Ezekiel 32:13

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

והאבדתי וְהַאֲבַדְתִּי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אבד

ʼâbad

Definition

properly, to wander away, i.e. lose oneself; by implication to perish (causative, destroy)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to wander away, i.e. lose oneself; by implication to perish (causative, destroy); break, destroy(-uction), [phrase] not escape, fail, lose, (cause to, make) perish, spend, [idiom] and surely, take, be undone, [idiom] utterly, be void of, have no way to flee.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָבַד

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 45

intr. properly: to be isolated, forsaken; hence 1. to wander about, 2. to be lost, to disappear, to cease, 3. to perish, 4. To lose something

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֹבַד

m. verbal • Root אבד • Page 18

Ruin, destruction (Num. 24: 20, 24). Signification is abstract.

אָבַד

verb • Page 18

To perish, wander, stray. Specifically used of cattle (Ps. 119: 176), exiles (Is. 27: 13), and a wandering Syrian (Deut. 26: 5). Includes sub-meanings: 3. to perish (Joel 1: 11, Job 4: 11) and 4. to be unfortunate or forsaken (Job 29: 13). Piel (Pi.) means to lose, cause to fail, or pervert understanding. Hiphil (Hiph.) means to destroy or lead astray. Chaldee form used for 'to perish'.

אָבַד

verb • Root אבד • Page 17

To be lost, to fail, to perish, or to go astray. Used in reference to persons, things (like a law or wisdom), and the heart/understanding. Core references: 1 Sam. 9:3, Deut. 22:3, Job 11:20, Jer. 25:35, Ps. 142:5, Ezek. 7:26, etc.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6

I. אָבַד (approximate number of occurrences: frequent) verb — perish¹.

Cognates:

• Mishnaic Hebrew אָבַד
• Assyrian abâtu (Friedrich Delitzsch², Assyrian Dictionary 184)
• Aramaic אֲבַד
• Syriac ܐܒܕ

Qal

Perfect אָבַד Numbers 21:30 +; אָבְדוּ Psalm 10:16 + (+ Ezekiel 6:3 strike out idem Cornill); Imperfect יֵאָבַד Job 3:3; Jeremiah 4:9; יֵאָבֵד Job 20:7 (2 times); 3 feminine singular תֵּאָבַד Deuteronomy 22:3 (4 times); תֵּאָבֵד Job 8:13 (3 times); יֵאָבְדוּ Judges 5:31 (3 times); יֵאָבֵדוּ Job 4:9 +; 3 feminine plural וַתֵּאָבַדְנָה 1 Samuel 9:3; תֵּאָבֵדוּן Deuteronomy 4:26 +; נֵאָבֵד Jonah 1:6; Jonah 3:9; נֵאָבְדָה Jonah 1:14, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָבֵד Deuteronomy 4:26 (2 times); construct אֲבֹד Deuteronomy 7:20; Proverbs 11:10; אֲבֹדְךָ Deuteronomy 28:20; אָבְדֶךָ Deuteronomy 28:22; אֲבֹדְכֶם Joshua 23:13; אָבְדָם Obadiah 12; Proverbs 28:28; Participle אֹבֵד Deuteronomy 26:5 + (7 times); construct אֹבֵד Deuteronomy 32:28 (before עַז? see Dillmann, Böttcher § 378); etc.

1. perish, die, of individuals (mostly late) Numbers 17:27 (parallel נוּעַ & (verse 28) מֵת, (also Deuteronomy 26:5? compare below) Jonah 1:6, Jonah 1:14; Job 31:19; compare Job 29:13; Proverbs 31:6; Esther 4:14, Esther 4:16 (twice in verse); Micah 4:9; Jeremiah 40:15 compare Isaiah 57:1; Proverbs 11:10; Proverbs 28:28; Ecclesiastes 7:15; Psalm 119:92; emphasis on mortality Job 4:20; Psalm 146:4; Ecclesiastes 9:6; Saul & Jonathan, under figure of weapons 2 Samuel 1:27; lion Job 4:11; caravan Job 6:18 (compare Dillmann); compare מִנְּהָאָרֶץ חָסִיד אָבַד Micah 7:2, מֶלֶח מַעֲזָה אָבַד וְאָבַד Zechariah 9:5;
2. perish, be exterminated (judgment for sin), of Israel Leviticus 26:38; Deuteronomy 8:19 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 8:20; Deuteronomy 28:20; Deuteronomy 28:22; Deuteronomy 30:18 (twice in verse); Jeremiah 27:10, Jeremiah 27:15; compare Jeremiah 6:21; Obadiah 12; compare Psalm 80:17; Isaiah 27:13; other nations Deuteronomy 7:20; Jeremiah 10:15; Jeremiah 51:18; Psalm 2:12; Psalm 10:16; Psalm 83:18; compare Psalm 9:4; Amos 1:8; Isaiah 41:11; Isaiah 60:12 compare Jonah 3:9 see also Exodus 10:7; Numbers 21:29, Numbers 21:30 (Jehovist, Elohist); Jeremiah 48:46; house of Ahab 2 Kings 9:8; wicked in general Judges 5:31; Job 4:9 compare Job 4:7, Psalm 37:20; Psalm 49:11; Psalm 68:3 (parallel simile of melting wax), Psalm 73:27; Psalm 92:10; also Proverbs 19:9; Proverbs 21:18; כִּי לֹא נָצַח אָבַד Job 20:7; compare כִּי דֶּרֶךְ רְשָׁעִים אָבַד Psalm 1:6; followed by מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ (of annihilation of Israel) Deuteronomy 4:26 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 11:17; Joshua 23:13, Joshua 23:16 (Deuteronomistic); followed by מִתּוֹךְ הַקָּהָל (of Korah's company) Numbers 16:33 (Jehovist, Elohist);
3. perish, be ruined, destroyed, of inanimate things, e.g. land Jeremiah 9:11 (parallel נִצְּתָה כַּמִּדְבָּר compare Jeremiah 48:8; harvest Joel 1:11; Jonah's gourd Jonah 4:10; riches Jeremiah 48:36; Ecclesiastes 5:13; vessel Psalm 31:13; houses Amos 3:15 (so often Assyrian, Delitzsch); city Ezekiel 26:17 (but strike out idem Cornill); compare bamoth Ezekiel 6:3 strike out idem Cornill; heavens & earth Psalm 102:27.
4. figurative perish, vanish, subject memory Job 18:17; Psalm 9:7; name Psalm 41:6 (i.e. be forgotten); vigour Job 30:2; wisdom Isaiah 29:14; compare אֹבֵד עֲצוֹת Deuteronomy 32:28; אֲמוּנָה Jeremiah 7:28 (parallel נִכְרְתָה); חָזוֹן Ezekiel 12:22; יוֹם Job 3:3 (i.e. be blotted out); לֵב Jeremiah 4:9 (i.e. courage fail); תִּקְוָה Psalm 9:19; Proverbs 10:28; Proverbs 11:7; Ezekiel 19:5; Ezekiel 37:11; Job 8:13; so תַּאֲוָה Psalm 112:10 (i.e. comes to naught); תּוֹחֶלֶת Proverbs 11:7, followed by מִן + agent Lamentations 3:18; עֲצָה + תּוֹרָה followed by מֵן + persons negligent Jeremiah 18:18; Ezekiel 7:26, compare Jeremiah 49:7; especially מָנוֹס מִן אָבַד (i.e. they could not escape) Amos 2:14; Jeremiah 25:35; Job 11:20; Psalm 142:5.
5. be lost, strayed, asses 1 Samuel 9:3, 1 Samuel 9:20; sheep Jeremiah 50:6; Ezekiel 34:4, Ezekiel 34:16; Psalm 119:176 (figurative of erring men); perhaps Deuteronomy 26:5.

Pi'el

Causative of Qal. — Perfect אִבֵּד 2 Kings 21:3 (2 times); suffix וְאִבַּדְךָ Cornill Ezekiel 28:16 compare below; אִבַּדְתִּי Jeremiah 15:7; וְאִבַּדְתִּי Ezekiel 6:3 (strike out idem Cornill וְאָבְדוּ) etc.; Imperfect יְאַבֵּד Ecclesiastes 9:18; וְיַאַבֵּד Ecclesiastes 7:7; Zephaniah 2:13; 1 singular suffix וָאַבֵּדְךָ Ezekiel 28:16 (for וָאֲאַבֵּד Ewald § 72 c, Olshausen § 79 a, König I:338, Gesenius § 68 fin; but Cornill 3 masculine singular; see also Cornill Ezekiel 38:14); תְּאַבְּדוּן Deuteronomy 12:2 etc.; Infinitive absolute אַבֵּד Deuteronomy 12:2 (3 times); construct idem Ezekiel 22:27 + etc.; Participle מְאַבְּדִים Jeremiah 23:1.

1. cause to perish, destroy, kill, object person (mostly late) 2 Kings 11:1; Esther 3:9; Esther 4:7; Esther 8:5; Esther 9:24; parallel הָרַג Esther 9:6, Esther 9:12; parallel הָרַג + הַשְּׁמִיד Esther 3:13; Esther 7:4; Esther 8:11; parallel הָמִית Esther 9:24; compare Psalm 119:95; object נְפָשׁוֹת Ezekiel 22:17 (strike out idem Cornill); in judgment, subject יְהוָה Psalm 5:7; compare Proverbs 1:32; followed by מִתּוֹךְ Ezekiel 28:16; object a people 2 Kings 13:7; 2 Kings 19:18 = Isaiah 37:19; Job 12:13; in judgment Deuteronomy 11:4; Jeremiah 12:17; Zephaniah 2:13; Psalm 9:6; compare Psalm 21:11; object inanimate things especially idols, bamoth etc., Numbers 33:52 (twice in verse); (Jehovist) Deuteronomy 12:2 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 21:3; Ezekiel 6:3 (but compare strike out idem Cornill above); bars of Zion Lamentations 2:9 (parallel שִּׁבַּר).
2. figurative cause to vanish, blot out, do away with names of idols Deuteronomy 12:3; voice of Babylon Jeremiah 51:55; memory of dead Isaiah 26:14; substance Proverbs 29:3; understanding Ecclesiastes 7:7; good (טוֹבָה quod vide) Ecclesiastes 9:18.
3. cause to stray, lose; object Israel under figure of flock Jeremiah 23:1 (parallel הָפִיץ); absolute Ecclesiastes 3:6 (parallel בִּקֵּשׁ).

