Ezekiel 32:27

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ולא וְלֹא

and not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3808

I. לֹא or לוֺא (approximate number of occurrences: 5048) adverb — not.

Cognates:

• Arabic لا
• Aramaic לָא
• Sabean לא
• Assyrian lâ
• (Not in Ethiopic: compare Kö¹ ii. 1. 236; Walker²)

— לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr³), 35 times; besides בְּלוֺא 6 times, and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much, e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Masora, written לו (קרי לֹא), 1 Samuel 2:16; 1 Samuel 20:2, once לה Deuteronomy 3:11 כתיב: — not — denying objectively, like Greek οὐ (not μὴ = אַל).

1. In predication

a. With a verb

• With finite tenses: Genesis 2:5, Genesis 4:5 (perfect); Genesis 3:4, Genesis 8:21–22 (imperfect).
• In circumstantial clauses: Genesis 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isaiah 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט.
• With final force: Isaiah 41:7; Exodus 28:32 (see GKC⁴ §156. 3).
• Governing two verbs: Exodus 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Leviticus 19:12.
• Expressing prohibition: Genesis 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Exodus 20:13 לא תגנב.
• With jussive/cohortative (rare): Genesis 24:8; 1 Samuel 14:36.

b. With the infinitive

Only once in בְּלֹא (4a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot or must not:

• Judges 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not possible to dispossess.
• Amos 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳.

c. Negating the word immediately following

• Genesis 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֺד not Jacob shall thy name be called any more.
• Genesis 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי not ye have sent me hither, but God.
• Rhetorically: 2 Kings 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly).

d. Standing alone

• אִם לֹא if not: Genesis 18:21, Genesis 42:16.
• In answer to a question (Nay): Judges 12:5 ויאמר לא, Genesis 23:11 לא אדני.

e. With interrogative force

• Jonah 4:11, Job 2:10, Exodus 8:22.

2. Not in predication

a. Coupled to an adjective (litotes)

• Hosea 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son.
• Psalm 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good.

b. With a participle

• Jeremiah 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה.
• Isaiah 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה.

c. With nouns or prepositional phrases

• Genesis 15:13 בארץ לא להם.
• Habakkuk 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹא־לוֺ.

d. With a substantive forming a compound (un-)

• Deuteronomy 32:21 בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God.
• Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר at a thing which is not.
• Isaiah 10:15 מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ what is no wood.

e. In circumstantial clauses

• 2 Samuel 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds.
• Job 34:24 לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry.

3. As a substantive

Job 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing (compare Aramaic Daniel 4:32).

4. With prefixes

a. בְּלֹא — without

• Jeremiah 22:13 בלא־צדק without justice.
• Job 8:11 בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire.
• Of time: Leviticus 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָהּ outside the time of her impurity.

b. הֲלֹא — nonne?

Inviting an affirmative answer; often used in conversation to win assent:

• Genesis 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee?
• Exodus 4:11 Do not I?
• As a rhetorical affirmative: 1 Kings 11:41 הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים are they not written...?

c. וָלֹ֕א — and if not

• 2 Samuel 13:26; 2 Kings 5:17.

d. כְּלוֺא — as though not

• Obadiah 1:16 והיו כלוא היו as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא — without

• 2 Chronicles 15:3; Amos 6:13.

Note on Orthography: Fifteen times, according to Masora, לא is written by error for לוֺ, e.g., Exodus 21:8; Leviticus 11:21; Isaiah 9:2; Psalm 100:3; Job 13:15 (always with קרי לוֺ).

Aramaic

I. לָא (לָה Daniel 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא).

1. literally not
   • Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:5, 9, 10 etc.
   • before a participle: Daniel 2:27, 43; Daniel 3:16.
   • Daniel 4:32 כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין as men not accounted of.
2. with infinitive and לְ (must not / cannot)
   • Daniel 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be altered.
   • Ezra 6:8.
3. interrogative הֲלָא
   • Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:13.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Dean A. Walker, "The Semitic Negative," American Journal of Semitic Languages (1896).

³ S. Frensdorff, Die Massora Magna (1876).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892).

Conjunction, Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

ישכבו יִשְׁכְּבוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שכב

shâkab

Definition

to lie down (for rest, sexual connection, decease or any other purpose)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to lie down (for rest, sexual connection, decease or any other purpose); [idiom] at all, cast down, (lover-)lay (self) (down), (make to) lie (down, down to sleep, still with), lodge, ravish, take rest, sleep, stay.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7901

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁכַב

verb • Root שכב • Strongs / High • Page 1417

I. To bend oneself, to lie down, to lie stiff (of one destroyed), to rest, to sleep, or metaphorically to die/be buried (e.g., שָׁכַב עִם־אֲבוֹתָיו).

שָׁכַב

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1418

Denotes the coming into Sheol. 2. To lie (sexually), commonly spoken of a man lying with a woman, or vice versa, also applied to animals.

שָׁכַב

verb • Root שכב • Strongs / High • Page 1418

II. To pour out. (The sexual meaning of שָׁכַב I. may derive from originally meaning 'to moisten, with semen').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁכַב

verb • Page 670

1. to lay one's self down, particularly for sleep (Gen. 19:4, 28:11, 1 Sam. 3:5) or in death (1 K. 2:10, 11:43). 2. to lie. Constrained with an accus. of the place, hence those that lie in the grave, Ps. 88:6; she that lieth in thy bosom, Mic. 7:5.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7901

I. שָׁכַב (compare Lag¹) verb — lie down.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew שכב (Ecclesiasticus 47:23)
• Phoenician שכב, משכב
• Ethiopic ሰከበ
• Aramaic שְׁכַב, ܫܟܒ
• Nabataean משכבא (couch)
• Arabic سكب (to pour out)

— שָׁכַב Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׁכַב Genesis 26:10 +; Imperfect יִשְׁכַּב Genesis 30:15 +, 3 masculine plural יִשְׁכְּבֻן 1 Samuel 2:22, יִשְׁכָּב֑וּן Joshua 2:8, Job 30:17; Imperative masculine singular שְׁכַב 2 Samuel 13:5, שִׁכְבָה Genesis 39:7, 12; Infinitive absolute שָׁכֹב Leviticus 15:24; construct שְׁכַב 1 Kings 1:21 +, suffix שָׁכְבוֺ Ruth 3:4, שִׁכְבָהּ Genesis 19:33, 35; Participle שֹׁכֵב Genesis 28:13 +, feminine שֹׁכֶ֫בֶת Micah 7:5, Ruth 3:8, etc.

1. Lie down (opposed to קוּם, הֵקִיץ)

a. Prostrated

• Judges 5:27 (+ כָּרַע, נָפַל)

b. To sleep

• Genesis 19:4 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 28:11 (Elohist Source)
• 1 Samuel 3:5
• Proverbs 6:22
• 1 Kings 19:5 (+ יָשֵׁן)
• Jonah 1:5 (+ נִרְדָּם)
• 2 Samuel 12:16 (token of mourning: וְשָׁכַב אָ֑רְצָה)
• Leviticus 26:6 (Holiness Code: emphasis on resting)
• 2 Samuel 13:5 (lying on a bed)

c. Lie on one's side

• Ezekiel 4:4, 6, 9 (symbolic)

d. Lie on a person

• 1 Kings 3:19 (fatally)
• 2 Kings 4:34 (to revive)

e. Lie in one's bosom

• 2 Samuel 12:3 (cherished)
• 1 Kings 1:2 (vital warmth)

2. Lodge for the night

• Joshua 2:1 (Elohist Source)
• 2 Kings 4:11
• Leviticus 14:47

3. Of sexual relations (lie with)

a. Subject man

• With עִם: Genesis 30:15; Genesis 39:7 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 22:15; Deuteronomy 22:22
• With אֶת: Genesis 26:10; Genesis 34:2; 2 Samuel 13:14
• With אֵצֶל: Genesis 39:10
• Sodomy (with man): Leviticus 18:22; Leviticus 20:13 (Holiness Code)
• Bestiality: Deuteronomy 27:21; Leviticus 22:18

b. Subject woman

• With עִם: Genesis 19:32, 34
• With אֶת: Genesis 19:33

4. Of death

a. To lie down in death

• Isaiah 14:8
• Job 14:12 (opposed to קוּם)

b. To lie with one's fathers

• 1 Kings 1:21; 2 Kings 2:10 (of kings, 35 times)
• Genesis 47:30

c. Lying in the grave

• Psalm 88:6 (שֹׁכְבֵי קֶבֶר)
• Job 7:21 (לֶעָפָר)
• Ezekiel 32:21 (in Sheol)

5. Figurative

• Job 30:17 (of pains: "do not sleep")
• Ecclesiastes 2:23 (heart having no rest)

נִפְעַל and פֻּעַל — be lain with (sexually; subject woman), only as Qere for Kethiv [שָׁגֵל].

הִשְׁכִּיב Perfect 3 feminine singular הִשְׁכִּיבָה — lay, make to lie down.

• 1 Kings 3:20 (+ בְּחֵיק)
• 1 Kings 17:19 (on a bed)
• 2 Samuel 8:2 (absolute: "making them lie down on ground")
• Job 38:37 (figurative: "tip" the water-jars of heaven)

הֻשְׁכַּב Hophal Participle מֻשְׁכָּב — be laid.

• 2 Kings 4:32 (on a bed)
• Ezekiel 32:19, 32 (laid in death)

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (1889) (Lag BN).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ Holiness Code.

⁵ Septuagint (Greek translation).

Verb Qal imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: ἐκοιμήθη κοιμηθῇ κοιμηθῆναι ἐκάθευδεν κοιμηθήσῃ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7901:

ἐκοιμήθη 52× (22.9%)

κοιμηθῇ 18× (8.9%)

κοιμηθῆναι 10× (4.3%)

ἐκάθευδεν 9× (4.5%)

κοιμηθήσῃ 9× (4.4%)

κοιμώμενοσ 8× (3.6%)

κοιμήθητι 8× (4.0%)

κοιμηθήσεται 7× (3.3%)

ἐκοιμήθησαν 6× (3.1%)

κοιμηθεὶσ 5× (2.5%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by, at, among, etc.

Root

probably from H579 (אנה);

Exhaustive

probably from אנה; properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by, at, among, etc.; against, among, before, by, for, from, in(-to), (out) of, with. Often with another prepositional prefix.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H854

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H854

II. אֵת (preposition) with makkeph אֵת־, with suffix אִתִּי, אִתְּךָ, אִתְּכֶם etc. (also, however, אוֹתְךָ, אוֹתוֹ, and similarly מֵאוֹתְךָ, מֵאוֹתוֹ etc.), first in Joshua 10:25; Joshua 14:12, next 2 Samuel 24:24; then repeatedly (but not exclusively) 1 Kings 20 — 2 Kings 8, & in Jeremiah, Ezekiel, e.g. 1 Kings 20:25 (but 1 Kings 20:23 אִתָּם) 1 Kings 22:7,8,24 (beside מֵאִתִּי) 2 Kings 1:15; 2 Kings 3:11,12,26; 2 Kings 6:16 (beside מֵאִתּוֹ) 2 Kings 8:8; Jeremiah 2:35; Jeremiah 10:5; Jeremiah 16:8; Jeremiah 19:10; Jeremiah 20:11; Ezekiel 2:6; Ezekiel 10:17; Ezekiel 23:23; Ezekiel 37:26 (see below 1d; also Isaiah 59:21, contrast Genesis 17:4: on שָׁכַב אֵתָּה Genesis 34:2 and elsewhere, see below שָׁכַב, & compare Driver, Samuel, ii. 13, 14) preposition denoting proximity (synonym עִם; Phoenician את, e.g. Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum i. 3, 8 לא יכנ לם משכב את רפאם let there not be for them a resting-place with the shades; Assyrian itti (perhaps akin to ittu 'side,' Delitzsch, Prolegomena 115 Haupt Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek 2. 498; but compare Nöldeke Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft '86, 738 f.). Not found as yet in the other cognate languages: but compare Ethiopic አማርኛ 'enta, towards, which supports the view that אֵת is for 'int [compare תֵּת, תִּתִּי], perhaps from root אנה to meet Olshausen page 431 Prätorius Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft '73, 643 Lagarde Mitteilungen i. 226).

Cognates:

• Phoenician את
• Assyrian itti
• Ethiopic enta

1. Companionship and Proximity

Of companionship, together with: Genesis 6:13 behold, I destroy them אֵת־הָאָרֶץ together with the earth, Genesis 11:31; Genesis 12:4 + verbs of dwelling, abiding, going, etc., as Judges 1:3; Judges 14:11; Judges 19:4, & in the phrase הָעָם אֲשֶׁר אִתּוֹ Judges 4:13; Judges 7:1; Judges 9:33,48; 1 Samuel 14:20; 1 Samuel 30:4 etc.; thou, and thy sons אִתָּךְ וְ־ with thee Genesis 6:18; similarly (3rd person) Genesis 7:7,13; Genesis 8:18; Genesis 9:8 and elsewhere (character of Priests' Code: Driver, Introduction to Literature of Old Testament 124); הִתְהַלֶּךְ אֵת־הָאֱלֹהִים to walk with God, i.e. to have him as a companion (that is, by adopting a course of life pleasing to him) Genesis 5:22,24; Genesis 6:9 (compare הִתְהַלֶּךְ אֵת literal 1 Samuel 25:15); — by the side of, like Isaiah 45:9, equally with Leviticus 26:39, in common with Jeremiah 23:28 b (compare עִם 1e, f).

a. With for the purpose of help

• Numbers 14:9 אִתָּנוּ וְיָה, Joshua 14:12 (אוֹתִי, as Jeremiah 20:11) Judges 1:19; 2 Kings 6:16; 2 Kings 9:32 מִי אִתִּי מִי who is on my side, who? כִּי אִתְּךָ אֲנִי Isaiah 43:5; Jeremiah 1:18,19 +; Isaiah 63:3; Psalm 12:5 our lips are with us, on our side; in the phrase אֵת יָד מִמֶּנִי 2 Samuel 14:19; 2 Kings 15:19; Jeremiah 26:24; נָשָׂא אֵת to bear together with, i.e. to assist Exodus 18:22; Numbers 11:17.
• Exceptionally, = with the help of: Genesis 4:1 for I have gotten a man עִם אֵתִי with the help of יָה (compare עִם 1 Samuel 14:45) Genesis 49:25 (where, however, the parallelism, & versions favour וְאֵל שַׁדַּי for וְאֵת שַׁדַּי) Micah 3:8; compare Esther 9:29.

b. Beside (German neben)

• Genesis 39:6 לֹא יָדַע אִתּוֹ מְאֻמָה he knew not with him, beside him, aught (i.e. Joseph managed everything), Genesis 39:8; Exodus 20:23 לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ אִתִּי ye shall not make (aught) beside me.

c. Beside = in the presence of (rare)

• Genesis 20:16 b and before all thou shalt be righted, Isaiah 30:8; Micah 6:1.

d. Of intercourse of different kinds with another, e.g. after verbs of making a covenant or contract, or (less often) of speaking or dealing

• (α) Genesis 9:9; Genesis 15:18; Genesis 17:4 (Ezekiel 16:60; Isaiah 59:21 - אוֹת) Joshua 10:4; 1 Kings 3:1 etc.; compare 1 Samuel 2:13 (but here הַכֹּהֵן מֵאֵת is probably to be read with versions, compare Deuteronomy 18:3).
• (β) Genesis 17:3; Genesis 42:30 דִּבֶּר אִתָּנוּ קָשׁוּת, 1 Kings 8:15; Psalm 109:2, & especially in Jeremiah and Ezekiel (as Jeremiah 1:16; Jeremiah 4:12 [Jeremiah 52:9 אִתּוֹ] Jeremiah 5:5; Jeremiah 12:1; Ezekiel 2:1; Ezekiel 3:22,24,27; Ezekiel 14:4; Ezekiel 44:5 — all - אוֹת); Genesis 24:49 to perform kindness אֵת (עִם is here more general), 2 Samuel 16:17 זֶה חַסְדְּךָ אֵת־רֵעֶךָ, Ruth 2:20; Zechariah 7:9; Jonah 1:27 וְאֵתָּה עָשִׂיתָ אִתִּי רָעָה, Deuteronomy 1:30; Deuteronomy 10:21; 1 Samuel 12:7 b, (- אוֹת) Jeremiah 21:2; Jeremiah 33:9; Ezekiel 7:27; Ezekiel 16:59; Ezekiel 22:14; Ezekiel 23:25,29; Ezekiel 39:24; absolute Ezekiel 17:17; Ezekiel 20:44; Psalm 109:21; Zephaniah 3:19.
• (γ) in a pregnant sense, (in dealing) with, i.e. towards (rare): Isaiah 66:14; Psalm 67:2 יָאֵר מָנוֹ אִתָּנוּ make his face to shine with (= toward) us (varied from Numbers 6:25) Deuteronomy 28:8; faithful with Psalm 78:8 (compare Psalm 78:37 נָכוֹן עִם); Ezekiel 2:6 (אוֹתְּךָ); Judges 16:15 וְלִבְּךָ אֵינֶן אִתִּי.
• (δ) often with verbs of fighting, striving, contending, as Genesis 14:2,8,9; Numbers 20:13; Isaiah 45:9; a Isaiah 50:8; Psalm 35:1; Proverbs 23:11; with בָּא בְּמִשְׁפָּט Psalm 143:2 (Isaiah 3:14 and elsewhere עִם).

2. Of Localities

Especially in the phrase אֲשֶׁר אֵת describing a site: Judges 3:19; Judges 4:11 אֲשֶׁר אֵת־קֶדֶשׁ which is near Kedesh, 1 Kings 9:26; 2 Kings 9:27 (compare עִם 2, which is commoner in this sense); Ezekiel 43:8; Exodus 33:21 הִנֵּה מָקוֹם אִתִּי. Perhaps, anomalously, 1 Samuel 7:16 at or by all those places (but see Driver); in 2 Samuel 15:23 עַל־מְנִי דֶּרֶךְ אֵת־הַמִּדְבָּר, אֵת = towards is against analogue: read with versions עַל־מָנוֹ דֶּרֶךְ הַזִּית אֲשֶׁר בַּמִּדְבָּר; 1 Kings 9:25 אִתּוֹ beside it (that is, the altar); but עָלָיו 1 Kings 13:1 etc. would be idiomatic, & for אִתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר Klo proposes plausibly אֵת־אֲשֶׁר (see Exodus 30:20).

3. Special Denotation of Possession or Keeping

אֵת מִמֶּנִי denotes specially,

a. In one's possession or keeping

• Genesis 27:15; Genesis 30:29 thou knowest אֵת אֲשֶׁר הָיָה מִקְנֶךָ אִתִּי how thy cattle fared with me, Genesis 30:33; Leviticus 5:23; Leviticus 19:13; Deuteronomy 15:3; Judges 17:2; 1 Samuel 9:7 מַה אִתָּנוּ = what have we? 1 Samuel 25:29; Isaiah 49:4 my right is with Jehovah (contrast Isaiah 40:27), Jeremiah 8:8; Psalm 38:11 the light of mine eyes also אֵינֶנִּי אִתִּי i.e. is gone from me, Proverbs 3:28; Proverbs 8:18; in his power, Jeremiah 10:5 הֲיִטִּיב אֵינֶנִּי אוֹתָם is not in their power, perhaps Psalm 12:5. A dream, or the word of יָה, is said to be אֵת with a prophet, 2 Kings 3:12; Jeremiah 23:28; Jeremiah 27:18. Metaphorically of a mental quality, Proverbs 11:2; Proverbs 13:10.

b. In one's knowledge or memory

• Isaiah 59:12 מְשַׁעֵינוּ אִתָּנוּ our transgressions are with us, i.e. present to our minds ("" וַעֲוֹנוֹתֵינוּ יְדַעֲנוּם), Job 12:3 אֵת־מִי אֵינֶנִּי כְּמוֹ־אֵלָּה with whom are not (i.e. who knoweth not?) things like these? Job 14:5 אִתְּךָ i.e. known to thee, Proverbs 2:1; Genesis 40:14; Jeremiah 12:3 (Ewald Gesenius towards thee, as 1d γ). So אִם־יֵשׁ מִי־אִתְּנַפְשְׁכֶם Genesis 23:8 [2 Kings 9:15 אֵת alone], אֵת־לְבַבְּךָ 2 Kings 10:15. Compare עִם 4b, which is more frequent in this sense.

