 2 Samuel 22:47
• The formula of the oath is חַי יהוה Judges 8:19; Ruth 3:13; 1 Samuel 14:39, 45; 1 Samuel 19:6; 1 Samuel 20:21; 1 Samuel 25:34; 1 Samuel 26:10, 16; 1 Samuel 28:10; 1 Samuel 29:6; 2 Samuel 4:9; 2 Samuel 12:5; 2 Samuel 14:11; 2 Samuel 15:21; 1 Kings 1:29; 1 Kings 2:24; 1 Kings 17:1, 12; 1 Kings 18:10; 1 Kings 22:14; 2 Chronicles 18:13; 2 Kings 5:16, 20; Hosea 4:15; Jeremiah 4:2; Jeremiah 5:2; Jeremiah 12:16; Jeremiah 16:14–15; Jeremiah 23:7–8; Jeremiah 38:16
• Used by God Himself: חי אנכי Deuteronomy 32:40; חי אני Numbers 14:21, 28 (Priests' Code); Isaiah 49:18; Jeremiah 22:24; Jeremiah 46:18; Ezekiel 5:11; Ezekiel 14:16, 18, 20; Ezekiel 16:48; Ezekiel 17:16, 19; Ezekiel 18:3; Ezekiel 20:3, 31, 33; Ezekiel 33:11, 27; Ezekiel 34:8; Ezekiel 35:6, 11; Zephaniah 2:9
• בְּחֵי הָעֹולָם by him who liveth for ever Daniel 12:7

b. Of man

• אָדָם חַי a living man Lamentations 3:39; חי חי Isaiah 38:19
• הַחַי collective Ecclesiastes 7:2
• Usually plural חיים alive, living Numbers 16:30, 33 (Jehovist Source); Numbers 17:13 (Priests' Code); Deuteronomy 4:4; Psalm 55:16; Proverbs 1:12
• אֶרֶץ הַחַיִים land of the living Isaiah 38:11; Jeremiah 11:19; Psalm 27:13
• In the oath by life of men חֵי is pointed always חֵי: חֵי אדני המלך 2 Samuel 15:21; חֵי פרעה Genesis 42:15–16 (Elohist Source); חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26

c. Of animals

• Ox Exodus 21:35; Goat Leviticus 16:10 (Priests' Code)
• לְכֶלֶב חַי הוּא טוֺב מִן הָאַרְיֵה הַמֵּת Ecclesiastes 9:4 (compare Arabic proverb Kelb ḥei wa-lâ meijit)
• בשׂר חי living, raw flesh Leviticus 13:10; 1 Samuel 2:15

d. Animals and man, phrases for either or both

• כל ח Genesis 3:20; Genesis 8:21 (Jehovist Source); Job 12:10; Psalm 145:16
• נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה Genesis 1:20, 24 (Priests' Code); Genesis 2:7, 19 (Jehovist Source)

e. Of vegetation and water

• (Dubious) Of vegetation, as thorns, green Psalm 58:10
• feminine Of water, flowing, fresh: מים חיים Genesis 26:19 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 14:5; Jeremiah 2:13; Zechariah 14:8

2. (Dubious) Lively, active

• אישׁ חַי an active man 2 Samuel 23:20 (but Qere אישׁ חַיִל preferred)
• איבי חיים mine enemies are lively Psalm 38:20

3. Reviving

• כָּעֵת חַיָּה at the time of reviving, the spring Genesis 18:10, 14 (Jehovist Source); 2 Kings 4:16–17

---

II. [חַי] noun masculine — kinsfolk.

Cognates:

• Arabic حي a group of families united by vital ties (Robertson Smith³)

— plural suffix חַיַּי 1 Samuel 18:18, incorrectly pointed with interpretation my life, but read חַיִּי my kinsfolk.

---

I. חַיָּה noun feminine — living thing, animal.

— חַיָּה Genesis 8:17 +; construct חַיַּת Isaiah 57:10 +; old case ending (poetic) חַיְתוֺ Genesis 1:24; Psalm 50:10; plural חַיּוֺת Leviticus 14:4.

1. animal, as living, active being
   • a. In general: Genesis 8:17; Leviticus 11:2; Isaiah 46:1
   • b. Wild animals: רעה חַיָּה evil beast Genesis 37:20 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); הארץ חַיָּה Genesis 1:25; השׂדה חַיָּה Exodus 23:11; 2 Kings 14:9
   • c. Living beings: of the cherubic chariot Ezekiel 1:5, 13; Ezekiel 10:15
2. life (late poetry): Psalm 143:3; Job 33:18, 20
3. appetite: חית כפרים appetite of young lions Job 38:39
4. revival, renewal: Isaiah 57:10

---

II. חַיָּה noun feminine — community.

— וְחַיַּת מְּלִשְׁתִּים חֹנָה and a community of Philistines... was encamping 2 Samuel 23:13.

Note: Several other passages are dubious, such as 2 Samuel 23:11 (read לֶ֫חְיָה to Lehi) and Psalm 68:11.

---

חַיִּים noun masculine Deuteronomy 28:66 — plural abstract life.

— חַיִּים Genesis 2:7 +; חַיִּין Job 24:22 (Aramaism); construct חַיֵּי Genesis 23:1 +; suffix חַיַּי Genesis 47:9 +.

1. physical life: Genesis 27:46; Exodus 1:14; Isaiah 38:12; שְׁנֵי חַיֵּי years of the life of 2 Samuel 19:35; יְמֵי חַיִּים Ecclesiastes 2:3; רוּחַ חַיִּים Genesis 6:17.
2. life as welfare and happiness: Proverbs 16:15; Deuteronomy 30:6; Psalm 30:6; עֵץ הַחַיִּים tree of life Genesis 2:9; Proverbs 3:18; אֹרַח חַיִּים Psalm 16:11.
3. sustenance, maintenance: Proverbs 27:27.

---

Aramaic

I. חַי adjective — living.

1. Of God: חַי Daniel 4:31; emphatic חַיָא Daniel 6:21.
2. Plural as abstract noun life: חַיִּין Daniel 7:12; construct חַיֵּי Ezra 6:10.

II. חֵיוָא, חֵיוָה noun feminine — beast.

— absolute Daniel 4:13; emphatic חֵיוְתָא Daniel 7:6; construct חֵיוַת בָּרָא Daniel 2:38; plural חֵיוָן Daniel 7:3.

¹ Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch (GKC).

³ W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (RS).

Adjective adjective both singular absolute

LXX: ζωῆσ ζῇ θηρία ζῶ ζῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2416a:

ζωῆσ 82× (15.7%)

ζῇ 65× (13.1%)

θηρία 44× (7.8%)

ζῶ 23× (4.7%)

ζῶν 21× (3.9%)

'' 21× (3.7%)

ζῶντα 17× (3.4%)

θηρίοισ 17× (2.8%)

ζωὴν 15× (2.6%)

ζώντων 12× (2.3%)

אני אָנִי֒

myself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אני

ʼănîy

Definition

I

Root

contracted from H595 (אנכי);

Exhaustive

lemma אני second vowel, corrected to אני; contracted from אנכי; I; I, (as for) me, mine, myself, we, [idiom] which, [idiom] who.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H589

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲנִי

pronoun personal • Root אנ • Strongs_Numbers • Page 162

I; the personal pronoun of the first person singular, common gender.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲנִי

pronoun • Page 61

I. Also written אָנֹכִי. The form אֲנִי also occurs in the phrase חַי אָנִי (see חַי).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H589

I. אֲנִי, אָנִי pronoun 1 singular, common — I.

Cognates:

• Syriac ܐܢܐ
• Aramaic אֲנָא
• Arabic أنا
• 

— אֲנִי Genesis 6:17; Genesis 9:9, Genesis 9:12 + often.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Following a participle as its subject (to express mostly either a true present or the futurum instans [immanent future])

• Genesis 18:17 הַמְכַסֶּה אֲנִי Am I hiding from Abraham that which, etc.
• Judges 15:3
• 1 Samuel 3:13
• Jeremiah 1:12
• Jeremiah 38:14
• Jeremiah 44:29 (see S. R. Driver¹ §135,4)

b. Appended to a verb, it expresses, in early Hebrew, a real emphasis

• Judges 8:23 לֹא אֶמְשֹׁל אֲנִי בָּכֶם I will not rule over you
• 2 Samuel 12:28 lest I take the city
• 2 Samuel 17:15 thus and thus did Ahitophel counsel, and thus and thus יָעַצְתִּי אָנִי did I counsel

c. In later Hebrew it is sometimes pleonastic

• Ecclesiastes 2:11
• Ecclesiastes 2:15
• Ecclesiastes 2:18
• Ecclesiastes 2:20 +

d. In response to a question, alone = I am, It is I

• Genesis 27:24
• Judges 13:11
• 1 Kings 18:8 +

e. With הֲ הַאֲנִי

• Isaiah 66:9

(Synonym אָנֹכִי, quod vide [which see].)

¹ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew and Some Other Syntactical Questions, 3rd ed., Oxford, 1892.

Pronoun personal first person both singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0589:

No stats available

אם אִם־

if

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אם

ʼim

Definition

used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also Oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not

Root

a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle; used very widely as demonstrative, lo!; interrogative, whether?; or conditional, if, although; also Oh that!, when; hence, as a negative, not; (and, can-, doubtless, if, that) (not), [phrase] but, either, [phrase] except, [phrase] more(-over if, than), neither, nevertheless, nor, oh that, or, [phrase] save (only, -ing), seeing, since, sith, [phrase] surely (no more, none, not), though, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] unless, [phrase] verily, when, whereas, whether, while, [phrase] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H518

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אִם

conjunction • Strongs_Numbers • Page 146

If; a conditional conjunction.

אִם

conjunction • Strongs_Numbers • Page 147

Conditional particle corresponding to 'if', 'whether', or 'although'. It is used with perfect and imperfect tenses to express conditions, repeated acts, or permanent states. In formulas of swearing (oaths), it implies a negative ('surely not'). It can also introduce a question.

אִם

conj. / particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 148

Conditional particle indicating 'if', 'whether', 'either...or'; also used as a particle of time: 'when', 'since'; a particle of wishing: 'oh if!', 'would that!'; and sometimes as an exclamation: 'behold!', 'lo!'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אִם

primitive particle • Page 54

1. adv. of time, when; referring either to time past, like the Germ. da, als, Am. 7: 2 when they had en-

אִם

conj. / adv. / interrog. particle • Page 55

A conditional and interrogative particle with multiple senses: 2. if, supposing that; 3. although (Judg. 13:16); 4. O that (Gen. 30:27); 5. whether... or (Ex. 19:13); 6. in swearing (not, that not; 2 Sam. 11:11); 7. perhaps that (Gen. 31:52); 8. interrogative (Jer. 3:5); 11. whether...not (Est. 4:14); 13. (אם-לא) if not, but (Gen. 24:58).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H518

I. אִם conjunction (= Aramaic ܐܠ if [and in ܐܒܓܕ, אֱלָא = 𐎢𐎽𐎢𐎡 if not, except], Arabic إله if [and in 𐎐𐎍𐎢𐎗 = ܐܠܗܐ if not, except], Ethiopic አማር: (§mma) if = מָה + אִם ( + ܐܠܦ) [and in ܗܢܐ (allâ) if not, but], Assyrian umma; also in Arabic ܐܠܗܐ 'An?' = ܐܠܗܐ, compare הֲאִם: see Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik p. 208, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1886, p. 739; Wright, Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages i. §367e) — Targum of Onkelos, Targum of Jonathan אִם, Targum of Haggai אִין.

Cognates:

• Aramaic ܐܠ if, and in ܐܒܓܕ; אֱלָא = 𐎢𐎽𐎢𐎡 if not, except
• Arabic إله if, and in 𐎐𐎍𐎢𐎗 = ܐܠܗܐ if not, except
• Ethiopic አማር: (§mma) if = מָה + אִם ( + ܐܠܦ) [and in ܗܢܐ (allâ) if not, but]
• Assyrian umma
• Arabic ܐܠܗܐ 'An?' = ܐܠܗܐ

1. Hypothetical Particle: If

Construction (see more fully Driver §§136-138, 143; Friedrich, Die Hebräischen Konditionalsätze 1884).

