Ezekiel 26:4

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ושחתו וְשִׁחֲת֞וּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שחת

shâchath

Definition

to decay, i.e. (causatively) ruin (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to decay, i.e. (causatively) ruin (literally or figuratively); batter, cast off, corrupt(-er, thing), destroy(-er, -uction), lose, mar, perish, spill, spoiler, [idiom] utterly, waste(-r).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7843

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁחַת

verb • Root שחת • Strongs / High • Page 755

to injure, corrupt

שָׁחַת

verb • Root שחת • Strongs / High • Page 1411

tr. prop. to crush, to reduce to ruins, to injure, hence to destroy, to ruin, to corrupt.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7843

I. שָׁחַת (approximate number of occurrences: 151) verb — go to ruin (?), only derived species.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew Hiph`il = Biblical Hebrew
• Ecclesiasticus שחיתה (Ecclesiasticus 30:11) corrupt act
• Arabic سحت extirpate
• Ethiopic ሰሐተ injure, violate
• Tel Amarna ša—âtu is fall (especially of city), be prostrate (? of land), perhaps Canaanism¹
• Assyrian possibly šêtu, flee, escape (compare אבד)
• Old Aramaic (Zinjirli) שחת destroy²
• Aramaic שְׁחַת, חֲבַל (assimilation of ב), mutilate

— very improbable Gerber³ denominative from שַׁחַת.

Niph`al

be marred, spoiled, Perfect 3masculine singular נִשְׁחַת, of waistcloth Jeremiah 13:7, vessel Jeremiah 18:4; be injured, or even (hyperb.) ruined, Imperfect 3feminine singular תִּשָּׁחֵת Exodus 8:20 (Jehovist Source) of land (+ מִפְנֵי הֶעָרֹב); be corrupted, corrupt, in morals and rel., of earth, Perfect 3feminine singular נִשְׁחָ֑תָה Genesis 6:12 (Priests' Code), Imperfect 3feminine singular וַתִּשּׁ לִפְנֵי הָא Genesis 6:11 (Priests' Code); so Participle feminine plural as adjective נִשְׁחָתוֺת Ezekiel 20:44.

Pi`el

Perfect 3masculine singular שִׁחֵת Exodus 32:7 +, suffix שִׁחֶתְךָ Hosea 13:9; 2masculine singular שִׁחַתָּ Isaiah 14:20 +, etc.; Imperative masculine plural שַׁחֵ֑תוּ Jeremiah 5:10; Infinitive construct שַׁחֵת Genesis 13:10 +, etc.; —

1. spoil, ruin, destroy

• accusative of eye Exodus 21:26 (Elohist Source)
• vineyard Jeremiah 12:10 (figurative)
• branches Nahum 2:3 (figurative)
• accusative of person 2 Samuel 1:14; 2 Samuel 14:11
• כָּלבָֿשָׂר Genesis 6:17; Genesis 9:15 (Priests' Code)
• city, fortress Genesis 13:10; Genesis 19:13, 29 (all Jehovist Source)
• ruin temple Lamentations 2:6, nation Hosea 11:9; Hosea 13:9 (read perhaps שִׁחַתִּךָ Oort⁴ Nowack⁵)
• with ל object, city 1 Samuel 23:10, person Numbers 32:15 (Priests' Code)
• accusative רַחֲמָיו Amos 1:11, destroyed (stifled) his compassion (or, RS⁷ others, the bonds of kinship)
• וְשׁ אַרְצָה Genesis 38:9 (Jehovist Source) he spoiled (it) upon the ground, made it ineffective
• waste words Proverbs 23:8

2. pervert, corrupt

• accusative wisdom Ezekiel 28:17
• absolute = deal corruptly, הֶעֱמִיקוּ שִׁחֵתוּ Hosea 9:9 (but We⁶ Now⁵ read שַׁחְתּוֺ), Exodus 32:7 (JE), Deuteronomy 9:12

Hiph`il

Perfect 3masculine singular הִשְׁחִית Genesis 6:12 +; 1 singular וְהִשְׁחַתִּ֫י Jeremiah 51:20; Imperfect 3masculine singular יַשְׁחִית Daniel 8:24 +, יַשְׁחִת Malachi 3:11; 2feminine singular וַתַּשְׁחִתִי Ezekiel 16:47; Infinitive absolute הַשְׁחֵת Deuteronomy 31:29; Participle מַשְׁחִית Genesis 19:14 +; —

1. spoil, ruin, destroy

• accusative crop Judges 6:4; Malachi 3:11, trees Deuteronomy 20:19–20
• הִשׁ דַּיָּם Jeremiah 49:9 thieves damage as much as they want
• accusative of person = ruin, destroy, 1 Samuel 26:9, 15; Judges 20:21, 25 (+ אַ֫רְצָה)
• ruin one (by words) Proverbs 11:9
• city wall 2 Samuel 20:15 (Ewald¹⁰ Thenius¹¹ denominative from שַׁחַת; but see versions^12,13)
• as substantive = destroyer Exodus 12:23 (Jehovist Source), Jeremiah 22:7; Isaiah 54:16
• figurative for snare, trap, Jeremiah 5:26

2. pervert, corrupt morally

• accusative דֶּרֶךְ Genesis 6:12 (Priests' Code), נַפְשׁוֺ Proverbs 6:32
• הִשׁ הִתְעִיבוּ עֲליִלָה Psalm 14:1 = Psalm 53:2
• הַשְׁחֵת תַּשְׁח Deuteronomy 4:16; Deuteronomy 31:29
• אַלתַּֿשְׁחֵת destroy not (catchword of old song?) in Psalm-titles: Psalm 57:1; 58:1; 59:1; 75:1

Hoph`al

Participle מָשְׁחָת spoiled, ruined, of a spring, מָקוֺר Proverbs 25:26; as substantive Malachi 1:14 sacrificing a spoiled thing.

¹ Hugo Winckler, Die Thontafeln von Tell-el-Amarna (Wkl).

² Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

³ W. J. Gerber, Die hebräischen Verba denominativa, 1896.

⁴ Henricus Oort.

⁵ Wilhelm Nowack.

⁶ Julius Wellhausen.

⁷ W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia.

¹⁰ Heinrich Ewald.

¹¹ Rudolf Otto Thenius.

¹² Klostermann.

¹³ Karl Budde.

conjunctive, Verb Piel sequential perfect third person common plural

LXX: διέφθειραν διαφθεῖραι ἐξολεθρεῦσαι ἀπολέσω διέφθειρεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7843:

διέφθειραν 10× (6.5%)

διαφθεῖραι 9× (5.9%)

ἐξολεθρεῦσαι 5× (3.1%)

ἀπολέσω 4× (2.8%)

διέφθειρεν 4× (2.6%)

ἐξαλεῖψαι 3× (1.9%)

καταφθεῖραι 3× (1.9%)

αὐτοὺσ 3× (1.7%)

φθερεῖ 3× (2.0%)

ἐξολεθρεύσεισ 2× (1.4%)

חמות חֹמוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חומה

chôwmâh

Definition

a wall of protection

Root

feminine active participle of an unused root apparently meaning to join;

Exhaustive

feminine active participle of an unused root apparently meaning to join; a wall of protection; wall, walled.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2346

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חוֹמָה

noun feminine • Root חמה • Strongs / High • Page 467

prop. enclosing, protecting round about, i.e. a wall, circular wall; usually spoken of the wall of a city.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חוֹמָה

noun feminine • Root חמה • Page 218

A wall (Ex. 14:22, 29. Deut. 3:5. 28:52). i.q. Arab. حَمَا to surround, protect. Plur. חוֹמוֹת; Dual חוֹמוֹתַיִם (between the two walls, 2 K. 25:4).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2346

I. חוֺמָה (approximate number of occurrences: 133) noun feminine — wall (as protection; construct חמת MI¹).

— חוֺמָה absolute Leviticus 25:29 (59 times); חֹמָה Exodus 14:29 (8 times); construct חוֺמַת Joshua 6:5 (28 times); suffix חוֺמָתָהּ Nahum 2:6, Nahum 3:8; plural absolute חוֺמוֺת 2 Chronicles 8:5, Isaiah 26:1; חֹמוֺת Songs 5:7; construct חוֺמוֺת Psalm 51:20, חוֺמֹת 2 Kings 25:10 (9 times); suffix חוֺמֹתַי Isaiah 56:5, חֹמֹתֶיךָ Deuteronomy 28:52, חוֺמוֺתַיִךְ Ezekiel 26:10, חוֺמֹתַיִךְ Isaiah 49:16, חוֺמוֺתֶיהָ Jeremiah 50:15; dual חוֺמֹתַיִם Isaiah 22:11, חֹמֹתַיִם 2 Kings 25:4 = Jeremiah 52:7; חֹמֹתָ֑יִם Jeremiah 39:4 (compare Olshausen² §113a).