4. From Proximity With

מֵאֵת (מֵאִתִּי, etc.; also - מֵאוֹת) from proximity with (like Greek παρά with a Genitive, From de chez; in Syriac, Arabic لع, corresponding synonym מֵעִם; see below). Coupled almost always with persons (contrast מֵעִם, a).

a. With verbs of buying, taking, sending, etc.

• With קָנָה to buy Genesis 25:10 + often (compare Genesis 17:27); לָקַח Genesis 42:24; Exodus 25:2; Leviticus 25:36; Numbers 17:17 + often; נָשָׂא Psalm 24:5; שָׁלַח, as Genesis 8:8 וַיְשַׁלֵּחַ אֵת־הַיּוֹנָה מֵאִתּוֹ and he sent forth the dove from with him Genesis 26:27; הָלַךְ Genesis 26:31; 1 Kings 18:12; 1 Kings 20:36; Jeremiah 9:1, of a wife deserting her husband Judges 19:2 וַתִּתֵּן מֵאִתּוֹ, Jeremiah 3:1 (compare Isaiah 57:8); with simile words Genesis 38:1; Deuteronomy 2:8; 1 Kings 11:23; Jeremiah 2:37 (see Exodus 5:20); Isaiah 54:10; Psalm 66:20; with שָׁאַל Judges 1:14; 1 Kings 2:16; Psalm 27:4 +, שָׁמַע 1 Kings 22:7 and elsewhere, דָּרַשׁ 1 Kings 22:8 and elsewhere, הָלַךְ Genesis 26:31; 1 Kings 18:12; 1 Kings 20:36; Jeremiah 9:1, of a wife deserting her husband Judges 19:2 וַתִּתֵּן מֵאִתּוֹ, Jeremiah 3:1 (compare Isaiah 57:8); with simile words Genesis 38:1; Deuteronomy 2:8; 1 Kings 11:23; Jeremiah 2:37 (see Exodus 5:20); Isaiah 54:10; Psalm 66:20; with שָׁאַל Judges 1:14; 1 Kings 2:16; Psalm 27:4 +, שָׁמַע 1 Kings 22:7 and elsewhere, דָּרַשׁ 1 Kings 22:8 and elsewhere.
• — אֵת מִמֶּנִי מִמֶּנִי Genesis 27:30; Genesis 43:34; Exodus 10:11; Job 2:7; Leviticus 10:4 (הַקֹּדֵשׁ), 2 Kings 16:14 (הַבַּיִת).

b. Of rights or dues, handed over from, given on the part of, any one

• Genesis 47:22 חֹק מֵאֵת מַרְעֵה; often in Priests' Code, as Genesis 23:20; Exodus 27:21 a perpetual due מֵאֵת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל from, or on the part of, the children of Israel, Leviticus 7:34; b Leviticus 24:8; Numbers 3:9; Numbers 7:84 +; Deuteronomy 18:3; 1 Samuel 2:13 (versions; see 1d) 2 Samuel 15:3 וְשֹׁמֵעַ אֵינֶנִּי לְּךָ מֵאֵת הַמֶּלֶךְ but there is none to hear thee deputed of the king, 1 Kings 5:14.

c. Expressing origination

• 1 Kings 1:27 אִם מֵאֵת אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ הָיְתָה. Especially אֵת מִמֶּנִי יָה — of a concrete object proceeding from him: Genesis 19:24 (brimstone), Numbers 11:31 (a wind), Numbers 16:35 (fire), 1 Samuel 16:14 (evil spirit), Isaiah 38:7 (a sign), Jeremiah 51:53 (wasters), Micah 5:6 (dew); of wrath Zechariah 7:12 (compare Numbers 17:11), teaching Isaiah 51:4, the word of prophecy Jeremiah 7:1 (so Jeremiah 11:1; Jeremiah 18:1 Jeremiah) Jeremiah 37:17; Ezekiel 33:30; with 'have I((we) heard' Isaiah 21:10; Isaiah 28:22; Jeremiah 49:14 (= Obadiah 1:1); of an event, or phase of history Joshua 11:20 הָיְתָה אֵת מִמֶּנִי יָה it came of יָה to..., 1 Kings 12:24; Habakkuk 2:13; Psalm 118:23 הָיְתָה זֹאת אֵת מִמֶּנִי יָה (versions παρά Κυρίου) Ezra 9:8; Nehemiah 6:16; of trouble (רָעָה) 2 Kings 6:33; Micah 1:12 (יָרַד); of a good or evil lot, having its source in יָה Jeremiah 13:25; Isaiah 54:17; Psalm 109:20, compare Job 2:10; Psalm 22:26 מֵאִתְּךָ תְּהִלָּתִי from thee cometh my praise (thou art the source of it); Isaiah 44:24 Qere מֵאִתִּי of myself (compare ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ John 5:30; Kt is מִי אִתִּי who was with me?), Isaiah 54:15 אֵפֶס מֵאוֹתִי not at my instance (compare לֹא מִמֶּנִּי Isaiah 30:1, לֹא מִמֶּנִּי Hosea 8:4).

d. Of a place

• 1 Kings 6:33 (corrupt: read with versions מְזוּזוֹת רְבֻעוֹת, & compare Ezekiel 41:21).

Note. אֵת expresses closer association than עִם: hence while מֵעִם sometimes denotes hardly more than from the surroundings or belongings of, מֵאֵת expresses from close proximity to. Thus Saul asks, מִי הָלַךְ מֵעִמָּנוּ who has gone from (those) about us? but Jacob, speaking of the loss of Joseph, says, Genesis 44:28 וַיֵּצֵא הָאֶחָד מֵאִתִּי and the one is gone from with me. מֵאֵת is accordingly preferred to מֵעִם in the sense of origination or authorship; מֵאֵת is not usual in the sense of מֵעִם c, nor מֵעִם in the sense of מֵאֵת b.

¹ K. Albrecht, Studien zu den Passah-Massoth-Gesetzen im Pentateuch, Berlin, 1911.

² Compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §90, §3b, §96.

³ M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Göttingen, 1898.

⁴ D. H. Müller, Die Mehri- und Soqotri-Sprache, Vienna, 1902.

⁵ Versions (e.g., Septuagint, Vulgate).

⁶ Jehovist Source.

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Preposition

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0854:

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H0853:

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H0855:

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גבורים גִּבּוֹרִים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

גבור

gibbôwr

Definition

powerful; by implication, warrior, tyrant

Root

or גבר; (shortened) intensive from the same as H1397 (גבר);

Exhaustive

or גבר; (shortened) intensive from the same as גבר; powerful; by implication, warrior, tyrant; champion, chief, [idiom] excel, giant, man, mighty (man, one), strong (man), valiant man.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1368

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גִּבּוֹר

adjective • Root גבר • Strongs / High • Page 295

Strong, powerful, mighty, omnipotent; valiant, heroic, warlike. Used as a substantive for a strong one, a warrior, a hero. Metaphorically, an active, valiant, or upright man. In a bad sense, a violent man.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גִּבּוֹר

adjective / noun • Root גבר • Page 125

1. strong, mighty. Gen. 10:8. Ps. 112 : 2. Hence spoken of God, Deut. 10: 17. 2. brave, valiant, and substantively a hero. 2 Sam. 17:8. Gen. 10: 9. Frequently in the phrase גִּבּוֹר חַיִל brave hero, mighty man of valour, Judg. 6: 12. 11: 1. 1 Sam. 16: 18. 2 K. 5: 1. 3. one great in substance, a man of wealth. 1 Sam. 9: 1. Ruth 2: 1. 2 K. 15: 20. also an active, enterprising man. 1 K. 11: 28. Neh. 11: 14. 4. particularly, leader of an army. 2 Sam. 23: 8. 1 K. 1: 8. 1 Chr. 29: 24. 2 Chr. 32 : 3. also generally, a leader, chief, 1 Chr. 9: 26. 5. in a bad sense, violent, tyrannical. Ps. 52 : 3. 126: 4.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1368

I. גִּבּוֺר (approximate number of occurrences: 159) adjective and noun masculine — strong, mighty.

Cognates:

• Arabic جَبَّار (one who magnifies himself, behaves proudly, a tyrant, who is bold, audacious)

— גִּבּוֺר Genesis 10:9 (5 times); גִּבֹּר Genesis 10:8 (2 times); suffix גִּבּוֺרָם 1 Samuel 17:51; plural גִּבּוֺרִים Jeremiah 46:9 (27 times); גִּבֹּרִים Joshua 10:2 (21 times); construct גִּבּוֺרֵי 1 Chronicles 11:27 (29 times); גִּבֹּרֵי 1 Chronicles 9:26 (4 times); suffix גִּבּוֺרֶיךָ Hosea 10:13 + (variant reading suffixes 11 times).

1. As an adjective

a. Used of creatures and men

• גִּבּוֺר בַּבְּהֵמָה mightiest among beasts Proverbs 30:30
• אִישׁ גִּבּוֺר 1 Samuel 14:52
• גִּבּוֺר בָּאָרֶץ Psalm 112:2
• גִּבּוֺר צַיִד mighty in hunting Genesis 10:9 (Yahwist Source)
• מֶלֶךְ גִּבּוֹר Daniel 11:3

b. Used of God or the Messiah

• אֵל גִּבּוֹר the Messiah Isaiah 9:5
• As attribute of God (especially as fighting for his people): Psalm 24:8 (twice); Deuteronomy 10:17; Nehemiah 9:32; Isaiah 10:21; Jeremiah 32:18

2. As a noun masculine

a. Strong, valiant man

• Joshua 10:2 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 6:4
• Genesis 10:8 (Yahwist Source)
• Judges 5:13, 23
• 1 Samuel 2:4 (16 times)
• 1 Kings 1:8, 10
• 2 Kings 24:16
• 1 Chronicles 1:10 (11 times)
• Ezra 7:28; Job 16:14
• Psalm 19:6; 33:16; 45:4; 52:3; 78:65; 89:20; 120:4; 127:4
• Proverbs 16:32; 21:22
• Song of Solomon 3:7 (twice); 4:4
• Ecclesiastes 9:11
• Isaiah 3:2; 13:3; 21:17; 42:13; 49:24–25
• Jeremiah 5:16 (17 times)
• Ezekiel 32:12 (5 times)
• Hosea 10:13
• Joel 2:7; 4:9–11
• Amos 2:14, 16; Obadiah 9
• Nahum 2:4; Zephaniah 1:14; 3:17
• Zechariah 9:13; 10:5, 7

b. Common phrases

• גִּבּוֹר חַיִל mighty man of valour Judges 6:12; 11:1; 1 Samuel 9:1; 16:18; 1 Kings 11:28; 2 Kings 5:1; 1 Chronicles 12:28; 28:1; 2 Chronicles 13:3; 17:16–17; 25:6; 32:21
• אִישׁ גִּבּוֹר חַיִל Ruth 2:1
• גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחַיִל Joshua 1:14 (Deuteronomist Source); 6:2; 10:7 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); 2 Kings 15:20; 24:14
• אִישׁ גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחַיִל Joshua 8:3
• גִּבּוֹרֵי חַיִל 1 Chronicles 5:24 (14 times); Nehemiah 11:14
• גִּבּוֹרֵי חֲיָלִים 1 Chronicles 7:5, 7, 11, 40
• גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחֲיָלִים 1 Chronicles 11:26
• גִּבּוֹרֵי כֹחַ Psalm 103:20
• גִּבּוֹרֵי מִלְחָמָה 2 Chronicles 13:3
• גִּבּוֹרֵי הַשּׁוֹעֲרִים 1 Chronicles 9:26
• בֵּית הַגִּבּוֹרִים Nehemiah 3:16
• (הַ)צָּבָא הַגִּבּוֹרִים 2 Samuel 10:7; 1 Chronicles 19:8
• רָאשֵׁי הַגִּבּוֹרִים 1 Chronicles 11:10
• גִּבּוֹרִים לִשְׁתּוֹת valiant to drink Isaiah 5:22

¹ Yahwist Source.

² Elohist Source.

³ Deuteronomist Source.

⁴ Jehovist-Elohist Source.

⁵ Klostermann, August. Die Bücher Samuelis und der Könige (1887).

Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: δυνατοὶ δυνατὸσ ἰσχυροὶ δυνατῶν γίγασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1368:

δυνατοὶ 19× (11.6%)

δυνατὸσ 15× (9.3%)

ἰσχυροὶ 12× (7.5%)

δυνατῶν 12× (6.5%)

γίγασ 6× (3.6%)

δυνατοῖσ 6× (3.3%)

ὡσ 6× (3.7%)

μαχηταὶ 5× (2.7%)

δυνατοὺσ 5× (2.9%)

δυνατὸν 4× (2.6%)

נפלים נֹפְלים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נפל

nâphal

Definition

to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to fall, in a great variety of applications (intransitive or causative, literal or figurative); be accepted, cast (down, self, (lots), out), cease, die, divide (by lot), (let) fail, (cause to, let, make, ready to) fall (away, down, -en, -ing), fell(-ing), fugitive, have (inheritance), inferior, be judged (by mistake for פלל), lay (along), (cause to) lie down, light (down), be ([idiom] hast) lost, lying, overthrow, overwhelm, perish, present(-ed, -ing), (make to) rot, slay, smite out, [idiom] surely, throw down.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5307

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 979

I. (not used) intr. to be large, tall, thick, strong, powerful, of the body.

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 980

To fall, sink down, lie prostrate. Can refer to people, objects (buildings, mountains), lightning, etc. Metaphorically: to perish in war or by famine; to befall or happen to someone; to fail (a promise); to be cast (a lot); to prostrate oneself in worship or submission; to encamp; to defect to an enemy.

נָפַל

verb • Root נפל • Strongs / High • Page 981

To fall, lie, be prostrate, perish; to be allotted; to cast lots; to make the countenance fall, look gloomy; to let a promise fall, i.e., not to fulfil it; generally to let fall, to desist from.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֵפֶל

noun masculine • Root נפל • Page 450

Verbal from נָפַל; an untimely birth, an abortion (Job 3:16, Ps. 58:9, Ecc. 6:3). Comp. Arabic abortus.

נָפַל

verb • Page 449

1. to fall (spoken of a house, city, or in war); to fall sick (Ex. 21: 18). 2. to descend as a revelation; to fall on one (sleep or terror); to fall away; to be cast as a lot; to fall to anyone in a division; to be inferior to; to be vain or fruitless; to fall out (turn out); to fall/sink in despondency; to fall into ruin. 3. (voluntary) to fall on the neck (embrace); to prostrate one's self; to fall on a sword; to fall upon (attack). Refs: Gen. 15: 12; 33: 4; Num. 34: 2; Job 1: 15; Ps. 78: 64.

נָפַל

verb • Page 450

To surprise (Josh. 11:7); to leap down, alight (Gen. 24:64, 2 K. 5:21); to encamp, spoken of a host (Judg. 7:12); to dwell (Gen. 25:18); also to be accepted (Jer. 37:20, 42:2). Hiphil (הִפִּיל): to let fall (Num. 35:23); to throw down (Deut. 25:2, Dan. 11:12); to fell, as trees (2 K. 3:19, 25); to cast, as the lot (Ps. 22:19); to distribute (Josh. 13:6, Ezek. 45:1); to cause to be unfulfilled (1 Sam. 3:19); to present a prayer (Jer. 38:26, Dan. 9:18); to let the countenance fall, to look gloomy (Jer. 3:12); to bring forth (Is. 26:19); to leave off, to cease (Judg. 2:19). Hithpael: to throw one's self down (Deut. 9:18, 25); to fall on any one (Gen. 43:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5307

I. נָפַל (approximate number of occurrences: 433) verb — fall, lie.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew נָפַל
• Aramaic נְפַל
• Syriac ܢܦܰܠ
• Arabic نفل (dedit praedam)¹
• Minaean נפל (remove)²

— Qal₃₆₆ Perfect נָפַל Judges 5:27 +, 3 feminine singular נָָֽפְלָה Genesis 15:12 +; Imperfect יִמֹּל 1 Samuel 14:45 +, וַיִּמֹּל Judges 4:16 +; 1 singular אֶמֹּל 1 Chronicles 21:13; Imperative masculine plural נִפְלוּ Hosea 10:8; Infinitive absolute נָפוֺל Esther 6:13; construct נְפֹל Isaiah 30:25 +, suffix נָפְלוֺ 1 Samuel 29:3; Participle נֹפֵל Judges 4:22 +, feminine נֹפֶ֫לֶת Genesis 15:12 + etc.

1. Fall by accident

• Exodus 21:33 (Elohist Source) there fall into it (a pit) an ox
• Deuteronomy 22:4 (בַּדֶּרֶךְ on the way)
• 1 Samuel 4:18 (from seat, מֵעַל)
• Proverbs 26:27 (into pit, figurative)
• 2 Kings 6:5 (axe-head into water)
• Joshua 6:5 (of wall; Jehovist Source), תַּחְתֶּיהָ i.e. flat Joshua 6:20
• Amos 9:9 (a grain to earth)
• Judges 18:1 (of inheritance falling or being allotted)

2. Violent death or ruin

a. Especially of violent death

• Judges 5:27 (+ שָׁדוּד)
• 1 Samuel 31:1 = 1 Chronicles 10:1 (חָלָל fall pierced)
• Amos 7:17 (בַּחֶרֶב by the sword)
• Numbers 14:29 (Priests' Code), 32 (Jehovist Source)

b. Figurative of perishing or going to ruin

• Amos 5:2; Amos 8:14
• Isaiah 3:8 (+ כָּשַׁל)
• Proverbs 11:5 (בְּרִשְׁעָה in wickedness)

3. Prostration and obeisance

a. Fall prostrate

• Judges 19:26–27
• 1 Samuel 28:20 (in a faint)
• Numbers 24:4 (supernatural influence)

b. Prostrate oneself before (לִפְנֵי)

• Before man: Genesis 50:18 (Elohist Source); 1 Samuel 25:23
• Before God: Joshua 5:14; Genesis 17:3 (Priests' Code)
• עַלרַֿגְלָיו at one's feet 1 Samuel 25:24

c. Fall upon neck (in embrace)

• Genesis 33:4; Genesis 46:29 (Jehovist Source)

4. Attack and Desertion

a. Attack

• Jeremiah 48:32; Joshua 11:7 (Deuteronomic Source)

b. Desert or fall away to (go over to)

• With עַל: 2 Kings 25:11; Jeremiah 37:14
• With אֶל: Jeremiah 38:19

5. Figurative uses

• Of deep sleep: Genesis 15:12; Job 4:13
• Of countenance falling in displeasure: Genesis 4:5–6
• Of terror or reproach: Exodus 15:16; Psalm 69:10
• Of word or promise failing: Joshua 21:43; 1 Kings 8:56

6. Other idiomatic uses

• לְמִשְׁכָּב take to one's bed Exodus 21:18
• מֵעַל הַגָּמָל alight quickly Genesis 24:64
• Of waste away: Numbers 5:21
• Of being born: Isaiah 26:18

7. To lie (prostrate)

• Of Midianites: Judges 7:12
• Of the dead: 1 Samuel 31:8; Deuteronomy 21:1

— Hiphil Perfect הִמִּיל 1 Samuel 3:19 +; Imperfect יַמִּיל Exodus 21:27, וַיַּמֵּל Genesis 2:21; Imperative masculine singular הַמִּלֶהָ Joshua 13:6; Infinitive לְהַמִּיל 1 Samuel 18:25; Participle מַמִּיל 2 Kings 6:5.

1. Cause to fall

a. Fell a tree

• 2 Kings 3:19, 25

b. Throw down wall

• 2 Samuel 20:15

2. Cause death or destruction

• By the sword: 2 Kings 19:7; Jeremiah 19:7
• Overthrow: Psalm 37:14; Psalm 73:18

3. Casting lots and apportioning

• Casting lot (גּוֺרָל): Isaiah 34:17; Nehemiah 10:35; Jonah 1:7
• Assign by lot: Joshua 13:6; Ezekiel 45:1

— Hithpael Infinitive הִתְנַמֵּל throw himself upon (על) Genesis 43:18 (i.e. attack); prostrate oneself Deuteronomy 9:18, 25; Ezra 10:1.

¹ Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG) xl (1886), 725.

² Fritz Hommel, Südarabische Chrestomathie (Hom. Sudar. Chrest. 128).

Aramaic

I. נְפַל verb fall (Biblical Hebrew נָפַל).

Peal

— Perfect 3 masculine singular נְפַל Daniel 2:46; Daniel 4:28; 3 masculine plural נְפַ֫לוּ Daniel 3:23; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִמֵּל Daniel 3:6; Participle plural נָֽפְלִין Daniel 3:7.