Hiph'il

Perfect וְהֵאֱבִיד Numbers 24:19; הֵאֱבַדְתָּ Job 14:19 etc.; Imperfect אֹבִידָה Jeremiah 46:8 (Gesenius § 68, 2 R. 1). Infinitive construct הַאֲבִיד 2 Kings 10:19 + etc.; Participle מַאֲבִיד Deuteronomy 8:20.

1. destroy, put to death, in judgment, (subject יְהוָה) object person Leviticus 23:30 (followed by מִקֶּרֶב עַמּוֹ; parallel כָּרַת Leviticus 23:29); Jeremiah 49:38 (followed by מִשָּׁם); Obadiah 8 (followed by מֵאֲדָמָה); object nation, Ammon Ezekiel 25:7 (followed by מִנְּהָאָרְצוֹת; parallel כָּרַת), compare Ezekiel 25:16; Canaanites Deuteronomy 8:20 (followed by מִמֶּנִּי); Canaan = Philistines Zephaniah 2:5 (parallel כָּרַת); especially Israel Deuteronomy 28:51, Deuteronomy 28:63 (parallel הַשְּׁמִיד), compare Joshua 7:7; also absolute Jeremiah 18:7 (parallel לִנְתוֹשׁ וְלִנְתוֹץ) = Jeremiah 1:10 (+ וְלַהֲרוֹס) = Jeremiah 31:28 (+ וְלַהֲרַע); animals Ezekiel 32:13 (followed by מֵעַל מַיִם רַבִּים); compare Deuteronomy 7:10; Psalm 143:12 (parallel הַצְמִית); (human subject), object servants of Baal 2 Kings 10:19, object nation Deuteronomy 9:3, compare Numbers 24:19 (Elohist; followed by מֵעִיר); 2 Kings 24:2; compare Jeremiah 46:8; object inanimate, chariots Micah 5:9; idols Ezekiel 30:13 (strike out B Cornill).
2. figurative, object name of kings Deuteronomy 7:24 (followed by מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמַיִם); hope Job 14:19; voice of mirth etc. Jeremiah 25:10 (compare Jeremiah 51:55 Pi'el above).

II. [אֲבַד] verb perish (Biblical Aramaic); — Pe'al masculine plural 3 יְאַבֵּדוּן (not וָן #NAME? § 26, 1) Jeremiah 10:11 they shall perish, pass away.

Haph'el (Old Aramaic הַאֲבַד Lidzbarski 205 Cooke 189) destroy: Imperfect 2 masculine singular אַלְתְּהוֹבֵד (K § 41 c) Daniel 2:24 (c. person); 3 masculine plural יְהוֹבְדוּן Daniel 2:18 (indefinite subject; accusative of person); Infinitive לְהוֹבָדָא Daniel 2:12; Daniel 2:24 (both with ל person), דָּה־ Daniel 7:26 (absolute).

Hoph'al (K § 41 c W CG 225) be destroyed: Perfect 3 masculine singular הוֹבַד Daniel 7:11.

אבה (assumed as √ of following).

¹ Root meaning "perish".

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrian Dictionary.

conjunctive, Verb Hiphil sequential perfect first person common singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0006:

No stats available

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

כל כָּל־

all

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כל

kôl

Definition

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

Root

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from H3634 (כלל);

Exhaustive

or (Jeremiah 33:8) כול; from כלל; properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense); (in) all (manner, (ye)), altogether, any (manner), enough, every (one, place, thing), howsoever, as many as, (no-) thing, ought, whatsoever, (the) whole, whoso(-ever).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3605

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֹּל

noun / masculine • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 695

Properly 'all, whole, totality'. 1. Used adjectivally to mean 'all' or 'the whole of', as in 'all the earth'. 2. Describes a plurality of individual persons or things, translated as 'all'.

כֹּל

substantive / adverb • Root כלל • Strongs / High • Page 696

A substantive meaning all, the whole, every, any. When used with a negative, it means none at all. It can also function as an adverb meaning wholly or altogether.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֹּל

chald. • Page 316

Same as Hebrew (all, every). Often appears with Makkeph as -כֹּל. References: Dan. 2:40, 4:9, 18, 25.

כֹּל

m. verbal • Root כלל • Page 315

A substantive meaning 'all', 'the whole', or 'totality'. Frequently used as an adjective (Jer. 33:8). 1. all. 2. every one.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3605

I. כֹּל (approximate number of occurrences: 5415) noun masculine — the whole, all (once כּוֹל Jeremiah 33:8 Kt.).

Cognates:

• Moabite, Phoenician id.
• Aramaic כּוּל, כֹּל
• Arabic كل
• Sabean כל (compare DHM¹)
• Ethiopic ኩሉ
• Assyrian kullatu

— כֹּל absolute; construct כֹּל Genesis 2:5, Genesis 2:16, Genesis 2:20; כֹּל־ Psalm 138:2; more usually כָּל־ (with makkaph: without it, Psalm 35:10; Proverbs 19:7; Kö²); suffix 2 masculine singular in pause כֻּלָּךְ Micah 2:12; 2 feminine singular כֻּלֵּךְ Isaiah 14:29, Isaiah 14:31, כֻּלָּךְ Isaiah 22:1; Song of Solomon 4:7; 3 masculine singular כֻּלֹּה 2 Samuel 2:9 (Dr³) + 17 times, כֻּלּוֹ Genesis 25:25 + 16 times; 3 feminine singular כֻּלָּהּ Genesis 13:10 + 15 times, כֻּלָּא Ezekiel 36:5; 1 plural כֻּלָּנוּ (16 times); 2 plural כֻּלְּכֶם (18 times); 3 masculine plural כֻּלָּם (often), כּוּלָּם Jeremiah 31:34, כֻּלָּ֑הַם 2 Samuel 23:6 (and Jeremiah 15:10 כֻּלְּהֶם); 3 feminine plural כֻּלָּ֫נָה Genesis 42:36; Proverbs 31:29; כֻּלָּֽהְנָה 1 Kings 7:37.

1. With following Genitive

a. The whole of, all, every

• Genesis 2:2 כָּל־צְבָאָם (the whole of their host)
• Genesis 2:13 כָּל־אֶרֶץ כּוּשׁ (the whole of the land of Kush)
• כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה (the whole of the night)
• כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל (the whole of Israel)
• Deuteronomy 4:29 בְּכָל־לְבָֽבְךָ (with all thy heart)
• With plural nouns: Genesis 5:5 כל־ימי אדם (all the days of Adam); Genesis 37:35 כל־בניו (all his sons); Isaiah 2:2 כל־הגוים (all the nations); Genesis 43:9 כל הימים (continually)
• In poetry, noun may be undetermined: כָּל־יָדַיִם (every hand) Isaiah 13:7; Jeremiah 48:37; Ezekiel 21:12; כל־פנים (every face) Isaiah 25:8

b. Followed by singular, understood collectively

• Genesis 1:21 את כל נפשׁ החיה (every living soul)
• Genesis 2:9 כל עץ נחמד (every kind of tree)
• Genesis 6:12 כָּל־בָּשָׂר (all flesh)
• Numbers 12:3; Judges 16:17 כל האדם (the whole of mankind)
• Exodus 1:22 כל־הבן (all the sons)
• In late Hebrew: בְּכָל־דּוֹר וָדוֹר Psalm 45:18; Esther 9:28; בכל־עיר ועיר 2 Chronicles 11:12

c. Genitive as a relative sentence

• Introduced by אשׁר: Genesis 1:31 את כל אשׁר עשׂה (all that he had made); Joshua 1:7 בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵךְ (wheresoever thou goest)
• Rarely with ellipse of relative: Genesis 39:4 וְכָל־יֶשׁ־לוֹ; Psalm 71:18 לְכָל־יָבוֹא

d. Idiomatic use with suffixes

• Placing suffix after the word qualified: 2 Samuel 2:9 יִשְׂרָאֵל כֻּלֹּה (Israel, all of it); Isaiah 14:29 פלשׁת כלך (Philistia, all of thee!)
• Suffix of 3ms used for the mass: Exodus 14:7 עַל־כֻּלּוֹ (upon all of them); Psalm 29:9 כֻּלּוֹ אֹמֵר כָּבוֹד (every one says, Glory!)

e. Affirming or denying of an entire class (any/none)

• Comparative: Genesis 3:1 מכל חית השׂדה (than any beast of the field)
• With negative (none): Exodus 12:16 כל־מלאכה לא יעשׂה (no work shall be done); Psalm 143:2 כי לא־יצדק לפניך כל־חי (for no living thing is righteous before thee)

f. Anomalous gender

feminine very anomalously, severed from its Genitive: 2 Samuel 1:9 כִּי־כָל־עוֹד נַפְשִׁי בִי; Job 27:3; Hosea 14:3 כָּל־תִּשָּׂא עָוֺן.

2. Absolutely

a. Without the article (all things, all)

• Genesis 9:3 את כֹּל; Genesis 16:12 וְיַד כֹּל בּוֹ; Numbers 11:6 אֵין כֹּל (there is nothing)
• Isaiah 44:24 עשֶֹׁה כֹּל (maker of all things); Proverbs 16:4
• As Comprehensive Genitive: Ezekiel 44:30 כָּל־בִּכּוּרֵי כֹל

b. With article (הַכֹּל)

• Referring to things just mentioned: Exodus 29:24 ושׂמת הַכֹּל; Leviticus 1:9; 1 Samuel 30:19 הַכֹּל השׁיב דוד
• In wider sense (the universe, to pan): Jeremiah 10:16 כי יוצר הַכֹּל הוא; Psalm 103:19
• In Ecclesiastes (often): Ecclesiastes 1:2; Ecclesiastes 12:8 הַכֹּל הֶבֶל

Aramaic

I. כֹּל, כָּל־ noun masculine the whole, all (Biblical Hebrew כֹּל).

1. The whole of, all
   • כֹּל חַכִּימֵי בָבֶל Daniel 2:12
   • כל־מלכותא Daniel 6:4
   • suffix 3 masculine plural כָּלְּהוֹן Daniel 2:38; Daniel 7:19
2. With a singular noun, understood collectively (every, any, none)
   • Daniel 3:29 דִּי כָל־עַם (that every people)
   • Daniel 6:8 מִן־כָּל־אֱלָה (of any god)
   • Daniel 2:10 כל־מלך... לא (no king)
   • כָּל־דִּי (whoever/whatever) Daniel 6:8; Ezra 7:23
3. Emphatic כֹּלָּא (absolutely, all things)
   • Daniel 2:40 חָשֵׁל כֹּלָּא (crushing all things)
   • Daniel 4:9, Daniel 4:18 וּמָזוֹן לְכֹלָּא־בֵהּ
   • Daniel 4:25 כֹּלָּא מְטָא (all came upon...)