• With imperfect (continued by perfects and waw consecutive; apodosis usually begins with perfect and waw consecutive or bare imperfect; or, if necessary, with imperative or jussive):
  • Of future time: Genesis 18:26 אִם־אֶמְצָא if I shall find 50 righteous in Sodom, וְנָשָׂאתִי I will pardon, etc.; Genesis 24:8; Genesis 32:9; Deuteronomy 19:8 f.; 1 Kings 1:52; 1 Kings 6:12; Psalm 89:31; Genesis 42:37; Judges 13:16; 1 Kings 1:52; Psalm 132:12.
  • Of past time (rare, but classical): Genesis 31:8 אִם יֹאמַר if ever he said... וְיַלְדוּ then they used to bear, etc.; Exodus 40:37; and in the protestations Job 31:7, 13, 16, 25 etc. (alternating with perfect, see below, and with jussives in apodosis).
  • Assuming a purely imaginary case (with imperfect in both clauses, like the double optative in Greek), if, though: Genesis 13:16 so that אִם־יֻכַל if a man were able to number the stars, thy seed also יִמָנֶה might be numbered; Numbers 22:18; Isaiah 1:18 כַּשָּׁנִים יִלְבִינוּ though your sins were as scarlet, they should become white as snow; Amos 9:2-4 אִם־יַחְתְּרוּ though they were to dig into Sheol, from thence תִּקָּחֵם would my hand fetch them; Psalm 27:3; Psalm 139:8 +.
• With participle (expressing either a present process, or an approaching future: apodosis as above): Genesis 24:42, 49; Judges 6:36; Judges 9:15; Judges 11:9 אִם מְשִׁיבִים אַתֶּם if ye are going to bring me back... וְנָתַן then I will, etc.; similarly with יֵשׁ or אֵין Genesis 44:26; Exodus 22:2; 1 Samuel 20:8; 1 Samuel 23:23; and with no explicit copula Deuteronomy 22:2; Deuteronomy 25:2; Leviticus 1:3, 14, etc.
• With perfect:
  • Of future or present time (continued by perfects and waw consecutive: apodosis as above): Genesis 43:9 אִם־לֹא הֲבִיאֹתִיו אֵלֶיךָ if I do not bring him back (si eum non reduxero) and set him before thee, I will be guilty for ever; Genesis 47:6 if thou knowest that there are men of worth among them וְשִׂמְתָּם then make them, etc.; Judges 16:17; 2 Samuel 15:33; 2 Kings 7:4; Psalm 41:7; Psalm 94:18; Job 7:4; Job 9:30 f.; Job 10:14 אִם חָטָאתִי וְשָׁמַרְתָּנִי if I sin, thou watchest me. On אִם־נָא Genesis 18:3 and elsewhere see נָא.
  • Of past time, whether (α) in actual fact, or (β) in an assumed case (the perfect is here continued by the imperfect and waw consecutive; apodosis begins as before):
    • (α) Judges 9:16-19 אִם עֲשִׂיתֶם if ye have done honestly וַתַּמְלִיכוּ and have made Abimelech king..., 1 Samuel 26:19; especially in protestations, as Psalm 7:4 אִם עָשִׂיתִי זֹאת if I have done this..., let the enemy pursue my soul, etc.; Jeremiah 33:25 f.; Job 31:5 f.; Job 31:9, etc.
    • (β) Numbers 5:27 if she have defiled herself וַתִּמְעַל and been faithless, וּבָאוּ then shall they come, etc.; Numbers 15:24; Numbers 35:22-24.
  • With bare perfect in apodosis, in sense of If...had..., only Deuteronomy 32:30 אִם־לֹא כִּי were it not that..., Psalm 73:15. (לוּ is more usual in such cases.)
• With infinitive once (si vera lectio) Job 9:27 אִם אָמְרִי = if I say (literally if (there is) my saying).

Note that the verb following אִם is often strengthened by the infinitive absolute, as Exodus 15:26; Exodus 19:5; Exodus 21:5; Exodus 22:3; Exodus 22:12; Exodus 22:16; Exodus 22:22; Judges 11:30; Judges 14:12; Judges 16:11 etc.; compare Driver, Hebrew Tenses i. 20, 6.

2. Special Uses

• Repeated אִם...אִם whether...or (sive...sive) Exodus 19:13; Deuteronomy 18:3; 2 Samuel 15:21; similarly אִם...וְאִם Genesis 31:52; Jeremiah 42:6; Ecclesiastes 11:3; Ecclesiastes 12:14 (compare Syriac ܐܠ...ܐܠ, ܐܒܓ...ܐܠ Psalm 250; ܐܠܗܐ...ܐܠܗܐ and ܐܒܓܕ...𐎢𐎽𐎢𐎶).
• After an oath (expressed, or merely implied) אִם (the formula of imprecation being omitted) becomes an emphatic negative, and אִם־לֹא an emphatic affirmative: 2 Samuel 11:11 by thy life אִם־אֶעֱשֶׂה אֶת־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה (may God bring all manner of evil upon me) if I do this thing! = surely I will not do this thing! (compare the full phrases in 1 Samuel 3:17; 2 Kings 6:31) Genesis 14:23; Genesis 42:15; Numbers 14:23; 1 Samuel 3:14; 1 Samuel 19:6; 2 Kings 2:2; 2 Kings 3:14 and often; Isaiah 22:14; Psalm 89:36; Psalm 95:11; Job 6:28; אִם־לֹא Numbers 14:28; Joshua 14:9; 1 Kings 20:23; 2 Kings 9:26; Isaiah 5:9; Isaiah 14:24; Jeremiah 15:11; Jeremiah 49:20; Job 1:11; Ezekiel 14:16; after a negative clause, emphasizing a contrasted idea, Genesis 24:38 (where the explanation by Aramaic אֱלָא is not supported by Hebrew usage), compare Jeremiah 22:6. Repeated, אִם...וְאִם 2 Samuel 20:20; 2 Kings 3:14; Isaiah 62:8; Jeremiah 38:16; Ezekiel 14:16. In adjurations (with 2nd or 3rd person) = that not Genesis 21:23; Genesis 26:29; Genesis 31:50; 1 Samuel 24:22; 1 Kings 1:51; Canticles 2:7; Canticles 3:5 +. Of past or present time: 1 Samuel 25:34 as I liveth (I say) that, unless thou hadst hastened..., כִּי אִם נוֹתַר that surely there had not been left...! 1 Samuel 17:55 as thy soul liveth אִם־יָדַעְתִּי if I know it! 1 Kings 17:12; 1 Kings 18:10 — both אִם־יֵשׁ (כִּי here merely introduces the fact sworn to, and need not be translated; so 2 Samuel 3:35): see כִּי; Psalm 121:2 אִם־לֹא (after a negative clause: compare above Genesis 24:38; Psalm 131:2). Compare Strack §90.
• Part of wishing, if but...! oh that...! (rare) Psalm 81:9 If thou wouldest hearken to me! Psalm 95:7; Psalm 139:19; Proverbs 24:11. Compare Exodus 32:32. With an imperative (si vera lectio) Job 34:16 וְאִם־יָבִין; and with an anacoluthon, Genesis 23:13 (P) אִם־אַתָּה לוּ שָׁמַעְתָּנִי if thou! — oh that thou wouldst hear me!
• Nearly = when — with the perfect: (α) of past, Genesis 38:9; Numbers 21:9 וְהָיָה אִם־נָשַׁךְ and it used to be, if or when a serpent had bitten a man, that he would look, etc., Judges 6:3; Psalm 78:34 (see Driver §136 δ Obs.); Amos 7:2. (β) of present or future, Isaiah 4:4 אִם רָחַץ when the Lord shall have washed, Isaiah 24:13; Isaiah 28:25; compare Numbers 36:4 (with the imperfect).

3. Compounded with Other Particles

• בִּלְתִּי אִם except if, except, Genesis 47:18; Judges 7:14; Amos 3:3, 4. (Perhaps הֲלוֹא אִם 2 Kings 20:19 (for which Isaiah 39:7 has simply כִּי), perhaps Is it not (good), if...? (De Dillmann, Gesenius, Hi).)
• כִּי אִם, q.v.
• עַד אִם Genesis 24:19, 33; Isaiah 30:17; Ruth 2:21, and עַד אֲשֶׁר אִם Genesis 28:15; Numbers 32:17; Isaiah 6:11, until, properly until if or when.
• רַק אִם if only (see רַק).

אִם־לֹא in Ezekiel 3:6 b is very difficult. The versions render If I had sent, etc., implying לֹא for אִם־לֹא (for Ewald's אִם־לוּ = אִלּוּ, q.v., is precarious): Gesenius, Hi, Co 'but (אִם־לֹא after a negative, compare above Genesis 24:38; Psalm 131:2) unto them (Israel) have I sent thee: they can understand thee' (but understand is a dubious rendering of שָׁמַע).

4. Interrogative Particle

• In direct question: (α) alone (not frequently and usually = Num? expecting the answer No, especially in a rhetorical style): Genesis 38:17; 1 Kings 1:27; Judges 5:8 מָגֵן אִם־יֵרָאָה וָרֹמַח was there a shield to be seen or a spear...? Isaiah 29:16; and repeated Amos 3:6; Jeremiah 48:27; Job 6:12. (β) more frequently in disjunctive interrogation: (α) הֲ...אִם, expressing a real alternative Joshua 5:13 הֲלָנוּ אַתָּה אִם־לְצָרֵינוּ art thou for us, or for our enemies? Judges 9:2; 1 Kings 22:6, 15: more often expressing a merely formal alternative, especially in poetry (a rhetorical Num?) Genesis 37:8; Numbers 11:12, 22; Judges 11:25 b 2 Samuel 19:36; Isaiah 10:15; Isaiah 66:8; Jeremiah 3:5; Habakkuk 3:8; Psalm 77:10; Psalm 78:20; Job 4:17; Job 6:5, 6; Job 10:4, 5; Job 11:7 etc. (β) הֲ...וְאִם (rarer than הֲ...אִם, but similar in use) 2 Samuel 24:13 (a real alt.); Isaiah 49:24; Isaiah 50:2; Jeremiah 5:9 (Jeremiah 5:29 אִם) Jeremiah 14:22; Joel 1:2; Joel 4:4; Job 8:3; Job 11:2; Job 21:4; Job 22:3; Job 34:17; Job 40:8 f. (formal); Genesis 17:17 P (with an anacoluthon) shall a child...? וְאִם־שָׂרָה and Sarah, — shall she that is 90 years old bear? Proverbs 27:24 (וְאִם after negative clause).
• In oblique interrogation, if, whether: (α) alone, after verbs of seeing, inquiring, etc. 2 Kings 1:2; Jeremiah 5:1; Jeremiah 30:6; Malachi 3:10; Psalm 139:24; Canticles 7:13; Lamentations 1:12; Ezra 2:59; once מִי יוֹדֵעַ אִם who knoweth if...? i.e. (like haud scio an) perhaps Esther 4:14 (older synonym מִי יוֹדֵעַ alone: see 2 Samuel 12:22; Joel 2:14; Jonah 3:9). (β) disjunctively הֲ...אִם Genesis 27:21; Numbers 13:18-20; so אִם...וְאִם Joshua 24:15.

Compounded with הֲ, הֲאִם Numbers 17:28 הֲאִם תַּמְנוּ לִגְוֹעַ probably an emphatic Num? Shall we ever have finished dying? Job 6:13 difficult: perhaps Is it that my help is not in me? (a forcible means of expressing that that which might be thought impossible is nevertheless the case); Hi as an aposiop., If my help is not in me (am I still to wait)? (The view that הֲאִם = הֲלֹא nonne? is inconsistent with the fact that אִם in a question has regularly the force of Num?)

¹ Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik, Halle, 1875.

² Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1886.

³ William Wright, A Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, Cambridge, 1890.

⁴ Samuel Rolles Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew and Some Other Syntactical Questions, 3rd ed., Oxford, 1892.

⁵ Friedrich Die Hebräischen Konditionalsätze, 1884.

⁶ Yahwist Source.

⁷ Hermann Strack, Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen, Leipzig, 1896.

Particle

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0518a:

No stats available

לא לֹ֞א

not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3808

I. לֹא or לוֺא (approximate number of occurrences: 5048) adverb — not.

Cognates:

• Arabic لا
• Aramaic לָא
• Sabean לא
• Assyrian lâ
• (Not in Ethiopic: compare Kö¹ ii. 1. 236; Walker²)

— לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr³), 35 times; besides בְּלוֺא 6 times, and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much, e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Masora, written לו (קרי לֹא), 1 Samuel 2:16; 1 Samuel 20:2, once לה Deuteronomy 3:11 כתיב: — not — denying objectively, like Greek οὐ (not μὴ = אַל).

1. In predication

a. With a verb

• With finite tenses: Genesis 2:5, Genesis 4:5 (perfect); Genesis 3:4, Genesis 8:21–22 (imperfect).
• In circumstantial clauses: Genesis 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isaiah 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט.
• With final force: Isaiah 41:7; Exodus 28:32 (see GKC⁴ §156. 3).
• Governing two verbs: Exodus 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Leviticus 19:12.
• Expressing prohibition: Genesis 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Exodus 20:13 לא תגנב.
• With jussive/cohortative (rare): Genesis 24:8; 1 Samuel 14:36.

b. With the infinitive

Only once in בְּלֹא (4a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot or must not:

• Judges 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not possible to dispossess.
• Amos 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳.

c. Negating the word immediately following

• Genesis 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֺד not Jacob shall thy name be called any more.
• Genesis 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי not ye have sent me hither, but God.
• Rhetorically: 2 Kings 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly).

d. Standing alone

• אִם לֹא if not: Genesis 18:21, Genesis 42:16.
• In answer to a question (Nay): Judges 12:5 ויאמר לא, Genesis 23:11 לא אדני.

e. With interrogative force

• Jonah 4:11, Job 2:10, Exodus 8:22.