1. Wall of a city

• Deuteronomy 28:52; Joshua 2:15; Joshua 6:5, 20 (Jehovist-Elohist Sources); 1 Samuel 31:10, 12; 2 Samuel 11:20–21; 2 Kings 18:26–27 = Isaiah 36:11–12; Amos 1:7, 10, 14; Isaiah 2:15; Joel 2:7, 9.
• בֵּין הַחֹמֹתַיִם (of Jerusalem) i.e. between the two walls of the Ophel and the southwest hill Isaiah 22:11; 2 Kings 25:4 = Jeremiah 52:7.
• עִיר חוֺמָה walled city Leviticus 25:29; עִיר אֲשֶׁר לֹא חֹמָה Leviticus 25:30 (Holiness Code); עָרִים בְּצֻרוֺת חוֺמָה Deuteronomy 3:5.
• חוֺמַת אֲנָךְ Amos 7:7 (literally wall of a plummet), meaning doubtful.
• Wall of Jerusalem 1 Kings 3:1 + often; Nehemiah 1:3, 2:13, 3:8, 12:38.

2. Wall of a building

a. Citadel, fortress

• חוֺמֹת אַרְמְנוֺתֶיהָ Lamentations 2:7.

b. Surrounding new temple

• Ezekiel 40:5; Ezekiel 42:20.

3. Figurative uses

• Of waters of Red Sea Exodus 14:22, 29 (Priestly Code).
• Of David's men as protectors of Nabal's shepherds 1 Samuel 25:16.
• Of prophet as object of assault חוֺמַת נְחשֶׁת Jeremiah 1:18; Jeremiah 15:20.
• Of strong, virtuous woman Songs 8:9, 10.
• Of salvation (יְשׁוּעָה) as defence Isaiah 26:1.
• Of God himself חוֺמַת אֵשׁ Zechariah 2:9.
• In simile of wealth חוֺמָה נִשְׂגָּבָה Proverbs 18:11.
• A reckless man is עִיר מְּרוּצָה אֵין חוֺמָה Proverbs 25:28.

¹ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone).

² Justus Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (1861).

Noun common feminine plural construct

LXX: τεῖχοσ τείχουσ τείχη τείχει ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H2346:

τεῖχοσ 41× (29.5%)

τείχουσ 28× (19.6%)

τείχη 26× (17.5%)

τείχει 12× (7.1%)

'' 8× (5.6%)

τειχέων 7× (4.6%)

αὐτῆσ 4× (2.1%)

ὡσ 2× (1.5%)

צר צֹ֗ר

adversary

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

צר

Tsôr

Definition

Tsor, a place in Palestine

Root

or צור; the same as H6864 (צר); a rock;

Exhaustive

or צור; the same as צר; a rock; Tsor, a place in Palestine; Tyre, Tyrus.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6865

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צֹר

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1225

Tyre (City).

צֹר

noun masculine • Root צרר • Strongs / High • Page 1248

m. 1. Stone, rock. 2. The edge. 3. (Tyre) Proper name of the very old seaport city in Phoenicia.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צֹר

m. 1. • Page 575

1. a rock, i. q. צוּר no. 1. Ezek. 3: 9. 2. a knife. Ex. 4: 25. 3. Tyre, i. q. צוֹר q. v.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6865

I. צֹר, צוֺר (approximate number of occurrences: 42) proper name, of a location Τυρος — Tyre, famous Phoenician city.

Cognates:

• Phoenician צר
• Assyrian ‚urru (Tel Amarna)
• Egyptian Da-(ï)ra, Da-ru¹

— צֹר 2 Samuel 24:7 (32 times); צוֺר 1 Kings 5:15 (8 times²).

1. Historical and Geographical Context

a. City of Hiram, friend of David and Solomon

• 2 Samuel 5:11
• 1 Kings 5:15
• 1 Kings 9:11, 12
• 1 Chronicles 14:1
• 2 Chronicles 2:2, 10
• Of the artisan Hiram: 1 Kings 7:13

b. Descriptive and personified

• As city personified: בַּת־צֹר Psalm 45:13
• As a Phoenician fortress: מִבְצַר־צֹר 2 Samuel 24:7
• עִיר מִבְצַר־צֹר Joshua 19:29 (Priests' Code)

2. Prophetic Utterances and Later History

a. Threatened by prophets (especially regarding commercial greatness)

• Amos 1:9, 10
• Isaiah 23:1 (מַשָׂא צֹר), 5, 8, 15, 17
• Jeremiah 25:22 (מַלְכֵי־צֹר)
• Jeremiah 27:3 (מֶלֶךְ צֹר)
• Jeremiah 47:4
• Ezekiel 26:2, 3, 4, 7, 15
• Ezekiel 27:2, 3 (twice), 8, 32
• Ezekiel 28:2 (נְגִיד צֹר), 12 (מֶלֶךְ צוֺר)

b. Siege and other mentions

• Besieged by Nebuchadnezzar: Ezekiel 29:18 (twice)
• Zechariah 9:2, 3
• Joel 4:4
• יֹשְׁבֵי צֹר Psalm 83:8
• Of Tyrians as proselytes: Psalm 87:4

— לְצוֺר Hosea 9:13 is probably corrupt, read לָצוֺד or לָצַיִד (LXX, Wellhausen, George Adam Smith, compare Nowack). Often associated with Sidon (צִידוֺן).

¹ W. Max Müller, Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern (1893), 185.

² Ginsburg Hebrew Bible (Gi).

³ Priests' Code (P).

⁴ Richard Pietschmann, Geschichte der Phönizier (1889), 60 ff.; Edward Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine, ii. 461 ff.; Duc de Luynes, Voyage à la Mer Morte (1874), i. 28 ff.; Baedeker, Palestine and Syria, 3rd ed. (1898), 307 ff.

Noun proper name

LXX: τύρου σορ τύροσ τύρον τύριοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6865:

τύρου 21× (47.1%)

σορ 9× (19.6%)

τύροσ 6× (13.4%)

τύρον 3× (6.5%)

τύριοσ 2× (4.6%)

והרסו וְהָרְסוּ

and they have torn down

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הרס

hâraç

Definition

to pull down or in pieces, break, destroy

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to pull down or in pieces, break, destroy; beat down, break (down, through), destroy, overthrow, pluck down, pull down, ruin, throw down, [idiom] utterly.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2040

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָרַס

verb • Root הרס • Strongs / High • Page 414

To tear, tear in pieces; to pull down, destroy, annihilate; figuratively, to scatter.