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

² Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (1890).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πάντα πᾶσ πάντεσ πᾶν πάντασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3605:

πάντα 921× (17.0%)

πᾶσ 451× (8.4%)

πάντεσ 441× (8.4%)

πᾶν 351× (6.5%)

πάντασ 297× (5.6%)

πᾶσαν 267× (4.9%)

πάντων 242× (4.4%)

πάσασ 230× (4.4%)

--- 227× (4.5%)

πᾶσα 214× (4.0%)

בהמתה בְּהֶמְתָּהּ

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בהמה

bᵉhêmâh

Definition

properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective)

Root

from an unused root (probably meaning to be mute);

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H929

ה

Definition

her, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9024

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בְּהֵמָה

noun feminine • Root בהם • Lemma_Lookup • Page 223

prop. the dumb, speechless, irrational being; hence generally beast, animal as a collective; tame or wild, particularly cattle

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּהֵמָה

f. prim. • Page 88

1. beast, quadruped. Ecc. 3:19, 21. Lev. 11:2. 2. tame cattle, in opposition to wild beast. Gen. 1:24—26. 3. large cattle, in opposition to small cattle. Gen. 34:23. 4. wild beast of the field. Deut. 32:24. Hab. 2:17. Plur. בְּהֵמוֹת animals. Also as a pluralis excellentiae denoting the Behemoth (hippopotamus) in Job 40:15.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H929

I. בְּהֵמָה (approximate number of occurrences: 187) noun feminine — beast, animal, cattle.

— בְּהֵמָה absolute Genesis 1:24 (137 times); construct בְּהֵמַת Numbers 3:41 (twice in verse) + 10 times; suffix בְּהֵמְתְּךָ Leviticus 19:19 (4 times); בְּהֵמְתֶּ֑ךָ Exodus 20:10 (4 times); בְּהֵמְתּוֹ Genesis 36:6; Proverbs 12:10; plural absolute בְּהֵמוֹת Deuteronomy 32:24 (6 times) + Psalms 73:22; construct בַּהֲמוֹת Psalms 8:8 (5 times).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Beast as living creature other than man

• Genesis 8:1 + very often
• Exodus 8:13
• Exodus 8:14
• Exodus 9:9, 10, 22
• Exodus 22:18
• Leviticus 18:23 (twice in verse) (where בְּהֵמָה is male, so Leviticus 20:16)
• Deuteronomy 27:21
• Psalms 36:7 etc.
• בְּהֵמָה מֵאָדָם וְעַד בְּהֵמָה (בְּהֵמָה including all the larger animals) Exodus 9:25; Exodus 12:12; Psalms 135:8; Jeremiah 50:3 etc.
• As inferior to man Job 18:3; Psalms 49:13; Psalms 49:21; so also Ecclesiastes 3:18, 19 (twice in verse); Ecclesiastes 3:21
• Opposed to birds & reptiles Genesis 6:7; Genesis 7:23; Genesis 8:17 compare Ezekiel 44:31 etc.
• Also to fishes 1 Kings 5:13; Job 12:7 compare Job 12:8, Psalms 8:9; Zephaniah 1:3

b. Opposed to wild beasts

• חַיַּת הָאָרֶץ, הַשָּׂדֶה בְּהֵמָה Genesis 1:24, 25, 26; Genesis 2:20; Genesis 3:14; Genesis 7:14, 21; Genesis 9:10; Psalms 50:10; Psalms 148:10; Isaiah 46:1 etc.
• Especially therefore cattle, as owned and used by man Genesis 47:18 (בְּמִקְנֵה הַבְּהֵמָה) Exodus 20:10 = Deuteronomy 5:14; Leviticus 19:19; Leviticus 26:22; Numbers 3:41 (twice in verse); Numbers 3:45 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 2:35; Deuteronomy 11:15; Jonah 4:11; Zechariah 2:8; Zechariah 8:10; Zechariah 14:15; Ezra 1:4, 6; Nehemiah 9:37; Nehemiah 10:37 etc.
• In one (late) passage of animal for riding (horse? mule?) Nehemiah 2:12 (twice in verse); Nehemiah 2:14

c. Rarely of wild beasts, especially carnivora

• יַעַר בְּהֵמָה Micah 5:7
• הָאָרֶץ בְּהֵמָה Deuteronomy 28:26; Isaiah 18:6 (twice in verse); Jeremiah 7:33; Jeremiah 15:3; Jeremiah 16:4; Jeremiah 19:7; Jeremiah 34:20
• הַשָּׂדֶה בְּהֵמָה 1 Samuel 17:44
• Alone Proverbs 30:30
• שֶׁנְּבְהֵמוֹת Deuteronomy 32:24
• בְּשֹׁד בְּהֵמָה Habakkuk 2:17

¹ [] indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

Noun common feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0929:

No stats available

מעל מֵעַל

from upon

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

על

ʻal

Definition

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

Root

properly, the same as H5920 (על) used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following);

Exhaustive

properly, the same as על used as a preposition (in the singular or plural often with prefix, or as conjunction with a particle following); above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications; above, according to(-ly), after, (as) against, among, and, [idiom] as, at, because of, beside (the rest of), between, beyond the time, [idiom] both and, by (reason of), [idiom] had the charge of, concerning for, in (that), (forth, out) of, (from) (off), (up-) on, over, than, through(-out), to, touching, [idiom] with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5921

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַל

adjective / noun • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

Highest; same as עֶלְיוֹן. This form is abridged from עָלָה and derived from עָלַי (like יַד from יָדָה I.), serving as the construct form עֲלֵי (out of עֲלַאי).

עַל

preposition / adverb • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1088

A preposition: upon, over, above, super, in the widest sense. It expresses protecting, covering, resting above upon (answering to 'where'); motion toward the upper surface (answering to 'whither?'); local direction to a more distant agency; or proximity/timing ('with, at'). Used figuratively as dat. commodi and incommodi, meaning a burden or duty upon one, or with certain verbs replacing the dative case. Also expresses motion down upon or up to, sometimes interchanging with אֶל.

עַל

preposition / adverb • Strongs / High • Page 1089

Preposition or Adverb meaning upon, over, at, above (denoting physical overtopping or mental superiority/dominion); expressing addition (to, reckoned to); proximity (by, around); suitability (according to); or occasionally used concessively (though, quanquam).

עַל

preposition / particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Properly, over, upon, concerning, notwithstanding, against, towards, for the sake of, on account of. Used to express position, antithesis, or distance (away from). After certain verbs, signifies giving way, removing, or fleeing. Also forms various compound particles (e.g., עַל-מָה, עַל-כֵּן, עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַל

preposition (aramaic) • Root אלא • Strongs / High • Page 1090

Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew עַל. Means: Upon, over, on account of, unto, against, or dative. (Used with suffixes like עָלַי, עָלֵךְ, עֲלֵיהוֹן).

עַל

noun / prepos. • Root עלה • Strongs / High • Page 1092

Derivative of עָלָה, listed as a noun and a preposition.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַל

substantive / adverb / adjective • Root עלה • Page 507

Strictly a substantive meaning whatever is high or uppermost (Hos. 7:16, 11:7). Used as an adverb: (1.) 'above' (Gen. 27:39, 49:25; Ps. 50:4). Used as an adjective: (2.) 'high' (2 Sam. 23:1).

Prep-M, Preposition

LXX: ἐπὶ ἐπ' ἐφ' τοῦτο ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5921a:

ἐπὶ 1722× (33.1%)

ἐπ' 701× (13.4%)

ἐφ' 195× (3.7%)

τοῦτο 116× (1.9%)

'' 116× (1.9%)

περὶ 113× (2.2%)

ἀπὸ 108× (2.1%)

--- 108× (2.1%)

αὐτοὺσ 95× (1.6%)

εἰσ 93× (1.8%)

מים מַיִם

dual water

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מים

mayim

Definition

water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen

Root

dual of a primitive noun (but used in a singular sense);

Exhaustive

dual of a primitive noun (but used in a singular sense); water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen; [phrase] piss, wasting, water(-ing, (-course, -flood, -spring)).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4325

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מַיִם

m. noun • Root מיה • Strongs / High • Page 842

The flowing, pouring, running; hence water (collective noun). Figuratively: juice of a plant, seed, seminal flux, urine.

מַיִם

coll. m. • Strongs / High • Page 845

Water, in the widest sense and with the greatest variety of applications; used for the ocean, sea, lakes, clouds, rain-water, etc. Also used as a figure of multitude, fulness, abundance, numerous enemies, dangers, and fear.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מַיִם

masc. plur. prim. irreg. • Page 372

1. Water or waters. (Gen. 26:19; Num. 5:17). 2. Seed (Is. 48:1).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4325

II. מַי (approximate number of occurrences: 580) noun masculine only plural מַ֫יִם — waters, water.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Moabite Inscription 23 [מן]י
• Siloam Inscription 5 המים
• Aramaic מַיָּא, מַיִּין
• Assyrian mû, plural mê, also mâmu¹
• Arabic ماء
• Ethiopic ማይ
• Sabean [מו], מום, plural מון
• Minaean [מה], plural מהן²

— מַ֫יִם (מָ֑יִם) Genesis 1:2 +; הַמַּ֫יְמָה Exodus 7:15, Exodus 8:16; construct מֵי Genesis 7:7 (71 times); מֵימֵי Exodus 4:9 (10 times) + Qr 2 Kings 18:27 = Isaiah 36:12; suffix מֵימַי Hosea 2:7 + 1 Samuel 25:11 (but read here יֵינִי); מֵימֶ֫יךָ Exodus 23:25; מֵימָיו Numbers 20:8; מֵימֶיהָ Jeremiah 6:7, Jeremiah 50:38; מֵימֵינוּ Lamentations 5:4; מֵימֵיהֶם Exodus 7:19.