2. Not in predication

a. Coupled to an adjective (litotes)

• Hosea 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son.
• Psalm 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good.

b. With a participle

• Jeremiah 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה.
• Isaiah 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה.

c. With nouns or prepositional phrases

• Genesis 15:13 בארץ לא להם.
• Habakkuk 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹא־לוֺ.

d. With a substantive forming a compound (un-)

• Deuteronomy 32:21 בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God.
• Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר at a thing which is not.
• Isaiah 10:15 מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ what is no wood.

e. In circumstantial clauses

• 2 Samuel 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds.
• Job 34:24 לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry.

3. As a substantive

Job 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing (compare Aramaic Daniel 4:32).

4. With prefixes

a. בְּלֹא — without

• Jeremiah 22:13 בלא־צדק without justice.
• Job 8:11 בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire.
• Of time: Leviticus 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָהּ outside the time of her impurity.

b. הֲלֹא — nonne?

Inviting an affirmative answer; often used in conversation to win assent:

• Genesis 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee?
• Exodus 4:11 Do not I?
• As a rhetorical affirmative: 1 Kings 11:41 הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים are they not written...?

c. וָלֹ֕א — and if not

• 2 Samuel 13:26; 2 Kings 5:17.

d. כְּלוֺא — as though not

• Obadiah 1:16 והיו כלוא היו as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא — without

• 2 Chronicles 15:3; Amos 6:13.

Note on Orthography: Fifteen times, according to Masora, לא is written by error for לוֺ, e.g., Exodus 21:8; Leviticus 11:21; Isaiah 9:2; Psalm 100:3; Job 13:15 (always with קרי לוֺ).

Aramaic

I. לָא (לָה Daniel 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא).

1. literally not
   • Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:5, 9, 10 etc.
   • before a participle: Daniel 2:27, 43; Daniel 3:16.
   • Daniel 4:32 כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין as men not accounted of.
2. with infinitive and לְ (must not / cannot)
   • Daniel 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be altered.
   • Ezra 6:8.
3. interrogative הֲלָא
   • Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:13.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Dean A. Walker, "The Semitic Negative," American Journal of Semitic Languages (1896).

³ S. Frensdorff, Die Massora Magna (1876).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892).

Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

אשר אֲשֶׁר

who/which

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Particle relative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834a:

No stats available

בחרבות בֶּחֳרָבוֹת

within the Swords

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חרבה

chorbâh

Definition

properly, drought, i.e. (by implication) a desolation

Root

feminine of H2721 (חרב);

Exhaustive

feminine of חרב; properly, drought, i.e. (by implication) a desolation; decayed place, desolate (place, -tion), destruction, (laid) waste (place).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2723

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֲרֵבָה

adjective • Root חרב • Consonantal / Low • Page 525

adj. f. pl. equivalent to חָרֵב.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

חֲרָבָה

noun feminine • Root חרב • Consonantal / Low • Page 525

Dryness, opposite to sea; dry ground.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

חָרְבָּה

noun feminine • Root חרב • Consonantal / Low • Page 525

Wasteness, desolation of a land; a desert. Figuratively: calumniated, despised.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

חָרְבָּה

noun feminine • Root חרב • Consonantal / Low • Page 525

1. a wilderness, a desert district; ruins. 2. from root II: palace of the dead, mausoleum, pyramid.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חָרְבָּה

fem. of חָרֵב • Root חרב • Page 246

a desolation, waste (Lev. 26:31). Plur. חֳרָבוֹת (Ezek. 36:10, 33, 38:12, Job 3:14).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2723

I. חָרְבָּה (chiefly middle and late Hebrew: Isaiah² 8 times; Jeremiah 10 times; Ezekiel 14 times) noun feminine — waste, desolation, ruin.

— חָרְבָּה absolute Leviticus 26:31 (15 times) + Ezekiel 38:8 (strike out LXX¹, Cornill) + Ezekiel 38:12 (חָרְבָּה LXX, Cornill for חָרְבוֹת); plural חֳרָבוֹת Psalm 9:7 (11 times; Ezekiel 38:12, compare above); construct חָרְבוֹת Isaiah 5:17 (7 times); suffix חָרְבֹתַיִךְ Isaiah 49:19; חָרְבֹתָיו Ezra 9:9; חָרְבֹתֶיהָ Isaiah 51:3; חָרְבוֹתֶיהָ Isaiah 44:26; חָרְבוֹתֵיהֶם Psalm 109:10, 2 Chronicles 34:6 (compare חֶרֶב).

1. Waste, ruin

a. Of cities and dwellings

• Of cities of Israel Leviticus 26:31, 33 (Holiness Code)
• Of Judah Isaiah 44:26; Isaiah 49:19 (+ שֹׁמְמֹת), Isaiah 58:12 (with בנה), Jeremiah 25:18; Jeremiah 27:17; Jeremiah 44:2, 6; Ezekiel 5:14
• Ruins of Jerusalem Isaiah 52:9; Daniel 9:2
• Others Ezekiel 35:4; Malachi 1:4 (with בנה), Ezekiel 36:10 (with בנה), Ezekiel 36:33 (id.)
• Of Egypt Ezekiel 29:9, 10 (in both + שְׁמָמָה; חרבות חֹרֶב in v. 10)
• Ruin of temple Ezra 9:9
• Ruined dwellings Psalm 109:10; compare 2 Chronicles 34:6, where read perhaps בְּחָרְבֹתֵיהֶם for בּחר בתיהם
• In general Jeremiah 22:5; Job 3:14 (object of בנה); כּוֹס חֳרָבוֹת Psalm 102:7 an owl of a ruin

2. Of land: waste place amid ruins

• Isaiah 5:17, compare Isaiah 51:3 (+ מִדְבָּר, עֲרָבָה)
• Land a desolation Jeremiah 7:34; Jeremiah 44:22; Ezekiel 25:13 (Edom); Jeremiah 25:11; Isaiah 64:10 and Ezekiel 33:24, 27 (of Judah)
• כְשֻׁעָלִים בַּחֳרָבוֹת Ezekiel 13:4 simile of the prophets
• הַחֳרָבוֹת הַשֹּׁמֵמוֹת Ezekiel 36:4 (of Israel)
• Of desolation of enemies of Israel Psalm 9:7 (חֳרָבוֹת לָנֶצַח)
• חָרְבוֹת עוֹלָם = old ruins Isaiah 61:4 (with בנה)
• Elsewhere perpetual ruin, desolation Jeremiah 25:9; Jeremiah 49:13 (cities of Bozrah); חָרְבוֹת מֵעוֹלָם Ezekiel 26:20 (simile of Tyre)

¹ LXX (Septuagint).

² C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: ἔρημοι ἐρήμωσιν ἔρημον ἐρήμουσ ἔρημα

LXX Usage Statistics

H2723:

ἔρημοι 5× (11.6%)

ἐρήμωσιν 5× (10.5%)

ἔρημον 4× (8.8%)

ἐρήμουσ 4× (8.8%)

ἔρημα 4× (8.0%)

αὐτῆσ 3× (4.8%)

ἔρημοσ 2× (4.6%)

בחרב בַּחֶרֶב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חרב

chereb

Definition

drought; also a cutting instrument (from its destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp implement

Root

from H2717 (חרב);

Exhaustive

from חרב; drought; also a cutting instrument (from its destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp implement; axe, dagger, knife, mattock, sword, tool.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2719

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֶרֶב

noun / feminine • Root חרב • Strongs / High • Page 524

1. a sword; any sharp instrument like a knife, razor, axe, or chisel. 2. war. 3. dryness or consumption as a disease. 4. grave or mausoleum.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חֶרֶב

f. verbal • Root חרב • Page 246

1. a sword (Deut. 13:16, 20:13, Josh. 6:21). 2. other cutting instruments like a knife for circumcising (Josh. 5:2), a razor (Ezek. 5:1), a pickaxe (Ex. 20:25), or a battering ram (Ezek. 26:9). 3. dryness, drought (Deut. 28:22).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2719

I. חֶ֫רֶב (approximate number of occurrences: 411) noun feminine^{Isaiah 21:15} — sword (as weapon).

Cognates:

• Aramaic חַרְבָּא
• Syriac חַרְבָּא
• Zinjirli חרב
• Arabic حربة ḥarbah dart, javelin

— חֶ֫רֶב absolute Genesis 3:24 +; חָ֑רֶב Exodus 17:13 +; construct חֶ֫רֶב Deuteronomy 33:29 +; suffix חַרְבִּי Exodus 15:9 (13 times); חַרְבְּךָ Genesis 27:40 (7 times); חֵרְבֶּ֑ךָ 1 Samuel 17:33, Psalm 17:13; חַרְבּוֺ Numbers 22:23 (24 times); חַרְבְּכֶם Jeremiah 2:30, Ezekiel 33:26; חַרְבָּם Psalm 37:15, Psalm 44:4; plural חֲרָבוֺת Isaiah 21:15 (5 times); construct חַרְבוֺת Joshua 5:2 (2 times); suffix חַרְבוֺתָיו Ezekiel 26:9; חַרְבוֺתָם Isaiah 2:4 (5 times); חַרְבֹתֵיהֶם Micah 4:3 (2 times).

1. Sword as weapon

a. Sword, as weapon of war

• Genesis 48:22 (Elohist Source)
• Judges 7:14, 20
• 1 Samuel 21:9, and so in all periods
• two-edged (short) sword חֶרֶב וְלָהּ שְׁנֵי פֵיוֺ֖ת גֹּמֶד אָרְכָּהּ Judges 3:16
• compare חֶרֶב מִּיּוֺת Proverbs 5:4 (in simile), חֶרֶב מִּיפִיּוֺת Psalm 149:6
• see also צוּר חֶרֶב edge of sword Psalm 89:44

b. Gird on sword

• חָגַר הַחֶרֶב 1 Samuel 17:39
• 1 Samuel 25:13 (3 times)
• Psalm 45:4 (+ חֶרֶב עַל יָרֵך)
• שִׂים על ירך Exodus 32:27
• compare especially 2 Samuel 20:8

c. Draw the sword

• הֵרִיק הַחֶרֶב Exodus 15:9; Leviticus 26:33; Ezekiel 5:2, 12; 12:14; 28:7
• הוציא הַחֶרֶב Ezekiel 21:8, 10
• פתח הַחֶרֶב Psalm 37:14; Ezekiel 21:33
• נטשׁ Isaiah 21:15 (Graetz¹, Cheyne² read לטשׁ)
• usually שׁלף הַחֶרֶב Numbers 22:23, 31; Joshua 5:13; Judges 3:22; Judges 8:10, 20; 9:54; 1 Samuel 17:51; 31:4 = 1 Chronicles 10:4; 1 Chronicles 21:16
• as characteristic of warriors שֹׁלֵף חֶרֶב Judges 20:2, 15, 17, 25, 35, 46; 2 Samuel 24:9; 2 Kings 3:26; 1 Chronicles 21:5 (twice)
• וַתִּדְבַּק יָדוֺ אֶל־הַחֶרֶב 2 Samuel 23:10, insert also in parallel 1 Chronicles 11:13 (S. R. Driver³)

d. Whet, sharpen the sword

• לטשׁ הַחֶרֶב Psalm 7:13
• שׁנן Deuteronomy 32:41 compare Psalm 64:4
• הוּחַדָּה Ezekiel 21:14, 16

e. Put up the sword into the sheath

• הֵשִׁיב הַחֶרֶב אֶל־נְדָנָהּ 1 Chronicles 21:27
• sheath elsewhere is תַּעַר 1 Samuel 17:51; 2 Samuel 20:8; Jeremiah 47:6; Ezekiel 21:8

f. Slay with sword

• הרג בְּחֶרֶב Joshua 10:11; 13:22 +
• in 1 Samuel 2:33, insert בְּחֶרֶב before אנשׁים (Septuagint, Wellhausen⁴, S. R. Driver³)
• rarely הכה בְּחֶרֶב Joshua 11:10; 2 Kings 19:37 = Isaiah 37:38
• very often הִכָּה לְפִי־חֶרֶב smite according to the mouth of the sword i.e. as the sword can devour (2 Samuel 2:26; 11:25) = without quarter: Numbers 21:24 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 13:16a; 20:13; Joshua 11:11, 12, 14 (Deuteronomic Source); Judges 18:27; 21:10; 1 Kings 10:25; Job 1:15, 17
• also with הָעִיר (the city) as object: Joshua 8:24; 10:28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39; 19:47; Judges 1:8, 25; 20:37; 1 Samuel 22:19 (twice); 2 Samuel 15:14
• הרג לְפִי־חֶרֶב Genesis 34:26 (Yahwist Source); הֶחֱרִים לְפִי־חֶרֶב Deuteronomy 13:16b, Joshua 6:21; 1 Samuel 15:8
• חלשׁ לְפִי־חֶרֶב Exodus 17:13 (Elohist Source); נפל לְפִי־חֶרֶב Joshua 8:24; Judges 4:16
• וַיָּהָם יְהוָה ... לְפִי־חֶרֶב Judges 4:15

g. Devouring

• אכלה הַחֶרֶב etc., of the sword as devouring: — תּאֹכֵל חַרְבִּי בָשָׂר Deuteronomy 32:42 (poetry)
• 2 Samuel 2:26; 11:25; 18:8
• Isaiah 1:10; Jeremiah 2:30; Jeremiah 46:10, 14; Nahum 2:14

h. Slain by sword

• חֲלַל־חֶרֶב Numbers 19:16 (Priestly Code) and frequently in Ezekiel
• חַלְלֵי־חֶרֶב Ezekiel 31:17, 18; 32:21, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32; 35:8
• מְחֻלְלֵי חֶרֶב Ezekiel 35:26 (Cornill⁵ reads חללי־חֶרֶב)

i. Captives of sword

• שְׁבֻיוֺת חֶרֶב Genesis 31:26 (taken by sword)

j. Sword as agent of Yahweh

• Judges 7:20; Isaiah 34:6; Jeremiah 12:12; Jeremiah 47:6 etc.
• Deuteronomy 28:22 (but read חֹרֶב drought)
• לַהַט הַחֶרֶב הַמִּתְהַמֶּכֶת Genesis 3:24
• in poetry: לַהַב חֶרֶב Nahum 3:3, בְּרַק חֶרֶב Deuteronomy 32:41

k. Figurative uses

• of tongue Psalm 57:5; compare 59:8
• of violence, war, etc. Genesis 27:40
• in simile Proverbs 5:4 (of grievous end of dealings with strange women)