הָרַס

verb • Root הרס • Strongs / High • Page 414

(Piel) A stronger meaning than the Kal form of the verb.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הָרַס

verb • Page 193

fut. יֶהֱרֹס and יַהֲרֹס. 1. to tear down, to destroy (houses, walls, cities,) Ezek. 16: 39. 26: 4, 12. Lam. 2: 2, 17. to beat in (the teeth,) Ps. 58:7 אֱלֹהִים הֲרָס-שִׁנֵּימוֹ בְּפִימוֹ O God, beat their teeth into their mouth. 2. intrans. to break through. Ex. 19: 21 פֶּן יֶהֶרְסוּ אֶל יְהוָה lest they break through unto God. 3. to lay waste (a country,) Prov. 29: 4. to destroy (a people,) Ex. 15: 7.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2040

I. הָרַס verb — throw down, break or tear down.

Cognates:

• Moabite Stone הרם¹
• Arabic هرس bruise, bray, pound, crush (grain)

— Qal Perfect הָרַס Lamentations 2:2, 17; הָרָ֑ס Isaiah 14:17; וְהָרַסְתָּ֫ Judges 6:25; וְהָרַסְתִּ֫י Ezekiel 13:14, Micah 5:10; וְהָֽרְסוּ Ezekiel 16:39, Ezekiel 26:4, 12; הָרָ֑סוּ 1 Kings 19:10, 14; Imperfect יַהֲרוֺס Job 12:14; suffix יֶהֶרְסֶ֑ךָ Isaiah 22:19; וַיֶּהֶרְסֶ֑הָ 1 Chronicles 20:1; יֶהֶרְסֶנָּה Proverbs 29:4; יֶהֶרְסֵם Psalm 28:5; 3 feminine singular suffix 3 masculine singular תֶּהֶרְסֶנּוּ Proverbs 14:1; 2 masculine singular תַּהֲרֹס Exodus 15:7; אֶהֱרֹס Jeremiah 24:6, Jeremiah 42:10; אֶהֱרוֺס Malachi 1:4; 3 masculine plural יֶהֶרְסוּ Exodus 19:21, 24; יַהֲרֹ֑סוּ 2 Kings 3:25; Imperative הֲרָסֿ Psalm 58:7; suffix הָרְסָהּ 2 Samuel 11:25; Infinitive הֲרֹס Jeremiah 31:28; הֲרוֺס Jeremiah 1:10; Participle active הֹרֵס Jeremiah 45:4; passive הָרוּס 1 Kings 18:30.

1. Meanings and Uses (Qal)

a. Throw down, tear down

• altar(s) Judges 6:25; 1 Kings 18:30; 1 Kings 19:10, 14
• height (גַּב, where idol-altar stood?) Ezekiel 16:39 (compare גֶּב under גבב)
• city (cities) Isaiah 14:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; 2 Kings 3:25; 1 Chronicles 20:1 (compare Mesha Inscription³); Malachi 1:4
• wall(s) Ezekiel 13:14; Ezekiel 26:12
• house Proverbs 14:1 (figurative of foolish woman’s action)
• strongholds (מִבְצָרִים) Lamentations 2:2; Micah 5:10
• tower(s) Ezekiel 26:4
• figurative overthrow (ruin) land Proverbs 29:4 (opposed to יַעֲמִיד)
• object men Exodus 15:7 (Elohist Source); Isaiah 22:19 (cast down Shebna from office)
• figurative, opposed to building up, of Yahweh's dealings with men Psalm 28:5, compare Jeremiah 24:6, Jeremiah 42:10
• object indefinite אֲשֶׁר בָּנִיתִי אֲנִי הֹרֵס Jeremiah 45:4; absolute Jeremiah 1:10; Jeremiah 31:28; Lamentations 2:17; Job 12:14

b. Break down, break away

• ה׳ שִׁנֵּימוֺ בְּפִימוֺ Psalm 58:7 break away their teeth in their mouth! (figurative, addressed to God)

c. Break through (intransitive)

• followed by אֶל־י׳ Exodus 19:21 (Yahwist Source)
• followed by לַעֲלֹת אֶל־י׳ Exodus 19:24 (Yahwist Source)

2. Niph`al

— Perfect 3 feminine singular נֶהֱרָ֑סָה Proverbs 24:31; 3 plural נֶהֶרְסוּ Jeremiah 50:15, Joel 1:17; וְנֶהֶרְסוּ consecutive Ezekiel 30:4, Ezekiel 38:20; Imperfect יֵהָרֵס Jeremiah 31:40; 3 feminine singular תֵּהָרֵס Proverbs 11:11; יֵהָרֵס֑וּן Psalm 11:3; Participle הַנֶּהֱרָסוֺת Ezekiel 36:35, 36.

be thrown or torn down:

• wall(s) of vineyard Proverbs 24:31, of city Jeremiah 50:15
• cities Ezekiel 36:35–36
• figurative ruined Proverbs 11:11 (opposed to תָּרוּם)
• foundations (יְסוֺדֹת) Ezekiel 30:4; (שָׁתוֺת) Psalm 11:3
• mountains Ezekiel 38:20
• storehouses (מַמְּגֻרוֺת) Joel 1:17
• valley east of Jerusalem לֹא־יִנָּתֵשׁ וְלֹא־יֵהָרֵס Jeremiah 31:40 it shall not be plucked up nor thrown down (proverbial expression)

3. Pi`el

— Imperfect 2 masculine singular suffix תְּהָֽרְסֵם Exodus 23:24; Infinitive absolute הָרֵס Exodus 23:24; Participle plural suffix מְהָֽרְסַיִךְ Isaiah 49:17.

overthrow, tear down:

• הָרֵס תְּהָֽרְסֵם Exodus 23:24 thou shalt utterly tear them down (Yahwist and Elohist Sources; object = idols)
• participle destroyers, of Zion Isaiah 49:17 (parallel to מַחֲרִיבַיִךְ)

¹ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone), line 27.

² Yahwist Source.

³ Elohist Source.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect third person common plural

LXX: καθεῖλεν καθελεῖσ καθεῖλον κατέσκαψεν κατεσκάφη

LXX Usage Statistics

H2040:

καθεῖλεν 3× (7.0%)

καθελεῖσ 3× (6.6%)

καθεῖλον 2× (4.6%)

κατέσκαψεν 2× (4.3%)

κατεσκάφη 2× (4.3%)

מגדליה מִגְדָּליהָ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מגדל

migdâl

Definition

a tower (from its size or height); by analogy, a rostrum; figuratively, a (pyramidal) bed of flowers

Root

also (in plural) feminine מגדלה; from H1431 (גדל);

Exhaustive

also (in plural) feminine מגדלה; from גדל; a tower (from its size or height); by analogy, a rostrum; figuratively, a (pyramidal) bed of flowers; castle, flower, tower. Compare the names following.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4026

ה

Definition

her, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9024

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִגְדּוֹל

noun proper • Root מגדל • Consonantal / Medium • Page 806

(tower, castle) n. p. of a city in the extreme north of Egypt, on the border of כּוּשׁ.

Matched via consonantal key only

מִגְדָּל

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 806

prop. high, projecting upward; hence 1. a tower, fort, castle, pylon, fortification on a height; metaphorically a watch-turret, a high stage, a pulpit, protection. 2. The name of various fortifications.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִגְדָּל

noun proper • Page 353

Variant spelling of מִגְדּוֹל, a city in Egypt.