Usually with plural adjective, pronoun, or verb; rarely with singular verb (Genesis 9:15; Numbers 19:13, 20).

1. Literal uses of water

a. Water of a spring or well

• Genesis 16:7; Genesis 24:11, 13, 43
• Exodus 15:27 (Jehovist Source)
• For drinking: Amos 4:8; Amos 8:11; Jonah 3:7
• Out of rock: Exodus 17:6 (Elohist Source); Numbers 20:8, 10–11 (Priests' Code)
• מֵי מְרִיבָה waters of Meribah: Numbers 20:13, 24; Deuteronomy 33:8; Psalm 81:8
• For washing: Genesis 18:4; Exodus 29:4; Leviticus 15:5 (Priests' Code)
• For purification: מֵי חַטָּאת Numbers 8:7; מֵי נִדָּה Numbers 19:9

b. Of a river, Nile

• Exodus 2:10; Exodus 4:9 (Jehovist Source)
• Jordan: Joshua 3:8, 15–16
• Euphrates: Isaiah 8:7 (figurative); Jeremiah 2:18

c. Of sea

• Amos 5:8; Amos 9:6
• Red Sea: Exodus 15:8; Exodus 14:21 (Priests' Code)

d. Of flood

• Genesis 7:7, 10 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 6:17 (Priests' Code)
• מֵי־נֹחַ waters of Noah: Isaiah 54:9

e. Other natural forms

• Subterranean: Exodus 20:4; Psalm 136:6
• In clouds: Jeremiah 10:13; Psalm 104:3
• Rain: Judges 5:4; Job 5:10 (+ מָטָר)
• Dew: Judges 6:38
• Primeval deep: Genesis 1:2, 6

2. With proper names of location

To denote springs, streams, or seas belonging to specific places:

• מֵימֵי מִצְרַיִם waters of Egypt Exodus 7:19
• מֵי מֵרוֺם waters of Merom Joshua 11:5
• מֵי יְרִיחוֺ waters of Jericho Joshua 16:1
• מֵי הַשִּׁלֹּחַ waters of Shiloah Isaiah 8:6

3. Special uses

• מֵי רַגְלַיִם water of the feet (urine) 2 Kings 18:27 = Isaiah 36:12
• מַיִם לַחַץ water of distress (drunk in prison) 1 Kings 22:27
• מַיִם קְדשִׁים holy water Numbers 5:17
• מֵי הַמָּרִים bitter water Numbers 5:18; Exodus 15:23
• מַיִם חַיִּים living (running) water Leviticus 14:5; (figurative) Zechariah 14:8; Jeremiah 2:13

4. Figurative uses

a. Of distress

• Isaiah 43:2; Psalm 66:12 (+ אֵשׁ)
• As "many waters": 2 Samuel 22:17; Psalm 18:17
• מֵי־רֹאשׁ water of gall: Jeremiah 8:14

b. Of what is impetuous, violent, overwhelming

• Isaiah 28:2, 17; Job 27:20
• Simile of impetuousness: מַּחַז כַּמַּיִם Genesis 49:4

c. Of psychological states

• Timidity (heart melting like water): Joshua 7:5; Psalm 22:16
• Transitoriness: Job 11:16; Psalm 58:8
• Refreshment: Isaiah 32:2; (spiritual) Isaiah 12:3
• Peace: מֵי מְנֻחוֺת Psalm 23:2

d. Other metaphors

• Reckless bloodshed: Psalm 79:3
• Conjugal enjoyment: Proverbs 5:15; Song of Songs 4:15
• Harlotry: מַיִם גְּנוּבִים stolen waters Proverbs 9:17
• Justice: Amos 5:24

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB 394).

² D. H. Müller, 6th Oriental Congress (Leiden) ii. 1, 451 f.

³ W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites (RS).

Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: ὕδωρ ὕδατοσ ὕδατι ὕδατα ὑδάτων

LXX Usage Statistics

H4325:

ὕδωρ 255× (41.0%)

ὕδατοσ 96× (15.5%)

ὕδατι 65× (10.3%)

ὕδατα 45× (7.3%)

ὑδάτων 37× (6.2%)

ὡσ 17× (2.9%)

--- 17× (3.0%)

---% 7× (1.0%)

ὕδασιν 7× (0.9%)

'' 6× (0.9%)

רבים רַבּים

multitudes

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רב

rab

Definition

abundant (in quantity, size, age, number, rank, quality)

Root

by contracted from H7231 (רבב);

Exhaustive

by contracted from רבב; abundant (in quantity, size, age, number, rank, quality); (in) abound(-undance, -ant, -antly), captain, elder, enough, exceedingly, full, great(-ly, man, one), increase, long (enough, (time)), (do, have) many(-ifold, things, a time), (ship-)master, mighty, more, (too, very) much, multiply(-tude), officer, often(-times), plenteous, populous, prince, process (of time), suffice(-lent).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7227

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רַב

adjective / adv. / substantive • Root רבב • Strongs / High • Page 1313

Adjective meaning many, numerous; great, extended, wide, long (of time), violent, strong, or grievous. Also used as an adverb meaning much, in great number, enough, strongly, or richly. Used substantively meaning a great one, a mighty one, or oldest.

רַב

adjective / noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1314

great, large, numerous, much, abundant; also meaning chief, head, commander, captain, president, chamberlain, master; principal persons, judges, nobility; fullness, multitude, mass, quantity, totality. Used as adj. and sometimes adverbially.

רַב

aram. adj. m. (aramaic) • Root רבב • Strongs / High • Page 1314

Aramaic adjective (masc. and fem. רַבָּא) meaning great, in the widest sense, of kingdom, gold, stone, God; large.

רַב

noun masculine • Root רבב • Strongs / High • Page 1314

multitude, mass, plenty, great quantity, fullness, totality (singular collective noun). Plur. constr. רַבֵּי.

רַב

adjective • Root רבה • Strongs / High • Page 1315

Many, numerous; great, large. (Aramaic equivalent: רַבָּא).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רַב

verb • Root רבב • Page 604

1. Much, many, numerous (Num. 32:1). Also as adv. much, exceedingly, enough (Ps. 123:3, Gen. 33:9). 2. Great, mighty (Ps. 31:20, Is. 63:1). 3. Older, major natu (Gen. 25:23). 4. As a subst. a chief, captain, leader (2 K. 25:8, Dan. 1:3).

רַב

chald. • Root רבב • Page 604

1. Great (Dan. 2:10, 31). 2. Subst. a chief, head, captain (Dan. 5:11, 2:48). Plur. רַבְרְבִין (Dan. 3:33).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7227

I. רַב (approximate number of occurrences: 429) adjective — much, many, great.

— רַב masculine singular absolute Genesis 24:25 +; רָ֑ב Genesis 33:9 +; construct רַב Exodus 34:6 +; feminine singular רַבָּה Numbers 11:33 +; construct רַבַּת Ezekiel 22:5 +; רַבָּ֫תִי (compare GKC¹ §90 k 1) Lamentations 1:1; masculine plural absolute רַבִּים Exodus 23:2 +; feminine plural absolute רַבּוֺת Genesis 30:43 +.

1. Much or Many

a. much (of substances)

• 1 Kings 10:2 (gold)
• Psalm 19:11
• 2 Kings 12:11 (silver)

b. many (persons or things)

• Exodus 5:5
• 1 Kings 4:20
• Genesis 21:34 (יָמִים רַבִּים many days)
• Numbers 20:11 (מַיִם רַבִּים many waters)
• Daniel 11:41 (noun omitted; understood as lands)

c. as substantive collective

• Exodus 19:21 (many people)
• 1 Samuel 14:6 (opposed to מְעַט)
• Ezekiel 24:12 (much)

d. construct meaning abounding in

• רַב־בְּרֶכוֹת Proverbs 28:20
• רַב־חֶסֶד Exodus 34:6
• רַב־כֹּחַ Psalm 147:5
• רַבַּת בָּנִים 1 Samuel 2:5

e. with comparison (מִן)

• Exodus 1:9 (more numerous than)
• Genesis 36:7 (too many to)

f. abundant or enough

• Genesis 45:28 (רַב enough!)
• Deuteronomy 3:26 (רַב־לָךְ let it suffice thee)
• Numbers 16:3 (ye assume too much)

g. as adverb: much, exceedingly (only in Psalms)

• Psalm 123:3
• Psalm 62:3 (רַבָּה)
• Psalm 65:10 (רַבַּת Aramaism)

2. Great

a. of space and magnitude

• Genesis 7:11 (the great deep)
• Lamentations 1:1 (great city)
• Genesis 6:5 (great wickedness)

b. specifically strong

• 2 Chronicles 14:10 (opposed to אֵין כֹּחַ)
• Isaiah 63:1 (רַב לְהוֺשִׁיעַ mighty to save)

c. of age (major natu)

• Genesis 25:23 (the elder, opposed to צָעִיר)
• Job 32:9 (as substantive: the aged)

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

II. רַב (approximate number of occurrences: 49) noun masculine — chief.

Cognates:

• Assyrian-Babylonian rab
• Aramaic רַב

— construct רַב Jeremiah 39:9 +; plural construct רַבֵּי Jeremiah 39:13, Jeremiah 41:1.

1. Meaning and Uses

a. Titles of officers

• רַב טַבָּחִים chief of guardsmen Jeremiah 39:9, 2 Kings 25:8 +
• רַב הַחֹבֵל chief of the sailors (captain) Jonah 1:6
• רַב־מָג chief soothsayer (or rab-mugi) Jeremiah 39:3
• רַב־סָרִיס chief eunuch (or rabû-ša-rêši) 2 Kings 18:17, Jeremiah 39:13
• רַבְשָׁקֵה chief of the officers (Assyrian rab-šakû) 2 Kings 18:17, Isaiah 36:2 +

b. General usage

• Esther 1:8 (כָּל־רַב בֵּיתוֹ every officer of his house)
• Daniel 1:3 (רַב סָרִיסָיו)

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896).

² Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (COT).

Adjective adjective masculine plural absolute

LXX: πολλὰ πολλῶν πολλοὶ πολὺ πολλοῖσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7227a:

πολλὰ 37× (7.8%)

πολλῶν 30× (6.3%)

πολλοὶ 28× (5.7%)

πολὺ 18× (3.6%)

πολλοῖσ 17× (3.4%)

'' 17× (3.1%)

πλείουσ 15× (3.1%)

ἀρχιμάγειροσ 15× (2.7%)

πολὺσ 15× (3.1%)

--- 14× (3.0%)

ולא וְלֹא

and not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3808

I. לֹא or לוֺא (approximate number of occurrences: 5048) adverb — not.

Cognates:

• Arabic لا
• Aramaic לָא
• Sabean לא
• Assyrian lâ
• (Not in Ethiopic: compare Kö¹ ii. 1. 236; Walker²)

— לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr³), 35 times; besides בְּלוֺא 6 times, and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much, e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Masora, written לו (קרי לֹא), 1 Samuel 2:16; 1 Samuel 20:2, once לה Deuteronomy 3:11 כתיב: — not — denying objectively, like Greek οὐ (not μὴ = אַל).

1. In predication

a. With a verb

• With finite tenses: Genesis 2:5, Genesis 4:5 (perfect); Genesis 3:4, Genesis 8:21–22 (imperfect).
• In circumstantial clauses: Genesis 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isaiah 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט.
• With final force: Isaiah 41:7; Exodus 28:32 (see GKC⁴ §156. 3).
• Governing two verbs: Exodus 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Leviticus 19:12.
• Expressing prohibition: Genesis 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Exodus 20:13 לא תגנב.
• With jussive/cohortative (rare): Genesis 24:8; 1 Samuel 14:36.

b. With the infinitive

Only once in בְּלֹא (4a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot or must not:

• Judges 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not possible to dispossess.
• Amos 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳.

c. Negating the word immediately following

• Genesis 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֺד not Jacob shall thy name be called any more.
• Genesis 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי not ye have sent me hither, but God.
• Rhetorically: 2 Kings 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly).

d. Standing alone

• אִם לֹא if not: Genesis 18:21, Genesis 42:16.
• In answer to a question (Nay): Judges 12:5 ויאמר לא, Genesis 23:11 לא אדני.

e. With interrogative force

• Jonah 4:11, Job 2:10, Exodus 8:22.

2. Not in predication

a. Coupled to an adjective (litotes)

• Hosea 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son.
• Psalm 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good.

b. With a participle

• Jeremiah 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה.
• Isaiah 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה.

c. With nouns or prepositional phrases

• Genesis 15:13 בארץ לא להם.
• Habakkuk 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹא־לוֺ.

d. With a substantive forming a compound (un-)

• Deuteronomy 32:21 בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God.
• Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר at a thing which is not.
• Isaiah 10:15 מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ what is no wood.

e. In circumstantial clauses

• 2 Samuel 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds.
• Job 34:24 לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry.

3. As a substantive

Job 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing (compare Aramaic Daniel 4:32).

4. With prefixes

a. בְּלֹא — without

• Jeremiah 22:13 בלא־צדק without justice.
• Job 8:11 בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire.
• Of time: Leviticus 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָהּ outside the time of her impurity.

b. הֲלֹא — nonne?

Inviting an affirmative answer; often used in conversation to win assent:

• Genesis 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee?
• Exodus 4:11 Do not I?
• As a rhetorical affirmative: 1 Kings 11:41 הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים are they not written...?

c. וָלֹ֕א — and if not

• 2 Samuel 13:26; 2 Kings 5:17.

d. כְּלוֺא — as though not

• Obadiah 1:16 והיו כלוא היו as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא — without

• 2 Chronicles 15:3; Amos 6:13.

Note on Orthography: Fifteen times, according to Masora, לא is written by error for לוֺ, e.g., Exodus 21:8; Leviticus 11:21; Isaiah 9:2; Psalm 100:3; Job 13:15 (always with קרי לוֺ).

Aramaic

I. לָא (לָה Daniel 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא).

1. literally not
   • Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:5, 9, 10 etc.
   • before a participle: Daniel 2:27, 43; Daniel 3:16.
   • Daniel 4:32 כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין as men not accounted of.
2. with infinitive and לְ (must not / cannot)
   • Daniel 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be altered.
   • Ezra 6:8.
3. interrogative הֲלָא
   • Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:13.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Dean A. Walker, "The Semitic Negative," American Journal of Semitic Languages (1896).

³ S. Frensdorff, Die Massora Magna (1876).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892).

Conjunction, Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

תדלחם תִדְלָחֵם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דלח

dâlach

Definition

to roil water

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to roil water; trouble.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1804

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּלַח

verb • Root דלח • Strongs / High • Page 369

(fut. יִדְלַח) tr. to trouble (water), by treading it.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּלַח

verb • Page 166

To trouble or disturb water with the feet. Ezek. 32: 2, 13.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1804

I. דָּלַח (approximate number of occurrences: 3) verb — make turbid.

Cognates:

• Assyrian dalâhu (disturb¹)
• Palestinian Aramaic דְּלַח (figurative be anxious, fear)
• Latin turbavit, conturbavit

— Qal Imperfect 2 masculine singular וַתִּדְלַח Ezekiel 32:2; 3 feminine singular suffix תִּדְלָחֵם Ezekiel 32:13 + Ezekiel 32:13 (Co² תרפשׂם).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. stir up, trouble, make turbid

• (Always with feet) followed by מים Ezekiel 32:2 (parallel תִּרְמֹּס; ס according to Baer³)
• Ezekiel 32:13 (twice; but in 13b Co² reads תרפשׂ, compare Ezekiel 32:2, for תדלחם)

¹ Heinrich Zimmern, Babylonische Busspsalmen (Bp), 1885, p. 81.

² Carl Heinrich Cornill (Co), Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel, 1886.

³ Seligman Baer, Hebrew Bible Editor (Masoretic Text).

Verb Qal imperfect third person feminine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ταράξῃ αὐτὸ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1804:

ταράξῃ 2× (44.0%)

αὐτὸ 2× (37.4%)

רגל רֶגֶל־

foot

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

רגל

regel

Definition

a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda

Root

from H7270 (רגל);

Exhaustive

from רגל; a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda; [idiom] be able to endure, [idiom] according as, [idiom] after, [idiom] coming, [idiom] follow, (broken-)foot(-ed, -stool), [idiom] great toe, [idiom] haunt, [idiom] journey, leg, [phrase] piss, [phrase] possession, time.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7272

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רֶגֶל

noun • Root רגל • Strongs / High • Page 1319

common, the foot (dual רַגְלַיִם); sole of the foot (כַּף רֶגֶל); toe (אֶצְבַּע רֶגֶל); euphemistically urine; standing- or dwelling-place; metaphor. step, journey, march, tread, track, guidance; plur. רַגְלַיִם also means steps or times; modern Hebrew, pilgrimage to a festival.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רֶגֶל

com. gen. noun • Page 607

1. the foot. Is. 1: 6. 3: 16. Also metonymically at the foot or in the track of any one. 2. metaphorically a step, pace. Gen. 33: 14. Plur. רְגָלִים times, Lat. vices, Lev. 11: 23, 42.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7272

I. רֶ֫גֶל (approximate number of occurrences: 247) noun feminine (on masculine suffix Song of Solomon 5:3) — foot.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Arabic رِجْل
• Aramaic רַגְלָא
• Palmyrene רגלה
• Zinjirli לגרי
• Mandean ליגרא
• Ethiopic vehicle

— רֶ֫גֶל absolute Exodus 21:24 +, רָ֑גֶל Exodus 21:24 +; construct רֶגֶל Numbers 22:25 +; suffix רַגְלִי Genesis 30:30 +; dual רַגְלַ֫יִם 1 Samuel 28:3 +, רַנְלָ֑יִם 2 Samuel 4:4 +; construct רַגְלֵי Genesis 24:32 +; suffix רַגְלַי Numbers 20:19 +, רַגְלֶיךָ Exodus 3:5 +; plural רְגָלִים Exodus 23:14 +.

1. Foot

a. Human foot

• Washing feet: Genesis 18:4; Genesis 19:2 (+ רחץ)
• In figure: Deuteronomy 32:35; 1 Samuel 2:9; Job 12:5
• רֶ֫גֶל נַּאֲוָה (foot of pride): Psalm 36:12
• כַּף רֶ֫גֶל (sole of foot): Deuteronomy 2:5; Deuteronomy 11:24; Isaiah 1:6 (מִכַּף רֶ֫גֶל וְעַד רֹאשׁ)
• Parts of the foot: אֶצְבְּעוֹת רֶ֫גֶל (toes) 2 Samuel 21:20; בֹּהֶן רֶ֫גֶל (great toe) Judges 1:6; שָׁרְשֵׁי רֶ֫גֶל Job 13:27
• As leg: 1 Samuel 17:6 (note feminine)

b. Anthropomorphism of God

• Exodus 24:10; 2 Samuel 22:10; Nahum 1:3
• הֲדֹם רַגְלָיו (his footstool): Isaiah 66:1; Lamentations 2:1; 1 Chronicles 28:2; Psalm 99:5

c. Of celestial beings and idols

• Seraphim: Isaiah 6:2
• Cherubim: Ezekiel 1:7; 2 Chronicles 3:13
• Idols: Psalm 115:7

d. Of animals

• Dove: Genesis 8:9 (Jehovist Source)
• Fowl/Insects: Leviticus 11:21, 23, 42
• Calf: Ezekiel 1:7
• Beast: Ezekiel 29:11; Job 39:15

e. Of furniture

• Table: Exodus 25:26; Exodus 37:13 (Priestly Code)

f. Phrases and Idioms

• לְרֶ֫גֶל (according to the pace of): Genesis 33:14
• At one's guidance: Deuteronomy 33:8
• בְּרֶ֫גֶל (on foot): Numbers 20:19; Judges 4:15
• Following/Obeying: אֲשֶׁר בְּרַגְלָיו Exodus 11:8; Judges 4:10; 1 Kings 20:10
• נָשָׂא רַגְלָיו (set out): Genesis 29:1 (Elohist Source)
• יָרִים אֶת־רַגְלוֹ (do anything): Genesis 41:44 (Elohist Source)
• Euphemism: מֵסִיךְ אֶת־רַגְלָיו (relieve oneself) Judges 3:24; 1 Samuel 24:3
• שַׂעַר הָרַגְלַיִם (hair of private parts): Isaiah 7:20

2. Plural meaning times

In the phrase שָׁלשׁ רְגָלִים (three times):

• Exodus 23:14 (Elohist Source)
• Numbers 22:28, 32–33 (Jehovist Source)

¹ König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (Synt. § 14).