2. Knife

• חַרְבוֹת צֻרִים flint knives for circumcision Joshua 5:2, 3 (see Wellhausen⁴)
• חֶרֶב חַדָּה תַּעַר הַגַּלָּבִים Ezekiel 5:1, 2 (according to Cornill⁵ use of sword as razor is significant)

3. Of tools used in hewing stone

• חַרְבְּךָ הֵנַפְתָּ עליה Exodus 20:25
• יִתֹּץ בְּחַרְבוֹתָיו Ezekiel 26:9, according to most = tools, axes, 'steel' (Cornill⁵ 'Eisen'), but possibly swords as implements ready to hand
• 2 Chronicles 34:6 Qere בְּחַרְבֹתֵיהֶם with their tools; read perhaps בְּחָרְבֹתֵיהֶם in their ruins (Bertheau⁶, compare Psalm 109:10)

¹ Heinrich Graetz.

² T. K. Cheyne.

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

⁴ J. Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten.

⁵ C. H. Cornill.

⁶ Ernst Bertheau.

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ῥομφαίᾳ ῥομφαίαν μάχαιραν μαχαίρᾳ ῥομφαία

LXX Usage Statistics

H2719:

ῥομφαίᾳ 62× (13.7%)

ῥομφαίαν 60× (14.4%)

μάχαιραν 39× (9.4%)

μαχαίρᾳ 35× (8.8%)

ῥομφαία 34× (8.4%)

μαχαίρασ 33× (8.2%)

ῥομφαίασ 28× (7.0%)

μάχαιρα 24× (5.9%)

'' 19× (4.3%)

μαχαίραισ 10× (2.4%)

יפלו יִפֹּלוּ

they are falling

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נפל

nâphal

Definition

to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative); be accepted, cast (down, self, (lots), out), cease, die, divide (by lot), (let) fail, (cause to, let, make, ready to) fall (away, down, -en, -ing), fell(-ing), fugitive, have (inheritance), inferior, be judged (by mistake for פלל), lay (along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be ([idiom] hast) lost, lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present(-ed, -ing), (make to) rot, slay, smite out, [idiom] surely, throw down.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5307

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 979

I. (not used) intr. to be large, tall, thick, strong, powerful, of the body.

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 980

To fall, sink down, lie prostrate. Can refer to people, objects (buildings, mountains), lightning, etc. Metaphorically: to perish in war or by famine; to befall or happen to someone; to fail (a promise); to be cast (a lot); to prostrate oneself in worship or submission; to encamp; to defect to an enemy.

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 981

To fall, lie, be prostrate, perish; to be allotted; to cast lots; to make the countenance fall, look gloomy; to let a promise fall, i.e., not to fulfil it; generally to let fall, to desist from.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֵפֶל

noun masculine • Root נפל • Page 450

Verbal from נָפַל; an untimely birth, an abortion (Job 3:16, Ps. 58:9, Ecc. 6:3). Comp. Arabic abortus.

נָפַל

verb • Page 449

1. to fall (spoken of a house, city, or in war); to fall sick (Ex. 21: 18). 2. to descend as a revelation; to fall on one (sleep or terror); to fall away; to be cast as a lot; to fall to anyone in a division; to be inferior to; to be vain or fruitless; to fall out (turn out); to fall/sink in despondency; to fall into ruin. 3. (voluntary) to fall on the neck (embrace); to prostrate one's self; to fall on a sword; to fall upon (attack). Refs: Gen. 15: 12; 33: 4; Num. 34: 2; Job 1: 15; Ps. 78: 64.

נָפַל

verb • Page 450

To surprise (Josh. 11:7); to leap down, alight (Gen. 24:64, 2 K. 5:21); to encamp, spoken of a host (Judg. 7:12); to dwell (Gen. 25:18); also to be accepted (Jer. 37:20, 42:2). Hiphil (הִפִּיל): to let fall (Num. 35:23); to throw down (Deut. 25:2, Dan. 11:12); to fell, as trees (2 K. 3:19, 25); to cast, as the lot (Ps. 22:19); to distribute (Josh. 13:6, Ezek. 45:1); to cause to be unfulfilled (1 Sam. 3:19); to present a prayer (Jer. 38:26, Dan. 9:18); to let the countenance fall, to look gloomy (Jer. 3:12); to bring forth (Is. 26:19); to leave off, to cease (Judg. 2:19). Hithpael: to throw one's self down (Deut. 9:18, 25); to fall on any one (Gen. 43:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5307

I. נָפַל (approximate number of occurrences: 433) verb — fall, lie.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew נָפַל
• Aramaic נְפַל
• Syriac ܢܦܰܠ
• Arabic نفل (dedit praedam)¹
• Minaean נפל (remove)²

— Qal₃₆₆ Perfect נָפַל Judges 5:27 +, 3 feminine singular נָָֽפְלָה Genesis 15:12 +; Imperfect יִמֹּל 1 Samuel 14:45 +, וַיִּמֹּל Judges 4:16 +; 1 singular אֶמֹּל 1 Chronicles 21:13; Imperative masculine plural נִפְלוּ Hosea 10:8; Infinitive absolute נָפוֺל Esther 6:13; construct נְפֹל Isaiah 30:25 +, suffix נָפְלוֺ 1 Samuel 29:3; Participle נֹפֵל Judges 4:22 +, feminine נֹפֶ֫לֶת Genesis 15:12 + etc.

1. Fall by accident

• Exodus 21:33 (Elohist Source) there fall into it (a pit) an ox
• Deuteronomy 22:4 (בַּדֶּרֶךְ on the way)
• 1 Samuel 4:18 (from seat, מֵעַל)
• Proverbs 26:27 (into pit, figurative)
• 2 Kings 6:5 (axe-head into water)
• Joshua 6:5 (of wall; Jehovist Source), תַּחְתֶּיהָ i.e. flat Joshua 6:20
• Amos 9:9 (a grain to earth)
• Judges 18:1 (of inheritance falling or being allotted)

2. Violent death or ruin

a. Especially of violent death

• Judges 5:27 (+ שָׁדוּד)
• 1 Samuel 31:1 = 1 Chronicles 10:1 (חָלָל fall pierced)
• Amos 7:17 (בַּחֶרֶב by the sword)
• Numbers 14:29 (Priests' Code), 32 (Jehovist Source)

b. Figurative of perishing or going to ruin

• Amos 5:2; Amos 8:14
• Isaiah 3:8 (+ כָּשַׁל)
• Proverbs 11:5 (בְּרִשְׁעָה in wickedness)

3. Prostration and obeisance

a. Fall prostrate

• Judges 19:26–27
• 1 Samuel 28:20 (in a faint)
• Numbers 24:4 (supernatural influence)

b. Prostrate oneself before (לִפְנֵי)

• Before man: Genesis 50:18 (Elohist Source); 1 Samuel 25:23
• Before God: Joshua 5:14; Genesis 17:3 (Priests' Code)
• עַלרַֿגְלָיו at one's feet 1 Samuel 25:24

c. Fall upon neck (in embrace)

• Genesis 33:4; Genesis 46:29 (Jehovist Source)

4. Attack and Desertion

a. Attack

• Jeremiah 48:32; Joshua 11:7 (Deuteronomic Source)

b. Desert or fall away to (go over to)

• With עַל: 2 Kings 25:11; Jeremiah 37:14
• With אֶל: Jeremiah 38:19

5. Figurative uses

• Of deep sleep: Genesis 15:12; Job 4:13
• Of countenance falling in displeasure: Genesis 4:5–6
• Of terror or reproach: Exodus 15:16; Psalm 69:10
• Of word or promise failing: Joshua 21:43; 1 Kings 8:56

6. Other idiomatic uses

• לְמִשְׁכָּב take to one's bed Exodus 21:18
• מֵעַל הַגָּמָל alight quickly Genesis 24:64
• Of waste away: Numbers 5:21
• Of being born: Isaiah 26:18

7. To lie (prostrate)

• Of Midianites: Judges 7:12
• Of the dead: 1 Samuel 31:8; Deuteronomy 21:1

— Hiphil Perfect הִמִּיל 1 Samuel 3:19 +; Imperfect יַמִּיל Exodus 21:27, וַיַּמֵּל Genesis 2:21; Imperative masculine singular הַמִּלֶהָ Joshua 13:6; Infinitive לְהַמִּיל 1 Samuel 18:25; Participle מַמִּיל 2 Kings 6:5.

1. Cause to fall

a. Fell a tree

• 2 Kings 3:19, 25

b. Throw down wall

• 2 Samuel 20:15

2. Cause death or destruction

• By the sword: 2 Kings 19:7; Jeremiah 19:7
• Overthrow: Psalm 37:14; Psalm 73:18

3. Casting lots and apportioning

• Casting lot (גּוֺרָל): Isaiah 34:17; Nehemiah 10:35; Jonah 1:7
• Assign by lot: Joshua 13:6; Ezekiel 45:1

— Hithpael Infinitive הִתְנַמֵּל throw himself upon (על) Genesis 43:18 (i.e. attack); prostrate oneself Deuteronomy 9:18, 25; Ezra 10:1.

¹ Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG) xl (1886), 725.

² Fritz Hommel, Südarabische Chrestomathie (Hom. Sudar. Chrest. 128).

Aramaic

I. נְפַל verb fall (Biblical Hebrew נָפַל).

Peal

— Perfect 3 masculine singular נְפַל Daniel 2:46; Daniel 4:28; 3 masculine plural נְפַ֫לוּ Daniel 3:23; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִמֵּל Daniel 3:6; Participle plural נָֽפְלִין Daniel 3:7.

1. fall down and do homage
   • Daniel 2:46 (עַלאַֿנְמּוֺהִי)
   • Daniel 3:5, 6, 7
2. fall by violence
   • Daniel 7:20 (with קֳדָם)
3. fall to thee (thou shalt need)
   • Ezra 7:20

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: ἔπεσεν πεσοῦνται πεσεῖται ἔπεσαν ἔπεσον

LXX Usage Statistics

H5307:

ἔπεσεν 49× (10.4%)

πεσοῦνται 46× (10.2%)

πεσεῖται 30× (6.6%)

ἔπεσαν 23× (4.9%)

ἔπεσον 13× (2.7%)

'' 13× (2.6%)

ἐμπεσεῖται 11× (2.5%)

ἐπέπεσεν 11× (2.5%)

--- 9× (2.1%)

πέσῃ 6× (1.4%)

ואשר וַאֲשֶׁר

and whom/straightly

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Conjunction, Particle relative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834a:

No stats available

על עַל־

upon/against/yoke

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

פני פְּנֵי

faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

השדה הַשָּׂדה

the Field

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שדה

sâdeh

Definition

a field (as flat)

Root

or שדי; from an unused root meaning to spread out;

Exhaustive

or שדי; from an unused root meaning to spread out; a field (as flat); country, field, ground, land, soil, [idiom] wild.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7704

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Root שדד • Strongs / High • Page 1384

(from שָׂדַד II.; only pl. שָׂדִים) m. a wide-stretching plain, a tract of land, prop. an extension; hence the pl. שָׂדִים (open fields, plains).