מִגְדָּל

noun masculine • Root גדל • Page 354

1. a tower (Gen. 11:4, 5); particularly a tower for defence (Judg. 8:9, 9:46 ff). 2. a high scaffold, stage, or pulpit (Neh. 8:4). 3. an espalier (Cant. 5:13).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4026

I. מִגְדָּל (approximate number of occurrences: 50) noun masculine — tower.

Cognates:

• Mesha Inscription (MI²²) מגדלתה
• Lihyânian מגדלנהן (compare Müller¹)

— מִגְדָּל absolute Genesis 11:5 (12 times); construct מִגְדַּל Judges 8:17 (22 times); plural מִגְדָּלִים 2 Chronicles 26:9 (7 times); suffix מִגְדָּלֶיהָ Psalm 48:12, Ezekiel 26:4; plural feminine מִגְדָּלוֺת 2 Chronicles 32:5 (3 times); construct מִגְדְּלוֺת Songs 5:13 (?); suffix מִגְדְּלֹתַיִךְ Ezekiel 26:9, Ezekiel 27:11.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Physical tower

• Genesis 11:4, 5
• Judges 8:9; 9:51 (twice); 9:52 (twice)
• 2 Kings 9:17; 17:9; 18:8
• 1 Chronicles 27:25
• 2 Chronicles 14:6; 26:9, 10, 11; 27:4; 32:5
• Nehemiah 3:25, 26, 27
• Isaiah 2:15; 30:25; 33:18
• Ezekiel 26:4, 9; 27:11
• Psalm 48:13
• Watch-tower in vineyard Isaiah 5:2

b. Figurative and Poetic

• Of God as refuge figurative Psalm 61:4; Proverbs 18:10
• Beautiful neck like tower of David Songs 4:4
• An ivory tower Songs 7:5
• Breasts like towers Songs 8:10

c. Special named towers

• On Lebanon Songs 7:5
• In Penuel Judges 8:17
• In Shechem Judges 9:46, 47, 49
• At Jerusalem:
  • Tower of David Songs 4:4 (the arsenal)
  • Me'ah (מֵאָה) Nehemiah 3:1
  • Hananel (חֲנַנְאֵל) Nehemiah 3:1; Nehemiah 12:39; Jeremiah 31:38; Zechariah 14:10
  • Tower of the Furnaces (תַּנּוּרִים) Nehemiah 3:11; Nehemiah 12:38

2. Elevated stage

elevated stage, pulpit of wood Nehemiah 8:4.

3. Raised bed

raised bed (+ עֲרוּגָה) Songs 5:13, but Septuagint Vulgate Hitzig Böttcher Delitzsch rightly read מְגַדְּלוֺת.²

¹ D.H. Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

² Textual critics Hitzig, Böttcher, and Delitzsch on the reading in Canticles.

Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX: πύργου πύργουσ πύργον πύργοσ ὡσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4026:

πύργου 15× (28.8%)

πύργουσ 7× (13.0%)

πύργον 7× (12.7%)

πύργοσ 7× (12.4%)

ὡσ 4× (8.5%)

πύργοισ 3× (4.2%)

--- 2× (4.3%)

πύργοι 2× (4.0%)

וסחיתי וְסִחֵיתִי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

סחה

çâchâh

Definition

to sweep away

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to sweep away; scrape.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5500

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סָחָה

verb • Root סחה • Strongs / High • Page 1015

(Kal not used) tr. to tear away, to sweep away, to wipe off, to brush, scratch away, earth, soil; to expel, drive away, wash off the same.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סָחָה

verb • Page 472

to wipe or sweep off. Only in Pi. Ezek. 26:4. Chald. to wash.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5500

I. סָחָה (√ of following; = סוּח) verb — scrape.

Cognates:

• Arabic سَحَا (سَحَى, and سَحَوْ, Lane¹) scrape off, clear away
• Talmudic סְחוּתָא, סְחִיתָא refuse
• Targum סְחִיתָא dirt, dung

1. Pi`el

scrape clean, scour:

• Perfect 1 singular consecutive וְסִחֵתִ֫י עֲפָרָהּ מֶּנָּהָ Ezekiel 26:4 and I will scrape clean her dust from her

¹ E. W. Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, p. 1322.

conjunctive, Verb Piel sequential perfect first person common singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H5500:

No stats available

עפרה עֲפָרָהּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עפר

ʻâphâr

Definition

dust (as powdered or gray); hence, clay, earth, mud

Root

from H6080 (עפר);

Exhaustive

from עפר; dust (as powdered or gray); hence, clay, earth, mud; ashes, dust, earth, ground, morter, powder, rubbish.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6083

ה

Definition

her, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9024

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָפָר

noun masculine • Root עפר • Strongs / High • Page 1118

Dust, a dry, bruised, crushed part of earth (out of which the body of the first man was formed); hence 1. dust; 2. dry earth, clay; 3. sand; 4. earth generally; 5. something earthly, transitory, or a corpse.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָפָר

m. dec. iv. c. • Page 519

dust, earth. Gen. 2:7. 26:15. Lev. 14:42. Used for the grave (to lie in the dust). Gen. 3:19. Ps. 104:29. figurative for humility or frailty, Gen. 18:27.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6083

I. עָפָר (compare Leviticus 14:42) noun masculine — dry earth, dust.

— עָפָר absolute Genesis 2:7 +; construct עֲפַר Genesis 13:16 +; suffix עֲפָרֵךְ Ezekiel 26:12, עֲפָרוֹ Deuteronomy 9:21, etc.; plural construct עַפְרֹת Job 28:6; Proverbs 8:26.

1. Literally

a. Dry, loose earth

• 2 Samuel 16:13 (thrown in malice; "" אֲבָנִים)
• Joshua 7:6 (Jehovist Source; sign of grief), so Ezekiel 27:30; Lamentations 2:10; Job 2:12
• 1 Kings 18:38; Amos 2:7; Micah 1:10; Isaiah 34:7, 9
• Leviticus 17:13 (Holiness Code); Ezekiel 24:7; Numbers 5:17
• Job 14:19; Job 38:38; Job 39:14
• Genesis 26:15 (Redactor); Habakkuk 1:10 (made into siege works)
• Deuteronomy 28:24 (of sand-storm; + אָבָק)
• Genesis 3:14 (Yahwist Source); Isaiah 65:25 (serpent's food, token of punishment)
• Deuteronomy 32:24 (זֹחֲלֵי עָפָר)

b. Material of human body

• Genesis 2:7; Genesis 3:19 (Yahwist Source)
• Ecclesiastes 3:20; Job 4:19; Job 8:19; Psalm 103:14
• Returns to it (שׁוּב אֶל־): Genesis 3:19; Job 10:9; Psalm 104:29; Ecclesiastes 3:20; Job 34:15; Ecclesiastes 12:7

c. Surface of ground or soil

• Exodus 8:12; 8:13 (Priestly Code; עֲפַר הָאָרֶץ)
• Job 19:25; Isaiah 25:12; Isaiah 26:5 ("" אֶרֶץ)
• Job 41:25 (whole earth)
• Isaiah 2:19 (מְחִלוֹת עָפָר), Isaiah 2:10; Job 30:6 (חֹרֵי עָפָר)
• Job 5:6; Job 14:8 (soil)

d. Powder of anything pulverized

• Deuteronomy 9:21 (compare דַּק "" Exodus 32:20)
• 2 Kings 23:6, 12, 15
• 2 Samuel 22:43 = Psalm 18:43 (in simile)
• Numbers 19:17 (ashes)

e. Debris of ruined city

• 1 Kings 20:10; Ezekiel 26:4, 12
• Nehemiah 3:34; Nehemiah 4:4; Psalm 102:15

f. Earth of the grave (Late)

• Job 7:21 (לֶעָפָר אֶשְׁכַּב); Job 20:11; Job 21:26; Job 17:16
• Psalm 22:30 (יוֹרְדֵי עָפָר); Isaiah 26:19 (שֹׁכְנֵי עָפָר)
• Daniel 12:2 (יְשֵׁנֵי אַדְמַת־עָפָר)
• Psalm 22:16 (עֲפַר־מָוֶת); Psalm 30:10 (in figure)

g. Mortar (dried mud) for plastering houses

• Leviticus 14:41, 42, 45 (Priestly Code)

h. Iron-ore or gold-dust

• Job 28:2 (ore); Job 28:6 (עַפְרֹת זָהָב, gold-dust)

i. Material of earth

• Isaiah 40:12; Proverbs 8:26 (רֹאשׁ עַפְרֹת תֵּבֵל, the first of the earth particles of the world)