1. fall down and do homage
   • Daniel 2:46 (עַלאַֿנְמּוֺהִי)
   • Daniel 3:5, 6, 7
2. fall by violence
   • Daniel 7:20 (with קֳדָם)
3. fall to thee (thou shalt need)
   • Ezra 7:20

Verb Qal participle active masculine plural absolute

LXX: ἔπεσεν πεσοῦνται πεσεῖται ἔπεσαν ἔπεσον

LXX Usage Statistics

H5307:

ἔπεσεν 49× (10.4%)

πεσοῦνται 46× (10.2%)

πεσεῖται 30× (6.6%)

ἔπεσαν 23× (4.9%)

ἔπεσον 13× (2.7%)

'' 13× (2.6%)

ἐμπεσεῖται 11× (2.5%)

ἐπέπεσεν 11× (2.5%)

--- 9× (2.1%)

πέσῃ 6× (1.4%)

מערלים מֵעֲרֵלים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ערל

ʻârêl

Definition

uncircumcised (i.e. still having the prepuce uncurtailed)

Root

from H6188 (ערל); properly, exposed, i.e. projecting loose (as to the prepuce); used only technically,

Exhaustive

from ערל; properly, exposed, i.e. projecting loose (as to the prepuce); used only technically,; uncircumcised (i.e. still having the prepuce uncurtailed); uncircumcised (person).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6189

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָרֵל

adjective • Root ערל • Strongs / High • Page 1135

adj. 1. naked, stript, unclothed, of those struck down in war. 2. unconsecrated, of ear (unfit to hear the truth), unsensible, obstinate, of the heart, forbidden as food, unclean, of fruits. 3. Commonly uncircumcised (i. e. still furnished with the foreskin).

עָרֵל

m. prop. noun • Root ערל • Strongs / High • Page 1135

prop. nakedness; hence undevotedness, of heart Ez. 44, 9; concrete the state of being uncircumcised.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָרֵל

adjective • Page 528

Uncircumcised (Gen. 17:14, Ex. 12:48). Often a name of reproach for non-Israelites (1 Sam. 17:26). Metaphorically used of lips (not eloquent), heart (impurity), and ear (not open).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6189

I. עָרֵל (approximate number of occurrences: 35) adjective — having foreskin, i.e. uncircumcised.

— עָרֵל absolute Exodus 12:48 (5 times); construct עֶ֫רֶל Ezekiel 44:9 (twice in verse); עֲרַל Exodus 6:12, Exodus 6:30; feminine עֲרִלָה Jeremiah 6:10; plural עֲרִלִים Leviticus 19:23 (20 times); construct עַרְלֵי Jeremiah 9:25 (2 times).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Uncircumcised person

• Exodus 12:48
• Joshua 5:7 (Priests' Code)
• Of Philistines: Judges 14:3; Judges 15:18; 1 Samuel 14:6; 1 Samuel 17:26, 36; 1 Samuel 31:4; 2 Samuel 1:20; 1 Chronicles 10:4
• Of other nations: Isaiah 52:1; Jeremiah 9:25
• Especially as slain: Ezekiel 28:10; Ezekiel 31:18; Ezekiel 32:19–32 (9 times)

In Ezekiel 32:27 read מֵעוֺלָם so Hitzig and most (see on meaning Toy¹).

b. Specific phrases

• עָרֵל זָכָר uncircumcised male Genesis 17:14 (Priests' Code)
• בָּשָׂר ע׳ uncircumcised of flesh Ezekiel 44:7, Ezekiel 44:9

2. Figurative Usages

• Of fruit trees Leviticus 19:23 (compare [עָרַל])
• ע׳ שְׂפָתַיִם figurative of incapacity to speak Exodus 6:12, Exodus 6:30
• Of character, ע׳ לב Jeremiah 9:25; Ezekiel 44:7, Ezekiel 44:9; compare לֵבָבָם הֶעָרֵל Leviticus 26:41 (Priests' Code)
• עֲרֵלָה אָזְנָם their ear is uncircumcised (unreceptive) Jeremiah 6:10

עֵרֹם, עָרֹם, עָרוֺם see עור f

¹ Crawford H. Toy, The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel (1899).

Prep-M, Adjective adjective masculine plural absolute

LXX: ἀπεριτμήτων ἀπερίτμητοσ ἀπερίτμητοι ἀπεριτμήτουσ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H6189:

ἀπεριτμήτων 9× (23.9%)

ἀπερίτμητοσ 7× (18.6%)

ἀπερίτμητοι 6× (16.5%)

ἀπεριτμήτουσ 3× (8.3%)

'' 3× (7.4%)

ἀπερίτμητα 2× (5.8%)

אשר אֲשֶׁר

who/which

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Conjunction

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834a:

No stats available

ירדו יָרְדוּ־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ירד

yârad

Definition

to descend (literally, to go downwards; or conventionally to a lower region, as the shore, a boundary, the enemy, etc.; or figuratively, to fall); causatively, to bring down (in all the above applications)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to descend (literally, to go downwards; or conventionally to a lower region, as the shore, a boundary, the enemy, etc.; or figuratively, to fall); causatively, to bring down (in all the above applications); [idiom] abundantly, bring down, carry down, cast down, (cause to) come(-ing) down, fall (down), get down, go(-ing) down(-ward), hang down, [idiom] indeed, let down, light (down), put down (off), (cause to, let) run down, sink, subdue, take down.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3381

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָרַד

verb • Root ירד • Strongs / High • Page 644

to fall from or down, to go down, descend, come down.

יָרַד

verb • Root ירד • Strongs / High • Page 645

To go down, descend. This verb has numerous applications, including: to be brought down, to fall down, to run downwards (like a boundary), to sink or perish, to descend (like a shadow on a sundial), to come down (as a manifestation of God), to rush down to battle, to enter a lower place (e.g., a ship or well), to walk down to a lower location, to travel to a lower country, to flow down (like a stream), or to fall (like rain or dew).

יָרַד

verb • Root ירד • Strongs / High • Page 755

to go down to

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָרַד

verb • Page 297

To go down, to descend. Used for journeys from higher to lower terrain, such as to Egypt (Gen. 12:10), Philistia (1 Sam. 13:20), or southwards (1 Sam. 25:1). Also refers to inanimate objects, such as a road leading down (Prov. 7:27) or streams flowing down (Deut. 9:21). Metaphorically, it means to fall in wealth or circumstances (Deut. 28:43). Hiphil form הוֹרִיד: to make to go down, to bring down, or to cast down (Gen. 37:25, Prov. 21:22). Hophal form הוּרַד is the passive of Hiphil (Gen. 39:1).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3381

I. יָרַד (approximate number of occurrences: 380) verb — come or go down, descend.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Moabite Inscription¹ וארד and רד
• Assyrian arâdu
• Arabic ورد *come to, arrive at*, also *descend*
• Ethiopic ወረደ *descend*
• Sabean ורד and הורד

— יָרַד Perfect Exodus 19:18 +; יְרַד Judges 5:13 (twice in verse) (but read יָרַד or יֵרֵד); רַד Judges 19:11 (read יָרַד), etc.; Imperfect יֵרֵד Genesis 42:38 +; וַיֵּ֫רֶד Genesis 11:5 +; וַיֵּרַ֑ד 2 Samuel 22:10 (2 times); 3 feminine singular תֵּ֫רֶד (+ אֵשׁ) 2 Kings 1:10, 12; תּרַד Jeremiah 13:17; Lamentations 3:48; תֵּדֵֿ֔ Isaiah 34:5; Isaiah 63:14; תֵּרֵ֑ד Ezekiel 26:11 (יוֺרִיד Vrss Co); וַתֵּ֫רֶד Genesis 24:16 (7 times); 2 masculine singular תֵּרֵד Genesis 26:2 (5 times) + 1 Samuel 20:19 (where read תִּמָּקֵד We Dr., compare ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ7); 1 singular אֵרֵד Genesis 37:35 (3 times); וָאֵרֵד Exodus 3:8 (3 times); cohortative אֵרְדָהנָֿא Genesis 18:21; יֵרְדוּ 1 Samuel 13:12 (4 times); וַיֵּרְדוּ Genesis 42:3 (19 times); 3 feminine plural תֵּרַדְנָה Jeremiah 14:17 (2 times); 1 plural נֵרֵד Genesis 43:5; cohortative נֵרְדָה Genesis 11:7 (2 times); וַנֵּ֫רֶד 2 Kings 10:13; Imperative רֵד Exodus 19:21 +; רְדָה Genesis 45:9; Ezekiel 32:19; רֵ֑דָה 2 Kings 1:9, 11; feminine singular רְדִי Jeremiah 48:18; Isaiah 47:1; masculine plural רְדוּ Genesis 42:2 (5 times); Infinitive absolute יָרֹד Genesis 43:20; construct רֶ֫דֶת Genesis 44:26 +; רְדָה Genesis 46:3; suffix רִדְתִּי Psalm 30:10, etc. (in Psalm 30:4 read Kethib מִיּוֺרְדֵי, so ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Cheyne, Baethgen); Participle יוֺרֵד Judges 9:36 +; feminine singular יֹרְדָה Lamentations 1:16; הַיֹּרֶ֫דֶת Ecclesiastes 3:21; 1 Samuel 25:30, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. come or go down

• from (מִן) a mountain Exodus 19:14; Exodus 32:1, 15 (Elohist Source); Exodus 34:29 (twice in verse) (Jehovist-Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 9:15; Deuteronomy 10:5; Numbers 20:28 (Priests' Code) +
• absolute Exodus 19:21, 24 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 19:25 (Jehovist Source; with אֶל person)
• from the air, of birds, followed by עַל Genesis 15:11 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. go down to battle

• (usually from mountain or hill-country into plain), absolute Judges 5:14; followed by לָעֵמֶק Judges 1:34; followed by לַשְּׁעָרִים Judges 5:11
• followed by אֶל Judges 5:10, 11; 1 Samuel 17:8 (followed by אֶל person); followed by לִקְרַאת Judges 7:24; followed by אַחֲרֵי person 1 Samuel 14:36
• followed by ב location Judges 7:9; בַּמִּלְחָמָה יֵרֵד וְנִסְמָּה 1 Samuel 26:10, compare 1 Samuel 29:4; 1 Samuel 30:24
• of single combat, וַיַּרֶד אֵלָיו בַּשָּׁ֑בֶט 2 Samuel 23:21 = 1 Chronicles 11:23

c. go down from or to a place

• to (accusative) threshing-floor, Ruth 3:3, 5
• (from David's palace) to Uriah's house (אֶל) 2 Samuel 11:9, 10 (twice in verse); 2 Samuel 11:13
• from temple to (accusative) king's house Jeremiah 36:12 (+ עַללִֿשְׁכַּת הַסֹּפֵר); רֵד בֵּיתמֶֿלֶךְ יְהוּדָה Jeremiah 22:1

d. go down from Palestine to Egypt

• absolute Genesis 42:3 (Elohist Source), Genesis 42:38 (Jehovist Source) + 6 times (Jehovist-Elohist Sources); followed by אֵלַי Genesis 45:9 (Elohist Source)
• followed by מִצְרַ֫יְמָה Genesis 46:3, 4 (Elohist Source), Genesis 12:10; Genesis 26:2 (both Jehovist Source), Numbers 20:15 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• followed by מִצְרֵיִם Joshua 24:4 (Elohist Source), Genesis 43:15 (Jehovist Source), Isaiah 30:2; Isaiah 31:1; Isaiah 52:4; followed by שָׁמָּה Genesis 42:2 (Elohist Source)
• to Philistine cities Judges 14:19; Judges 16:31; 1 Samuel 13:20; Amos 6:2

e. from Jerusalem

• absolute Judges 1:9; 1 Kings 1:25; Nehemiah 6:3; 2 Chronicles 20:16
• to Jezreel 2 Kings 8:21 = 2 Kings 9:26, 2 Chronicles 22:6; to Samaria 1 Kings 22:2, 2 Chronicles 18:2; (to Gihon) 1 Kings 1:38

f. from altar, chariot, ass, throne, ship, etc.

• from altar ירד מֵעֲשׂוֺת הַחַטָּאת Leviticus 9:22 (Priests' Code)
• from chariot, with מֵעַל Judges 4:15; from ass, with מֵעַל 1 Samuel 25:23
• from throne, with מֵעַל Ezekiel 26:16, absolute Isaiah 47:1, compare רְדִי מִכָּבוֺד Jeremiah 48:18
• from ships, with מִן Ezekiel 27:29; from bed, with מִן 2 Kings 1:4, 6, 16

g. go down to spring, sea, etc.

• to spring הָעַ֫יְנָה Genesis 24:16, 45 (Jehovist Source); followed by לִרְחֹץ עַל הַיְאֹר Exodus 2:5 (Elohist Source), compare (absolute) 2 Kings 5:14
• followed by accusative הַסֶּלַע 1 Samuel 23:25; יוֺרְדֵי הַיָּם Isaiah 42:10; יוֺרְדֵי הַיָּם בָּאֳנִיּוֺת Psalm 107:23
• absolute (into pit or well) 2 Samuel 23:20 = 1 Chronicles 11:22, followed by שָׁם (i.e. בְּאֵר) 2 Samuel 17:18

h. sink, opposed to rising

• in water יָָֽרְדוּ בִמְצוֺלוֺת כְּמוֺאָֿ֑בֶן Exodus 15:5 (Song in Elohist Source); לְקִצְבֵי הָרַים יָרַדְתִּי Jonah 2:7
• opposed to rising, יַעֲלוּ הָרִים יֵָֽרְדוּ בְקָעוֺת Psalm 104:8 *mountains rise, valleys sink*; יַעֲלוּ שָׁמַיִם יֵרְדוּ תְהוֺמוֺת Psalm 107:26

i. go down to Sheol

• followed by שְׁא֫וֺלָה Genesis 37:35 (Jehovist Source; + אֶלבְּֿנִי), Numbers 16:30, 33 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Ezekiel 31:15, 17
• followed by שְׁאוֺל Ezekiel 32:27; Psalm 55:16; Job 7:6 (opposed to עלה); בַּדֵּי שְׁאֹל תֵּרַדְנָה Job 17:16
• absolute Isaiah 5:14; Ezekiel 32:19, 21, 30, Psalm 49:15; יָָֽרְדוּ עֲרֵלִים Ezekiel 32:24
• followed by שַׁחַת Job 33:24, אֶלשַֿׁחַת Psalm 30:10; followed by בּוֺר Psalm 30:4 (Qr); יוֺרְדֵי אֶלאַֿבְנֵיבֿוֺר Isaiah 14:19; יוֺרְדֵי בוֺר Psalm 28:1; Ezekiel 26:20 + etc.
• יוֺרְדֵי עָפָר Psalm 22:30; יוֺרְדֵי דוּמָה Psalm 115:17; רַגְלֶיהָ יֹרְדֹת מָ֑וֶת Proverbs 5:5, compare Proverbs 7:27

j. figurative uses

• יֹרֵד בַּבֶּ֑כִי Isaiah 15:3 *going down (dissolving) in tears*
• = *be prostrated*, absolute, of horses and riders Haggai 2:22, compare Isaiah 34:7, Jeremiah 48:15; Jeremiah 50:27
• of forest Isaiah 32:19; Zechariah 11:2; city Deuteronomy 20:20; Lamentations 1:9; wall Deuteronomy 28:52; nation תֵּרֵד מַ֫טָּה מָ֑טָּה Deuteronomy 28:43

2. Of divine manifestations

Descend, of יהוה in theophany:

• [על ההר֑] יָרַד עָלָיו בָּאֵשׁ יהוה Exodus 19:11, 18 (Elohist Source), Exodus 19:20 (Jehovist Source), compare Nehemiah 9:13
• יֵרֵד יהוה צְבָאוֺת לִצְבּאֹ עַלהַֿרצִֿיּוֺן Isaiah 31:4
• absolute Genesis 11:5, 7; Genesis 18:21; Exodus 3:8 (all Jehovist Source), Numbers 11:17 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), 2 Samuel 22:10 = Psalm 18:10, Micah 1:3; Isaiah 63:19; Isaiah 64:2
• of pillar of cloud Exodus 33:9 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); of angels עֹלִים וְיֹרְדִים בּוֺ Genesis 28:12 (Elohist Source)

3. Of inanimate things

a. hail, dew, rain, fire

• hail with עַל person Exodus 9:19 (Jehovist Source); dew with עַל location Numbers 11:9 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Psalm 133:3
• rain, followed by מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם + על person Deuteronomy 28:24, in simile יֵרֵד כְּמָטָר עַלגֵּֿז Psalm 72:6
• fire from (מִן) heaven 2 Kings 1:10, 12, 14; 2 Chronicles 7:1, 3

b. waters flowing down, tears, etc.

• flowing waters הַנַּחַל הַיֹּרֵד מִןהָֿהָר Deuteronomy 9:21, compare Joshua 3:13, 16; Ezekiel 47:1, 8
• tears מַּלְגֵימַֿיִם יָָֽרְדוּ עֵינָ֑י Psalm 119:136; Lamentations 3:48; Lamentations 1:16; Jeremiah 9:17; Jeremiah 13:17; Jeremiah 14:17
• oil descending upon (על) beard Psalm 133:2; shadow on dial 2 Kings 20:11 = Isaiah 38:8
• boundary *going down* Joshua 16:3 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); elsewhere Priests' Code: Numbers 34:11, 12; Joshua 15:10; Joshua 16:7; Joshua 17:9; Joshua 18:13, 16
• figurative of pride Ezekiel 30:6; of calamity Micah 1:12; Psalm 7:17; of words of talebearer Proverbs 18:8 = Proverbs 26:22

Hiph`il

Perfect הוֺרִד 2 Kings 16:17; וְהוֺרִיד consecutive Amos 3:11; 2 masculine singular וְהוֺרַדְתָּ֫ 1 Kings 2:9; 2 feminine singular suffix הוֺרַדְתֵּנִי Joshua 2:18; הוֺרִידוּ 1 Samuel 6:15; Lamentations 2:10 etc.; Imperfect וַיּוֺרֶד Judges 7:5; suffix יוֺרִידֵנִי Obadiah 1:3; יוֺרִדֵהוּ 1 Samuel 30:16; 1 Kings 17:23; וַיִֹּדֵם 1 Kings 18:40; וְלֹא תּוֺרֵד 1 Kings 2:6; suffix תוֺרִדֵנִי 1 Samuel 30:15; תּוֺרִדֵם Psalm 55:24 etc.; Imperative הוֺרֵד Exodus 33:5; suffix הוֺרִדֵהוּ Ezekiel 32:18; הוֺרִידֵמוֺ Psalm 59:12; feminine singular הוֺרִידִי Lamentations 2:18; Infinitive construct לְהוֺרִיד Genesis 37:25; Participle מוֺרִיד 1 Samuel 2:6; מֹרִיד 2 Samuel 22:48.

1. cause to come or go down

• bring down (to Egypt) Genesis 39:1 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 45:13 (Elohist Source); Genesis 43:11; Genesis 37:25 (Jehovist Source)
• bring down to water Judges 7:4, 5; Deuteronomy 21:4; 1 Kings 18:40
• from Jerusalem to Gihon 1 Kings 1:33; from temple 2 Kings 11:19; from heaven Amos 9:2
• lay prostrate Amos 3:11; Proverbs 21:22; Isaiah 10:13; Psalm 56:8; Isaiah 63:6
• bring down to Sheol 1 Samuel 2:6; 1 Kings 2:6, 9; Genesis 42:38; Genesis 44:29 (all Jehovist Source)

2. take down

• from cart 1 Samuel 6:15; corpse from tree Joshua 8:29 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); the Tabernacle Numbers 1:51 (Priests' Code)

3. let down

• pitcher Genesis 24:18, 46; sacks Genesis 44:11 (Jehovist Source); person through window Joshua 2:15; 1 Samuel 19:12

Hoph`al

Perfect הוּרַד Genesis 39:1; וְהוּרַד consecutive Zechariah 10:11; 2 masculine singular וְהוּרַדְתָּ֫ Ezekiel 31:18; Imperfect 2 masculine singular תּוּרַד Isaiah 14:15.

1. be brought down
   • to Egypt Genesis 39:1 (Jehovist Source)
   • to Sheol Isaiah 14:11, 15; Ezekiel 31:18; of pride Zechariah 10:11
2. be taken down
   • of the Tabernacle Numbers 10:17 (Priests' Code)

¹ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone), line 32.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896).