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1386

1. A field, opposed to a city, village, or camp; the open field, belonging to the land; of animals, wild, untamed. 2. Metaphorically, the field surrounding a city, district, or territory belonging to a city; open country, in opposition to the metropolis.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁדָה

chald. ithpa. • Page 657

to exert one's self, construed with לְ. Dan. 6: 15.

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Root שדה • Page 634

1. a field, cultivated ground. Gen. 23:17. 2. a field generally, e.g. beasts of the field. Is. 43:20. 3. a country, territory. Gen. 14:7. 4. plain, e.g. שְׂדֵה-אֲרָם plain of Syria. Hos. 12:13.

שִׁדָּה

noun feminine • Root שד • Page 656

Literally a lady, princess; whence a wife or concubine. Found in Ecc. 2: 8.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7704

I. שָׂדַי (rare original form of שָׂדֶה, only in poetry) noun masculine Psalm 96:12 — field, land.

— שׂ absolute Jeremiah 4:17, שָׂדָ֑י Hosea 10:4 + etc.

1. Cultivated field

• Hosea 12:12
• Hosea 10:4 (but see Nowack)
• yielding food Deuteronomy 32:13; Lamentations 4:9
• שֹׁמְרֵי שׂ Jeremiah 4:17 keepers, watchmen of a field

2. Home of wild beasts

• בְּהֵמוֺת שׂ Psalm 8:8; Joel 2:22
• חַיְתוֺ שׂ Isaiah 56:9; Psalm 104:11
• זִזִ שׂ Psalm 50:11; Psalm 80:14

3. Plain, opposite mountain

• Jeremiah 18:14 (but dubious, Cornill and Duhm suggest שִׂרְיֹן)

4. Land, opposed to sea

• Psalm 96:12 (compare שָׂדֶה 3; parallel תֵּבֵל Psalm 98:7)

---

II. שָׂדֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 318) noun masculine Leviticus 27:24 id. (ordinary contracted form¹).

— שׂ absolute Genesis 2:5 +; construct שְׂדֵה Genesis 14:7 +; suffix שָׂדִי Jeremiah 32:7, 8, שָֽׂדְךָ Deuteronomy 11:15 +, שָׂדֶ֑ךָ Deuteronomy 24:19; Leviticus 25:3, etc.; plural שָׂדוֺת 1 Samuel 22:7 +, construct שְׂדוֺת Nehemiah 12:29; also שְׂדֵי 2 Samuel 1:21; Isaiah 32:12; Ruth 1:1 (some might be singular = שְׂדֵה²; but see Kö³); suffix שְׂדֹתֶיהָ Nehemiah 11:30, etc.; also שָׂדֶיךָ 1 Kings 2:26, שָׂדֵינוּ Micah 2:4.

1. Open field, country

a. Pasture-land

• Genesis 29:2; Genesis 30:16; Exodus 9:3 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 11:15; 1 Samuel 11:5

b. Unfrequented / Exposed

• Genesis 24:63, 65
• exposed to violence Genesis 4:8 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:6; Deuteronomy 22:25–27
• exposed to wild beasts Exodus 22:30 (Elohist Source); Ezekiel 33:27

c. Specifically home of beasts

• 2 Samuel 17:8; Jeremiah 14:5
• phrase חַיַּת הַשּׂ Genesis 2:19, 20; Genesis 3:1, 14 (Jehovist Source)
• wild beasts Exodus 23:11, 29 (Elohist Source); Hosea 2:14; Leviticus 26:22 (Holiness Code)
• hunting-ground Genesis 25:29; Genesis 27:3 (+ אִישׁ שׂ Genesis 25:27)

d. Yielding plants and trees

• Genesis 30:14; Exodus 10:5; 2 Kings 4:39
• phrase עֵשֶׂב הַשּׂ Genesis 2:5; Genesis 3:18; עֵץ הַשּׂ Exodus 9:25

e. Stony

• אַבְנֵי הַשּׂ Job 5:23

f. Outside of walled city

• Judges 9:32; 1 Samuel 20:5; Micah 4:10
• battle-ground Joshua 8:24 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 10:8
• opposed to city 1 Kings 14:11; Jeremiah 14:18
• nearly = outdoors Exodus 1:14 (Priests' Code); Judges 13:9
• phrase לְפָנֵי הַשּׂ 2 Kings 9:37; Ezekiel 29:5

g. Expanse of country, opposed to mountain

• מְרוֺמֵי שׂ Judges 5:18
• הֲרָרִי בַּשּׂ Jeremiah 17:3 (of Jerusalem, dubious)

2. Definite portion of ground, field, land

a. Cultivated ground

• Genesis 37:7 (Elohist Source); Genesis 47:24 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 22:4; Leviticus 27:16 (Priests' Code)
• שָׂדֶה טוֺב Ezekiel 17:8 good soil

b. As private property

• Micah 5:2; Isaiah 5:8
• Genesis 23:9, 11, 13 (Priests' Code)

c. City-land, adjacent to town

• Genesis 41:48 (Elohist Source); Leviticus 25:34 (Priests' Code)
• specifically of Zoan Psalm 78:12, 43

d. Territory of nation or tribe

• Genesis 32:4; Numbers 21:20 (Jehovist/Elohist Sources)
• Judges 5:4; Ruth 1:1, 2

e. Territory of king

• 2 Samuel 9:7; 2 Samuel 13:30

3. Land, opposed to sea

• 1 Chronicles 16:32 (opposed to הַיָּם; = שָׂדַי Psalm 96:12)
• perhaps mainland Ezekiel 26:6, 8

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910, § 84 a f (GKC).

² Compare J. Barth, ZMG xlii (1888), 351; SS; Buhl.

³ E. König, Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache, ii. 1, 77.

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἀγροῦ ἀγρῷ ἀγρὸν πεδίῳ πεδίου

LXX Usage Statistics

H7704b:

ἀγροῦ 79× (23.4%)

ἀγρῷ 44× (11.4%)

ἀγρὸν 32× (9.5%)

πεδίῳ 29× (7.1%)

πεδίου 23× (6.6%)

πεδίον 15× (4.0%)

ἀγρόν 13× (3.7%)

pεἰσ 11× (3.7%)

ἀγροὶ 9× (2.7%)

ἀγροὺσ 8× (2.4%)

לחיה לַחַיָּה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

חי

chay

Definition

alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively

Root

from H2421 (חיה);

Exhaustive

from חיה; alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively; [phrase] age, alive, appetite, (wild) beast, company, congregation, life(-time), live(-ly), living (creature, thing), maintenance, [phrase] merry, multitude, [phrase] (be) old, quick, raw, running, springing, troop.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2416

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חַי

noun masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

I. (abridged from חָיָה) 1. abstract: the power of life, life, vital energy; health as a salutation. 2. concrete: a living one, living thing, remaining, enduring. 3. thorn-bush, thorn-copse. 4. race, tribe, people, family.

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

II. (properly a participle of חָיָה) 1. living. 2. living again, reviving, becoming young again.

חַי

substantive • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

As a substantive: a living person or thing; living, i.e. living men; the earth inhabited by men.

חַי

aramaic adj. and subst. m. (aramaic) • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

Aramaic adjective and substantive for 'living'.

חַי

noun / masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

An abridged form from חַיָּה; life, state, existence.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Page 224

1. as an adj. living, lively. Gen. 3: 20. 2. fresh, flowing, spoken of water. Gen. 26: 19. 3. raw, fresh, spoken of flesh. 1 Sam. 2: 15. 4. reviving, living again. Gen. 18: 10. 5. as a subst. life. Lev. 25: 36. Often used in formulas of swearing (e.g., as Jehovah liveth).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2416

I. חַי adjective — alive, living.

— חַי Genesis 25:6 +; חָ֑י Genesis 3:20 +, חֵי Amos 8:14 (15 times) (Ewald¹ explains as construct, but Gesenius² and others as contracted absolute); feminine חַיָּה Genesis 1:20 +; plural חַיִּים Psalm 116:9 +.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Of God

As the living one, the fountain of life:

• אֵל חַי Joshua 3:10 (Jehovist Source), Hosea 2:1; Psalm 42:3; Psalm 84:3
• אלהים חי 2 Kings 19:4, 16 = Isaiah 37:4, 17
• אלהים חיים Deuteronomy 5:23; 1 Samuel 17:26, 36; Jeremiah 10:10; Jeremiah 23:36
• חי יהוה Yahweh is living Psalm 18:47 = 2 Samuel 22:47
• The formula of the oath is חַי יהוה Judges 8:19; Ruth 3:13; 1 Samuel 14:39, 45; 1 Samuel 19:6; 1 Samuel 20:21; 1 Samuel 25:34; 1 Samuel 26:10, 16; 1 Samuel 28:10; 1 Samuel 29:6; 2 Samuel 4:9; 2 Samuel 12:5; 2 Samuel 14:11; 2 Samuel 15:21; 1 Kings 1:29; 1 Kings 2:24; 1 Kings 17:1, 12; 1 Kings 18:10; 1 Kings 22:14; 2 Chronicles 18:13; 2 Kings 5:16, 20; Hosea 4:15; Jeremiah 4:2; Jeremiah 5:2; Jeremiah 12:16; Jeremiah 16:14–15; Jeremiah 23:7–8; Jeremiah 38:16
• Used by God Himself: חי אנכי Deuteronomy 32:40; חי אני Numbers 14:21, 28 (Priests' Code); Isaiah 49:18; Jeremiah 22:24; Jeremiah 46:18; Ezekiel 5:11; Ezekiel 14:16, 18, 20; Ezekiel 16:48; Ezekiel 17:16, 19; Ezekiel 18:3; Ezekiel 20:3, 31, 33; Ezekiel 33:11, 27; Ezekiel 34:8; Ezekiel 35:6, 11; Zephaniah 2:9
• בְּחֵי הָעֹולָם by him who liveth for ever Daniel 12:7

b. Of man

• אָדָם חַי a living man Lamentations 3:39; חי חי Isaiah 38:19
• הַחַי collective Ecclesiastes 7:2
• Usually plural חיים alive, living Numbers 16:30, 33 (Jehovist Source); Numbers 17:13 (Priests' Code); Deuteronomy 4:4; Psalm 55:16; Proverbs 1:12
• אֶרֶץ הַחַיִים land of the living Isaiah 38:11; Jeremiah 11:19; Psalm 27:13
• In the oath by life of men חֵי is pointed always חֵי: חֵי אדני המלך 2 Samuel 15:21; חֵי פרעה Genesis 42:15–16 (Elohist Source); חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26

c. Of animals

• Ox Exodus 21:35; Goat Leviticus 16:10 (Priests' Code)
• לְכֶלֶב חַי הוּא טוֺב מִן הָאַרְיֵה הַמֵּת Ecclesiastes 9:4 (compare Arabic proverb Kelb ḥei wa-lâ meijit)
• בשׂר חי living, raw flesh Leviticus 13:10; 1 Samuel 2:15

d. Animals and man, phrases for either or both

• כל ח Genesis 3:20; Genesis 8:21 (Jehovist Source); Job 12:10; Psalm 145:16
• נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה Genesis 1:20, 24 (Priests' Code); Genesis 2:7, 19 (Jehovist Source)

e. Of vegetation and water

• (Dubious) Of vegetation, as thorns, green Psalm 58:10
• feminine Of water, flowing, fresh: מים חיים Genesis 26:19 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 14:5; Jeremiah 2:13; Zechariah 14:8

2. (Dubious) Lively, active

• אישׁ חַי an active man 2 Samuel 23:20 (but Qere אישׁ חַיִל preferred)
• איבי חיים mine enemies are lively Psalm 38:20

3. Reviving

• כָּעֵת חַיָּה at the time of reviving, the spring Genesis 18:10, 14 (Jehovist Source); 2 Kings 4:16–17

---

II. [חַי] noun masculine — kinsfolk.

Cognates:

• Arabic حي a group of families united by vital ties (Robertson Smith³)

— plural suffix חַיַּי 1 Samuel 18:18, incorrectly pointed with interpretation my life, but read חַיִּי my kinsfolk.

---

I. חַיָּה noun feminine — living thing, animal.

— חַיָּה Genesis 8:17 +; construct חַיַּת Isaiah 57:10 +; old case ending (poetic) חַיְתוֺ Genesis 1:24; Psalm 50:10; plural חַיּוֺת Leviticus 14:4.

1. animal, as living, active being
   • a. In general: Genesis 8:17; Leviticus 11:2; Isaiah 46:1
   • b. Wild animals: רעה חַיָּה evil beast Genesis 37:20 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); הארץ חַיָּה Genesis 1:25; השׂדה חַיָּה Exodus 23:11; 2 Kings 14:9
   • c. Living beings: of the cherubic chariot Ezekiel 1:5, 13; Ezekiel 10:15
2. life (late poetry): Psalm 143:3; Job 33:18, 20
3. appetite: חית כפרים appetite of young lions Job 38:39
4. revival, renewal: Isaiah 57:10

---

II. חַיָּה noun feminine — community.

— וְחַיַּת מְּלִשְׁתִּים חֹנָה and a community of Philistines... was encamping 2 Samuel 23:13.