2. Figurative

a. Of abundance

• Genesis 13:16; Genesis 28:14 (Yahwist Source)
• 2 Chronicles 1:9; Job 27:16; Psalm 78:27 ("" חוֹל יַמִּים)
• Numbers 23:10 (Jehovist Source; עֲפַר יַעֲקֹב)
• With added idea of commonness/worthlessness: Zephaniah 1:7; Zechariah 9:3

b. Of worthlessness (alone)

• Job 22:24

c. Simile of the scattered, dispersed

• 2 Kings 13:7; Isaiah 41:2

d. Of self-abasement

• Genesis 18:27 (+ אֵפֶר)
• Job 42:6 (וְנִחַמְתִּי עַל־עָפָר וָאֵפֶר)
• Lamentations 3:29 (יִתֵּן בֶּעָפָר פִּיהוּ)

e. Of humiliation (sitting or lying in dust)

• Isaiah 47:1; Isaiah 29:4; Job 16:15; Job 40:13
• Psalm 7:6; Psalm 44:26; Psalm 119:25; Job 30:19 (simile)
• Licking dust: Psalm 72:9; Isaiah 49:23; Micah 7:17
• Compare Tel Amarna tikalu ipra (of enemies)¹
• Of Yahweh raising from the dust: 1 Samuel 2:8 = Psalm 113:7; 1 Kings 16:2
• Of lifting oneself: Isaiah 52:2

¹ Hugo Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen, iii. 291.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX: χοῦν γῆν γῆσ ὡσ χοῦσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6083:

χοῦν 31× (23.5%)

γῆν 19× (14.7%)

γῆσ 15× (11.4%)

ὡσ 8× (7.1%)

χοῦσ 7× (5.3%)

---% 6× (4.3%)

χῶμα 5× (3.9%)

γῇ 4× (2.8%)

γῆ 4× (3.3%)

αὐτῆσ 3× (1.6%)

ממנה מִמֶּנָּה

from out of herself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מן

min

Definition

properly, a part of; hence (prepositionally), from or out of in many senses

Root

or מני; or מני; (constructive plural) (Isaiah 30:11); for H4482 (מן);

Exhaustive

or מני; or מני; (constructive plural) (Isaiah 30:11); for מן; properly, a part of; hence (prepositionally), from or out of in many senses; above, after, among, at, because of, by (reason of), from (among), in, [idiom] neither, [idiom] nor, (out) of, over, since, [idiom] then, through, [idiom] whether, with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4480

ה

Definition

her, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9034

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִן

m. / preposition • Root מנן • Strongs / High • Page 865

A part, portion. Also used as a preposition: from, of, out of.

מִן

preposition • Strongs / High • Page 866

A preposition with the primary meaning 'from'. It denotes separation, removal from an object, motion from a thing in space and time, origin, or a part taken from a whole. Its meanings include 'from', 'out of', 'away from', and it is used to indicate source material, descent, and in comparisons ('than').

מִן

preposition • Strongs / High • Page 867

A preposition primarily meaning 'from' or 'out of'. Its various uses include indicating: source or origin (from, by); cause or means (through, by); separation, removal, or avoidance (away from, without); and forming the comparative degree with adjectives and verbs, equivalent to 'than' (e.g., better than, wiser than). It can also denote preference (more than, instead of).

מִן

preposition • Root מן • Strongs / High • Page 868

A preposition primarily signifying separation, 'from' or 'out of'. Its uses include: denoting removal from a place, origin, or cause; in comparisons, meaning 'than'; in a partitive sense, meaning 'some of', 'one of', or 'a part of'; and in a temporal sense, meaning 'from' or 'since' a particular time. It also appears in negative formulas like 'of nothing' or 'not any one'.

מִן

preposition • Strongs / High • Page 869

A primary preposition with a wide range of meanings including: from, out of, away from (separation); since, after (temporal); because of, on account of (causal); used in a negative sense 'that not', especially with verbs of hindering or preventing.

מִן

preposition • Strongs / High • Page 870

A preposition primarily meaning 'from,' denoting source, separation, or position. It can express concepts such as 'from the opposite side,' 'from below,' 'from above,' 'out of,' 'away from,' and 'from under.'

מִן

aram. prep. (aramaic) • Strongs / High • Page 870

Aramaic preposition, same as the Hebrew מִן. 1. from, denoting the source whence a thing comes or the cause by which. 2. expressing intensity or increase, meaning 'above' or 'more than'. 3. used in a partitive sense.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִן

unknown • Root מן • Page 350

Out of, from. See the full form מִן.

מִן

m. plur. מִנִּים • Page 383

a string. Ps. 150:4. Perhaps also Ps. 45:9 מִנִּי as an uncommon plural form.

מִן

prefix • Root מנן , • Page 383

1. from (denoting a part). Hence: from the womb (Judg. 16:17); on this side of (1 Sam. 20:21). Often partitive: 'some of' (Lev. 5:9). 2. of, out of (Ps. 45:14). 3. at, in, on, by, in specifications of time and place. 4. on account of, concerning, de (Lev. 6:11 [6:18]).

מִן

preposition • Page 384

A preposition with multiple uses on this page including: 5. towards, to (Gen. 13:11, Judg. 7:1); 6. against (Dan. 11:3, Deut. 33:7); 7. before, in presence of (Nah. 1:5, Num. 32:22); 8. more than (comparative) (Judg. 2:19, Jer. 5:3); 9. by, through (expressing cause) (Job 7:14, Cant. 3:10, Ecc. 12:11); 10. without (Job 11:15, 21:9); 11. before an infinitive expressing 'because', 'since', or 'so that... not' (Deut. 7:8, 2 Chr. 31:10, Gen. 27:1, Ex. 14:5); 12. before a future as a conjunction 'that not', 'lest' (Deut. 33:11); 13. [cut off] from being (Jer. 2:25, 48:2).

מַן

chald. pron. • Page 383

1. who? what? Ezra 5:3, 9. Dan. 3:15. 2. מַן־דִּי whosoever, quicunque. Dan. 3:6, 11. 4:14. [4:17.]

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4480

I. מִן (also מִּ, מִי, מֵ) preposition — out of, from, on account of, off, on the side of, since, above, than, so that not.

Cognates:

• Phoenician מ
• Aramaic מִן
• Arabic مِنْ
• Ethiopic እም
• Sabean בן

— מִן before יְ (except Daniel 12:2; 2 Chronicles 20:11) contracted to מִי (as מִידֵי from מִיְּדֵי); before guttural and ר, mostly מֵ, occasionally מִ (Ges^{§ 102, l R.}; more fully Kö^{ii. 291ff}); in poetry also מִנִּי, with the old י of the Genitive (Ges^{§ 90.3a}) Judges 5:14, Isaiah 46:3, Psalm 44:11 +; and מִנֵּי (on analogue of עֲדֵי, עֲלֵי) Isaiah 30:11; suffix 1 singular מִמֶּנִּי, in poetry מִנִּי Isaiah 22:4, מֶ֫נִּי Psalm 18:23; 2 masculine singular מִמְּךָ, מִמֶּ֑ךָּ; 2 feminine singular מִמֵּךְ; 3 masculine singular מִמֶּ֫נּוּ (מֶ֫נְהוּ Job 4:12); 3 feminine singular מִמֶּ֫נָּה; 1 plural מִמֶּ֫נּוּ; 2 masculine plural מִכֶּם; 3 masculine plural מֵהֶם (מִנְּהֶם Job 11:20), מֵהֵ֫מָּה Jeremiah 10:2; 3 feminine plural מֵהֵ֫נָּה, מֵהֶן Ezekiel 16:47.