³ Friedrich Ernst Christoph König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Julius Wellhausen; Samuel Rolles Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890).

Verb Qal perfect third person common plural

LXX: κατέβη κατέβησαν καταβήσεται κατάβηθι καταβῆναι

LXX Usage Statistics

H3381:

κατέβη 76× (19.3%)

κατέβησαν 24× (6.1%)

καταβήσεται 23× (5.8%)

κατάβηθι 20× (5.3%)

καταβῆναι 9× (2.4%)

καταβαινόντων 9× (2.3%)

καταβήσονται 8× (2.0%)

καταβαίνοντεσ 7× (1.7%)

καταβήσῃ 7× (1.9%)

κατέβην 6× (1.6%)

שאול שְׁאוֹל

Sheol

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שאול

shᵉʼôwl

Definition

Hades or the world of the dead (as if a subterranean retreat), including its accessories and inmates

Root

or שאל; from H7592 (שאל);

Exhaustive

or שאל; from שאל; Hades or the world of the dead (as if a subterranean retreat), including its accessories and inmates; grave, hell, pit.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7585

כרא

Kârâʼ

Definition

to grieve

Root

(Aramaic) probably corresponding to H3738 (כרה) in the sense of piercing(figuratively);

Exhaustive

(Aramaic) probably corresponding to כרה in the sense of piercing(figuratively); to grieve; be grieved.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3735

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׁאוֹל

noun masculine • Root שאל • Strongs / High • Page 1366

What is sunk deep, bent in; hence depth, cleft, ravine, abyss, under-world, place of the shades (Sheol), where departed souls abide. Also refers to the insatiability of death and transferring characteristics to its inhabitants.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כְּרָא

chald. v. • Page 328

to be grieved. Ithpe. doluit animus meus. Dan. 7: 15.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7585

I. שְׁאוֹל, שְׁאֹל (approximate number of occurrences: 65) noun feminine (apparently masculine Job 26:6 compare Isaiah 14:9) — Sheol, underworld.

Cognates:

• Old Aramaic שאול
• Syriac ܫܝܘܠ
• Assyrian šu-alu (dubious)

— always absolute, שְׁאוֹל Deuteronomy 32:22 (52 times), with הַ Genesis 42:38; Psalm 9:18; שְׁאֹל 1 Kings 2:6; Job 17:16, with הַ Genesis 37:35 (7 times); + Isaiah 7:11 (so read for שְׁאָ֫לָה).

1. The underworld

שְׁאוֹל תַּחְתִּית Deuteronomy 32:22, מִתַּחַת Isaiah 14:9; מִשְּׁאוֹל מִטָּה Proverbs 15:24; "" מָוֶת Proverbs 5:5; Proverbs 7:27; Songs 8:6; Psalm 89:49; whither men descend at death, Genesis 37:35 (Elohist Source), Genesis 42:38; Genesis 44:29, 31 (Jehovist Source), 1 Samuel 2:6; 1 Kings 2:6, 9; Job 7:9; Job 21:13; Isaiah 14:11, 15; Psalm 88:4.

• Korah and associates go down alive by Jehovah's judgment: Numbers 16:30, 33 (Jehovist Source), compare Psalm 55:16
• Under mountains and sea: Job 26:6; בֶּטֶן שְׁאוֹל Jonah 2:3
• With bars: Job 17:16
• פִּי שְׁאוֹל Psalm 141:7; שַׁעֲרֵי שְׁאוֹל Isaiah 38:10
• Personified: Isaiah 28:15, 18; as insatiable monster Isaiah 5:14; Habakkuk 2:5; Proverbs 1:12; Proverbs 27:20; Proverbs 30:16
• Figurative of snares: חֶבְלֵי שְׁאוֹל Psalm 18:6 = 2 Samuel 22:6; מְצָרֵי שְׁאוֹל Psalm 116:3
• Opposed to height of שָׁמַיִם: Amos 9:2; Job 11:8; Psalm 139:8
• Dark, gloomy, without return: Job 17:13; without work or knowledge Ecclesiastes 9:5, 10

2. Condition of righteous and wicked distinguished in Sheol

a. Wicked

• יָשׁוּבוּ לִשְׁא֑וֺלָה Psalm 9:18; יִדְּמוּ לִשְׁאוֹל Psalm 31:18
• Death is their shepherd, they waste away: Psalm 49:15
• Consumes them as drought water: Job 24:19
• Righteous dread it (no praise of God there): Psalm 6:6; Isaiah 38:18; deliverance as blessing Psalm 30:4; Psalm 86:13; Proverbs 23:14
• In Ezekiel, land below, place of reproach: Ezekiel 31:15–17; Ezekiel 32:21, 27

b. Righteous shall not be abandoned

• לִשְׁאוֹל Psalm 16:10 ("" שַׁחַת)
• Ransomed from Sheol: Psalm 49:16, compare Psalm 73:23; Isaiah 57:1–2
• Job's expectation: Job 14:13; Job 17:13

3. Later distinction of places in Sheol

a. Depths of Sheol

• For the sensualist: Proverbs 9:18

b. Sheol and Abaddon

• שְׁאוֹל וַאֲבַדּוֺן Proverbs 15:11, Proverbs 27:20
• Note: שַׁחַת and בּוֹר in bad sense, usually pit in Sheol.

4. Figurative usages

• Of extreme degradation in sin: Isaiah 57:9
• As place of exile for Israel: Hosea 13:14

¹ Karl Albrecht, ZAW xvi (1896), 51.

² Morris Jastrow, Am. J. Sem. Lang. xiv. 170.

³ Alfred Jeremias, Die babyl.-assyr. Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode (1887).

⁴ Friedrich Delitzsch, Wo lag das Paradies? (1881).

H3735

Aramaic

I. כְּרָא verb — be distressed.

Cognates:

• Aramaic (Dalman¹) כַּרְיָא (adjective suffering), כְּרִיוּחָא (noun id.)
• Syriac כרא be short, abridged, it grieved me; pain, grief
• Assyrian kûru, pain
• Arabic كره dislike, shrink from

— Ithpe`el Perfect 3 feminine singular אִתְכְּרִיַת רוּחִי (compare Kautzsch²) Daniel 7:15.

¹ Gustaf Dalman, Aramäisch-neuhebräisches Handwörterbuch zu Targum, Talmud und Midrasch (1897).

² E. Kautzsch, Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen, ed. 1884 (K^{§ 47}).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ᾅδου pεἰσ ᾅδησ ᾅδην ᾅδῃ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7585:

ᾅδου 35× (44.3%)

pεἰσ 9× (12.6%)

ᾅδησ 9× (11.2%)

ᾅδην 8× (8.5%)

ᾅδῃ 5× (5.3%)

θανάτου 2× (2.6%)

Hell@Gen.37.35:

No stats available

בכלי בִּכְלֵי־

in instruments

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כלי

kᵉlîy

Definition

something prepared, i.e. any apparatus (as an implement, utensil, dress, vessel or weapon)

Root

from H3615 (כלה);

Exhaustive

from כלה; something prepared, i.e. any apparatus (as an implement, utensil, dress, vessel or weapon); armour(-bearer), artillery, bag, carriage, [phrase] furnish, furniture, instrument, jewel, that is made of, [idiom] one from another, that which pertaineth, pot, [phrase] psaltery, sack, stuff, thing, tool, vessel, ware, weapon, [phrase] whatsoever.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3627

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כְּלִי

noun masculine • Root כלה • Strongs / High • Page 701

Properly, anything made or prepared; hence generally a vessel, implement, or utensil. It can refer to a wide range of objects including seats, equipage, containers, temple vessels, garments, ornaments, yokes, boats, musical instruments, and weapons. Figuratively, it can mean a means, instrument, or plan.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כְּלִי

noun masculine • Root כלה • Page 318

A vessel, utensil; a cloth or garment (Deut. 22:5); an instrument or tool (2 Chr. 34:12); a vessel or boat (Is. 18:2); a weapon (Gen. 27:3).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3627

I. כְּלִי (approximate number of occurrences: 324) noun masculine^{Hosea 8:8} — article, utensil, vessel.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew כְּלִי idem
• Moabite (Mesha Inscription) כלאי³

— כְּלִי absolute Jeremiah 18:4 +; הַכֶּ֑לִי 1 Samuel 17:49, 1 Samuel 21:6; construct כְּלִי Hosea 13:15 +; suffix כֶּלְיְךָ Deuteronomy 23:25; plural כֵּלִים Exodus 22:6 +; construct כְּלֵי Genesis 24:53 +; suffix כֵּלַי Genesis 31:37 (twice); כֵּלֶיךָ Genesis 27:3, Ezekiel 12:4; כֵּלֵינוּ 1 Samuel 9:7; כְּלֵיכֶם Genesis 43:11 +; כְּלֵיהֶם Joshua 7:11 + etc.

1. General uses: article, object, thing

a. Objects of value and property

• (+ זָהָב) 1 Samuel 6:8, 15 (images)
• Genesis 31:37 (twice in verse) (Elohist Source; v^b כֹּל כְּלֵי־בֵיתֶ֑ךָ)
• Genesis 45:20 (Elohist Source)
• כְּלֵי בֵית־טוֺבִיָּהוּ Nehemiah 13:18
• כֶּסֶף אוֺ כֵּלִים Exodus 22:6 (Elohist Source) money or articles
• כְּלִי־פָּ֑ז Job 28:17

b. Things carried: baggage, load, stuff

• 1 Samuel 17:22 (twice in verse)
• 1 Samuel 10:22; 25:13; 30:24; Isaiah 10:28
• כְּלֵי גוֺלָה things of exile Jeremiah 46:19; Ezekiel 12:3, 4, 7

c. Ornaments, jewels, and precious things

• Genesis 24:53 (Yahwist Source; כְּלֵי־כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב)
• Exodus 3:22; 11:2; 12:35 (Elohist Source)
• Isaiah 61:10; Exodus 35:22; Numbers 31:50; כְּלֵי מַעֲשֶׂה Numbers 31:51 (Priestly Code)
• כְּלִי יְקָר Proverbs 20:15 (figurative)
• כְּלֵי חֶמְדָּה Nahum 2:10; Hosea 13:15; Jeremiah 25:34; 11:8
• כְּלִי אֵין־חֵפֶץ בּוֺ Jeremiah 22:28; Hosea 8:8

d. Household articles and garments

• Furniture / seating: Leviticus 15:4, 6, 22, 26 (Priestly Code)
• Skin or wood: Numbers 31:20
• Garments: כְּלִי־גֶבֶר Deuteronomy 22:5; כְּלִי־עוֺר Leviticus 13:49, 52, 58

2. Utensil, implement, apparatus

a. Weapons and armour

• weapon: Genesis 27:3 (Yahwist Source); 1 Samuel 20:40; 21:9; Isaiah 54:16; Jeremiah 22:7
• כְּלִי בַּרְזֶל Numbers 35:16; כְּלִי עֵץ־יָד Numbers 35:18
• כְּלֵי מָוֶת Psalm 7:14 (figurative of God's weapons)
• נשֵֹׁא כֵלִים armour-bearer: Judges 9:54; 1 Samuel 14:1, 6, 12; 16:21; 31:4; 2 Samuel 18:15
• כְּלֵי מִלְחָמָה weapons of war: Judges 18:11; 2 Samuel 1:27; Jeremiah 21:4; Ezekiel 32:27
• בֵּית כֵּלָיו armoury: 2 Kings 20:13; Isaiah 39:2

b. Musical instruments

• כְּלֵי שִׁיר Amos 6:5; 1 Chronicles 15:16; 2 Chronicles 5:13; 23:13
• כְּלֵי דָוִיד 2 Chronicles 29:26
• כְּלִי נֶבֶל Psalm 71:22

c. Tools and equipment

• tool: כְּלִי בַרְזֶל 1 Kings 6:7; כְּלִי רֹעֶה אֱוִלִי Zechariah 11:15
• oxen equipment: 2 Samuel 24:22; 1 Kings 19:21
• chariot equipment: כְּלֵי רִכְבּוֺ 1 Samuel 8:12

d. Tabernacle and Temple utensils

• Solomon's palace: 1 Kings 10:21
• Tabernacle: Exodus 25:9, 39; 27:3
• Temple: 1 Kings 7:45; 12:14; כְּלֵי בֵית־יְהוָה Jeremiah 27:16
• Holy utensils: כְּלֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ 1 Kings 8:4; 1 Chronicles 9:29

3. Vessel, receptacle

• General: Genesis 43:11; 1 Samuel 9:7; 23:25
• As sack or bag: Genesis 42:25; כְּלִי הָרֹעִים 1 Samuel 17:40
• For liquids: 1 Kings 17:10; 2 Kings 4:3, 6; כְּלֵי מַשְׁקֶה 1 Kings 10:21
• Pottery / Cooking: כְּלִי חֶרֶשׂ Jeremiah 32:14; Leviticus 6:21; כְּלִי נְחשֶׁת Leviticus 6:21
• Similes and Figures: Jeremiah 48:11–12; Isaiah 22:24; Psalm 2:9

4. Specifically, boats

• כְּלֵי־גֹמֶא vessels (boats) of paper-reed Isaiah 18:2

II. כלה (root of following; meaning unknown).

¹ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae veteris Testamenti, 1829–1858 (Thes).

² Jacob Barth, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1887, p. 605.

³ Mesha Inscription, Moabite stone. (M-I).

⁴ Elohist Source (E).

⁵ Yahwist Source (J).

⁶ Jehovist Source (JE).

⁷ Priestly Code (P).

⁸ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel, Oxford, 1890.

⁹ E. Kautzsch, Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments (Kau).

¹⁰ E. Bertheau, Die Bücher der Chronik, 1854 (Be).

Preposition, Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: σκεύη σκεῦοσ αὐτῆσ σκευῶν ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H3627:

σκεύη 174× (49.5%)

σκεῦοσ 34× (10.7%)

αὐτῆσ 18× (4.2%)

σκευῶν 17× (4.7%)

'' 12× (3.4%)

ὀργάνοισ 9× (2.4%)

σκεύει 8× (2.5%)

ὡσ 7× (2.2%)

ἀγγεῖον 6× (1.8%)

--- 5× (1.7%)

מלחמתם מִלְחַמְתָּם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מלחמה

milchâmâh

Definition

a battle (i.e. the engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare)

Root

from H3898 (לחם) (in the sense of fighting);

Exhaustive

from לחם (in the sense of fighting); a battle (i.e. the engagement); generally, war (i.e. warfare); battle, fight(-ing), war(-rior).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4421

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִלְחָמָה

noun feminine • Root לחם • Strongs / High • Page 856

war, fight, strife.

מִלְחָמָה

noun / feminine • Root לחם • Strongs / High • Page 857

War, battle. Figuratively used for warriors, weapons of war, armour, antagonism, opposition, a hostile house, and the reward of battle or victory.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִלְחָמָה

noun feminine • Root לחם • Page 379

1. War; עָשָׂה מִלְחָמָה to carry on war. אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה a man of war. 2. Battle, slaughter (Ex. 13:17). 3. By metonymy, a weapon (Ps. 76:4).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4421

I. מִלְחָמָה (approximate number of occurrences: 819) noun feminine — battle, war.

— מִלְחָמָה absolute Genesis 14:2, 8; Exodus 1:10 +; construct מִלְהֶ֫מֶת 1 Samuel 13:22 (מִלְחֲמַת מִכְמָשׁ ¹, ², ³, ⁴, ⁵, ⁶, ⁷ > absolute ⁸ and others); suffix מִלְחַמְתִּי 2 Chronicles 35:21; מִלְחַמְתְּךָ 2 Samuel 11:25; מִלְחַמְתֶּ֑ךָ Isaiah 41:12, etc.; plural מִלְחָמוֺת Isaiah 42:13 7 times in Chronicles, Psalms; construct מִלְחֲמוֺת Judges 3:1 +, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Battle

• Genesis 14:8
• 1 Samuel 17:1, 2, 8
• 1 Samuel 31:3
• 1 Kings 20:14, 18, 29, 39 + often
• once = battlefield וַיָּבֹאוּ עַד הַמִּלְחָמָה 1 Samuel 14:20 (Kittel, Kautzsch)

b. War

• Genesis 14:2
• Exodus 1:10
• Deuteronomy 20:12
• Joshua 11:23; Joshua 14:15
• 2 Samuel 3:1 (וַתְּהִי הַמִּלְחָמָה אֲרֻכָּה) +
• מִלְחֲמוֺת כְּנָ֑עַן Judges 3:1
• סֵפֶד מִלְחֲמֹת י׳ Numbers 21:14 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• accusative of cognate meaning with verb נלחם 1 Samuel 8:20; 2 Chronicles 32:8; (מִלְחֲמוֺת י׳) 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 25:28

c. Art of war, learning/teaching war

• למד מִלְחָמָה learn war Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3
• למּד מִלְחָמָה teach war Judges 3:2
• מְלַמֵּד יָדַי לַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 22:35 = Psalm 18:35, compare Psalm 144:1
• לְמוּדֵי מִלְחָמָה 1 Chronicles 5:18; מְלֻמְּדֵי מִלְחָמָה Songs 3:8 instructed in war

2. Common Phrases

a. Personnel

• אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה Isaiah 3:2; 1 Samuel 16:18; 1 Samuel 17:33; 2 Samuel 17:8; Ezekiel 39:20; Joshua 17:1 (Priestly Code), of י׳ Exodus 15:3 (poem)
• אַנְשֵׁי הַמִּלְחָמָה Joshua 6:3, 10:24 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 2:14, 16; Joshua 5:4, 6 (Deuteronomic Source); Jeremiah 38:4; Numbers 31:28, 49 (Priestly Code)
• אִישׁ מִלְחָמוֺת Isaiah 42:13; אִישׁ מִלְחֲמוּת תֹּעִי 2 Samuel 8:10 a man of battles of Toi, i.e. his frequent opponent ³
• עַם הַמִּלְחָמָה Joshua 8:1, 3, 11; 10:7; 11:7 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Weapons and News

• כְּלֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה Judges 18:11, 17; Jeremiah 21:4; 51:20, also figurative 2 Samuel 1:27
• קֶשֶׁת מִלְחָמָה Zechariah 9:10; 10:4
• דִּבְרֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה news of the battle 2 Samuel 11:18, 19

3. Verb Combinations

• עָרַךְ מִלְחָמָה draw up battle-line Judges 20:22; followed by אֵת with = against Genesis 14:8
• עָשָׂה מִלְחָמָה make war Proverbs 20:18; 24:6; followed by אֵת Genesis 14:2; followed by עִם Deuteronomy 20:12
• קִדַּשׁ מִלְחָמָה consecrate war, i.e. open a campaign with sacred rites Micah 3:5; Jeremiah 6:4; Joel 4:9
• וַתַּעֲלֶה הַמִּלְחָמָה the battle rose (high) 1 Kings 22:35 = 2 Chronicles 18:34
• וַתִּכְבַּד הַמִּלְחָמָה the battle was severe Judges 20:34; 1 Samuel 31:3

¹ Septuagint (LXX).

² Otto Thenius.

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

⁴ Julius Wellhausen.

⁵ Karl Budde.

⁶ H. P. Smith.

⁷ Heinrich Ewald (Ew).

⁸ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus (Thes).

Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: πόλεμον πόλεμοσ πολέμου πολέμῳ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H4421:

πόλεμον 114× (34.5%)

πόλεμοσ 44× (13.5%)

πολέμου 34× (10.7%)

πολέμῳ 25× (6.7%)

'' 12× (3.5%)

πολεμιστὴσ 9× (2.9%)

πολεμισταὶ 9× (2.8%)

πολεμιστῶν 6× (1.8%)

pεἰσ 5× (1.7%)

πολεμισταί 5× (1.6%)

ויתנו וַיִּתְּנוּ

and they are giving

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נתן

nâthan

Definition

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.); add, apply, appoint, ascribe, assign, [idiom] avenge, [idiom] be (healed), bestow, bring (forth, hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, [phrase] cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, [idiom] doubtless, [idiom] without fail, fasten, frame, [idiom] get, give (forth, over, up), grant, hang (up), [idiom] have, [idiom] indeed, lay (unto charge, up), (give) leave, lend, let (out), [phrase] lie, lift up, make, [phrase] O that, occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, [idiom] pull, put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send (out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), [phrase] sing, [phrase] slander, strike, (sub-) mit, suffer, [idiom] surely, [idiom] take, thrust, trade, turn, utter, [phrase] weep, [phrase] willingly, [phrase] withdraw, [phrase] would (to) God, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5414

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 755

to give, bestow

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 999

A verb with a wide range of meanings, primarily: 1. to give, to hand over, to deliver, to deal out, to perform, to permit, to sell. 2. to set, to place, to lay, to erect, to appoint, to establish. It is used in numerous idiomatic phrases such as 'to give up to one's care' (נָתַן עַל־יַד), 'to bear or bring fruit' (נָתַן פְּרִי), 'to flee' (נָתַן עֹרֶף), 'to give favour' (נָתַן חֵן), 'to stretch forth the hand' (נָתַן יָד), 'to deliver into one's power' (נָתַן בְּיַד), and 'to give up to the sword' (נָתַן לְחֶרֶב).