Note: Several other passages are dubious, such as 2 Samuel 23:11 (read לֶ֫חְיָה to Lehi) and Psalm 68:11.

---

חַיִּים noun masculine Deuteronomy 28:66 — plural abstract life.

— חַיִּים Genesis 2:7 +; חַיִּין Job 24:22 (Aramaism); construct חַיֵּי Genesis 23:1 +; suffix חַיַּי Genesis 47:9 +.

1. physical life: Genesis 27:46; Exodus 1:14; Isaiah 38:12; שְׁנֵי חַיֵּי years of the life of 2 Samuel 19:35; יְמֵי חַיִּים Ecclesiastes 2:3; רוּחַ חַיִּים Genesis 6:17.
2. life as welfare and happiness: Proverbs 16:15; Deuteronomy 30:6; Psalm 30:6; עֵץ הַחַיִּים tree of life Genesis 2:9; Proverbs 3:18; אֹרַח חַיִּים Psalm 16:11.
3. sustenance, maintenance: Proverbs 27:27.

---

Aramaic

I. חַי adjective — living.

1. Of God: חַי Daniel 4:31; emphatic חַיָא Daniel 6:21.
2. Plural as abstract noun life: חַיִּין Daniel 7:12; construct חַיֵּי Ezra 6:10.

II. חֵיוָא, חֵיוָה noun feminine — beast.

— absolute Daniel 4:13; emphatic חֵיוְתָא Daniel 7:6; construct חֵיוַת בָּרָא Daniel 2:38; plural חֵיוָן Daniel 7:3.

¹ Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch (GKC).

³ W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (RS).

Preposition -For/Into Art, Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX: ζωῆσ ζῇ θηρία ζῶ ζῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2416c:

ζωῆσ 82× (15.7%)

ζῇ 65× (13.1%)

θηρία 44× (7.8%)

ζῶ 23× (4.7%)

ζῶν 21× (3.9%)

'' 21× (3.7%)

ζῶντα 17× (3.4%)

θηρίοισ 17× (2.8%)

ζωὴν 15× (2.6%)

ζώντων 12× (2.3%)

נתתיו נְתַתּיו

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נתן

nâthan

Definition

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.); add, apply, appoint, ascribe, assign, [idiom] avenge, [idiom] be (healed), bestow, bring (forth, hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, [phrase] cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, [idiom] doubtless, [idiom] without fail, fasten, frame, [idiom] get, give (forth, over, up), grant, hang (up), [idiom] have, [idiom] indeed, lay (unto charge, up), (give) leave, lend, let (out), [phrase] lie, lift up, make, [phrase] O that, occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, [idiom] pull, put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send (out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), [phrase] sing, [phrase] slander, strike, (sub-) mit, suffer, [idiom] surely, [idiom] take, thrust, trade, turn, utter, [phrase] weep, [phrase] willingly, [phrase] withdraw, [phrase] would (to) God, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5414

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 755

to give, bestow

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 999

A verb with a wide range of meanings, primarily: 1. to give, to hand over, to deliver, to deal out, to perform, to permit, to sell. 2. to set, to place, to lay, to erect, to appoint, to establish. It is used in numerous idiomatic phrases such as 'to give up to one's care' (נָתַן עַל־יַד), 'to bear or bring fruit' (נָתַן פְּרִי), 'to flee' (נָתַן עֹרֶף), 'to give favour' (נָתַן חֵן), 'to stretch forth the hand' (נָתַן יָד), 'to deliver into one's power' (נָתַן בְּיַד), and 'to give up to the sword' (נָתַן לְחֶרֶב).

נָתַן

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1000

To give, put, set, lay upon, impute guilt, apply the mind, make, or treat as. In Niphal: to be given, delivered, published, set, take place, or become. In Hophal: to be given, put, poured, or suspended.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Page 463

1. To give (Prov. 13:10, Josh. 15:19). Phrases: מִי יִתֵּן 'who will give?' used as an expression of a wish (Ps. 55:7, Ex. 16:3, Deut. 28:67). 2. To lay, set, place (Gen. 1:17, 9:13, Ps. 119:110, Ezek. 26:8). 3. To make or do (Ex. 7:9, Gen. 17:4, Jer. 1:5, Is. 41:2). 4. To permit, allow, grant (Gen. 20:6, Ex. 3:19, Judg. 1:34, 15:1, 1 Sam. 18:2, Job 9:18, 2 Chr. 20:10). 5. To give forth, yield, or utter; e.g., a smell or sound (Cant. 1:12, Job 1:22, Ps. 81:3). 6. To hold or regard (1 K. 10:27, Gen. 42:30, 1 Sam. 1:16). Includes Niph. and Hoph. (to be given, placed, or made).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5414

I. נָתַן (approximate number of occurrences: 2007) verb — give, put, set.

Cognates:

• Ecclesiasticus נתן
• Old Hebrew נתןיֿהו
• Phoenician יתן, נתן
• Assyrian nadânu
• Zinjirli נתן
• Nabataean ינתן
• Palmyrene יתן
• Targum יִתֵּן
• Sabean נתן
• Syriac נתן

— נָתַן absolute Genesis 24:53 +; 2 masculine singular נָתַ֫תָּ Judges 15:18, נָתַ֫תָּה Genesis 3:12; 1 singular נָתַ֫תִּי Judges 1:2; Imperfect יִּתֵּן Genesis 43:14; Imperative תֵּן 2 Kings 4:42; Infinitive absolute נָתוֺן Deuteronomy 15:10; construct תֵּת Genesis 4:12; Participle נֹתֵן Judges 21:18.

1. Give

a. Deliver or hand to personally

• 1 Samuel 10:4
• Leviticus 5:16 (Priests' Code)
• Genesis 21:14 (Elohist Source)

b. Bestow upon, grant, or procure for

• Genesis 24:53 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Kings 3:9 (an understanding heart)
• Deuteronomy 12:15 (blessing)
• Genesis 15:18 (of land to descendants)

c. Give woman to man as wife

• Genesis 29:28 (Elohist Source)
• Joshua 15:16–17

f. Who will give? (wish expression)

• (+ מִי יִתֵּן) Deuteronomy 28:67
• Job 14:4
• Exodus 16:3 (Priests' Code)

n. Pay wages or price

• Genesis 30:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jonah 1:3 (passage-money)
• Exodus 21:32 (fine)

x. Utter a sound or voice

• (+ קוֺל) Jeremiah 4:16
• Genesis 45:2 (Elohist Source)
• Amos 1:2 (of Jehovah in thunder)

2. Put, set

a. Literally (put or set on, in, or before)

• Genesis 41:42 (ring on hand)
• Jeremiah 29:26 (in stocks)
• Exodus 40:5 (before)

b. Figurative uses

• Isaiah 42:1 (spirit upon him)
• Deuteronomy 11:29 (blessing on mountain)
• Genesis 39:21 (Yahwist Source; favour in eyes)

3. Make, constitute

a. With double accusative

• Isaiah 3:4 (make boys princes)
• Genesis 17:5 (Priests' Code)

Niph`al — Perfect נִתַּן Isaiah 9:5; Imperfect יִנָּתֵן Exodus 5:18.

1. Be given

• Joshua 24:33 (bestowed upon)
• Genesis 38:14 (given as wife)
• 2 Kings 18:30 (given into power of)

Hoph`al — Imperfect יֻתַּן 1 Kings 2:21.

• Numbers 32:5 (Priests' Code)
• 2 Samuel 21:6 (delivered up)

Aramaic

I. נְתַן (compare Biblical Hebrew נָתַן) verb give.

1. Pe`al Imperfect
   • יִנְתִּן Daniel 2:16
   • suffix יִתְּנִנַּהּ Daniel 4:15
2. give, allow time
   • Daniel 2:16
3. give, pay
   • Ezra 4:13

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB).

³ Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik (Lzb).

Verb Qal perfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔδωκεν δώσω δοῦναι δώσει ἔδωκαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5414:

ἔδωκεν 299× (14.0%)

δώσω 178× (8.2%)

δοῦναι 93× (4.4%)

δώσει 88× (4.2%)

ἔδωκαν 77× (3.6%)

ἔδωκα 70× (3.3%)

δέδωκα 57× (2.9%)

'' 51× (2.2%)

δώσεισ 51× (2.4%)

παρέδωκεν 46× (2.1%)

לאכלו לְאָכְלוֹ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אכל

ʼâkal

Definition

to eat (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to eat (literally or figuratively); [idiom] at all, burn up, consume, devour(-er, up), dine, eat(-er, up), feed (with), food, [idiom] freely, [idiom] in...wise(-deed, plenty), (lay) meat, [idiom] quite.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H398

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָכַל

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 123

prop. to annihilate, to rub away, hence 1. to eat, applied to men. 2. to animals, figuratively, to devour somewhat.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָכַל

verb • Page 48

1. To eat; applied to men and animals. Figuratively applied to the sword, fire, hunger, and pestilence. 2. To consume, destroy (Deut. 7:16; Jer. 10:25). 3. To enjoy (Prov. 30:20). Includes various forms: Niph. (to be eaten), Pu. (to be consumed), Hiph. (to feed/cause to eat), Hoph. (to be made shorter).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H398

I. אָכַל (approximate number of occurrences: 806) verb — eat, devour.

Cognates:

• Arabic أكل
• Assyrian akâlu (Friedrich Delitzsch¹, W. Wright²)
• Aramaic אֲכַל, Syriac ܐܟܠ

Qal

Perfect אָכַל Exodus 34:28 +; אָכְלָה Numbers 21:28 +; etc. Imperfect יֹאכַל Genesis 49:27 +; וַיֹּאכַל Genesis 25:34 +; וַיֹּאכֵל Genesis 3:6 +; יֹאכֵל Leviticus 21:22 +; אֹכַל Genesis 24:33 +; וָּאֹכֵל Genesis 27:33; וְאֹכֵל Isaiah 44:19; וָּאֹכֵל Genesis 3:12, Genesis 3:13; 3 plural יֹאכְלוּ Genesis 32:33 +; יֹאכֵלוּ Deuteronomy 18:18 +; etc. (for יוצְלוּ Ezekiel 42:5 read יוצְלוּ, יֹאצְלוּ compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar³ §5 Ew Co); suffix יֹאכְלֶנוּ Leviticus 7:6 +; תֹּאכְלֵם Isaiah 33:11, etc., probably also תְּאָכְלָהוּ Job 20:26, either as secondary form from תֹּאכַל (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §253 Di) or textual error (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §68.1) > Pi`el, Thes Kö I, 389; or Po`el, Ki De MV; Imperative אֱכֹל 1 Kings 18:41 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָכֹל Genesis 2:16 +; construct אֲכֹל Numbers 26:10 (2 times); לֶאֱכֹל Genesis 24:33 +; לְאָכְלָה Jeremiah 12:9; Participle אֹכֵל (אוֹכֵל) Genesis 39:6 +, אֹכֶלֶת Exodus 24:17 +, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Eat (human subject)

• Genesis 3:11, Genesis 3:18 + often; mostly with accusative Exodus 16:35 +; also followed by מִן (eat of, — some of, — or from) Exodus 34:15; Ruth 2:14 +; followed by בְּ (eat of or at) Exodus 12:43 f; absolute Deuteronomy 2:6 +; as act of worship Genesis 31:54 (compare Genesis 46:1) Exodus 18:12; Exodus 24:11; Exodus 34:15; Deuteronomy 12:7, Deuteronomy 12:18; Deuteronomy 14:23, Deuteronomy 14:26 +; compare of priests Exodus 29:32; Leviticus 10:13 +; compare אָכַל אֵל הָרִים Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11, Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 22:9 + Ezekiel 33:25 עַל הָדָם Co עַל הָרִים; (but RS Rel. Semitic i. 324 N would emend first 4 by last); eat up, finish eating Genesis 43:2 (with כָּלָה) 1 Kings 13:28 +; אָכַל לֶחֶם = take a meal Genesis 43:25; Exodus 2:20; 1 Samuel 20:24; Jeremiah 41:1 +; so לֶחֶם alone Genesis 43:16; 1 Samuel 20:5 +; לֶחֶם לֶאֱכֹל = eat, get food Genesis 3:19; 2 Kings 4:8 +; Amos 7:12 (i.e. spend one's life) compare Ecclesiastes 5:16; לֹא לֶאֱכֹל i.e. fast 1 Samuel 28:20; 1 Samuel 30:12; Ezra 10:6 compare Daniel 10:3; figurative אֵת בְּשָׂרִי לֶאֱכֹל Ecclesiastes 4:5 (i.e. waste away); eat words Jeremiah 15:16 (i.e. eagerly receive); of adultery, Proverbs 30:20 אָכְלָה וּמָחֲתָה מִפִּיהָ וְאָמְרָה לֹא פָעַלְתִּי אָוֶן; eat (taste) good fortune, בַּטּוֹב לֶאֱכֹל Job 21:25; לְמִי אָכְלוּ according to his eating, i.e. according to his needs in eating Exodus 12:4; Exodus 16:16, Exodus 16:18 also Exodus 16:21; compare Job 20:21 & below אָכְלָה; אָכַל הַמָּרִי 2 Kings 19:29; Amos 9:14, of peaceful enjoyment of results of labour; figurative of receiving consequences of action, good or bad Proverbs 1:31; Proverbs 18:21; Hosea 10:13 compare וַיֹּאכַל גַּם אֲכֹלֵי אֶת כַּסְמִי Genesis 31:15 i.e. he has reaped all the benefit, compare Hosea 7:9; figurative of mourner, אֵפֶר כָּל לֶחֶם אָכָלְתִּי Psalm 102:10 (compare Psalm 80:6 Hiph`il, & Assyrian akâl al âkul, bikîtum kurmatî = food I ate not, weeping (was) my refreshment Hpt ASKT 166 f. Obsev. 1. 21, 22 Zim BP 34. 42); of gods, partaking of sacrifices Deuteronomy 32:38; figurative = destroy Deuteronomy 7:16 (compare Numbers 14:9); compare Jeremiah 10:25; Jeremiah 30:16; Jeremiah 50:7; Hosea 7:7.