1. With verbs expressing separation or removal

Whether from a person, place, or direction, also from guilt, calamity, etc.:

a. Local separation and motion

• Exodus 19:14 (descend from a mountain)
• Deuteronomy 22:8 (fall from a roof)
• Isaiah 14:12 (from heaven)
• Joshua 10:7 (go up from a valley)
• With ברח (+ מפני) or חֲדַל מִמֶּנּוּ Exodus 14:2 (desist from us)
• figurative Psalm 18:22 (+ מאלהי) not did wickedly (turning) from my God
• Judges 7:17 ye shall see from me, i.e. learn by observing me

b. Away from, far from

• Proverbs 20:3 שֶׁכֶת מֵרִיב to sit away from strife
• Numbers 15:24 away from the eyes of the congregation
• Job 19:26 מִבְּשָׂרִי (probably) without my flesh shall I see God
• Jeremiah 48:45 without strength

c. Position: off, on the side of, on

• Genesis 2:8 מִקֶּדֶם off, on the east
• Joshua 11:3 מִצָּפוֺן on the north
• Psalm 91:7 מִימִינֶ֑ךָ on thy right
• Genesis 11:2 מִקֶּדֶם not from, but — on, the side of the east, virtually = eastwards

2. Out of (Greek ἐκ, Latin ex)

a. Of proceeding, expelling, or looking out of

• Genesis 3:23 (שִׁלַּח)
• Exodus 2:10 (draw out of water)
• Songs 2:9 look out מִן הַחַלֹּנוֺת from the windows
• Exodus 19:5 סְגֻלָּה מִכָּל הָעַמִּים a treasure (chosen) out of all peoples

b. Of the material out of which anything is formed

• Genesis 2:19 form מִן הָאֲדָמָה out of the soil
• Hosea 13:2 make images מִכַּסְמָּם
• Isaiah 40:17 מֵאַיִן as made of nought

c. Of source or origin

• Job 1:21 מִבֶּטֶן coming forth from the womb
• Judges 12:8 אבצן מבית לחם Ibzan from Bethlehem
• Numbers 16:28 לֹא מִלִּבִּי not from my own heart (self-devised)

d. Of the source or author of an action

• 1 Samuel 24:14 from the wicked proceedeth wickedness
• Genesis 24:50 the thing proceedeth from יהוה

e. Immediate or efficient cause

• Genesis 19:36 הָֽרְתָה מִן pregnant by
• Isaiah 6:4 shook מִקּוֺל הַקּוֺרֵא at the voice of him that cried
• Job 4:9 at the breath of God
• Psalm 27:1 (מָּחַד) fear of

f. feminine of the remoter cause, the ultimate ground

• Exodus 2:23 sighed מִן הָעֲבֹדָה on account of the bondage
• Isaiah 53:5 wounded מִמְּשָׁעֵינוּ on account of our transgressions
• Genesis 16:10 מֵרֹב for abundance

3. Partitively

a. One or some out of many

• Genesis 6:19 שְׁנַיִם מִכֹּל two out of all
• 1 Samuel 14:39 אֵין מִן there is not any

b. Indefinite: some of

• Exodus 16:27 there went out (some) of the people
• Genesis 4:3 brought of the fruit of the ground
• 1 Samuel 14:45 a single hair of his head

4. Of time

a. Terminus a quo: from, since

• Deuteronomy 9:24 מִיּוֺם דַּעְתִּי אֶתְכֶם from the day of my knowing you
• Judges 13:5 מִן הַבֶּטֶן from the womb
• Jeremiah 3:4 מֵעַתָּה henceforth

b. Marking the period succeeding the limit: after

• Genesis 38:24 after about three months
• Joshua 23:1 מִיָּמִים רַבִּים after many days
• Genesis 4:3 מִקֵּץ יָמִים after (at the end of) days

5. From ... to (even to)

• Genesis 10:19; Genesis 15:18 (מִן ... עַד)
• figurative Genesis 19:4 מִנַּעַר וְעַד זָקֵן both young and old
• Exodus 11:5 both man and beast
• Numbers 30:15 מִיּוֺם אֶל יוֺם from day to day

6. In comparisons (beyond, above, than)

a. Compared with another distinct object

• Judges 14:18 sweeter than honey
• Ezekiel 28:3 wiser than Daniel
• Genesis 29:10 better... than

b. Compared with a group: out of, above all

• Genesis 3:1 subtil above all beasts
• Judges 5:24 תְּבֹרַח מִנָּשִׁים blessed above women

c. Too much for: surpassing powers

• Genesis 18:14 too hard for יהוה
• Genesis 4:13 greater than I can bear
• 1 Kings 8:64 רַב מֵהָכִיל too great to contain

7. Prefixed to an infinitive

• a. Causal force: Deuteronomy 7:7 because J. loved you
• b. Negative consequence (restraint): Genesis 16:2 מִלֶּדֶת from bearing; Genesis 27:1 מֵרְאֹת so that he could not see; 1 Samuel 15:23 מִמֶּלֶךְ from (being) king.
• c. Temporal force: Numbers 24:23 after God's establishing him.

8. As a conjunction

Deuteronomy 33:11 מִן יְקוּמוּן that they rise not again.

9. In compounds

מֵאַחֲרֵי, מֵאֵת, מִבֵּין, מֵעַל, מִתַּחַת; especially לְמִן (with pleonastic לְ) Deuteronomy 4:32; Judges 20:1.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC).

² Ed. König, Historisch-Kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Zerweck, Die Hebräische Präposition Min (1894).

Preposition, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX: ἀπὸ ἐκ ἀπ' ἐμοῦ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H4480a:

ἀπὸ 252× (23.4%)

ἐκ 244× (22.7%)

ἀπ' 136× (12.6%)

ἐμοῦ 65× (5.0%)

'' 43× (3.4%)

αὐτῆσ 42× (3.3%)

--- 32× (3.0%)

ἀφ' 17× (1.6%)

παρὰ 16× (1.5%)

παρ' 14× (1.3%)

ונתתי וְנָתַתִּי

and I have given

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נתן

nâthan

Definition

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.); add, apply, appoint, ascribe, assign, [idiom] avenge, [idiom] be (healed), bestow, bring (forth, hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, [phrase] cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, [idiom] doubtless, [idiom] without fail, fasten, frame, [idiom] get, give (forth, over, up), grant, hang (up), [idiom] have, [idiom] indeed, lay (unto charge, up), (give) leave, lend, let (out), [phrase] lie, lift up, make, [phrase] O that, occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, [idiom] pull, put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send (out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), [phrase] sing, [phrase] slander, strike, (sub-) mit, suffer, [idiom] surely, [idiom] take, thrust, trade, turn, utter, [phrase] weep, [phrase] willingly, [phrase] withdraw, [phrase] would (to) God, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5414

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 755

to give, bestow

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 999

A verb with a wide range of meanings, primarily: 1. to give, to hand over, to deliver, to deal out, to perform, to permit, to sell. 2. to set, to place, to lay, to erect, to appoint, to establish. It is used in numerous idiomatic phrases such as 'to give up to one's care' (נָתַן עַל־יַד), 'to bear or bring fruit' (נָתַן פְּרִי), 'to flee' (נָתַן עֹרֶף), 'to give favour' (נָתַן חֵן), 'to stretch forth the hand' (נָתַן יָד), 'to deliver into one's power' (נָתַן בְּיַד), and 'to give up to the sword' (נָתַן לְחֶרֶב).