² Albrecht, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW xvi, 1896, 76).

³ Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb 368).

⁴ Dillmann, Lexicon linguae Aethiopicae (Di 347).

⁵ Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik (Nö M 102).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: πόδασ ποδῶν πόδεσ ποσὶν πόδα

LXX Usage Statistics

H7272:

πόδασ 61× (22.3%)

ποδῶν 39× (14.5%)

πόδεσ 22× (7.9%)

ποσὶν 20× (6.9%)

πόδα 19× (6.8%)

ποὺσ 12× (4.7%)

ποδὸσ 8× (3.0%)

αὐτῆσ 7× (2.2%)

--- 6× (2.6%)

ποσίν 5× (1.8%)

אדם אָדָם

man

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אדם

ʼâdâm

Definition

ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)

Root

from H119 (אדם);

Exhaustive

from אדם; ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.); [idiom] another, [phrase] hypocrite, [phrase] common sort, [idiom] low, man (mean, of low degree), person.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H120

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָדָם

noun masculine • Root אדם • Strongs_Numbers • Page 64

Man, or collectively men, mankind; proper name of the first man, Adam.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֻדַּם

verb pual • Root אדם • Page 26

To be red-coloured. Nah. 2:4. Ex. 25:5. 35:7, 23.

אָדָם

m. prim. • Page 26

1. man, i. q. Lat. homo, and collectively men. Subordinate meanings include: (1.) other men, in opposition to those already named (Jer. 32:20; Judg. 18:7, 28; Ps. 73:5); common men (Job 31:33; Hos. 6:7; Ps. 82:7); (2.) men of inferior rank, when opposed to איש. 2. man, i. q. איש = Lat. vir, very rarely (Ecc. 7:28). 3. any one (Lev. 1:2). 4. proper name of the first man. 5. proper name of a city on the Jordan (Josh. 3:16).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H120

I. אָדָם (approximate number of occurrences: 560) noun masculine Genesis 1:27 — man, mankind.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אדם
• Sabean idem
• Assyrian admu, young (of bird) (Friedrich Delitzsch¹), but Theodor Nöldeke² identification with Arabic رب collective creatures

— אָדָם absolute except construct Proverbs 6:12 (compare Gesenius' Thesaurus³); (בְּנֵי (הָ)אָדָם often = plural of בֶּן אָדָם Genesis 11:5 (39 times), compare בְּנוֹת הָאָדָם Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:4) —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. A man (= human being)

• Genesis 2:5, Genesis 2:7 (twice in verse); Genesis 2:8, Genesis 2:15, Genesis 2:16, Genesis 2:18 +; Genesis 16:12 (27 times, Jehovist Source⁴) Leviticus 5:4 (parallel to נֶמֶשׁ) Leviticus 13:2, Leviticus 13:9 (19 times, Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) Nehemiah 2:10; Isaiah 13:12 (parallel to אֱנוֹשׁ); הַגָּדוֹל בָּהָאָדָם Joshua 14:15 (Elohist Source⁶); בְּלִיַּעַל בָּאָדָם Proverbs 6:12 (parallel to אִישׁ אָוֶן, compare 1 Samuel 25:25 and see בְּלִיַּעַל); = any one Leviticus 1:2; Numbers 9:6, Numbers 9:7; Job 20:29; Job 27:13; Proverbs 15:20; Proverbs 21:16, Proverbs 21:20; Proverbs 24:30; Ecclesiastes 7:20 + often in Wisdom Literature, Jeremiah 2:6; Jeremiah 4:25; Nehemiah 2:12, compare בְּנֶמֶשׁ אָדָם Numbers 19:11, Numbers 19:13 +; seldom man opposed to woman Genesis 2:22 (twice in verse); Genesis 2:23, Genesis 2:25; Genesis 3:8, Genesis 3:12, Genesis 3:17, Genesis 3:20, Genesis 3:21; Ecclesiastes 7:28.

b. Collective man, mankind

• Genesis 1:26; Genesis 9:5, Genesis 9:6 (3 times in verse) + (Priests' Code / Narrative 28 times) Genesis 6:1, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 6:6, Genesis 6:7 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source 24 times) Deuteronomy 4:32 (Deuteronomy Source 6 times) (on 2 Samuel 7:19 compare 1 Chronicles 17:17 see Samuel Rolles Driver⁷, Rudolf Smend⁸); distinctly = men + women Genesis 1:27; Genesis 5:1; Numbers 5:6; given as name Genesis 5:2; but = warriors Isaiah 22:6 וְרֶכֶב אָדָם (parallel to מְרַשִּׁים); parallel to beasts (41 times) בְּהֵמָה Genesis 6:7; Genesis 7:23 (Jehovist Source ?) Exodus 8:13; Exodus 8:14; Exodus 9:9, Exodus 9:10 (Priests' Code / Narrative) Exodus 9:19, Exodus 9:22, Exodus 9:25; Exodus 12:12; Exodus 13:2, Exodus 13:13, Exodus 13:15 (all Jehovist Source) +; late prophets Jeremiah 21:6; Jeremiah 31:27; Jeremiah 50:3; Jeremiah 51:62; Ezekiel 14:13, Ezekiel 14:17, Ezekiel 14:19, Ezekiel 14:21; Ezekiel 25:13; Ezekiel 29:8, Ezekiel 29:11; Ezekiel 32:13 (strike out Carl Heinrich Cornill⁹) Ezekiel 36:11; Jonah 3:8; Zephaniah 1:3; Haggai 1:11; Zechariah 2:8; Zechariah 8:10; parallel to בָּקָר Ezekiel 4:15; parallel to צֹאן, חֲמֹרִים בָּהֵמָה Numbers 31:28; parallel to idem + מִכָּלָה בְּהֵמָה Numbers 31:30 compare Jonah 3:7; parallel to חַיָּה Genesis 9:5 (Priests' Code / Narrative) compare Ezekiel 1:5, Ezekiel 1:8, Ezekiel 1:10, Ezekiel 1:26, and description of כְּרוּבִים Ezekiel 10:8, Ezekiel 10:14, Ezekiel 10:21; compare Ezekiel 41:19; parallel to trees Deuteronomy 20:19 (read הָאָדָם see August Dillmann¹⁰); opposed to God 1 Samuel 15:29; 1 Samuel 16:7 (twice in verse); Isaiah 31:3; Ezekiel 28:2, Ezekiel 28:9; 1 Chronicles 21:13; 1 Chronicles 29:1; 2 Chronicles 6:18; Malachi 3:8 compare Exodus 33:20; Deuteronomy 5:21; so בֶּן אָדָם Numbers 23:19 (parallel to אִישׁ) Ezekiel 2:1, Ezekiel 2:3, Ezekiel 2:6, Ezekiel 2:8 (87 times in Ezekiel, always addressed to prophet); בְּנֵי הָאָדָם 1 Samuel 26:19; made in God's image Genesis 1:26, Genesis 1:27; Genesis 9:6 compare Ecclesiastes 7:29; as feeble, earthly, mortal Numbers 16:29 (twice in verse); Psalm 82:7; Psalm 144:3; Psalm 144:4; Job 5:7; Job 14:1, Job 14:10; compare Job 25:6 (בֶּן אָדָם) Ecclesiastes 12:5; as sinful 1 Kings 8:46; 2 Chronicles 6:36; Jeremiah 10:14 compare Numbers 5:6; Job 31:33; Hosea 6:7; of men in general, other men (opposed to particular ones) Judges 16:17 (compare אַחַד הָאָדָם Judges 16:7; Judges 16:11) Judges 18:7, Judges 18:28; Psalm 73:5; Jeremiah 32:20 +; parallel to אִישׁ Isaiah 2:9, Isaiah 2:11, Isaiah 2:17; Isaiah 5:15 compare Ezekiel 23:42 (strike out Carl Heinrich Cornill, Versions); בְּנֵי אָדָם 2 Samuel 7:14 (parallel to אֲנָשִׁים) Proverbs 8:4 (parallel to אִישִׁים); Psalm 49:3; Psalm 62:10 (both parallel to בְּנֵי אִישׁ) = men of low opposed to men of high degree — so often Phoenician and = vassal Sabean (David Heinrich Müller¹¹ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1875, 680 compare 686); בְּנֵפֶשׁ אָדָם collective Numbers 31:35, Numbers 31:40, Numbers 31:46; 1 Chronicles 5:21; Ezekiel 27:13.

c. Proper name, masculine Adam, first man

• (without article, compare שָׂטָן 1 Chronicles 21:1 over against הַשָּׂטָן Job 1:6 etc.) Genesis 4:25 (Jehovist Source) Genesis 5:1, Genesis 5:3, Genesis 5:4, Genesis 5:5 (Priests' Code / Narrative) 1 Chronicles 1:1. (Genesis 2:20; 1 Chronicles 3:17, 1 Chronicles 3:21 read לֹא see August Dillmann.)

d. Proper name, of a location city in Jordan valley (as built ?)

• Joshua 3:16.

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch.

² Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1886, 722.

³ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae.

⁴ Jehovist Source (J).

⁵ Priests' Code / Narrative (P).

⁶ Elohist Source (E).

⁷ Samuel Rolles Driver.

⁸ Rudolf Smend.

⁹ Carl Heinrich Cornill.

¹⁰ August Dillmann.