נָתַן

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1000

To give, put, set, lay upon, impute guilt, apply the mind, make, or treat as. In Niphal: to be given, delivered, published, set, take place, or become. In Hophal: to be given, put, poured, or suspended.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Page 463

1. To give (Prov. 13:10, Josh. 15:19). Phrases: מִי יִתֵּן 'who will give?' used as an expression of a wish (Ps. 55:7, Ex. 16:3, Deut. 28:67). 2. To lay, set, place (Gen. 1:17, 9:13, Ps. 119:110, Ezek. 26:8). 3. To make or do (Ex. 7:9, Gen. 17:4, Jer. 1:5, Is. 41:2). 4. To permit, allow, grant (Gen. 20:6, Ex. 3:19, Judg. 1:34, 15:1, 1 Sam. 18:2, Job 9:18, 2 Chr. 20:10). 5. To give forth, yield, or utter; e.g., a smell or sound (Cant. 1:12, Job 1:22, Ps. 81:3). 6. To hold or regard (1 K. 10:27, Gen. 42:30, 1 Sam. 1:16). Includes Niph. and Hoph. (to be given, placed, or made).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5414

I. נָתַן (approximate number of occurrences: 2007) verb — give, put, set.

Cognates:

• Ecclesiasticus נתן
• Old Hebrew נתןיֿהו
• Phoenician יתן, נתן
• Assyrian nadânu
• Zinjirli נתן
• Nabataean ינתן
• Palmyrene יתן
• Targum יִתֵּן
• Sabean נתן
• Syriac נתן

— נָתַן absolute Genesis 24:53 +; 2 masculine singular נָתַ֫תָּ Judges 15:18, נָתַ֫תָּה Genesis 3:12; 1 singular נָתַ֫תִּי Judges 1:2; Imperfect יִּתֵּן Genesis 43:14; Imperative תֵּן 2 Kings 4:42; Infinitive absolute נָתוֺן Deuteronomy 15:10; construct תֵּת Genesis 4:12; Participle נֹתֵן Judges 21:18.

1. Give

a. Deliver or hand to personally

• 1 Samuel 10:4
• Leviticus 5:16 (Priests' Code)
• Genesis 21:14 (Elohist Source)

b. Bestow upon, grant, or procure for

• Genesis 24:53 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Kings 3:9 (an understanding heart)
• Deuteronomy 12:15 (blessing)
• Genesis 15:18 (of land to descendants)

c. Give woman to man as wife

• Genesis 29:28 (Elohist Source)
• Joshua 15:16–17

f. Who will give? (wish expression)

• (+ מִי יִתֵּן) Deuteronomy 28:67
• Job 14:4
• Exodus 16:3 (Priests' Code)

n. Pay wages or price

• Genesis 30:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jonah 1:3 (passage-money)
• Exodus 21:32 (fine)

x. Utter a sound or voice

• (+ קוֺל) Jeremiah 4:16
• Genesis 45:2 (Elohist Source)
• Amos 1:2 (of Jehovah in thunder)

2. Put, set

a. Literally (put or set on, in, or before)

• Genesis 41:42 (ring on hand)
• Jeremiah 29:26 (in stocks)
• Exodus 40:5 (before)

b. Figurative uses

• Isaiah 42:1 (spirit upon him)
• Deuteronomy 11:29 (blessing on mountain)
• Genesis 39:21 (Yahwist Source; favour in eyes)

3. Make, constitute

a. With double accusative

• Isaiah 3:4 (make boys princes)
• Genesis 17:5 (Priests' Code)

Niph`al — Perfect נִתַּן Isaiah 9:5; Imperfect יִנָּתֵן Exodus 5:18.

1. Be given

• Joshua 24:33 (bestowed upon)
• Genesis 38:14 (given as wife)
• 2 Kings 18:30 (given into power of)

Hoph`al — Imperfect יֻתַּן 1 Kings 2:21.

• Numbers 32:5 (Priests' Code)
• 2 Samuel 21:6 (delivered up)

Aramaic

I. נְתַן (compare Biblical Hebrew נָתַן) verb give.

1. Pe`al Imperfect
   • יִנְתִּן Daniel 2:16
   • suffix יִתְּנִנַּהּ Daniel 4:15
2. give, allow time
   • Daniel 2:16
3. give, pay
   • Ezra 4:13

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB).

³ Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik (Lzb).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine plural

LXX: ἔδωκεν δώσω δοῦναι δώσει ἔδωκαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5414:

ἔδωκεν 299× (14.0%)

δώσω 178× (8.2%)

δοῦναι 93× (4.4%)

δώσει 88× (4.2%)

ἔδωκαν 77× (3.6%)

ἔδωκα 70× (3.3%)

δέδωκα 57× (2.9%)

'' 51× (2.2%)

δώσεισ 51× (2.4%)

παρέδωκεν 46× (2.1%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

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H0855:

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חרבותם חַרְבוֹתָ֜ם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חרב

chereb

Definition

drought; also a cutting instrument (from its destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp implement

Root

from H2717 (חרב);

Exhaustive

from חרב; drought; also a cutting instrument (from its destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp implement; axe, dagger, knife, mattock, sword, tool.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2719

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חֶרֶב

noun / feminine • Root חרב • Strongs / High • Page 524

1. a sword; any sharp instrument like a knife, razor, axe, or chisel. 2. war. 3. dryness or consumption as a disease. 4. grave or mausoleum.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חֶרֶב

f. verbal • Root חרב • Page 246

1. a sword (Deut. 13:16, 20:13, Josh. 6:21). 2. other cutting instruments like a knife for circumcising (Josh. 5:2), a razor (Ezek. 5:1), a pickaxe (Ex. 20:25), or a battering ram (Ezek. 26:9). 3. dryness, drought (Deut. 28:22).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2719

I. חֶ֫רֶב (approximate number of occurrences: 411) noun feminine^{Isaiah 21:15} — sword (as weapon).

Cognates:

• Aramaic חַרְבָּא
• Syriac חַרְבָּא
• Zinjirli חרב
• Arabic حربة ḥarbah dart, javelin

— חֶ֫רֶב absolute Genesis 3:24 +; חָ֑רֶב Exodus 17:13 +; construct חֶ֫רֶב Deuteronomy 33:29 +; suffix חַרְבִּי Exodus 15:9 (13 times); חַרְבְּךָ Genesis 27:40 (7 times); חֵרְבֶּ֑ךָ 1 Samuel 17:33, Psalm 17:13; חַרְבּוֺ Numbers 22:23 (24 times); חַרְבְּכֶם Jeremiah 2:30, Ezekiel 33:26; חַרְבָּם Psalm 37:15, Psalm 44:4; plural חֲרָבוֺת Isaiah 21:15 (5 times); construct חַרְבוֺת Joshua 5:2 (2 times); suffix חַרְבוֺתָיו Ezekiel 26:9; חַרְבוֺתָם Isaiah 2:4 (5 times); חַרְבֹתֵיהֶם Micah 4:3 (2 times).

1. Sword as weapon

a. Sword, as weapon of war

• Genesis 48:22 (Elohist Source)
• Judges 7:14, 20
• 1 Samuel 21:9, and so in all periods
• two-edged (short) sword חֶרֶב וְלָהּ שְׁנֵי פֵיוֺ֖ת גֹּמֶד אָרְכָּהּ Judges 3:16
• compare חֶרֶב מִּיּוֺת Proverbs 5:4 (in simile), חֶרֶב מִּיפִיּוֺת Psalm 149:6
• see also צוּר חֶרֶב edge of sword Psalm 89:44

b. Gird on sword

• חָגַר הַחֶרֶב 1 Samuel 17:39
• 1 Samuel 25:13 (3 times)
• Psalm 45:4 (+ חֶרֶב עַל יָרֵך)
• שִׂים על ירך Exodus 32:27
• compare especially 2 Samuel 20:8

c. Draw the sword

• הֵרִיק הַחֶרֶב Exodus 15:9; Leviticus 26:33; Ezekiel 5:2, 12; 12:14; 28:7
• הוציא הַחֶרֶב Ezekiel 21:8, 10
• פתח הַחֶרֶב Psalm 37:14; Ezekiel 21:33
• נטשׁ Isaiah 21:15 (Graetz¹, Cheyne² read לטשׁ)
• usually שׁלף הַחֶרֶב Numbers 22:23, 31; Joshua 5:13; Judges 3:22; Judges 8:10, 20; 9:54; 1 Samuel 17:51; 31:4 = 1 Chronicles 10:4; 1 Chronicles 21:16
• as characteristic of warriors שֹׁלֵף חֶרֶב Judges 20:2, 15, 17, 25, 35, 46; 2 Samuel 24:9; 2 Kings 3:26; 1 Chronicles 21:5 (twice)
• וַתִּדְבַּק יָדוֺ אֶל־הַחֶרֶב 2 Samuel 23:10, insert also in parallel 1 Chronicles 11:13 (S. R. Driver³)

d. Whet, sharpen the sword

• לטשׁ הַחֶרֶב Psalm 7:13
• שׁנן Deuteronomy 32:41 compare Psalm 64:4
• הוּחַדָּה Ezekiel 21:14, 16

e. Put up the sword into the sheath

• הֵשִׁיב הַחֶרֶב אֶל־נְדָנָהּ 1 Chronicles 21:27
• sheath elsewhere is תַּעַר 1 Samuel 17:51; 2 Samuel 20:8; Jeremiah 47:6; Ezekiel 21:8

f. Slay with sword

• הרג בְּחֶרֶב Joshua 10:11; 13:22 +
• in 1 Samuel 2:33, insert בְּחֶרֶב before אנשׁים (Septuagint, Wellhausen⁴, S. R. Driver³)
• rarely הכה בְּחֶרֶב Joshua 11:10; 2 Kings 19:37 = Isaiah 37:38
• very often הִכָּה לְפִי־חֶרֶב smite according to the mouth of the sword i.e. as the sword can devour (2 Samuel 2:26; 11:25) = without quarter: Numbers 21:24 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 13:16a; 20:13; Joshua 11:11, 12, 14 (Deuteronomic Source); Judges 18:27; 21:10; 1 Kings 10:25; Job 1:15, 17
• also with הָעִיר (the city) as object: Joshua 8:24; 10:28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 39; 19:47; Judges 1:8, 25; 20:37; 1 Samuel 22:19 (twice); 2 Samuel 15:14
• הרג לְפִי־חֶרֶב Genesis 34:26 (Yahwist Source); הֶחֱרִים לְפִי־חֶרֶב Deuteronomy 13:16b, Joshua 6:21; 1 Samuel 15:8
• חלשׁ לְפִי־חֶרֶב Exodus 17:13 (Elohist Source); נפל לְפִי־חֶרֶב Joshua 8:24; Judges 4:16
• וַיָּהָם יְהוָה ... לְפִי־חֶרֶב Judges 4:15

g. Devouring

• אכלה הַחֶרֶב etc., of the sword as devouring: — תּאֹכֵל חַרְבִּי בָשָׂר Deuteronomy 32:42 (poetry)
• 2 Samuel 2:26; 11:25; 18:8
• Isaiah 1:10; Jeremiah 2:30; Jeremiah 46:10, 14; Nahum 2:14

h. Slain by sword

• חֲלַל־חֶרֶב Numbers 19:16 (Priestly Code) and frequently in Ezekiel
• חַלְלֵי־חֶרֶב Ezekiel 31:17, 18; 32:21, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32; 35:8
• מְחֻלְלֵי חֶרֶב Ezekiel 35:26 (Cornill⁵ reads חללי־חֶרֶב)

i. Captives of sword

• שְׁבֻיוֺת חֶרֶב Genesis 31:26 (taken by sword)

j. Sword as agent of Yahweh

• Judges 7:20; Isaiah 34:6; Jeremiah 12:12; Jeremiah 47:6 etc.
• Deuteronomy 28:22 (but read חֹרֶב drought)
• לַהַט הַחֶרֶב הַמִּתְהַמֶּכֶת Genesis 3:24
• in poetry: לַהַב חֶרֶב Nahum 3:3, בְּרַק חֶרֶב Deuteronomy 32:41

k. Figurative uses

• of tongue Psalm 57:5; compare 59:8
• of violence, war, etc. Genesis 27:40
• in simile Proverbs 5:4 (of grievous end of dealings with strange women)

2. Knife

• חַרְבוֹת צֻרִים flint knives for circumcision Joshua 5:2, 3 (see Wellhausen⁴)
• חֶרֶב חַדָּה תַּעַר הַגַּלָּבִים Ezekiel 5:1, 2 (according to Cornill⁵ use of sword as razor is significant)

3. Of tools used in hewing stone

• חַרְבְּךָ הֵנַפְתָּ עליה Exodus 20:25
• יִתֹּץ בְּחַרְבוֹתָיו Ezekiel 26:9, according to most = tools, axes, 'steel' (Cornill⁵ 'Eisen'), but possibly swords as implements ready to hand
• 2 Chronicles 34:6 Qere בְּחַרְבֹתֵיהֶם with their tools; read perhaps בְּחָרְבֹתֵיהֶם in their ruins (Bertheau⁶, compare Psalm 109:10)

¹ Heinrich Graetz.

² T. K. Cheyne.

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

⁴ J. Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten.

⁵ C. H. Cornill.

⁶ Ernst Bertheau.

Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ῥομφαίᾳ ῥομφαίαν μάχαιραν μαχαίρᾳ ῥομφαία

LXX Usage Statistics

H2719:

ῥομφαίᾳ 62× (13.7%)

ῥομφαίαν 60× (14.4%)

μάχαιραν 39× (9.4%)

μαχαίρᾳ 35× (8.8%)

ῥομφαία 34× (8.4%)

μαχαίρασ 33× (8.2%)

ῥομφαίασ 28× (7.0%)

μάχαιρα 24× (5.9%)

'' 19× (4.3%)

μαχαίραισ 10× (2.4%)

תחת תַּחַת

below/instead

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

תחת

tachath

Definition

the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc.

Root

from the same as H8430 (תוח);

Exhaustive

from the same as תוח; the bottom (as depressed); only adverbially, below (often with prepositional prefix underneath), in lieu of, etc.; as, beneath, [idiom] flat, in(-stead), (same) place (where...is), room, for...sake, stead of, under, [idiom] unto, [idiom] when...was mine, whereas, (where-) fore, with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8478

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תָּחַת

unknown • Root נחת • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1507

(not used) intr. same as הִין II., and so fig. to be humble, modest. Deriv. the proper name תַּחַת.

Matched via consonantal key only

תַּחַת

noun feminine / preposition / conj. / noun proper • Root חתת • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1509

Derived forms include תַּחְתִּי, תַּחְתִּית (f.). 1. (n. f.) A depression, sinking, the deep, the under part, base, or support (Job 40:12; Hab. 3:16). 2. (prep.) Under, below, at the foot of (Gen. 7:19; Ex. 24:4); in place of, instead of (Ex. 21:26); between (Job 30:7). 3. (conj.) For that, because, eo quod (Deut. 21:14). 4. (n. p.) A station of the Israelites in the wilderness (Num. 33:26). 5. (n. p. m.) Humility, modesty (1 Chr. 6:9).

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תְּחֹת

chald. • Page 714

Chaldee equivalent of the Hebrew word תַּחַת (tahat), meaning 'under' or 'from under'. Cited in Dan. 4:11 [4:14].

תַּחַת

noun masculine • Page 713

1. what is under or below. Used as an accusative adverbially, below, beneath. In the construct state used as a preposition: under. Ex. 20:4, Gen. 1:7. 2. what is under a person, a place, spot. Zech. 6:12. (1) as an accusative used adverbially, on or in the place or spot. Ex. 16:29. (2) in the place of, instead of, loco. Lev. 16:32. Est. 2:17.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8478

I. תַּחַת noun masculine — the under part (Arabic تحت id.), hence as adverb accusative and preposition underneath, below, instead of.

Cognates:

• Sabean תחת
• Ethiopic ታሕተ
• Phoenician תחת (Lzb¹ 385)
• Biblical Aramaic תְּחוֺת
• Palmyrene מן לתחת (Cooke² 320)
• Syriac ܬܚܝܬ

I. As adverb accusative

— Genesis 49:25 (= Deuteronomy 33:13) the deep רֹבֶצֶת תָּ֑חַת that coucheth beneath; more usually with מִן, מִתָּחַת literally off the under part = beneath, Exodus 20:4 (= Deuteronomy 5:8) בָּאָרֶץ מִתָּ֑חַת (so Deuteronomy 4:39; Joshua 2:11; 1 Kings 8:23 [both D²], Isaiah 51:6), Deuteronomy 33:27; Judges 7:8; Amos 2:9; Isaiah 14:9; Job 18:16; Ezekiel 47:1.

II. As preposition

So construct, and with suffix (usually in the plural, and so literally in the parts underneath): תַּחְתַּי Habakkuk 3:16+, תַּחְתֵּנִי (compare בַּעֲדֵנִי, עוֺדֶנִּי: GKC³ § 103d) 2 Samuel 22:37, 40, 48 (Psalm 18:37; 18:40; 18:48 תַּחְתָּ֑י); תַּחְתֶּיךָ; תַּחְתָּיו (Kt תַּחְתּוֺ 2 Samuel 2:23; 2 Samuel 3:12; 2 Samuel 16:8; Job 9:13), תַּחְתֶּיהָ Leviticus 13:23 etc., תַּחְתֶּ֫נָּה Genesis 2:21; תַּחְתֵּינוּ 1 Samuel 14:9; Psalm 47:4; תַּחְתֵּיהֶם Joshua 2:14; Amos 2:13; Numbers 16:31; 1 Kings 20:24; 1 Chronicles 4:41; 1 Chronicles 5:22; 2 Chronicles 12:10 (for תַּחְתָּם 1 Kings 14:27), תַּחְתָּם Deuteronomy 2:12 10t., תַּחְתֵּיכֶן Jeremiah 28:13.

1. Under, beneath

— Genesis 7:19 הַשָּׁמַיִם תַּחַת כָּלֿ under the whole heaven (so Deuteronomy 2:25; Deuteronomy 4:19; Job 28:24; Job 37:3; Job 41:3; Daniel 9:12); Genesis 18:4 הָעֵץ תּ׳, Genesis 21:15; Genesis 24:2+ often; Job 30:14 שׁוֺאָה תּ׳ under the crash they roll themselves against me; הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ תּ׳ Ecclesiastes 1:3, 9, 13 in Ecclesiastes (so in Phoenician, Cooke^{4. 7; 5. 12}). With לְ 2 Chronicles 4:3 תַּחַת לוֺ, Song of Solomon 2:6 = Song of Solomon 8:3 תּ׳ לְראֹשִׁי.

a. Foot of a mountain

• Exodus 24:4 (תַּחַת הָהָר)
• Deuteronomy 4:11
• Joshua 11:3, 17 +
• figurative Psalm 18:37 תַּחְתָּ֑י תַּרְחִיב צַעֲדִי

b. Under the tongue

Of something held there as a dainty morsel; figurative of sweetness or evil:

• Song of Solomon 4:11
• Psalm 10:7 (תּ׳ לְשׁוֺנוֺ עָמָל וָאָוֶן)
• Job 20:12; Psalm 140:4 (תּ׳ שְׁפָתֵימוֺ)
• Psalm 66:17 (וְרוֺמַם תּ׳ לְשֹׁנוֺ)

c. Subjection and Authority

• (a) of subjection: Psalm 18:40 תַּחְתָּ֑י תַּכְרִיעַ קָמַי, Psalm 18:48; Job 9:13.
• (b) of a woman, תּ׳ אִישָׁהּ i.e. under his authority: Numbers 5:19, 20, 29; Ezekiel 23:5 תַּחְתַּי (being mine).
• (c) of being burdened or oppressed: Isaiah 24:5; Proverbs 30:21–23; Habakkuk 3:7 תּ׳ אָוֶן.

d. Under the hand (authority/control)

• Genesis 41:35 (תּ׳ יַד פַּרְעֹה)
• Judges 3:30; 1 Samuel 21:4, 9; Isaiah 3:6.

e. Under feet (conquest)

• Psalm 8:7 (תּ׳ רַגְלָיו כֹּל)
• Psalm 18:39; Lamentations 3:34; Malachi 3:21.