נָתַן

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1000

To give, put, set, lay upon, impute guilt, apply the mind, make, or treat as. In Niphal: to be given, delivered, published, set, take place, or become. In Hophal: to be given, put, poured, or suspended.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Page 463

1. To give (Prov. 13:10, Josh. 15:19). Phrases: מִי יִתֵּן 'who will give?' used as an expression of a wish (Ps. 55:7, Ex. 16:3, Deut. 28:67). 2. To lay, set, place (Gen. 1:17, 9:13, Ps. 119:110, Ezek. 26:8). 3. To make or do (Ex. 7:9, Gen. 17:4, Jer. 1:5, Is. 41:2). 4. To permit, allow, grant (Gen. 20:6, Ex. 3:19, Judg. 1:34, 15:1, 1 Sam. 18:2, Job 9:18, 2 Chr. 20:10). 5. To give forth, yield, or utter; e.g., a smell or sound (Cant. 1:12, Job 1:22, Ps. 81:3). 6. To hold or regard (1 K. 10:27, Gen. 42:30, 1 Sam. 1:16). Includes Niph. and Hoph. (to be given, placed, or made).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5414

I. נָתַן (approximate number of occurrences: 2007) verb — give, put, set.

Cognates:

• Ecclesiasticus נתן
• Old Hebrew נתןיֿהו
• Phoenician יתן, נתן
• Assyrian nadânu
• Zinjirli נתן
• Nabataean ינתן
• Palmyrene יתן
• Targum יִתֵּן
• Sabean נתן
• Syriac נתן

— נָתַן absolute Genesis 24:53 +; 2 masculine singular נָתַ֫תָּ Judges 15:18, נָתַ֫תָּה Genesis 3:12; 1 singular נָתַ֫תִּי Judges 1:2; Imperfect יִּתֵּן Genesis 43:14; Imperative תֵּן 2 Kings 4:42; Infinitive absolute נָתוֺן Deuteronomy 15:10; construct תֵּת Genesis 4:12; Participle נֹתֵן Judges 21:18.

1. Give

a. Deliver or hand to personally

• 1 Samuel 10:4
• Leviticus 5:16 (Priests' Code)
• Genesis 21:14 (Elohist Source)

b. Bestow upon, grant, or procure for

• Genesis 24:53 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Kings 3:9 (an understanding heart)
• Deuteronomy 12:15 (blessing)
• Genesis 15:18 (of land to descendants)

c. Give woman to man as wife

• Genesis 29:28 (Elohist Source)
• Joshua 15:16–17

f. Who will give? (wish expression)

• (+ מִי יִתֵּן) Deuteronomy 28:67
• Job 14:4
• Exodus 16:3 (Priests' Code)

n. Pay wages or price

• Genesis 30:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jonah 1:3 (passage-money)
• Exodus 21:32 (fine)

x. Utter a sound or voice

• (+ קוֺל) Jeremiah 4:16
• Genesis 45:2 (Elohist Source)
• Amos 1:2 (of Jehovah in thunder)

2. Put, set

a. Literally (put or set on, in, or before)

• Genesis 41:42 (ring on hand)
• Jeremiah 29:26 (in stocks)
• Exodus 40:5 (before)

b. Figurative uses

• Isaiah 42:1 (spirit upon him)
• Deuteronomy 11:29 (blessing on mountain)
• Genesis 39:21 (Yahwist Source; favour in eyes)

3. Make, constitute

a. With double accusative

• Isaiah 3:4 (make boys princes)
• Genesis 17:5 (Priests' Code)

Niph`al — Perfect נִתַּן Isaiah 9:5; Imperfect יִנָּתֵן Exodus 5:18.

1. Be given

• Joshua 24:33 (bestowed upon)
• Genesis 38:14 (given as wife)
• 2 Kings 18:30 (given into power of)

Hoph`al — Imperfect יֻתַּן 1 Kings 2:21.

• Numbers 32:5 (Priests' Code)
• 2 Samuel 21:6 (delivered up)

Aramaic

I. נְתַן (compare Biblical Hebrew נָתַן) verb give.

1. Pe`al Imperfect
   • יִנְתִּן Daniel 2:16
   • suffix יִתְּנִנַּהּ Daniel 4:15
2. give, allow time
   • Daniel 2:16
3. give, pay
   • Ezra 4:13

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB).

³ Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik (Lzb).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect first person common singular

LXX: ἔδωκεν δώσω δοῦναι δώσει ἔδωκαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5414:

ἔδωκεν 299× (14.0%)

δώσω 178× (8.2%)

δοῦναι 93× (4.4%)

δώσει 88× (4.2%)

ἔδωκαν 77× (3.6%)

ἔδωκα 70× (3.3%)

δέδωκα 57× (2.9%)

'' 51× (2.2%)

δώσεισ 51× (2.4%)

παρέδωκεν 46× (2.1%)

אותה אוֹתָהּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אות

ʼôwth

Definition

a signal (literally or figuratively), as aflag, beacon, monument, omen, prodigy, evidence, etc.

Root

probably from H225 (אות) (in the sense of appearing);

Exhaustive

probably from אות (in the sense of appearing); a signal (literally or figuratively), as aflag, beacon, monument, omen, prodigy, evidence, etc.; mark, miracle, (en-) sign, token.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H226

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

ה

Definition

her, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9034

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אוֹת

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 85

Properly the writing or sign engraved, indented; hence 1. a character, sign, mark; 2. covenant-sign, in full אוֹת בְּרִית.

אוֹת

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 86

Symbol, sanctuaries; military standard of single tribes, flag; time-sign for marking portions of time; omen and prodigy, a sign of something future; memorial, a monument.

אוֹת

noun masculine • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 86

Properly the being, existence, essence, body, hence person; self; used as a pronoun for emphasis; functions as a particle (accusative marker) to emphasize or make prominent the subject or object.

אוֹת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Alternative form of the accusative particle אֵת, often used when suffixes are attached or in plene writing.

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אוֹת

verb • Page 35

To consent. References: 2 K. 12:9; Gen. 34:15, 22, 23.

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אוֹת

noun masculine • Page 34

A sign, flag, or standard (Num. 2:2); a memorial, pledge, or covenant (Gen. 17:11, Ex. 31:13); a token, omen, or prediction of a future event (Ex. 3:12, 1 Sam. 2:34); an emblem or symbol. Plural: אוֹתוֹת.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H226

I. אֹת (approximate number of occurrences: 79) noun masculine Exodus 4:8 (feminine Joshua 24:17) — sign.

Cognates:

• Arabic اللهم
• Arabic plural أسط
• Aramaic אָתָא
• Aramaic אבגד

— אֹת absolute Genesis 4:15 +; construct Genesis 9:12 +; plural אֹתֹת Exodus 4:9.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Sign, pledge, token

• Genesis 4:15 (J¹)
• אֹת אֱמֶת true token Joshua 2:12 (J)
• Of blood of Passover Exodus 12:13 (P)
• אֹת לְטוֹבָה token for good Psalm 86:17
• Pledges, assurances of travelers Job 21:29

b. Signs, omens promised by prophets as pledges of certain predicted events

• 1 Samuel 10:7, 9 + 1 Samuel 10:1 where אֹת insert אֹתֹת, see We² Dr³
• Especially phrase זֶה הָאֹת לְ Exodus 3:12; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Samuel 14:10; 2 Kings 19:29; Jeremiah 44:29; Isaiah 7:11, 14; probably also Isaiah 44:25 (of false prophets)

c. Sign, symbol of prophets

• Isaiah 8:18 compare Ezekiel 4:3

d. Signs, miracles, as pledges or attestations of divine presence and interposition