b. Of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

• Genesis 37:20, Genesis 37:33; Genesis 40:17, Genesis 40:19; 1 Kings 13:28; 1 Kings 14:11; 1 Kings 16:4; 1 Kings 21:23, 1 Kings 21:24; Hosea 2:14 +; specifically of locusts Joel 1:4; Joel 2:25; 2 Chronicles 7:13 compare Amos 4:9; moth Job 13:28; flies Psalm 78:45; worms Deuteronomy 28:39; also Ezekiel 19:3, Ezekiel 19:6 (of Israel under figure of lion), compare Jeremiah 50:7, Jeremiah 50:17; Jeremiah 51:34; also Hosea 13:8 (of יְהוָה under fig. of lion), Ezekiel 22:25 (נֶפֶשׁ אֹכְלִים, of false prophets under figure of lion).

c. Figurative of fire, devour, consume

• Leviticus 6:3 (followed by 2 accusative consume offering to ashes) Nahum 3:13; Isaiah 5:24 (in simile), particular of fire from יְהוָה Leviticus 10:2; Leviticus 16:25; Judges 9:15 f 1 Kings 18:38; 2 Kings 1:10, 2 Kings 1:12, 2 Kings 1:14; 2 Chronicles 7:1; compare Amos 1:4, Amos 1:7, Amos 1:10, Amos 1:12, Amos 1:14; Amos 2:2, Amos 2:5; Amos 5:6 +; Deuteronomy 5:22 of fire at Sinai; of יְהוָה as fire (in judgment) Deuteronomy 4:24 אֵל קַנָּא אֹכְלָה הוּא אֵשׁ אֹכְלָה; compare Deuteronomy 9:3; Isaiah 10:17 ("" בָּעַר) Isaiah 30:27, Isaiah 30:30; Isaiah 33:14 ("" מֹקֵד עוֹלָם).

d. Of sword, devour, slay

• Deuteronomy 32:42; 2 Samuel 22:26; 2 Samuel 11:25; 2 Samuel 18:8; Hosea 11:6; Jeremiah 2:30; Jeremiah 12:12; compare of devastation of land Isaiah 1:7; Jeremiah 8:16.

e. In general, devour, consume, destroy (inanimate subject)

• Of drought Genesis 31:40; of pestilence Ezekiel 7:15; of woods 2 Samuel 18:8; compare Leviticus 26:38 וְאָכְלָה אֶתְכֶם אֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיכֶם; of הַבֹּשֶׁת Jeremiah 3:24 (see בֹּשֶׁת).

f. Figurative of oppression, devour the poor, etc.

• Proverbs 30:14; Habakkuk 3:14 compare Psalm 14:4; of bitter enmity לֶאֱכֹל אֶת בְּשַׂרִי Psalm 27:2. (compare Job 19:22).

Niph`al

Perfect וְנֶאֱכַל consecutive Exodus 22:5 Imperfect יֵּאָכֵל Genesis 6:21 +; וַיֵּאָכֵל Numbers 12:12, etc.; Infinitive absolute הֵּאָכֵל Leviticus 7:18; Leviticus 19:7; Participle feminine נֶּאֱכֶלֶת Leviticus 11:47; —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Be eaten by man

• Exodus 12:46; Exodus 13:3, Exodus 13:7; Exodus 21:28; Exodus 29:34; Leviticus 6:9; Leviticus 6:16; Leviticus 6:19; Leviticus 6:23; Leviticus 7:6, Leviticus 7:15, Leviticus 7:16 (twice in verse); Leviticus 7:18; Leviticus 11:41; Leviticus 19:6; Leviticus 19:7; Leviticus 19:23; Leviticus 22:30; Leviticus 28:17; Ezekiel 45:21; of custom, usage Genesis 6:21; Exodus 12:16; Deuteronomy 12:22; Job 6:6; of permission to eat Leviticus 7:19; Leviticus 11:13, Leviticus 11:34, Leviticus 11:47 (twice in verse); Leviticus 17:13; with negative be uneatable Jeremiah 24:2, Jeremiah 24:3, Jeremiah 24:8; Jeremiah 29:17.

b. Be devoured by fire, consumed

• Zephaniah 1:18; Zephaniah 3:8; Zechariah 9:4; Ezekiel 23:25.

c. Be wasted, destroyed

• Of flesh Numbers 12:12; Jeremiah 30:16.

Pu`al

Perfect אֻכַּל be consumed with fire Nehemiah 2:3, Nehemiah 2:13 compare Nahum 1:10 (figurative); so Participle אֻכָּל (= מְאֻכָּל compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §169 d) Exodus 3:2; by sword Isaiah 1:20 תְּאֻכַּלִים.

Hiph`il

Perfect 2 masculine singular suffix הֶאֱכַלְתָּם Psalm 80:6, וְהַאֲכַלְתִּי Isaiah 49:26; suffix וְהַאֲכַלְתִּיךָ consecutive Isaiah 58:14; הֶאֱכַלְתִּיהוּ Ezekiel 16:19; וְהַאֲכַלְתִּים consecutive Jeremiah 19:9; Imperfect suffix יַאֲכִלֶנּוּ Numbers 11:4, Numbers 11:18, etc.; 2 masculine singular תַּאֲכִל; 1 singular אַכִּיל Hosea 11:4; Imperative הַאֲכִילָהוּ Proverbs 25:21, etc.; Infinitive לְהַאֲכִיל Ezekiel 21:33 (but Co לְהַלִּים, q. v.); Participle מַאֲכִיל Jeremiah 23:15, etc.; —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Cause to eat, feed with, followed by 2 accusative subject mostly יְהוָה

• Exodus 16:32; Deuteronomy 8:3, Deuteronomy 8:16; Ezekiel 3:2; Jeremiah 19:9; absolute Hosea 11:4; compare Numbers 11:4, Numbers 11:18; figurative Jeremiah 9:14; Jeremiah 23:15; Isaiah 49:26; Isaiah 58:14; Ezekiel 16:19; also Psalm 80:6 הֶאֱכַלְתָּם לֶחֶם דִּמְעָה (compare Psalm 102:10 Qal above); followed by accusative of person + מִן Psalm 81:17, but also subject man Proverbs 25:21; 1 Kings 22:27; 2 Chronicles 18:26 וְהַאֲכִילָהוּ לֶחֶם לָחַץ of prison fare; followed by accusative of person only 2 Chronicles 28:15, compare Ezekiel 2:3.

b. Cause to devour, object sword

• Ezekiel 21:33 (but on text see Co).

Pe`al (Aramaic)

Perfect 3 masculine plural אֲכַלִּו Daniel 3:8; Daniel 6:25; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יֵאכַל Daniel 4:30; 3 feminine singular תֵּאכַל Daniel 7:23; Imperative feminine singular אֲכַלִּי Daniel 7:5; Participle feminine singular אָכְלָה, Daniel 7:7; Daniel 7:9; —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Eat, of beast, accusative of thing

• Daniel 4:30.

b. Devour, of beast in vision, accusative of thing, absolute

• Daniel 7:5, Daniel 7:7, Daniel 7:19; hence figurative of kingdom, devour, devastate, accusative of earth Daniel 7:23.

c. In phrase קְרָצֵיהוֹן אֲכַלִּו

• Daniel 3:8 eat their pieces, i.e. slander them, compare Daniel 6:25 (see קָרַץ).

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrian dictionary.

² W. Wright, Assyrian dictionary.

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Preposition, Verb Qal infinitive construct common, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0398:

No stats available

ואשר וַאֲשֶׁר

and whom/straightly

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Conjunction, Particle relative

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834a:

No stats available

במצדות בַּמְּצָדוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מצד

mᵉtsad

Definition

a fastness (as a covert of ambush)

Root

or מצד; or (feminine) מצדה; from H6679 (צוד);

Exhaustive

or מצד; or (feminine) מצדה; from צוד; a fastness (as a covert of ambush); castle, fort, (strong) hold, munition.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4679

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צַד

noun masculine • Consonantal / Low • Page 1214

prop. a turning, a bending, i. e. the side turned away (opposite to נֶגֶד, פָּנִים); hence side, flank.

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

צַד

noun (aramaic) • Consonantal / Low • Page 1215

Aram. m. the same (as צַר); hence on the side, a parte, against.

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּ

preposition • Page 84

A preposition with various meanings: 4. by (swearing, Gen. 22:16); 5. through (Num. 12:2); 6. upon (Num. 14:10); 7. to a place or thing (Judg. 6:35); 8. against (Gen. 16:12); 9. concerning (after 'to speak'); 10. out of, from (Gen. 44:5); 11. among; 12. before (Gen. 23:18); 13. for (Deut. 19:21); 14. on account of (Gen. 18:28); 15. after, according to (Gen. 1:26); 16. as (Job 34:36); 17. used with verbs of sense; 18. Beth essentiae (Jehovah is among my helpers, Ps. 118:7); 19. before an infinitive: when, while, after, since (Gen. 2:4).

בּ

prefix • Page 83

A prefix preposition with various meanings: 1. In or into a place/subject. 2. With, denoting an instrument, aid, or concomitance. 3. On, at, or near.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4679

מְצָד, מְצַד (Jeremiah 48:41) noun feminine — fastness, stronghold (properly hunting-place?).

— מְצָד absolute 1 Chronicles 11:7; 1 Chronicles 12:16, מְצַד 1 Chronicles 12:8; plural absolute מְצָדוֹת 1 Samuel 23:14 +; construct id. 1 Samuel 23:29 (Gi, 1 Samuel 24:1 van d. H. Baer), Isaiah 33:16.

1. Mountain-fastness

• Judges 6:2
• 1 Samuel 23:14, 19, 29 (see above)
• Ezekiel 33:27
• 1 Chronicles 12:8, 1 Chronicles 12:16
• מְצָדוֹת סְלָעִים Isaiah 33:16

2. More generally, stronghold

• Jeremiah 48:41
• Jeremiah 51:30
• Ezekiel 19:9 (Baer Gi; van d. H. מְצֹדוֹת id. [II. מְצוּדָה] Ew Hi-Sm Da and others; nets [1. מְצוּדָה] Krae; strike out Co Oort Toy)
• Citadel of Jerusalem 1 Chronicles 11:7

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: στενοῖσ περιοχῇ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4679:

στενοῖσ 3× (18.0%)

περιοχῇ 2× (16.4%)

ובמערות וּבַמְּעָרוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מערה

mᵉʻârâh

Definition

a cavern (as dark)

Root

from H5783 (עור);

Exhaustive

from עור; a cavern (as dark); cave, den, hole.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4631

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מְעָרָה

noun feminine • Root עור • Strongs / High • Page 888

a cave, for concealment, for burying in; a hiding-place; a lair of wild beasts.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מְעָרָה

noun feminine • Page 394

f. constr. מְעָרַת, plur. מְעָרוֹת. A hole, cave, cavern. Gen. 19.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4631

I. מְעָרָה (approximate number of occurrences: 40) noun feminine — cave.

— מְעָרָה absolute Genesis 19:30 +; construct מְעָרַת Genesis 23:19 +; plural מְעָרוֺת Judges 6:2 +, construct id. Isaiah 2:19.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Cave as place of sojourn or refuge

• Genesis 19:30 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Samuel 24:3 (twice in verse)
• 1 Samuel 24:7
• 1 Samuel 24:8
• 1 Samuel 24:10 (Ginsburg; compare 1 Samuel 24:4, 8, 9, 11 van der Hooght)
• 1 Kings 19:9, 13
• Ezekiel 33:27
• Joshua 10:16 (+ בַמַּקֵּדָה) and 7 other times in Joshua 10
• Judges 6:2
• 1 Samuel 13:6
• 1 Kings 18:4, 13
• Psalm 57:1; Psalm 142:1
• מְעָרוֹת צֻרִים Isaiah 2:19
• מְעָרַת פָּרִיצִים Jeremiah 7:11 robbers' cave
• Isaiah 32:14 den (of wild beasts)

b. Specific Caves

• מְעָרַת עֲדֻלָּם Cave of Adullam 1 Samuel 22:1; 2 Samuel 23:13
• In parallel 1 Chronicles 11:15, read probably מְצֻדַת עֲדֻלָּם or מְצָדַת (Wellhausen, compare Driver, Budde, Kittel, H.P. Smith)

2. As burial place

Specifically the cave of Machpelah:

• מְעָרַת הַמַּכְפֵּלָה Genesis 23:9 + (see מַכְפֵּלָה)
• Mentioned as מְעָרָה alone: Genesis 23:11, 17, 20; Genesis 49:29, 32 (all Priests' Code)

3. Specific location

מְעָרָה אֲשֶׁר לַצִּידֹנִים Joshua 13:4 (Deuteronomic Source), a cave-region in Lebanon east of Sidon, modern Mughâr Gezzîn, according to most, but dubious; perhaps, rather, near Tyre (Buhl¹).