¹¹ David Heinrich Müller.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0120:

No stats available

עוד עוֹד

going around/he has testified

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עוד

ʻôwd

Definition

properly, iteration or continuance; used only adverbially (with or without preposition), again, repeatedly, still, more

Root

or עד; from H5749 (עוד);

Exhaustive

or עד; from עוד; properly, iteration or continuance; used only adverbially (with or without preposition), again, repeatedly, still, more; again, [idiom] all life long, at all, besides, but, else, further(-more), henceforth, (any) longer, (any) more(-over), [idiom] once, since, (be) still, when, (good, the) while (having being), (as, because, whether, while) yet (within).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5750

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עוֹד

particle • Strongs / High • Page 1053

A particle similar to עַד, denoting continuance, with which עַד is sometimes interchanged.

עוֹד

noun / particle • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1061

A noun on this account. Used adverbially or as a particle with suffix, meaning 'since' or 'as long as'.

עוֹד

aram. (aramaic) • Root עוד • Strongs / High • Page 1061

Aramaic word, same meaning as the related Hebrew particle.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עוֹד

adverb • Root עוד • Page 494

Originally an infin. absol. from עוּד. 1. again, a second time (Gen. 4:25). 2. repeatedly, continually (Gen. 46:29; Ruth 1:14). 3. further, moreover (Ecc. 3:16). 4. yet, still; with a negative, 'no more' (Gen. 7:4; 8:10). Used with suffixes (e.g., עוֹדֶנִּי I am yet).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5750

I. עוֺד and (14 times) עֹד noun masculine — a going round, continuance; but used mostly as adverb accusative — still, yet, again, besides.

— suffix עוֺדֶנִּי (with apparently verbal form, like אֵינֶנִּי¹) Deuteronomy 31:27; Joshua 14:11; 1 Samuel 20:14; עוֺדִי Genesis 48:15; Psalm 104:33; Psalm 139:18; Psalm 146:2; עוֺדְךָ Genesis 46:30 (4 times); feminine עוֺדָךְ 1 Kings 1:14; עוֺדֶנּוּ Genesis 18:22 (20 times); עוֺדֶנָּה 1 Kings 1:22; עוֺדָהּ Isaiah 28:4; עוֺדָם Isaiah 4:18; Esther 6:14; 3 feminine plural עוֺדֶינָה Kt (Qr 1 plural עוֺדֵינוּ) Lamentations 4:17. There occur also עוֺד אֲנִי 2 Samuel 14:32; Daniel 9:20, 21; and עוֺד הֵם Isaiah 65:24.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Expressing continuance or persistence (still, yet)

• Genesis 18:22 (ואברהם עודנו עמֵד)
• Genesis 29:7 (הן עוד היום גדול)
• Genesis 43:7 (הַעוֺד אֲבִיכֶם חַי)
• 1 Samuel 13:7 (after casus pendens)
• Isaiah 5:25 (ועוד יָדוֺ נְטוּיָה)
• עוֺד לֹא not yet: Jeremiah 40:5; 2 Chronicles 20:23
• עוֺדֶנּוּ מְדַבֵּר while still speaking: Genesis 29:9; 1 Kings 1:22, 42; Job 1:16–18

b. Expressing addition or repetition (still, yet, more)

• Genesis 7:4 (after yet seven days)
• Genesis 29:27, 30 (עוד שׁבע שׁנים אחרות)
• Habakkuk 2:3 (כִּי עוֺד חָזוֺן לַמּוֺעֵד)
• Psalm 84:5 (עוד יהללוך)
• עוֺד מְעַט וְ yet a little and: Exodus 17:4; Hosea 1:4
• לא ... עוד no more: Exodus 2:3; Genesis 17:5; Isaiah 2:4

c. When the continuance is limited to a single occurrence (again)

• Genesis 4:25
• Genesis 18:29 (וַיֹּסֶף עוֺד לְדַבֵּר)
• Genesis 24:20 (וַ֫תָּרָץ עוֺד)
• 1 Samuel 10:22
• Jeremiah 31:4, 5, 23

d. Still, moreover, besides (not in temporal sense)

• Genesis 19:12 (עוֺד מי לך פה)
• 1 Samuel 16:11 (עוֺד שָׁאַר הַקָּטָן)
• וְאֵין עוֺד and there is none besides: Deuteronomy 4:39; Isaiah 45:5, 6, 18
• אֲנִי וְאַפְסִי עוֺד: Isaiah 47:8, 10; Zephaniah 2:15

2. With prefixes

a. בְּעוֺד literally in the continuance of ...

• While yet: Genesis 25:6 (בְּעוֺדֶנּוּ חַי); 2 Samuel 12:22; Psalm 104:33 (בְּעוֺדִי)
• Within yet (of time): Genesis 40:13, 19; Joshua 1:11; Isaiah 21:16
• Within yet (of distance): Genesis 48:7 (בְּעוֺד כִּבְרַת ארץ)

b. מֵעוֺד literally from the continuance of ...

• מֵעוֺדִי עד היום הזה ever since I was ...: Genesis 48:15; Numbers 22:30

Aramaic

עוֺד adverb still (Biblical Hebrew עוֺד; compare S-C⁶; ᵑ7; Christian-Palestinian Aramaic⁷).

• Daniel 4:28 עוֺד מִלְּתָא בְּפֻם מַלְכָּא

¹ Olshausen, Justus. Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (1861), § 222 g.

² Stade, Bernhard. Lehrbuch der hebräischen Grammatik (1879), § 352 b.

³ König, Friedrich Eduard. Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache, ii. 444, iii. 360.

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC), § 100. 5.

⁵ Siloam Inscription (SI).

⁶ Solomon Schechter and Charles Taylor, The Wisdom of Ben Sira (1899).

⁷ Friedrich Schulthess, Lexicon Syropalaestinum (1903).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἔτι οὐκέτι --- ἕωσ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5750:

ἔτι 314× (64.0%)

οὐκέτι 58× (11.6%)

--- 33× (6.8%)

ἕωσ 8× (1.6%)

'' 7× (1.2%)

ἀλλ' 4× (0.8%)

ἦν 4× (0.8%)

πάλιν 3× (0.6%)

ἄλλοσ 3× (0.6%)

---% 3× (0.5%)

ופרסות וּפַרְסוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פרסה

parçâh

Definition

a claw or split hoof

Root

feminine of H6538 (פרס);

Exhaustive

feminine of פרס; a claw or split hoof; claw, (cloven-) footed, hoof.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6541

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פַּרְסָה

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 1194

Prop. the pointed, the sharp; therefore a hoof, a claw.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פַּרְסָה

noun feminine • Root פרס • Page 554

1. the hoof (of a horse). Is. 5: 28. 2. a split hoof, cloven foot. Ex. 10: 26. Zech. 11: 16.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6541

I. מַּרְסָה (approximate number of occurrences: 21) noun feminine — hoof (probably originally divided hoof; compare Nöldeke¹, later of any hoof (see 2 below), even Aramaic of foot-sole of dove Targum Onkelos Genesis 8:9, and of men Jeremiah 47:3 +, compare Nöldeke^l.c.).

Cognates:

• Aramaic מַּרְסָה (foot-sole)

— מַּרְסָה absolute Exodus 10:26 +; plural מְּרָס(וֺ)ת Deuteronomy 14:6, Leviticus 11:3; construct idem Isaiah 5:28 +; suffix מַּרְסֹתַיִךְ Micah 4:13, מַּרְסֵיהֶן Zechariah 11:16.

1. Of ruminants

• Exodus 10:26 (Elohist Source; metonymy for animal itself)
• Micah 4:13 (figurative of Zion)
• Ezekiel 32:13
• Zechariah 11:16 (figurative)
• especially שֶׁסַע מַּרְסָה (שְׁתֵּי) Deuteronomy 14:6 = Leviticus 11:3, 7
• and with מָּרַס Hiph`il (q.v.) Leviticus 11:3 10 times in Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14

2. Of horses

(not divided):

• Isaiah 5:28
• Ezekiel 26:11 (so Targum and Peshitta)
• Jeremiah 47:3

¹ Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (ZA) 1 (1886), 417.

² Elohist Source.

Conjunction, Noun common feminine plural construct

LXX: ὁπλὴν χηλῶν ὁπλῆσ ὁπλὰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6541:

ὁπλὴν 8× (38.2%)

χηλῶν 2× (10.1%)

ὁπλῆσ 2× (10.1%)

ὁπλὰσ 2× (8.6%)

בהמה בְּהֵמָה

the beast

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בהמה

bᵉhêmâh

Definition

properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective)

Root

from an unused root (probably meaning to be mute);

Exhaustive

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H929

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בְּהֵמָה

noun feminine • Root בהם • Lemma_Lookup • Page 223

prop. the dumb, speechless, irrational being; hence generally beast, animal as a collective; tame or wild, particularly cattle

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּהֵמָה

f. prim. • Page 88

1. beast, quadruped. Ecc. 3:19, 21. Lev. 11:2. 2. tame cattle, in opposition to wild beast. Gen. 1:24—26. 3. large cattle, in opposition to small cattle. Gen. 34:23. 4. wild beast of the field. Deut. 32:24. Hab. 2:17. Plur. בְּהֵמוֹת animals. Also as a pluralis excellentiae denoting the Behemoth (hippopotamus) in Job 40:15.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H929

I. בְּהֵמָה (approximate number of occurrences: 187) noun feminine — beast, animal, cattle.

— בְּהֵמָה absolute Genesis 1:24 (137 times); construct בְּהֵמַת Numbers 3:41 (twice in verse) + 10 times; suffix בְּהֵמְתְּךָ Leviticus 19:19 (4 times); בְּהֵמְתֶּ֑ךָ Exodus 20:10 (4 times); בְּהֵמְתּוֹ Genesis 36:6; Proverbs 12:10; plural absolute בְּהֵמוֹת Deuteronomy 32:24 (6 times) + Psalms 73:22; construct בַּהֲמוֹת Psalms 8:8 (5 times).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Beast as living creature other than man