• Exodus 4:8 (twice in verse); Exodus 4:9 (J) Exodus 7:3 (P) Exodus 8:19 (J) Psalm 74:9; 2 Kings 19:29; 2 Kings 20:8, 9 = Isaiah 37:30; Isaiah 38:7, 22
• With עָשָׂה Exodus 4:17, 30; Numbers 14:11, 22; Joshua 24:17 (all J E) Deuteronomy 11:3; Judges 6:17
• With צִוָּה Exodus 4:28 (J)
• With שִׂים Exodus 10:1 (J); with שִׂים Exodus 10:2 (J) Psalm 78:43; Isaiah 66:19
• הָאֹת וְהַמּוֹפֵת (see מוֹפֵת) Deuteronomy 13:3; compare Deuteronomy 28:46; Isaiah 20:3
• אֹת מֵאֹת Deuteronomy 13:2
• אֹתֹת וּמוֹפְתִים Deuteronomy 4:34; Deuteronomy 7:19; Deuteronomy 26:8; Deuteronomy 29:2; Jeremiah 32:31
• With נָתַן Deuteronomy 6:22; Nehemiah 9:10
• With שִׂים Jeremiah 32:20; Psalm 105:27
• With שָׁלַח Deuteronomy 34:11; Psalm 135:9

e. Signs, memorials

• Stones from Jordan Joshua 4:6 (J)
• Metal of censers Numbers 17:3 (P)
• Aaron's rod Numbers 17:25 (P)
• עוֹלָם אֹת Isaiah 55:13 probably also Ezekiel 14:8 ("" מָשָׁל)
• Signs on hands, etc., Exodus 13:9, 16 (J) = Deuteronomy 6:8; Deuteronomy 11:18, probably belong here
• Also memorial pillar in Egypt Isaiah 19:20

f. Sign, pledge of covenant

• הַבְּרִית אֹת (see בְּרִית) e.g. rainbow, of Noachian covenant Genesis 9:12, 13, 17 (P)
• Circumcision, of Abrahamic covenant Genesis 17:11 (P)
• The sabbath Exodus 31:13, 17 (P); Ezekiel 20:12, 20

g. Ensigns, standards

• Numbers 2:2 (P) Psalm 74:4

h. Signs, tokens of changes of weather and times

• Genesis 1:14 (P; of heavenly luminaries) אֹתֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם Jeremiah 10:2 (changes of the heavens as omens to frighten the nations) compare Psalm 65:9

¹ J: Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

² We: Julius Wellhausen.

³ Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver.

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

Direct object eternal self, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0226:

No stats available

H0853:

No stats available

לצחיח לִצְחִיחַ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

צחיח

tsᵉchîyach

Definition

glaring, i.e. exposed to the bright sun

Root

from H6705 (צחח);

Exhaustive

from צחח; glaring, i.e. exposed to the bright sun; higher place, top.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6706

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

צְחִיחַ

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1226

Nakedness, dryness, parchedness (of a rock).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

צָחִיחַ

m. verbal • Root צחח • Page 566

shined upon and burnt by the sun, parched.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6706

I. צָחִיחַ noun masculine — shining, glaring, surface.

— construct צְחִיחַ סֶלַע i.e. a smooth, bare, rock Ezekiel 24:7–8; Ezekiel 26:4, 14; plural בַּצְּחִיחִים Nehemiah 4:7 Qr (Kt בַּצְּחִחִיִּים), in glaring, bare places (?).

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: λεωπετρίαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H6706:

λεωπετρίαν 4× (84.1%)

סלע סָלַע׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

סלע

çelaʻ

Definition

a craggy rock, literally or figuratively (a fortress)

Root

from an unused root meaning to be lofty;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be lofty; a craggy rock, literally or figuratively (a fortress); (ragged) rock, stone(-ny), strong hold.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5553

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סֶלַע

noun masculine • Root סלע • Strongs / High • Page 1024

1. A rock (from its hardness); denotes safety, protection, security. 2. A designation of Edom, proper name of its metropolis.

סֶלַע

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1025

Petra or Aelia, in the middle ages the vallis Mosis, now وادى موسى. Petra lay between the southern point of the Dead Sea and the extremity of the Elanitic gulf, in a valley shut in by lofty rocks.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סֶלַע

noun masculine • Page 477

1. a rock. Often metaphorically, Ps. 18: 3. Jehovah is my rock. 2. proper name of the ancient capital of Edom, afterwards called Petra. 2 K. 14 : 7. Is. 16: 1. 3. also of a place in the northern part of Arabia. Judg. 1: 36.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5553

I. סֶ֫לַע (approximate number of occurrences: 61) noun masculine — crag, cliff, synonym צוּר.

— סֶ֫לַע absolute Judges 6:20 +; סָ֑לַע Numbers 20:10 +; construct סֶ֫לַע 1 Samuel 23:28; suffix סַלְעִי 2 Samuel 22:2 +, סַלְעוֺ Isaiah 31:9; plural סְלָעִים Isaiah 2:21 +.

1. Literally cliff, crag

• Judges 6:20; Isaiah 2:21; Isaiah 7:19; Amos 6:12
• Numbers 20:8 (twice in verse); Numbers 20:10 (twice in verse); Numbers 20:11 (compare Nehemiah 9:15; Psalm 78:16, and contrast the צוּר of Exodus 17:6)
• Numbers 24:21; Deuteronomy 32:13 (not elsewhere Hexateuch), + 10 t.
• שֵׁן הַסֶּ֫לַע 1 Samuel 14:4 (twice in verse) tooth of the crag, i.e. sharp crag, so Job 39:28
• Excavated in cliff as place of burial Isaiah 22:16
• Abode of wild animals, יַעֲלֵי־סֶ֫לַע Isaiah 22:1, compare Psalm 104:18; Proverbs 30:26, of birds Job 39:28; Songs 2:14 (in figurative)
• Compare Jeremiah 48:28, so of Edom Obadiah 3 = Jeremiah 49:16; compare (Numbers 24:21 above and) Isaiah 42:11
• Particular cliffs are: סֶ֫לַע עֵיטָם Judges 15:8, 11 compare Judges 15:13; סֶ֫לַע הָרִמּוֺן Judges 20:45, 47 (twice in verse); Judges 21:13; סֶ֫לַע הַמַּחְלְקוֺת 1 Samuel 23:28 compare 1 Samuel 23:25; see also סֶ֫לַע II.

2. Figurative

• Especially סַלְעִי of Yahweh (only Psalms), Psalm 18:3 = 2 Samuel 22:2; Psalm 31:4; Psalm 42:10; Psalm 71:3
• Of Assyrian god Isaiah 31:9 (probably; compare צוּר Deuteronomy 32:31, 37)
• צֵל סֶ֫לַע כָּבֵד Isaiah 32:2 (simile of protecting care)
• Figurative of security Psalm 40:3 (feet on cliff), מְצָדוֺת סְלָעִים מִשְׂגַּבּוֺ Isaiah 33:16
• Symbol of obstinacy חִזְּקוּ פְנֵיהֶם מִסֶּ֫לַע Jeremiah 5:3
• צְחִיחַ סֶ֫לַע (bare cliff, literally glare of cliff), in figure of openness, flagrancy Ezekiel 24:7, 8, of razed city Ezekiel 26:4, 14
• In figure of fall of Babylonian Jeremiah 51:25

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: πέτρασ πέτραν πετρῶν πέτρᾳ λεωπετρίαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5553:

πέτρασ 18× (30.5%)

πέτραν 9× (14.1%)

πετρῶν 7× (11.3%)

πέτρᾳ 5× (7.6%)

λεωπετρίαν 4× (6.8%)

πέτραισ 4× (5.7%)

---% 3× (4.7%)

πέτρα 2× (3.7%)

στερέωμά 2× (3.7%)

κρημνοῦ 2× (3.1%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And they destroyed the walls of Tyre, and pulled down her towers and I swept away her dust from her, and I gave her for a dry rock.

LITV Translation:
And they shall destroy the walls of Tyre and break down her towers. I will also scrape her dust from her and make her like a shining rock.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And they shall cast down the walls of Tyre, and shall cast down thy towers: and I will scrape her dust from off her, and make her a bare rock.