2. The place in which one stands

a. In one's place

• Exodus 16:29 שְׁבוּ אִישׁ תַּחְתָּיו abide every one in his place.
• Joshua 5:8; Judges 7:21; 1 Samuel 14:9 וְעָמַדְנוּ תַחְתֵּינוּ.
• 2 Samuel 2:23 וַיָּמָת תַּחְתָּו he died where he was.
• Habakkuk 3:16 וְתַחְתַּי אֶרְגָּ֑ז I tremble where I stand.

b. In place of, instead of

• (a) Succession: Genesis 2:18; Genesis 4:25 (תּ׳ הֶבֶל); Genesis 22:13 (תּ׳ בְּנוֺ); Genesis 36:33–49; 1 Kings 8:20; Isaiah 55:13.
• (b) Exchange or return for: Genesis 30:15 (תּ׳ דּוּדָאֵי בְנֵךְ); Exodus 21:23 נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָפֶשׁ; Isaiah 43:3; Genesis 44:4 לָ֫מָּה שִׁלַּמְתֶּם רָעָה תּ׳ טוֺבָה; Psalm 35:12.

3. As conjunction

a. תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר

• (a) Instead of that: Deuteronomy 28:62; Ezekiel 36:34.
• (b) In return for that, because that: Numbers 25:13; Deuteronomy 21:14; Deuteronomy 28:47; Isaiah 53:12.

b. תַּחַת כִּי

• Deuteronomy 4:37; Proverbs 1:29.

III. Compounds

1. אֶל־תַּחַת (after motion)
   • (in) under: Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6; Jeremiah 3:6.
   • into the place of: Leviticus 14:42.
2. מִתַּחַת
   • (a) from under, from beneath: Genesis 1:7; Exodus 17:14; Hosea 4:12; Exodus 18:10 מִתּ׳ יַד מִצְרַיִם.
   • (b) מִתַּחַת לְ under, beneath: Genesis 1:17; Exodus 20:4; 1 Samuel 7:11.
   • (c) לְמִתַּחַת לְ id quod מִתַּחַת לְ: 1 Kings 7:32.

¹ Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

² G. A. Cooke, Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁴ Deuteronomic Source (D²).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὑποκάτω ὑπὸ ἀντὶ ἀντ' ὑπο

LXX Usage Statistics

H8478:

ὑποκάτω 74× (15.9%)

ὑπὸ 58× (13.0%)

ἀντὶ 58× (13.0%)

ἀντ' 56× (12.5%)

ὑπο 33× (7.4%)

ὑποκάτωθεν 18× (4.0%)

'' 16× (3.0%)

ἀνθ' 12× (2.7%)

--- 12× (2.7%)

ὧν 11× (2.1%)

ראשיהם רָאשֵׁיהֶ֗ם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ראש

rôʼsh

Definition

the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)

Root

from an unused root apparently meaning to shake;

Exhaustive

from an unused root apparently meaning to shake; the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.); band, beginning, captain, chapiter, chief(-est place, man, things), company, end, [idiom] every (man), excellent, first, forefront, (be-)head, height, (on) high(-est part, (priest)), [idiom] lead, [idiom] poor, principal, ruler, sum, top.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7218

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רֹאשׁ

noun • Strongs / High • Page 1330

Poppy (reference to DEUT. 32, 32).

רֹאשׁ

noun / masculine • Root ראש • Strongs / High • Page 1311

1. Prop. skull; hence head, of men or animals. 2. Metaphor of things: the point, summit, capital, scepter, the highest. Fig. principal, highest (as of oil or feelings), a prince, king, principal person. The sum, total, multitude. The foremost, first, beginning.

רֹאשׁ

noun masculine • Root ראש • Strongs / High • Page 1312

1. Source of a river; beginning, commencement (of time). 2. Poison (רוֹשׁ), poisonous berries/water; fig. viciousness.

רֹאשׁ

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1312

n. p. of a people (Rosh) belonging to the Scythian king Gog, dwelling in the high north (identified by some classical writers with Russians/Roxolani).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָאשׁ

adjective • Page 602

poor. See רוּשׁ.

רֹאשׁ

noun masculine • Root ראש ראש • Page 603

1. a head. —נָתַן בְּרֹאשׁ to let come on the head of any one, Ezek. 9: 10, 11: 21. בְּרֵאשֵׁינוּ with the danger of our heads, 1 Chr. 12: 19. 2. the first or highest in its kind. Hence (1.) a head, chief, leader (1 Sam. 15: 17, Ex. 6: 14, 25). (2.) a chief city, metropolis (Josh. 11: 10). (3.) the highest place, first rank—כֹּהֵן הָרֹאשׁ the high-priest (2 Chr. 19: 11). (4.) the top or highest part, as of a mountain (Gen. 8: 5), of a tower (Gen. 11: 4). Metaphorically רֹאשׁ שִׂמְחָה the highest joy (Ps. 137: 6). 3. the first; e. g. רֹאשׁ הַחֳדָשִׁים the first month (Ex. 12: 2). 4. the sum, the whole number (Lev. 5: 24, Ps. 119: 160). 5. a company, multitude, host (Judg. 7: 16, 1 Sam. 11: 11).

רֹאשׁ

prop. er name • Page 603

Proper name of a Scythian people, mentioned in connexion with Meshech and Tubal, in the northern parts of Asia Minor (Ezek. 38: 2, 3. 39: 1). The Byzantine writers speak of a rude and savage people about the northern Taurus, called Pōs, (Russians?).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7218

I. רֹאשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 599) noun masculine — head.

Cognates:

• Arabic رأس
• Sabean ראס¹
• Ethiopic ርእስ
• Amharic ራስ
• Assyrian rêšu
• Aramaic רֵישָׁא
• Egyptian Aramaic ראש³
• Palmyrene רשא
• Phoenician ראש, רשׁ
• Moabite רשה

— רֹאשׁ absolute Genesis 3:15 +; construct Genesis 40:20 +; suffix רֹאשִׁי Genesis 40:16 +; plural רָאשִׁים Exodus 18:25 +; construct רָאשֵׁי Hosea 7:13 +; suffix רָאשֵׁינוּ 1 Chronicles 12:19, רָאשֵׁיכֶם Isaiah 29:10 + etc.

1. Literal head of a living being

a. Of a human being (approximately 230 times)

• Genesis 40:16–17
• Judges 5:30 (+ גֶּבֶר per capita)
• Of God, anthropomorphically: Psalm 60:9, Psalm 108:9
• Of an idol: 1 Samuel 5:4
• Personified gates: Psalm 24:7, 9

b. Of animals

• Genesis 3:15 (serpent)
• 2 Kings 6:25 (ass)
• Job 40:31, Psalm 74:14 (Leviathan)
• Animals for sacrifice: Exodus 12:9, Leviticus 1:4 (Priestly Code)
• figurative of status (head and tail): Isaiah 9:13, Deuteronomy 28:13

2. Top, height, or extremity

a. Physical top

• Of a mountain: Genesis 8:5; Exodus 19:20
• Of a hill (גִּבְעָה): Exodus 17:9–10 (Elohist Source)
• Of a tower: Genesis 11:4 (Yahwist Source)
• Of a ladder: Genesis 28:12 (Elohist Source)
• Of a pillar (capital): 1 Kings 7:16
• רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה (top of the corner): Psalm 118:22

b. Height

• Of stars: Job 22:12

3. Chief, leader, or head of a group

a. Chief man

• Judges 10:18; Exodus 18:25 (Elohist Source)
• Of God: 2 Chronicles 13:12

b. Chief city or nation

• Joshua 11:10 (Deuteronomic Code)
• Jeremiah 31:7

c. Chief priest

• הַכֹּהֵן הָרֹאשׁ: 2 Kings 25:18, Ezra 7:5

d. Head of a family (Common in Priestly Code and Chronicles)

• רָאשֵׁי בֵּית אָבוֹת: Exodus 6:14; Numbers 7:2; 1 Chronicles 5:24

4. Front, beginning, or source

a. Leader's place (front)

• Micah 2:13, Amos 6:7

b. Of time: Beginning

• מֵרֹאשׁ (from the beginning): Isaiah 40:21, Proverbs 8:23
• Beginning of months: Exodus 12:2 (Priestly Code)

c. Of things: River-heads

• Genesis 2:10 (Yahwist Source)

5. Choicest or best

• Of spices: Exodus 30:23 (Priestly Code), Song of Solomon 4:14
• רֹאשׁ שִׂמְחָתִי (the choicest of my joy): Psalm 137:6

6. Division of an army

• Judges 7:16, 1 Samuel 11:11, Job 1:17

7. Sum or census

• נָשָׂא אֶת־רֹאשׁ (take the sum/census): Exodus 30:12, Numbers 1:2 (Priestly Code)
• בְּרֹאשׁוֹ (in its sum / in full): Leviticus 5:24

¹ Franz Praetorius, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZDMG), xxix, 1875, p. 425.

² J.H. Mordtmann, Himjarische Inschriften, 1893, p. 31.

³ G.A. Cooke, A Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903, p. 404.

⁴ Paul de Lagarde, Symmicta, i, 1877, p. 113.

⁵ Hugo Winckler, Die Thontafeln von Tell-el-Amarna, 1896, 189, 18.

⁶ Theodor Nöldeke, Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen (GGA), 1884, p. 1019.

Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: κεφαλὴν κεφαλῆσ ἄρχοντεσ κεφαλήν κεφαλὰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7218a:

κεφαλὴν 123× (18.7%)

κεφαλῆσ 55× (8.5%)

ἄρχοντεσ 50× (8.4%)

κεφαλήν 34× (5.2%)

κεφαλὰσ 29× (4.4%)

ἄρχων 21× (3.4%)

κεφαλὴ 19× (2.8%)

ἀρχῆσ 15× (2.3%)

κορυφῆσ 14× (2.0%)

κορυφὴν 13× (2.0%)

ותהי וַתְּהִי

and she is becoming

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person feminine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

עונתם עֲוֹנֹתָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עון

ʻâvôn

Definition

perversity, i.e. (moral) evil

Root

or עוון; (2 Kings 7:9; Psalm 51:5 (H7 (אבד))), from H5753 (עוה);

Exhaustive

or עוון; (2 Kings 7:9; Psalm 51:5 (אבד)), from עוה; perversity, i.e. (moral) evil; fault, iniquity, mischeif, punishment (of iniquity), sin.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5771

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עוֹן

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1066

1. perverseness (comp. Aram. עַוְיָא), hence metaphor. sin, guilt, crime, of a people or race. 2. the oppression, suffering, misfortune, destruction, punishment arising from crime.

Matched via consonantal key only

עִוּן

intransitive verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1065

II. (Not used) Intransitive: to glow, to burn, of the east wind; Ar. غَام to gape, to thirst.

Matched via consonantal key only

עָוּן

intransitive verb • Root עון • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1065

I. (Not used) Intransitive: same as אָוִן I. To breathe, to blow, therefore figuratively: 1. to be empty, transient, null; 2. to be sinful, wicked, false; 3. to be idolatrous, heathenish.

Matched via consonantal key only

עָוּן

intransitive verb • Root עון • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1065

II. (Not used) Intransitive: 1. Properly, to bend, to settle; hence to dwell, to abide (of men and God); to have a lair (of animals); metaphorically, to find protection, refuge. 2. To cohabit, to consummate marriage.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עוּן

verb • Page 496

To dwell. Root of מָעוֹן.

עָוֹן

noun masculine • Root עוה • Page 496

Perverseness, sins; plur. עֲוֹנִים and עֲוֹנוֹת.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5771

I. עָוֺן (עָווֺן) noun masculine^{Isaiah 22:14} — iniquity, guilt, or punishment of iniquity.

— עָוֺן absolute Exodus 21:43 +; עָווֺן 2 Kings 7:9; Psalm 51:7; construct עֲוֺן Genesis 15:16 +; עֲווֺן 1 Chronicles 21:8; suffix עֲוֺנִי Genesis 4:13 + (2 Samuel 16:12 read בְּעָנְיִי), עֲוֺנְךָ Hosea 9:7 +; עֲוֺנֵ֑כִי Psalm 103:3; עֲוֺ֔נָהֿ Numbers 15:31 (GKC¹ § 91e), etc.; plural עֲוֺנוֺת absolute Psalm 130:3 +, construct Job 13:26 +; עַוֺנֹת absolute Psalm 65:4, construct Leviticus 16:21 +; suffix עֲוֺנֹתֶיךָ Isaiah 43:24, עֲוֺנֹתֵיכֶם Numbers 14:34 +, etc.; also עֲוֺנֶיךָ Ezekiel 28:18; עֲוֺנֵינוּ Isaiah 64:6 +, etc. (SS² doubt all these).

1. Iniquity

iniquity, Job 15:5; Job 20:27; Jeremiah 11:10; Jeremiah 14:7; Jeremiah 16:17; Lamentations 2:14; Ezekiel 7:13; (+ חטאת) 1 Samuel 20:1; Job 13:23; Isaiah 5:18; Isaiah 43:24; Isaiah 59:2; Jeremiah 5:25; Jeremiah 16:10; Lamentations 4:6, 13; Daniel 9:16; Hosea 4:8; Hosea 13:12; (+ פשׁע) Job 14:17; Job 31:33; Psalm 107:17; Isaiah 50:1; Isaiah 53:5; (+ אשׁמה) Ezra 9:6, 7, 13; (+ רעה) Job 22:5; Hosea 7:1.

a. Specific phrases

• ע׳ נְעוּרַי Job 13:26 iniquities of my youth
• ע׳ חֶרֶב Job 19:29 iniquities calling for the sword
• ע׳ מְּלִילִי(םׅ Job 31:11, 28 iniquity for (to be punished by) judges
• שְׁתֵּי עֲוֺנֹתָם Hosea 10:10 (so read Vrss Hi and others)
• כשׁל בע׳ stumble by iniquity Hosea 5:5; Hosea 14:2
• מִכְשׁוֺל ע׳ Ezekiel 7:19; Ezekiel 14:3, 4, 7; Ezekiel 18:30; Ezekiel 44:12
• לכל־עון Deuteronomy 19:15
• אשׁתמרה מע׳ 2 Samuel 22:24 = Psalm 18:24
• עָוֺן אֲשֶׁר־חֵטְא Hosea 12:9

b. Iniquity as recognized or confessed

• ידע ע׳ 1 Samuel 3:13; Isaiah 59:12; Jeremiah 3:13; Jeremiah 14:20
• התודה ע׳ Leviticus 16:21; Leviticus 26:40 (twice) (Priests' Code); Nehemiah 9:2
• הגיד ע׳ Psalm 38:19
• לא כסה ע׳ Psalm 32:5
• הזכיר ע׳ Numbers 5:15 (Priests' Code); 1 Kings 17:18; Ezekiel 21:28, 29; Ezekiel 29:16
• יִכָּֽלְמוּ מע׳ Ezekiel 43:10
• שׁוּב מע׳ Daniel 9:13
• השׁיב מע׳ Malachi 2:6

c. Phrases of divine action

• (1) Phrases of punishment: פקד ע׳ על Exodus 20:5 = Deuteronomy 5:9; Exodus 34:7; Numbers 14:18 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 18:25 (Holiness Code); 2 Samuel 3:8; Isaiah 13:11; Isaiah 26:21; Jeremiah 25:12; Jeremiah 36:31; Amos 3:2; פקד ע׳ ב Psalm 89:33; Job 11:6; יסּר על ע׳ Psalm 39:12; שַׁתָּ֯ ע׳ לנגדךָ Psalm 90:8; גמל כע׳ Psalm 103:10; שׁמר ע׳ Psalm 130:3; שׁלּם ע׳ Isaiah 65:7; Jeremiah 16:18; Jeremiah 32:18.
• (2) Of forgiveness or removal: העביר ע׳ 2 Samuel 24:10 = 1 Chronicles 21:8; Job 7:21; Zechariah 3:4; משׁתי ע׳ Zechariah 3:9; סלח לע׳ Exodus 34:9; Numbers 14:19 (Jehovist Source); Psalm 25:11; Psalm 103:3; Jeremiah 31:34; Jeremiah 33:8; נשׂא ע׳ Exodus 34:7; Numbers 14:18; Psalm 32:5; Psalm 85:3; Isaiah 33:24; Hosea 14:3; Micah 7:18; סר ע׳ Isaiah 6:7; יכבושׁ ע׳ Micah 7:19.
• (3) Of covering over: כסה על ע׳ Nehemiah 3:37; כמּר ע׳ Psalm 78:38; Proverbs 16:6; Isaiah 22:14; Isaiah 27:9; Daniel 9:24; כמּר על ע׳ Jeremiah 18:23; יתכמּר ע׳ 1 Samuel 3:14.
• (4) Of cleansing from: כבּס מע׳ Psalm 51:4; מחה ע׳ Psalm 51:11; طهר מע׳ Jeremiah 33:8; Ezekiel 36:33.
• (5) Of imputing or reckoning: חשׁב ע׳ ל 2 Samuel 19:20; Psalm 32:2; זכר ע׳ (לׅ Psalm 79:8; Isaiah 64:8; Jeremiah 14:10; Hosea 8:13; Hosea 9:9; יִזָּכֵר ע׳ Psalm 109:14.
• (6) Other: בקשׁ (ל)ע׳ Job 10:6; Jeremiah 50:20; פדה מע׳ Psalm 130:8 ransom from iniquity.

2. Guilt of iniquity

(not always easy to distinguish from 1; SS give more, Buhl³ fewer, sub 2); — (+ תועבות) Ezekiel 36:31; (+ דם) Isaiah 59:3; (+ חמס) Ezekiel 9:9; ע׳ פעור Joshua 22:17 (Priests' Code); ע׳ סדם Ezekiel 16:49; ע׳ בצעוֺ Isaiah 57:17; שְׁנֵי עונם Ezekiel 4:4; נִכְתָּם עֲוֺנֵךְ לְפָנַי Jeremiah 2:22 the guilt of thine iniquity is marked before me; מצא ע׳ Genesis 44:16 (Elohist Source) Psalm 36:3.

a. Phrases of presence

• ב ע׳ guilt of iniquity upon one Numbers 15:31 (Priests' Code); 1 Samuel 20:8; 2 Samuel 14:32
• לא ע׳ לִי Job 33:9 (+ זַךְ)
• בלי־עון Psalm 59:5 without my guilt

b. Guilt as great or increased

• רֹב עָוֺן Jeremiah 13:22; Jeremiah 30:14, 15; Ezekiel 28:18; Hosea 9:7
• לֹא־שָׁלֵם ע׳ Genesis 15:16 (Jehovist Source)
• ע׳ עָֽבְרוּ ראֹשִׁי Psalm 38:5
• ע׳ עֲקֵבַי יְסוּבֵּנִי Psalm 49:6
• ע׳ הִשִּׂיגוּנִי Psalm 40:13
• ע׳ גברו מני Psalm 65:4
• עַם כֶּבֶד ע׳ Isaiah 1:4
• נלקח בע׳ Ezekiel 33:6

c. As a condition

• בע׳ חוללתי was I brought forth Psalm 51:7
• בע׳ גָּוַע expire Joshua 22:20 (Priests' Code)
• בע׳ מות die Jeremiah 31:30; Ezekiel 3:18, 19; Ezekiel 18:17, 18; Ezekiel 33:8, 9

3. Consequence of, or punishment for, iniquity

(SS include most of these under 2; Buhl thinks this meaning rare, giving only Genesis 4:13; Isaiah 5:18); —

• אִם יִקְּ֯רֵךְ ע׳ בדבר הזה 1 Samuel 28:10 no punishment shall happen unto thee for, etc.
• נשׂא ע׳ bear the punishment for iniquity (of others) Exodus 28:38; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 16:22; Numbers 30:16 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 4:4, 5, 6; Ezekiel 18:19, 20
• (one's own) Exodus 28:43; Leviticus 5:1, 17; Leviticus 7:18; Leviticus 17:16; Leviticus 19:8; Leviticus 20:17, 19; Leviticus 22:16; Numbers 5:31; Numbers 14:34; Numbers 18:1, 23 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 14:10; Ezekiel 44:10, 12
• גדול ע׳ מנשׂוא Genesis 4:13 (Jehovist Source) my punishment is greater than I can bear
• נִרְצָה עֲוֺנָהּ Isaiah 40:2 her punishment is accepted; compare רצה ע׳ Leviticus 26:41, 43 (Holiness Code)
• ומצאנוּ ע׳ 2 Kings 7:9 punishment will overtake us
• תנה ע׳ על ע׳ Psalm 69:28 add punishment to their punishment
• הוא יסבל ע׳ Isaiah 53:11 the consequences of their iniquities he shall bear; compare סָבָ֑לְנוּ ע׳ Lamentations 5:7
• הפגיע בו ע׳ Isaiah 53:6
• נִקָּה מע׳ freed from punishment Numbers 5:31 (Priests' Code); Job 10:14
• בי אני העון 1 Samuel 25:24 on me the punishment; עלי הע׳ 2 Samuel 14:9
• בע׳ with various verbs: Genesis 19:15 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 26:39 (Holiness Code); Psalm 31:11; Psalm 106:43; Jeremiah 51:6; Ezekiel 4:17; Ezekiel 7:16; Ezekiel 24:23; Ezekiel 39:23
• עת ע׳ קץ Ezekiel 21:30; Ezekiel 21:34; Ezekiel 35:5

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Siegfried-Stade's Hebräisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testamente (1893).