¹ Frants Buhl, Mittheilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins (MDPV), 1895, 55.

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: σπήλαιον σπηλαίῳ σπηλαίου σπηλαίοισ σπήλαια

LXX Usage Statistics

H4631:

σπήλαιον 18× (46.9%)

σπηλαίῳ 9× (22.3%)

σπηλαίου 6× (16.0%)

σπηλαίοισ 3× (6.1%)

σπήλαια 2× (5.5%)

בדבר בַּדֶּבֶר

within the alignment

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

דבר

deber

Definition

a pestilence

Root

from H1696 (דבר) (in the sense of destroying);

Exhaustive

from דבר (in the sense of destroying); a pestilence; murrain, pestilence, plague.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1698

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דֶּבֶר

noun • Root דבר • Strongs / High • Page 351

Pestilence, plague. Derived from the figurative sense of דָּבַר II (to destroy).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּבַר

verb • Page 154

To speak; used in various idioms: 3. to speak with one's self or meditate (Gen. 24:45). 4. to speak or promise good concerning any one (Num. 10:29). 5. to speak kindly with any one (2 K. 25:28). 6. to speak kindly or peaceably (Ps. 28:3). 7. to pass sentence against (2 K. 25:6). Sense 2: to destroy (2 Chr. 22:10), derived from 'to drive away'. Includes Niph. (to speak together, Mal. 3:16), Hiph. (to subdue, Ps. 18:48), and Hithpa. (2 Sam. 14:13).

דֶּבֶר

m. plur. דְּבָרִים • Root דבר • Page 155

Pestilence. (Ex. 9:3, Lev. 26:25, Deut. 28:21, Hos. 13:14). Ideas of death and pestilence are often expressed by the same word.

דֹּבֶר

noun masculine • Root דבר • Page 155

A fold, pasture. (Mic. 2:12, Is. 5:17). Comparable to Syriac and Arabic terms for a field.

דָּבַר

verb • Root דבר • Page 153

1. Probably as its primary signification, to lead, to drive. Hence the derivatives דָּבָר, דִּבְרָה, מִדְבָּר. 2. To put in order, to arrange, connect; and hence to connect words, to speak. In Kal found in the participle דֹּבֵר and the infinitive דַּבֵּר (Ps. 51:6). Much more common in Pi. דִּבֶּר (fut. יְדַבֵּר) meaning to speak, loquor (different from אָמַר to say). Covers various grammatical constructions including speaking to (preceded by אֶל, לְ, or עִם), speaking of (preceded by אֶת or עַל), and speaking against (preceded by בְּ or אֶל). Also used to mean 'to promise' (Deut. 19:8).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1698

I. דֶּבֶר (approximate number of occurrences: 49) noun masculine — pestilence.

Cognates:

• Arabic دَبْر, دُبُر departure, death

— דֶּבֶר Exodus 9:3 +; דָּ֑בֶר Habakkuk 3:5; suffix דְּבָרֶיךָ Hosea 13:14.

1. Plague and Pestilence

a. In general

• Exodus 5:3
• Exodus 9:15
• Numbers 14:12 (Jehovist Source)
• Leviticus 26:25 (Holiness Code)
• Deuteronomy 28:21
• 2 Samuel 24:13, 15 (+ 2 Samuel 24:15 according to ᵐ5 Wellhausen and Driver)¹ = 1 Chronicles 21:12, 14
• 1 Kings 8:37
• 2 Chronicles 6:28; 7:13; 20:9
• Psalm 91:3; Psalm 91:6
• Jeremiah 14:12 (+ 16 times in Jeremiah)
• Ezekiel 5:12 (+ 11 times in Ezekiel)
• Hosea 13:14
• Amos 4:10
• Habakkuk 3:5

Read וּבַדָּ֑בֶר, or the like, in 1 Samuel 4:8, for ᵑ0 בַּמִּדְבָּר.²

2. Of livestock

a. Cattle-plague, murrain

• Exodus 9:3 (Jehovist Source)
• Psalm 78:50

¹ ᵐ5 Septuagint; Julius Wellhausen; S. R. Driver.

² ᵑ0 Masoretic Text; Wellhausen, Klostermann, Driver.

³ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁴ Holiness Code.

Preposition -Within Art, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: θάνατον θάνατοσ θανάτῳ '' θανάτου

LXX Usage Statistics

H1698:

θάνατον 13× (30.8%)

θάνατοσ 9× (21.3%)

θανάτῳ 9× (20.5%)

'' 3× (6.6%)

θανάτου 2× (4.0%)

ימותו יָמוּתוּ׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מות

mûwth

Definition

to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to die (literally or figuratively); causatively, to kill; [idiom] at all, [idiom] crying, (be) dead (body, man, one), (put to, worthy of) death, destroy(-er), (cause to, be like to, must) die, kill, necro(-mancer), [idiom] must needs, slay, [idiom] surely, [idiom] very suddenly, [idiom] in (no) wise.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4191

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מוּת

verb • Root מות • Strongs / High • Page 829

(Qal) To be stretched, extended, or stiffen, as the limbs of an expiring body; hence to die, of men or animals. Metaphorically, to decay, be waste, be destroyed, or disappear.

מוּת

verb • Root מות • Strongs / High • Page 830

A verb root meaning to die, to expire. The lexicon provides extensive etymological background, connecting it to Arabic, Greek, Sanskrit, and other languages.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מוּת

verb • Page 365

1. to die (1 Sam. 25: 37; Gen. 45: 27). 2. to perish, be destroyed; spoken of a state (Am. 2: 2), or to become wretched (Prov. 15: 10). Pil. and Hiph. to kill, slay (1 Sam. 14: 13). Hoph. to be killed (Deut. 21: 22).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4191

I. מוּת (approximate number of occurrences: 835) verb — die.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Assyrian mâtu¹
• Arabic مات
• Ethiopic ሞተ
• Aramaic מוּת, מִית
• Nabataean מות²
• Zinjirli מת³

— מֵת 3 masculine singular absolute Genesis 42:38 +; מֵ֫תָה 3 feminine singular Genesis 35:18 +; מַתֶּה 2 masculine singular Ezekiel 28:8; וָמַ֑תִּי 1 singular Genesis 19:19; מֵ֫תוּ 3 masculine plural Genesis 7:22 +; מַתְנוּ 1 plural Numbers 14:2, 2 Kings 7:4; יָמוּת imperfect Genesis 38:11 +; וַיָּ֫מָת imperfect Genesis 11:28 +; מֻת imperative Deuteronomy 32:50; מוֺת infinitive absolute Genesis 2:17 +; מוּת construct Genesis 25:32; מֵת participle Genesis 20:3 +; מֵתִים plural Exodus 12:33 +.

1. Qal: Die, of natural or other causes

a. Of man

• וַיִּגְוִע וַיָּמָת and he expired and died Genesis 25:8, Genesis 25:17, Genesis 35:29 (Priests' Code)
• וַיָּמָת וַיִּקָּבֵר Judges 10:2, 5, Judges 8:32, 2 Samuel 17:23
• Succession formula: וימלך תַּחְתָּיו וימת Genesis 36:33–39 (Priests' Code), 2 Samuel 10:1, 2 Kings 1:17
• In good old age: וימת בְּשֵׂיבָה טוֺבָה 1 Chronicles 29:28
• By violence or disaster: הכה (smiting) Exodus 21:18 (Elohist Source); במלחמה (war) Deuteronomy 20:5; בַּחֶרֶב (sword) Jeremiah 11:22; ברעב (famine) Jeremiah 11:22; בְּדֶבֶר (pestilence) Jeremiah 21:6; בַּמַּגֵּפָה (plague) Numbers 14:37
• figurative of wisdom: תָּמוּת חָכְמָה עִמָּכֶם Job 12:2; of courage: וַיָּמָת לִבּוֺ בְּקִרְבּוֺ 1 Samuel 25:37

b. Of animals

• Leviticus 11:39; Genesis 33:13 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 7:18 (Elohist Source)
• Proverbial dead dog: כֶּלֶב מֵת 1 Samuel 24:14, 2 Samuel 9:8, 2 Samuel 16:9

c. Other

• Of a tree: Job 14:8
• Of idols: זִבְחֵי מֵתִים sacrifices to the dead Psalm 106:28

2. Qal: Die as a penalty (be put to death)

a. By human authority

• Genesis 42:20, Exodus 21:14, Deuteronomy 17:6
• Phrase מוֺת יָּמּוּת shall surely be put to death (capital punishment): 1 Samuel 14:39, 1 Samuel 22:16, 1 Kings 2:37, Jeremiah 26:8
• Legal codes (violent death): מוֺת יוּמַת Exodus 21:12, Leviticus 20:2, Numbers 15:35

b. Inflicted by God

• Genesis 38:7, Exodus 28:35, Leviticus 10:2, 2 Samuel 6:7
• For sin/guilt: בחטא Leviticus 22:9, Numbers 27:3; במעל 1 Chronicles 10:13
• Of a nation: Moab Amos 2:2, Ephraim Hosea 13:1
• Prematurely (for lack of wisdom): Proverbs 5:23, Proverbs 10:21, Ecclesiastes 7:17

3. Po‘lel: Kill, put to death, despatch

— מֹתַתִּי perfect 2 Samuel 1:16; יְמֹתְתֵהוּ imperfect 1 Samuel 17:51; מוֺתְתֵנִי imperative Judges 9:54; מְמוֺתֵת participle 1 Samuel 14:13.

• Intensive: 1 Samuel 17:51, 2 Samuel 1:9, Psalm 34:21

4. Hiph‘il: Kill, put to death

— הֵמִית perfect Judges 16:30 +; וַיָּ֫מֶת imperfect Genesis 38:10 +; הָמֵת infinitive absolute 2 Kings 11:15; מֵמִית participle 1 Samuel 2:6.

• Subject man: In war Joshua 10:26; by authority Exodus 1:16, 2 Kings 14:6
• Subject God: Deuteronomy 32:39, Genesis 38:7, 1 Samuel 2:6
• Executioners (angels of death): מְמִיתִים Job 33:22

5. Hoph‘al: Be killed, put to death

— הוּמָ֑ת perfect 2 Kings 11:2; יוּמַת imperfect Leviticus 20:10; מוּמָת participle 1 Samuel 19:11.

• By conspiracy: 2 Kings 11:2, 8
• By capital punishment: Exodus 21:29, Leviticus 24:16, Deuteronomy 24:16

Aramaic

I. מוֺת noun masculine — death (Biblical Hebrew מָ֫וֶת).

• absolute Ezra 7:26

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (HWB), 395.

² Julius Euting, Nabatäische Inschriften aus Arabien (1885), 14, 6.

³ D.H. Müller, Sendschirli Glossary.

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: ἀπέθανεν θανάτῳ ἀποθανεῖται ἀποθάνῃ ἀποθανοῦνται

LXX Usage Statistics

H4191:

ἀπέθανεν 120× (13.8%)

θανάτῳ 54× (6.7%)

ἀποθανεῖται 48× (6.0%)

ἀποθάνῃ 35× (4.2%)

ἀποθανοῦνται 23× (2.9%)

θανατῶσαι 22× (2.6%)

τέθνηκεν 21× (2.6%)

ἐθανάτωσεν 20× (2.3%)

ἀποθανῇ 18× (2.3%)

ἐτελεύτησεν 15× (1.7%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Thus shalt thou say to them: Thus said the Lord Jehovah: I live if not they who are in the wastes shall fall by the sword, and he who is upon the face of the field I gave him to the beast to eat him, and they who are in the fastnesses and in caves shall die by death.

LITV Translation:
Say this to them, So says the Lord Jehovah: As I live, surely those in the ruins shall fall by the sword, and I will give the one who is on the face of the field to the beasts to be eaten, and those in the forts and in the caves shall die by the plague.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
As I live, surely they that are in the desolate places shall fall by swords, and they that are in the open plain shall be given for food to the wild beasts of the field, and them that are in the fortified cities and them that are in the caves I will slay with pestilence.