• Genesis 8:1 + very often
• Exodus 8:13
• Exodus 8:14
• Exodus 9:9, 10, 22
• Exodus 22:18
• Leviticus 18:23 (twice in verse) (where בְּהֵמָה is male, so Leviticus 20:16)
• Deuteronomy 27:21
• Psalms 36:7 etc.
• בְּהֵמָה מֵאָדָם וְעַד בְּהֵמָה (בְּהֵמָה including all the larger animals) Exodus 9:25; Exodus 12:12; Psalms 135:8; Jeremiah 50:3 etc.
• As inferior to man Job 18:3; Psalms 49:13; Psalms 49:21; so also Ecclesiastes 3:18, 19 (twice in verse); Ecclesiastes 3:21
• Opposed to birds & reptiles Genesis 6:7; Genesis 7:23; Genesis 8:17 compare Ezekiel 44:31 etc.
• Also to fishes 1 Kings 5:13; Job 12:7 compare Job 12:8, Psalms 8:9; Zephaniah 1:3

b. Opposed to wild beasts

• חַיַּת הָאָרֶץ, הַשָּׂדֶה בְּהֵמָה Genesis 1:24, 25, 26; Genesis 2:20; Genesis 3:14; Genesis 7:14, 21; Genesis 9:10; Psalms 50:10; Psalms 148:10; Isaiah 46:1 etc.
• Especially therefore cattle, as owned and used by man Genesis 47:18 (בְּמִקְנֵה הַבְּהֵמָה) Exodus 20:10 = Deuteronomy 5:14; Leviticus 19:19; Leviticus 26:22; Numbers 3:41 (twice in verse); Numbers 3:45 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 2:35; Deuteronomy 11:15; Jonah 4:11; Zechariah 2:8; Zechariah 8:10; Zechariah 14:15; Ezra 1:4, 6; Nehemiah 9:37; Nehemiah 10:37 etc.
• In one (late) passage of animal for riding (horse? mule?) Nehemiah 2:12 (twice in verse); Nehemiah 2:14

c. Rarely of wild beasts, especially carnivora

• יַעַר בְּהֵמָה Micah 5:7
• הָאָרֶץ בְּהֵמָה Deuteronomy 28:26; Isaiah 18:6 (twice in verse); Jeremiah 7:33; Jeremiah 15:3; Jeremiah 16:4; Jeremiah 19:7; Jeremiah 34:20
• הַשָּׂדֶה בְּהֵמָה 1 Samuel 17:44
• Alone Proverbs 30:30
• שֶׁנְּבְהֵמוֹת Deuteronomy 32:24
• בְּשֹׁד בְּהֵמָה Habakkuk 2:17

¹ [] indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0929:

No stats available

לא לֹא

not

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לא

lôʼ

Definition

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

Root

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle;

Exhaustive

or לוא; or לה; (Deuteronomy 3:11), a primitive particle; not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles; [idiom] before, [phrase] or else, ere, [phrase] except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never, no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), ([idiom] as though...,(can-), for) not (out of), of nought, otherwise, out of, [phrase] surely, [phrase] as truly as, [phrase] of a truth, [phrase] verily, for want, [phrase] whether, without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3808

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֹא

negative particle • Root אל • Strongs / High • Page 759

A negative particle; not, no. It functions as an absolute negative, a negative answer to a question, or a refusal. Used with verbs in various tenses and moods to express negation or prohibition.

לֹא

particle • Strongs / High • Page 761

A K'ri reading for לוֹ.

לֹא

adverb / particle • Strongs / High • Page 760

Not; No; Nothing (substantive use); Before (cognate sense to טֶרֶם).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֹא

adverb • Page 338

A primitive adverb of negation (more rarely לוֹא). 1. not. 2. no (Gen. 19:2). 3. nothing (Job 6:21). 4. without (1 Chr. 2:30). 5. interrogative, nonne? (Jon. 4:11). 6. lest, that not (Ex. 28:32). 7. In combination with adjectives/substantives it gives a negative signification (e.g., לֹא עֹז without strength).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3808

I. לֹא or לוֺא (approximate number of occurrences: 5048) adverb — not.

Cognates:

• Arabic لا
• Aramaic לָא
• Sabean לא
• Assyrian lâ
• (Not in Ethiopic: compare Kö¹ ii. 1. 236; Walker²)

— לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr³), 35 times; besides בְּלוֺא 6 times, and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much, e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Masora, written לו (קרי לֹא), 1 Samuel 2:16; 1 Samuel 20:2, once לה Deuteronomy 3:11 כתיב: — not — denying objectively, like Greek οὐ (not μὴ = אַל).

1. In predication

a. With a verb

• With finite tenses: Genesis 2:5, Genesis 4:5 (perfect); Genesis 3:4, Genesis 8:21–22 (imperfect).
• In circumstantial clauses: Genesis 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isaiah 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט.
• With final force: Isaiah 41:7; Exodus 28:32 (see GKC⁴ §156. 3).
• Governing two verbs: Exodus 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Leviticus 19:12.
• Expressing prohibition: Genesis 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Exodus 20:13 לא תגנב.
• With jussive/cohortative (rare): Genesis 24:8; 1 Samuel 14:36.

b. With the infinitive

Only once in בְּלֹא (4a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot or must not:

• Judges 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not possible to dispossess.
• Amos 6:10 לא להזכיר בשׁם י׳.

c. Negating the word immediately following

• Genesis 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֺד not Jacob shall thy name be called any more.
• Genesis 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי not ye have sent me hither, but God.
• Rhetorically: 2 Kings 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly).

d. Standing alone

• אִם לֹא if not: Genesis 18:21, Genesis 42:16.
• In answer to a question (Nay): Judges 12:5 ויאמר לא, Genesis 23:11 לא אדני.

e. With interrogative force

• Jonah 4:11, Job 2:10, Exodus 8:22.

2. Not in predication

a. Coupled to an adjective (litotes)

• Hosea 13:13 בן לא־חכם an unwise son.
• Psalm 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good.

b. With a participle

• Jeremiah 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה.
• Isaiah 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה.

c. With nouns or prepositional phrases

• Genesis 15:13 בארץ לא להם.
• Habakkuk 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹא־לוֺ.

d. With a substantive forming a compound (un-)

• Deuteronomy 32:21 בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God.
• Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר at a thing which is not.
• Isaiah 10:15 מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ what is no wood.

e. In circumstantial clauses

• 2 Samuel 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds.
• Job 34:24 לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry.

3. As a substantive

Job 6:21 כִּי־עַתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing (compare Aramaic Daniel 4:32).

4. With prefixes

a. בְּלֹא — without

• Jeremiah 22:13 בלא־צדק without justice.
• Job 8:11 בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire.
• Of time: Leviticus 15:25 בלא עֶת־נִדָּתָהּ outside the time of her impurity.

b. הֲלֹא — nonne?

Inviting an affirmative answer; often used in conversation to win assent:

• Genesis 13:9 Is not the whole land before thee?
• Exodus 4:11 Do not I?
• As a rhetorical affirmative: 1 Kings 11:41 הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים are they not written...?

c. וָלֹ֕א — and if not

• 2 Samuel 13:26; 2 Kings 5:17.

d. כְּלוֺא — as though not

• Obadiah 1:16 והיו כלוא היו as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא — without

• 2 Chronicles 15:3; Amos 6:13.

Note on Orthography: Fifteen times, according to Masora, לא is written by error for לוֺ, e.g., Exodus 21:8; Leviticus 11:21; Isaiah 9:2; Psalm 100:3; Job 13:15 (always with קרי לוֺ).

Aramaic

I. לָא (לָה Daniel 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא).

1. literally not
   • Jeremiah 10:11; Daniel 2:5, 9, 10 etc.
   • before a participle: Daniel 2:27, 43; Daniel 3:16.
   • Daniel 4:32 כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין as men not accounted of.
2. with infinitive and לְ (must not / cannot)
   • Daniel 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be altered.
   • Ezra 6:8.
3. interrogative הֲלָא
   • Daniel 3:24; Daniel 4:27; Daniel 6:13.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Dean A. Walker, "The Semitic Negative," American Journal of Semitic Languages (1896).

³ S. Frensdorff, Die Massora Magna (1876).

⁴ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

⁵ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (1892).

Particle negative

LXX: οὐκ οὐ μὴ οὐδὲ οὐχ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3808:

οὐκ 1137× (34.5%)

οὐ 797× (24.2%)

μὴ 184× (5.6%)

οὐδὲ 150× (4.5%)

οὐχ 127× (3.9%)

οὐχὶ 120× (3.6%)

--- 98× (3.0%)

'' 94× (2.4%)

---% 62× (1.5%)

οὐκέτι 50× (1.4%)

תדלחם תִדְלָחֵם׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דלח

dâlach

Definition

to roil water

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to roil water; trouble.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1804

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּלַח

verb • Root דלח • Strongs / High • Page 369

(fut. יִדְלַח) tr. to trouble (water), by treading it.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּלַח

verb • Page 166

To trouble or disturb water with the feet. Ezek. 32: 2, 13.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1804

I. דָּלַח (approximate number of occurrences: 3) verb — make turbid.

Cognates:

• Assyrian dalâhu (disturb¹)
• Palestinian Aramaic דְּלַח (figurative be anxious, fear)
• Latin turbavit, conturbavit

— Qal Imperfect 2 masculine singular וַתִּדְלַח Ezekiel 32:2; 3 feminine singular suffix תִּדְלָחֵם Ezekiel 32:13 + Ezekiel 32:13 (Co² תרפשׂם).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. stir up, trouble, make turbid

• (Always with feet) followed by מים Ezekiel 32:2 (parallel תִּרְמֹּס; ס according to Baer³)
• Ezekiel 32:13 (twice; but in 13b Co² reads תרפשׂ, compare Ezekiel 32:2, for תדלחם)

¹ Heinrich Zimmern, Babylonische Busspsalmen (Bp), 1885, p. 81.

² Carl Heinrich Cornill (Co), Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel, 1886.

³ Seligman Baer, Hebrew Bible Editor (Masoretic Text).

Verb Qal imperfect third person feminine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: ταράξῃ αὐτὸ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1804:

ταράξῃ 2× (44.0%)

αὐτὸ 2× (37.4%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And I destroyed all her cattle above many waters; and the foot of man shall not trouble them any more, and the hoofs of cattle shall not trouble them.

LITV Translation:
I will also destroy all her beasts from on the great waters, and the foot of man shall not stir them any longer, and the hoofs of beasts shall not stir them up.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And I will destroy all her cattle from beside the great water; and the foot of man shall not trouble it anymore, and the step of cattle shall no more trample it.