³ Frants Buhl, Wilhelm Gesenius' Hebräisches und Aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament.

Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ἀδικίασ ἁμαρτίασ ἀνομίασ ἁμαρτίαν ἀδικίαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5771:

ἀδικίασ 27× (11.9%)

ἁμαρτίασ 26× (10.8%)

ἀνομίασ 23× (8.9%)

ἁμαρτίαν 14× (6.2%)

ἀδικίαν 14× (6.2%)

ἀνομίαν 13× (5.6%)

ἀδικίαισ 10× (3.8%)

ἀδικία 8× (3.7%)

ἀνομία 7× (3.0%)

ἀδικιῶν 6× (2.6%)

על עַל־

upon/against/yoke

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

עצמותם עַצְמוֹתָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עצם

ʻetsem

Definition

a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame

Root

from H6105 (עצם);

Exhaustive

from עצם; a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame; body, bone, [idiom] life, (self-) same, strength, [idiom] very.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6106

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עֶצֶם

noun masculine • Root עצם • Strongs / High • Page 1121

1. The hard, the firm, a pile of wood. 2. Commonly, a bone, often referring to the bone of a dead person.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַצְמוֹת

f. verbal • Root עצם • Page 522

Strong reasons, arguments (Is. 41:21). In Talmud: argumenta valida.

עֶצֶם

m. verbal • Root עצם • Page 522

1. strength (Deut. 8:17, Job 30:21). 2. body, frame (Ps. 139:15).

עֶצֶם

f. verbal from עָצַם • Root עצם • Page 521

1. a bone. Gen. 2:23. 2. body, form, appearance. Lam. 4:7. 3. the same, very, itself, in reference to things; e.g. עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה (the self-same day).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6106

I. עֶ֫צֶם (approximate number of occurrences: 125) noun feminine¹ (with pronoun masculine Ezekiel 37:5, 6 etc., compare Albr²) — bone, substance, self.

— עֶצֶם absolute Genesis 2:23 +; עָ֑צֶם Proverbs 15:30, Proverbs 16:24; construct עֶצֶם Exodus 24:10 +; suffix עַצְמִי Job 19:20 + etc.; plural עֲצָמוֺת 2 Kings 23:16 +; construct עַצְמוֺת Joshua 24:32 +; suffix עַצְמֹתַי Job 4:14 + etc.; also plural עֲצָמִים Ezekiel 24:4 +, suffix עֲצָמַי Genesis 2:23 + etc.

1. Bone

a. Of living person

• Micah 3:2–3 (hyperbole)
• Job 10:11; Job 19:20
• Lamentations 4:8; Psalm 102:6
• Ecclesiastes 11:5 +
• Figurative of close relationship: עֶצֶם מֵעֲצָמַי Genesis 2:23, compare Genesis 29:14 (both Jehovist Source), Judges 9:2; 2 Samuel 5:1 = 1 Chronicles 11:1; 2 Samuel 19:13–14 (+ בָּשָׂר)

b. Body and limbs

• עֶצֶם + בָּשָׂר = body, Job 2:5
• Plural = bodily frame Jeremiah 20:9 (simile)
• Limbs, members, לַעֲצָמֶיהָ Judges 19:29 i.e. limb by limb
• As seat of vigour Job 20:11 etc.

c. As seat of disease and pain (poetry)

• Job 30:17, 30
• (Especially of personified Israel) Psalm 22:15; Psalm 31:11; Psalm 102:4; Lamentations 1:13; Habakkuk 3:16 +

d. Plural as representing entire person

• One's whole being, (especially of personified Israel) Psalm 6:3 ("" נֶפֶשׁ Psalm 6:4), Psalm 35:10 ("" נֶפֶשׁ Psalm 35:9), Isaiah 66:14
• Of individual (including physical and moral) Proverbs 3:8; Proverbs 14:30; Proverbs 15:30; Proverbs 16:24

e. External body (dubious)

• Singular = external body Lamentations 4:7; but dubious, perhaps מְּנִינִים coral or עוֺרָם their skin

f. Of the dead

• Numbers 19:16, 18 (Priests' Code), Ezekiel 37:1 +
• Often (plural) = remains Amos 6:10; Genesis 50:25; Exodus 13:19 (twice in verse); Joshua 24:32 (all Elohist Source) +

2. Bone of animal

• Exodus 12:46; Numbers 9:12 (both Priests' Code)
• Ezekiel 24:4, 5 (symbolic)
• Of (living) hippopotamus Job 40:18

3. Substance, self

Singular substance, self (compare גֶּרֶם 3):

• כְּעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם Exodus 24:10 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), like the substance of the sky = the sky itself
• בְּעֶצֶם תֻּמּוֺ Job 21:23 i.e. full prosperity
• Especially אֶת־עֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 24:2 this selfsame day, בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 24:2; Ezekiel 40:1; Genesis 7:13; Genesis 17:23, 26; Exodus 12:17, 41, 51; Leviticus 23:21, 28, 29, 30; Deuteronomy 32:48; Joshua 5:11 (all Priests' Code)
• עַד־עֶצֶם הַיּוֺם הַזֶּה Ezekiel 2:3; Leviticus 23:14 (Priests' Code), Joshua 10:27 (Redactor Source)

— Ezekiel 24:5a read הָעֵצִים; Ezekiel 24:10 strike out הָעֲצָמוֺת; Job 7:15 read מֵעַצְּבוֺתָ֑י; Psalm 53:6 read perhaps מֵעֲצַת (compare Psalm 14:6); Psalm 69:5 read מֵעַצְמוֺתַי (for ᵑ0 מַצְמִיתַי) ³.

¹ Psalm 35:10.

² Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter," ZAW xvi (1896), 73.

³ Masoretic Text (ᵑ0); Syriac Peshitta (ᵑ6).

Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ὀστᾶ ὀστέοισ ὀστῶν ὀστοῦν ὀστέων

LXX Usage Statistics

H6106:

ὀστᾶ 65× (46.1%)

ὀστέοισ 7× (4.9%)

ὀστῶν 7× (5.0%)

ὀστοῦν 6× (4.8%)

ὀστέων 6× (4.7%)

ἡμέρασ 4× (2.6%)

ταύτῃ 3× (2.2%)

--- 3× (2.6%)

ὀστέα 3× (2.2%)

σήμερον 3× (1.9%)

כי כִּי־

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3588

I. כִּי conjunction — that, for, when.

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician כ
• Aramaic דֵּךְ this¹
• Latin nam

1. That

a. Prefixed to sentences depending on an active verb

Occupying the place of an accusative; after verbs of seeing, knowing, telling, etc.:

• Genesis 1:10 וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי טוֹב (God saw that it was good)
• Genesis 3:6, Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 12:14
• Genesis 14:14, Genesis 22:12 (knowing)
• Genesis 12:18, Genesis 6:6–7 (repenting)
• Genesis 22:16 (swearing)
• Job 36:10, 24 (commanding)
• Psalm 41:12 (after a pronoun)

b. Introducing direct narration

Like the Greek ὅτι recitativum:

• Genesis 21:30
• Genesis 29:33 and she said, כִּי שָׁמַע יְהוָה Yahweh hath heard, etc.
• Exodus 3:12
• Joshua 2:24
• 1 Samuel 10:19 and ye have said to him, כִּי מֶלֶךְ תָּשִׂים עָלֵינוּ

c. Especially after an oath

Introducing the fact sworn to:

• Genesis 42:16 by the life of Pharaoh, כִּי מְרַגְּלִים אַתֶּם
• Numbers 14:22
• 1 Samuel 20:3 as יְהוָה liveth, כִּי כְפֶשַׂע בֵּינִי וּבֵין הַמָּוֶת
• 1 Samuel 14:44 כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה אֱלֹהִים וְכֹה יוֹסִיף כִּי מוֹת תָּמוּת

d. With adverbs and interjections

• אַף כִּי (see אַף)
• הֲכִי is it that...? 2 Samuel 9:1, Genesis 29:15
• אִם לֹא כִּי Deuteronomy 32:30 were it not that...
• כִּי עַתָּה (apodosis) Genesis 31:42, Genesis 43:10

e. Intensive force

Introducing a statement with emphasis: yea, surely, certainly:

• Exodus 18:11
• 1 Samuel 17:25
• Isaiah 32:13
• Lamentations 3:22 (the mercies of יְהוָה, surely they are not consumed)

f. That, expressing consecution

Especially after a question implying surprise or deprecation:

• Genesis 20:9 what have I sinned against thee כִּי הֵבֵאתָ עָלַי that thou hast brought upon me?
• Exodus 3:11 who am I כִּי אֵלֵךְ that I should go?
• Psalm 8:5 what is man כִּי תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ?
• Genesis 40:15 (after a negative)

2. Of time

a. When

• Of the past: Genesis 6:1, Genesis 26:8, 2 Samuel 6:13
• Of the present: Exodus 18:16 כִּי יִהְיֶה לָהֶם דָּבָר when they have a matter
• Of the future: Genesis 4:12 כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת הָאֲדָמָה, Exodus 7:9

b. Approximating to "if"

Representing a case likely to occur (mostly with imperfect):

• Genesis 38:16
• Often in laws: Exodus 21:14, 21:33; Leviticus 1:2

c. Concessive force (though)

• Jeremiah 49:16 כִּי תַגְבִּיהַּ כַּנֶּשֶׁר קִנֶּךָ though thou make high like the vulture thy nest
• Micah 7:8 כִּי נָפַלְתִּי קָמְתִּי though I have fallen, I rise

3. Because, since

a. General causal

• Genesis 3:14 because thou hast done this, cursed art thou
• Genesis 18:20
• In answer to a question: Genesis 27:20, Exodus 1:19

b. Following the causal sentence (for)

• Genesis 2:3 כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת because on it he rested
• Psalm 6:3 heal me כִּי נִבְהֲלוּ עֲצָמָי for my bones are vexed
• Ironical: 1 Kings 18:27 for he is a god

c. Subtle or explicative causal

Justifying a statement by unfolding particulars:

• Isaiah 3:8, Job 6:21
• 2 Samuel 23:5, Isaiah 5:7

d. After a negative (but / sondern)

• Genesis 17:15 not Sarai, כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ but Sarah shall be her name
• Exodus 16:8 not against us... כִּי עַל יְהוָה but against Yahweh
• לֹא כִּי nay, but: Genesis 18:15 לֹא כִּי צָחָקְתְּ

4. Combined with Other Particles

a. כִּי אִם (except, but rather, surely)

• Except: Genesis 32:27 כִּי אִם בֵּרַכְתָּנִי except thou bless me
• But rather: Genesis 15:4, Genesis 32:29
• Surely (after oath): 2 Kings 5:20 כִּי אִם רַצְתִּי surely I will run

b. כִּי עַל כֵּן (forasmuch as / for therefore)

• Genesis 18:5 כִּי עַל כֵּן עֲבַרְתֶּם for therefore are ye come
• Numbers 14:43, Judges 6:22

¹ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W. SG 110 f.).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (Dr).

³ Ewald's Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

חתית חִתִּית

Terrorizer (Chetit)

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חתית

chittîyth

Definition

fear

Root

from H2865 (חתת);

Exhaustive

from חתת; fear; terror.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2851

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חִתִּית

feminine noun • Root חתת • Strongs / High • Page 545

Same as חִתָּה, terror. Cognate with בֶּהָלָה.

חִתִּית

noun feminine • Root חתת • Strongs / High • Page 547

terror. A derivative of חָתַת.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חִתִּית

noun feminine • Root חתת • Page 256

terror.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2851

I. חִתִּית (only Ezekiel) noun feminine — terror.

— חִתִּית absolute Ezekiel 32:23 (but Co reads חִתִּיתָם with ᵐ5 and Ezekiel 32:24; Ezekiel 32:26); construct id. Ezekiel 32:27; suffix חִתִּיתוֹ Ezekiel 32:32 Kt (> חִתִּיתִי Qr); חִתִּיתָם Ezekiel 32:24 (2 times) + Ezekiel 26:17 (read חִתִּיתָהּ, with ᵐ5 Ew Co, see VB), Ezekiel 32:30 (read חַתִּים, see II. חת).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Terror, caused by powerful cities, nations, kings, etc. (usually with suffix object Genitive):

• Ezekiel 26:17 (of Tyre)
• Ezekiel 32:27 (חִתִּית גִּבּוֹרִים, ᵑ6 Co חִתִּית גבור תם)
• Ezekiel 32:30 (חִתִּיתָם, but read חַתִּים, see above)

b. Especially in phrase נָתַן חִתִּית בְּאֶרֶץ חַיִּים cause one's terror (terror of oneself) in the land of the living:

• Ezekiel 32:23
• Ezekiel 32:24
• Ezekiel 32:25 (strike out ᵐ5 Co)
• Ezekiel 32:26
• Ezekiel 32:32

חִתִּית Ezekiel 16:3, 45 see חִתִּי below חֵת above.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: φόβον

LXX Usage Statistics

H2851:

φόβον 5× (56.7%)

גבורים גִּבּוֹרים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

גבור

gibbôwr

Definition

powerful; by implication, warrior, tyrant

Root

or גבר; (shortened) intensive from the same as H1397 (גבר);

Exhaustive

or גבר; (shortened) intensive from the same as גבר; powerful; by implication, warrior, tyrant; champion, chief, [idiom] excel, giant, man, mighty (man, one), strong (man), valiant man.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1368

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גִּבּוֹר

adjective • Root גבר • Strongs / High • Page 295

Strong, powerful, mighty, omnipotent; valiant, heroic, warlike. Used as a substantive for a strong one, a warrior, a hero. Metaphorically, an active, valiant, or upright man. In a bad sense, a violent man.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

גִּבּוֹר

adjective / noun • Root גבר • Page 125

1. strong, mighty. Gen. 10:8. Ps. 112 : 2. Hence spoken of God, Deut. 10: 17. 2. brave, valiant, and substantively a hero. 2 Sam. 17:8. Gen. 10: 9. Frequently in the phrase גִּבּוֹר חַיִל brave hero, mighty man of valour, Judg. 6: 12. 11: 1. 1 Sam. 16: 18. 2 K. 5: 1. 3. one great in substance, a man of wealth. 1 Sam. 9: 1. Ruth 2: 1. 2 K. 15: 20. also an active, enterprising man. 1 K. 11: 28. Neh. 11: 14. 4. particularly, leader of an army. 2 Sam. 23: 8. 1 K. 1: 8. 1 Chr. 29: 24. 2 Chr. 32 : 3. also generally, a leader, chief, 1 Chr. 9: 26. 5. in a bad sense, violent, tyrannical. Ps. 52 : 3. 126: 4.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1368

I. גִּבּוֺר (approximate number of occurrences: 159) adjective and noun masculine — strong, mighty.

Cognates:

• Arabic جَبَّار (one who magnifies himself, behaves proudly, a tyrant, who is bold, audacious)

— גִּבּוֺר Genesis 10:9 (5 times); גִּבֹּר Genesis 10:8 (2 times); suffix גִּבּוֺרָם 1 Samuel 17:51; plural גִּבּוֺרִים Jeremiah 46:9 (27 times); גִּבֹּרִים Joshua 10:2 (21 times); construct גִּבּוֺרֵי 1 Chronicles 11:27 (29 times); גִּבֹּרֵי 1 Chronicles 9:26 (4 times); suffix גִּבּוֺרֶיךָ Hosea 10:13 + (variant reading suffixes 11 times).

1. As an adjective

a. Used of creatures and men

• גִּבּוֺר בַּבְּהֵמָה mightiest among beasts Proverbs 30:30
• אִישׁ גִּבּוֺר 1 Samuel 14:52
• גִּבּוֺר בָּאָרֶץ Psalm 112:2
• גִּבּוֺר צַיִד mighty in hunting Genesis 10:9 (Yahwist Source)
• מֶלֶךְ גִּבּוֹר Daniel 11:3

b. Used of God or the Messiah

• אֵל גִּבּוֹר the Messiah Isaiah 9:5
• As attribute of God (especially as fighting for his people): Psalm 24:8 (twice); Deuteronomy 10:17; Nehemiah 9:32; Isaiah 10:21; Jeremiah 32:18

2. As a noun masculine

a. Strong, valiant man

• Joshua 10:2 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 6:4
• Genesis 10:8 (Yahwist Source)
• Judges 5:13, 23
• 1 Samuel 2:4 (16 times)
• 1 Kings 1:8, 10
• 2 Kings 24:16
• 1 Chronicles 1:10 (11 times)
• Ezra 7:28; Job 16:14
• Psalm 19:6; 33:16; 45:4; 52:3; 78:65; 89:20; 120:4; 127:4
• Proverbs 16:32; 21:22
• Song of Solomon 3:7 (twice); 4:4
• Ecclesiastes 9:11
• Isaiah 3:2; 13:3; 21:17; 42:13; 49:24–25
• Jeremiah 5:16 (17 times)
• Ezekiel 32:12 (5 times)
• Hosea 10:13
• Joel 2:7; 4:9–11
• Amos 2:14, 16; Obadiah 9
• Nahum 2:4; Zephaniah 1:14; 3:17
• Zechariah 9:13; 10:5, 7

b. Common phrases

• גִּבּוֹר חַיִל mighty man of valour Judges 6:12; 11:1; 1 Samuel 9:1; 16:18; 1 Kings 11:28; 2 Kings 5:1; 1 Chronicles 12:28; 28:1; 2 Chronicles 13:3; 17:16–17; 25:6; 32:21
• אִישׁ גִּבּוֹר חַיִל Ruth 2:1
• גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחַיִל Joshua 1:14 (Deuteronomist Source); 6:2; 10:7 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); 2 Kings 15:20; 24:14
• אִישׁ גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחַיִל Joshua 8:3
• גִּבּוֹרֵי חַיִל 1 Chronicles 5:24 (14 times); Nehemiah 11:14
• גִּבּוֹרֵי חֲיָלִים 1 Chronicles 7:5, 7, 11, 40
• גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחֲיָלִים 1 Chronicles 11:26
• גִּבּוֹרֵי כֹחַ Psalm 103:20
• גִּבּוֹרֵי מִלְחָמָה 2 Chronicles 13:3
• גִּבּוֹרֵי הַשּׁוֹעֲרִים 1 Chronicles 9:26
• בֵּית הַגִּבּוֹרִים Nehemiah 3:16
• (הַ)צָּבָא הַגִּבּוֹרִים 2 Samuel 10:7; 1 Chronicles 19:8
• רָאשֵׁי הַגִּבּוֹרִים 1 Chronicles 11:10
• גִּבּוֹרִים לִשְׁתּוֹת valiant to drink Isaiah 5:22

¹ Yahwist Source.

² Elohist Source.

³ Deuteronomist Source.

⁴ Jehovist-Elohist Source.

⁵ Klostermann, August. Die Bücher Samuelis und der Könige (1887).

Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: δυνατοὶ δυνατὸσ ἰσχυροὶ δυνατῶν γίγασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1368:

δυνατοὶ 19× (11.6%)

δυνατὸσ 15× (9.3%)

ἰσχυροὶ 12× (7.5%)

δυνατῶν 12× (6.5%)

γίγασ 6× (3.6%)

δυνατοῖσ 6× (3.3%)

ὡσ 6× (3.7%)

μαχηταὶ 5× (2.7%)

δυνατοὺσ 5× (2.9%)

δυνατὸν 4× (2.6%)

בארץ בְּאֶרֶץ

in the Earthly One

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ארץ

ʼerets

Definition

the earth (at large, or partitively a land)

Root

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm;

Exhaustive

from an unused root probably meaning to be firm; the earth (at large, or partitively a land); [idiom] common, country, earth, field, ground, land, [idiom] natins, way, [phrase] wilderness, world.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H776

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

(Not used) To be hard, firm, dense. (Root of the following noun)

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 193

Earth, as firm land i.e. a dense firm mass, in opposition to water. Includes meanings: a) the earth in opposition to heaven; b) earth as an element/material; c) the ground; d) piece of land/field; e) land of habitation or fatherland.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶרֶץ

noun masculine • Page 73

Earth, land. (masc. rarely, Gen. 13: 6; Is. 9: 18).

אֶרֶץ

noun feminine • Page 74

1. earth; also inhabitants of the earth, Gen. 6:11. 11:1. 2. land; e.g. אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם the land of Egypt. Sometimes Palestine, Joel 1:2. 3. jurisdiction of a city. Josh. 8:1. Plur. אֲרָצוֹת lands.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H776

I. אֶרֶץ (approximate number of occurrences: 2407) noun feminine Genesis 10:11 & (seldom) masculine Genesis 13:16 — earth, land.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אֶרֶץ
• Assyrian irṣitu (compare COT Glossary)
• Arabic أرض
• Sabean אֶרֶץ (for example, Osiris 9, DHM ZMG 1875, 594, 614; Semitic Sprachforschung 12, compare Prä BAS i. 374 note)
• Aramaic אַרְעָא, ܐܪܥܐ

— אֶרֶץ absolute Genesis 1:24 +; construct Genesis 2:11 +; אָרֶץ Genesis 1:10 +; with article always הָאָרֶץ Genesis 1:11 +; with הָ locative אַרְצָה Genesis 11:31 +, (this form also in poetry = אֶרֶץ Job 34:13 +); suffix אַרְצִי Job 20:15 +; (אַרְצֶנּוּ) אַרְצְכֶם Job 12:1 +, etc.; plural אֲרָצוֹת Jeremiah 28:8 (65 times); construct אַרְצוֹת Ezekiel 39:27 (6 times); suffix אַרְצֹתָם Genesis 10:5 (2 times).

1. Forms and Grammatical Notes

• Absolute: אֶרֶץ — Genesis 1:24 +
• Construct: אַרְצֵי — Genesis 2:11 +
• With article: הָאָרֶץ — Genesis 1:11 +
• Locative: אַרְצָה — Genesis 11:31 + (also in poetry equivalent to אֶרֶץ Job 34:13 +)
• Suffix forms:
  • אַרְצִי — Job 20:15 +
  • אַרְצְכֶם — Job 12:1 +
• Plural:
  • Absolute: אֲרָצוֹת — Jeremiah 28:8 (65 times)
  • Construct: אַרְצוֹת — Ezekiel 39:27 (6 times)
  • Suffix: אַרְצֹתָם — Genesis 10:5 (2 times)

2. Meanings and Uses

a. Earth (whole earth, opposed to a part)

• Genesis 18:18, Genesis 18:25
• Genesis 22:18 (= הָאֲדָמָה Genesis 12:3)
• Jeremiah 25:26, Jeremiah 25:29, Jeremiah 25:30
• Jeremiah 26:6
• Isaiah 37:16, Isaiah 37:20 = 2 Kings 19:15
• 2 Kings 19:19
• Zechariah 4:10, Zechariah 4:14 +

b. Earth, opposed to heaven or sky

• Genesis 1:2
• Exodus 20:4
• Deuteronomy 5:8
• Deuteronomy 30:19
• Judges 5:4
• Lamentations 2:1
• Isaiah 37:16 = 2 Kings 19:15
• Psalm 146:6
• 1 Chronicles 21:16
• 1 Chronicles 29:11
• 2 Chronicles 2:11 +
• As permanent: Ecclesiastes 1:4
• Built on foundations or pillars: 1 Samuel 2:8; Psalm 104:5; Job 38:4; Isaiah 48:13; Isaiah 51:13, Isaiah 51:16
• Compare also: Isaiah 24:18; Psalm 82:5
• Firm, shaking as terrible: 1 Samuel 14:4; 2 Samuel 22:8 = Psalm 18:8; Job 9:6; compare Psalm 46:2 & Psalm 46:6
• Also: Amos 8:8; Isaiah 2:19, Isaiah 2:21; Isaiah 24:18, Isaiah 24:19, Isaiah 24:20; Psalm 60:4; Psalm 77:19; Psalm 99:1; Psalm 114:7
• Hung on nothing: Job 26:7
• With waters under it: Exodus 20:4 = Deuteronomy 5:8; compare Genesis 7:11
• Personified, addressed: Deuteronomy 32:1; Jeremiah 6:19; Jeremiah 22:29; Isaiah 1:2; Micah 1:2; Job 16:18

c. Earth = inhabitants of earth

• Genesis 6:11
• 1 Kings 2:2
• 1 Kings 10:24
• Psalm 33:8
• Psalm 66:4
• תְּהִלַּת כָּל הָאָרֶץ Proverbs 8:31
• Job 37:12

2. Land (country, territory)

• a. Country, territory: שִׁנְעַר הָאָרֶץ Genesis 10:10; מִצְרַיִם הָאָרֶץ Genesis 21:21; compare also Genesis 10:11; Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31; Genesis 13:10; Genesis 47:6, Genesis 47:27; Genesis 50:8; Isaiah 7:18; Isaiah 23:1; Isaiah 23:13; Isaiah 27:13; Psalm 78:12; Jeremiah 25:20; 1 Chronicles 1:43; personified Isaiah 62:4; Ecclesiastes 10:16, Ecclesiastes 10:17
• b. District, region: Genesis 19:28; Genesis 22:2; Joshua 11:3; Psalm 42:7
• c. Tribal territory: Deuteronomy 34:2; Judges 21:21; 1 Samuel 9:4, 1 Samuel 9:16; 1 Samuel 13:7; 1 Kings 15:20; Isaiah 8:23; and smaller territories 1 Samuel 9:4, 1 Samuel 9:5
• d. Piece of ground: Genesis 23:15
• e. Specifically land of Canaan or Israel: Genesis 11:31; Genesis 12:1; Genesis 12:5; Genesis 12:6; Genesis 12:7; Genesis 31:3; Exodus 14:34; Deuteronomy 17:14; Deuteronomy 18:9; 2 Kings 5:2, 2 Kings 5:4 +; especially object of יָרַשׁ possess Deuteronomy 3:20 (Deuteronomy, Psalms and elsewhere); so after נָחַל Joshua 19:49 +; נָתַן Deuteronomy 1:21 +
• f. = Inhabitants of land: Leviticus 19:29; Ezekiel 14:13; Deuteronomy 24:4; Zechariah 12:12 etc.
• g. Used of Sheol: Job 10:21, Job 10:22 (compare Assyrian irṣit la târat, land without return, in Descent of Ishtar, see Jeremiah 10:65); see also Psalm 139:15; Isaiah 44:23

3. Ground, surface of ground = אֲדָמָה

• Genesis 1:26, Genesis 1:30
• Genesis 18:2
• Genesis 33:3
• Genesis 38:9
• Exodus 4:3
• Exodus 16:4
• Ruth 2:10
• 1 Samuel 5:4 + very often in Samuel

4. Soil, as productive = אֲדָמָה

• Genesis 1:11, Genesis 1:12
• Leviticus 19:9
• Leviticus 25:9
• Leviticus 26:4; compare Numbers 14:7, Numbers 14:8
• Isaiah 36:7 = 2 Kings 18:32
• Psalm 72:6
• Psalm 72:16
• Psalm 107:34
• Psalm 107:35
• Ezra 9:12
• Nehemiah 9:35

5. Phrases

• a. People of the land: עַם הָאָרֶץ of non-Israelites Genesis 23:7, Genesis 23:12, Genesis 23:13 (P) Numbers 14:9 (JE); as well as Israel Leviticus 20:4 (H) 2 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 16:15; 2 Kings 21:24 (twice in verse); especially common people, opposed to officials, princes Leviticus 4:27 (P) Ezekiel 7:27; 2 Kings 11:18, 2 Kings 11:19
• b. In measurements of distance: כִּבְרַת הָאָרֶץ the space or distance of country (see כִּבְרָה) Genesis 35:16, so כִּבְרַת אֶרֶץ some distance Genesis 48:7; 2 Kings 5:19
• c. Country of the plain: אֶרֶץ הַמִּישׁוֹר Deuteronomy 4:33; Jeremiah 48:21; מִישׁוֹר הָאָרֶץ figurative Psalm 143:10 (but read אֹרַח according to Bi, Gr, Che, compare Psalm 27:11)
• d. Land of the living: חַיִּים הָאָרֶץ Psalm 27:13; הַחַיִּים הָאָרֶץ Psalm 142:6
• e. Ends of the earth: קְצֵה הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 42:10; Isaiah 43:6 (|| רָחוֹק) Psalm 135:7; Proverbs 17:24, so אַפְסֵי אֶרֶץ Proverbs 30:4 +; קְצוֹת הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 40:28; Isaiah 41:5, Isaiah 41:9

6. Plural אֲרָצוֹת

The plural אֲרָצוֹת is almost wholly late, Jeremiah 16:15 (6 times Jeremiah); 23 times Ezekiel; Isaiah 36:20; Isaiah 37:11 = 2 Kings 18:35; 2 Kings 19:11 (Isaiah 37:18 read הַגּוֹיִם see Che Di & compare 2 Kings 19:17); 22 times Chronicles; Daniel 9:7; Daniel 11:40, Daniel 11:42; Psalm 105:44; Psalm 106:27; Psalm 107:3; Psalm 116:9; besides these only P Genesis 10:5, Genesis 10:20, Genesis 10:31; Leviticus 26:36, Leviticus 26:39, except Genesis 26:3, Genesis 26:4 (J R) Genesis 41:54 (JE); it denotes lands, countries, often in contrast to Canaan, lands of the nations, etc., see especially absolute Ezekiel 20:32; Ezekiel 22:4; = the various petty divisions of Canaan afterward united under Israel's control Genesis 26:3, Genesis 26:4, compare 1 Chronicles 13:2 אַרְצוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל, 2 Chronicles 11:23 אַרְצוֹת יְהוּדָה.

¹ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

² || Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

³ t. times (following a number).

⁴ + Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

⁵ ? Sign of doubt.

⁶ J Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ P Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁸ JE Jehovist-Elohist Source.

⁹ H Holiness Code.

¹⁰ R Redactor.

¹¹ Bi G. Bickell.

¹² Gr G. Gesenius.

¹³ Che T. K. Cheyne.

¹⁴ Di A. Dillmann.

¹⁵ DHM D. H. Müller.

¹⁶ ZMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.

¹⁷ BAS Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft.

¹⁸ COT Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0776:

No stats available

חיים חַיִּים׃

living ones

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חי

chay

Definition

alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively

Root

from H2421 (חיה);

Exhaustive

from חיה; alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively; [phrase] age, alive, appetite, (wild) beast, company, congregation, life(-time), live(-ly), living (creature, thing), maintenance, [phrase] merry, multitude, [phrase] (be) old, quick, raw, running, springing, troop.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2416

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חַי

noun masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

I. (abridged from חָיָה) 1. abstract: the power of life, life, vital energy; health as a salutation. 2. concrete: a living one, living thing, remaining, enduring. 3. thorn-bush, thorn-copse. 4. race, tribe, people, family.

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

II. (properly a participle of חָיָה) 1. living. 2. living again, reviving, becoming young again.

חַי

substantive • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

As a substantive: a living person or thing; living, i.e. living men; the earth inhabited by men.

חַי

aramaic adj. and subst. m. (aramaic) • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

Aramaic adjective and substantive for 'living'.

חַי

noun / masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

An abridged form from חַיָּה; life, state, existence.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Page 224

1. as an adj. living, lively. Gen. 3: 20. 2. fresh, flowing, spoken of water. Gen. 26: 19. 3. raw, fresh, spoken of flesh. 1 Sam. 2: 15. 4. reviving, living again. Gen. 18: 10. 5. as a subst. life. Lev. 25: 36. Often used in formulas of swearing (e.g., as Jehovah liveth).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2416

I. חַי adjective — alive, living.

— חַי Genesis 25:6 +; חָ֑י Genesis 3:20 +, חֵי Amos 8:14 (15 times) (Ewald¹ explains as construct, but Gesenius² and others as contracted absolute); feminine חַיָּה Genesis 1:20 +; plural חַיִּים Psalm 116:9 +.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Of God

As the living one, the fountain of life:

• אֵל חַי Joshua 3:10 (Jehovist Source), Hosea 2:1; Psalm 42:3; Psalm 84:3
• אלהים חי 2 Kings 19:4, 16 = Isaiah 37:4, 17
• אלהים חיים Deuteronomy 5:23; 1 Samuel 17:26, 36; Jeremiah 10:10; Jeremiah 23:36
• חי יהוה Yahweh is living Psalm 18:47 = 2 Samuel 22:47
• The formula of the oath is חַי יהוה Judges 8:19; Ruth 3:13; 1 Samuel 14:39, 45; 1 Samuel 19:6; 1 Samuel 20:21; 1 Samuel 25:34; 1 Samuel 26:10, 16; 1 Samuel 28:10; 1 Samuel 29:6; 2 Samuel 4:9; 2 Samuel 12:5; 2 Samuel 14:11; 2 Samuel 15:21; 1 Kings 1:29; 1 Kings 2:24; 1 Kings 17:1, 12; 1 Kings 18:10; 1 Kings 22:14; 2 Chronicles 18:13; 2 Kings 5:16, 20; Hosea 4:15; Jeremiah 4:2; Jeremiah 5:2; Jeremiah 12:16; Jeremiah 16:14–15; Jeremiah 23:7–8; Jeremiah 38:16
• Used by God Himself: חי אנכי Deuteronomy 32:40; חי אני Numbers 14:21, 28 (Priests' Code); Isaiah 49:18; Jeremiah 22:24; Jeremiah 46:18; Ezekiel 5:11; Ezekiel 14:16, 18, 20; Ezekiel 16:48; Ezekiel 17:16, 19; Ezekiel 18:3; Ezekiel 20:3, 31, 33; Ezekiel 33:11, 27; Ezekiel 34:8; Ezekiel 35:6, 11; Zephaniah 2:9
• בְּחֵי הָעֹולָם by him who liveth for ever Daniel 12:7

b. Of man

• אָדָם חַי a living man Lamentations 3:39; חי חי Isaiah 38:19
• הַחַי collective Ecclesiastes 7:2
• Usually plural חיים alive, living Numbers 16:30, 33 (Jehovist Source); Numbers 17:13 (Priests' Code); Deuteronomy 4:4; Psalm 55:16; Proverbs 1:12
• אֶרֶץ הַחַיִים land of the living Isaiah 38:11; Jeremiah 11:19; Psalm 27:13
• In the oath by life of men חֵי is pointed always חֵי: חֵי אדני המלך 2 Samuel 15:21; חֵי פרעה Genesis 42:15–16 (Elohist Source); חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26

c. Of animals

• Ox Exodus 21:35; Goat Leviticus 16:10 (Priests' Code)
• לְכֶלֶב חַי הוּא טוֺב מִן הָאַרְיֵה הַמֵּת Ecclesiastes 9:4 (compare Arabic proverb Kelb ḥei wa-lâ meijit)
• בשׂר חי living, raw flesh Leviticus 13:10; 1 Samuel 2:15

d. Animals and man, phrases for either or both

• כל ח Genesis 3:20; Genesis 8:21 (Jehovist Source); Job 12:10; Psalm 145:16
• נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה Genesis 1:20, 24 (Priests' Code); Genesis 2:7, 19 (Jehovist Source)

e. Of vegetation and water

• (Dubious) Of vegetation, as thorns, green Psalm 58:10
• feminine Of water, flowing, fresh: מים חיים Genesis 26:19 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 14:5; Jeremiah 2:13; Zechariah 14:8

2. (Dubious) Lively, active

• אישׁ חַי an active man 2 Samuel 23:20 (but Qere אישׁ חַיִל preferred)
• איבי חיים mine enemies are lively Psalm 38:20

3. Reviving

• כָּעֵת חַיָּה at the time of reviving, the spring Genesis 18:10, 14 (Jehovist Source); 2 Kings 4:16–17

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II. [חַי] noun masculine — kinsfolk.

Cognates:

• Arabic حي a group of families united by vital ties (Robertson Smith³)

— plural suffix חַיַּי 1 Samuel 18:18, incorrectly pointed with interpretation my life, but read חַיִּי my kinsfolk.

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I. חַיָּה noun feminine — living thing, animal.

— חַיָּה Genesis 8:17 +; construct חַיַּת Isaiah 57:10 +; old case ending (poetic) חַיְתוֺ Genesis 1:24; Psalm 50:10; plural חַיּוֺת Leviticus 14:4.

1. animal, as living, active being
   • a. In general: Genesis 8:17; Leviticus 11:2; Isaiah 46:1
   • b. Wild animals: רעה חַיָּה evil beast Genesis 37:20 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); הארץ חַיָּה Genesis 1:25; השׂדה חַיָּה Exodus 23:11; 2 Kings 14:9
   • c. Living beings: of the cherubic chariot Ezekiel 1:5, 13; Ezekiel 10:15
2. life (late poetry): Psalm 143:3; Job 33:18, 20
3. appetite: חית כפרים appetite of young lions Job 38:39
4. revival, renewal: Isaiah 57:10

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II. חַיָּה noun feminine — community.

— וְחַיַּת מְּלִשְׁתִּים חֹנָה and a community of Philistines... was encamping 2 Samuel 23:13.

Note: Several other passages are dubious, such as 2 Samuel 23:11 (read לֶ֫חְיָה to Lehi) and Psalm 68:11.

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חַיִּים noun masculine Deuteronomy 28:66 — plural abstract life.

— חַיִּים Genesis 2:7 +; חַיִּין Job 24:22 (Aramaism); construct חַיֵּי Genesis 23:1 +; suffix חַיַּי Genesis 47:9 +.

1. physical life: Genesis 27:46; Exodus 1:14; Isaiah 38:12; שְׁנֵי חַיֵּי years of the life of 2 Samuel 19:35; יְמֵי חַיִּים Ecclesiastes 2:3; רוּחַ חַיִּים Genesis 6:17.
2. life as welfare and happiness: Proverbs 16:15; Deuteronomy 30:6; Psalm 30:6; עֵץ הַחַיִּים tree of life Genesis 2:9; Proverbs 3:18; אֹרַח חַיִּים Psalm 16:11.
3. sustenance, maintenance: Proverbs 27:27.

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Aramaic

I. חַי adjective — living.

1. Of God: חַי Daniel 4:31; emphatic חַיָא Daniel 6:21.
2. Plural as abstract noun life: חַיִּין Daniel 7:12; construct חַיֵּי Ezra 6:10.

II. חֵיוָא, חֵיוָה noun feminine — beast.

— absolute Daniel 4:13; emphatic חֵיוְתָא Daniel 7:6; construct חֵיוַת בָּרָא Daniel 2:38; plural חֵיוָן Daniel 7:3.

¹ Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch (GKC).

³ W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (RS).

Adjective adjective masculine plural absolute

LXX: ζωῆσ ζῇ θηρία ζῶ ζῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2416a:

ζωῆσ 82× (15.7%)

ζῇ 65× (13.1%)

θηρία 44× (7.8%)

ζῶ 23× (4.7%)

ζῶν 21× (3.9%)

'' 21× (3.7%)

ζῶντα 17× (3.4%)

θηρίοισ 17× (2.8%)

ζωὴν 15× (2.6%)

ζώντων 12× (2.3%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And they shall not lie with the strong fallen of the uncircumcised, who went down to hades with the weapons of their war: and they will give their swords under their heads, and their iniquities shall be upon their bones for the terror of the strong in the land of the living.

LITV Translation:
And they shall not lie with the mighty of the uncircumcised who are fallen, who have gone down to Sheol with their weapons of war. And they have put their swords under their heads, but their iniquities shall be on their bones, though the terror of the mighty was in the land of the living.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And they are laid with the giants that fell of old, who went down to Hades with their weapons of war: and they laid their swords under their heads, but their iniquities were upon their bones, because they terrified all men during their life.