Ezekiel 22:27

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

שריה שָׂרֶיהָ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שר

sar

Definition

a head person (of any rank or class)

Root

from H8323 (שרר);

Exhaustive

from שרר; a head person (of any rank or class); captain (that had rule), chief (captain), general, governor, keeper, lord,(-task-)master, prince(-ipal), ruler, steward.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8269

ה

Definition

her, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9024

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁר

noun • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1416

A singer (concrete term in modern Hebrew).

שֹׁר

noun masculine • Root שרר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1480

A nerve, sinew; hence the navel-cord. Being a physiologically important part of the body, it stands for the whole body. Maltese sarra (bosom, pudenda).

שַׂר

noun masculine • Root שרר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1479

A ruler, prefect, master, chief, principal or most distinguished person in a country; general (leader of an army); captain; generally courtiers; guardian-angel or high spiritual being; distinguished priest.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שַׂר

m. dec. viii. k. • Root שרר • Page 643

1. a captain, commander, chief; e. g. of the body-guard, Gen. 37: 36. of the cup-bearers, 40: 9. 2. a chief, prince, courtier. Gen. 12: 15. 3. according to theological views of later Jews, an archangel. Dan. 10: 13, 20.

שֹׁר

noun masculine • Root שרר • Page 699

1. prob. a nerve, sinew, muscle. (Comp. שָׁרִיר and the Chald. שְׁרִיר firm.) Collect. Prov. 3: 8 healing shall it be to thy sinews or muscles. 2. the navel, strictly the navel-string. Ezek. 16: 4. Job 40: 16.

שָׂרַי

proper name • Page 644

Sarai, the proper name of the wife of Abraham. This name was changed to שָׂרָה (Gen. 17:15) probably meaning princess.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8269

I. שַׂר (approximate number of occurrences: 420) noun masculine — chieftain, chief, ruler, official, captain, prince.

Cognates:

• Assyrian šarru (king)
• Late Hebrew שַׂר (especially of angels)

— שַׂר absolute 2 Samuel 3:38 +; הַשַּׂר Micah 7:3 +; שָׂ֑ר Hosea 3:4 +; construct שַׂר Judges 4:2 +; suffix שַׂרְכֶם Daniel 10:21; plural שָׂרִים 1 Kings 4:2 +; construct שָׂרֵי Genesis 12:15 +; suffix שָׂרַי Judges 5:15, Isaiah 10:8, שָׂרֵיכֶם Jeremiah 44:21, שָׂרֵיהֶם Isaiah 3:4 +.

1. Chieftain, leader

a. Plural of Israel and surrounding nations

• Numbers 21:18 (poem in JE; (+ נְדִיֹב הָעָם))
• Judges 5:15 (of Issachar)
• Judges 10:18 (שָׂרֵי גִלְעָד, dubious; compare Judges 11:5–11)
• Judges 7:25; Judges 8:3 (of Midian)
• 1 Samuel 29:3 (twice in verse); 1 Samuel 29:4 (twice in verse); 1 Samuel 29:9 (Philistines; apparently = סְרָנִים)
• Jeremiah 48:7 (of Moab); Amos 1:15; Jeremiah 49:3 (of Ammon)

b. David as leader of freebooters

• 1 Samuel 22:2
• 1 Kings 11:24 (+ גְּדוּד)
• 2 Samuel 4:2 (plural)

2. Vassal, noble, official, under king

a. Officials under various kings

• Genesis 12:15 (in Egypt; Yahwist Source²)
• Numbers 22:8 (Moab; JE Source)
• Isaiah 34:12 (Edom; (+ הֹרִים))
• Isaiah 10:8 (Assyrian)
• 1 Kings 4:2 (Solomon)
• Jeremiah 34:21 (Zedekiah)
• Hosea 3:4 (Northern Israel)

b. As having powers of magistrate

• Exodus 2:14 (Elohist Source; (+ שֹׁפֵט))
• Exodus 18:21 (under Moses; over groups of 1000, 100, 50, 10)
• Isaiah 1:23; Micah 7:3 (singular; (+ שֹׁפֵט))
• Zephaniah 3:3 (+ id.)

c. As ruler or magistrate of a district

• 1 Kings 20:14, 15, 17, 19
• Esther 3:12 (שָׂרֵי עַם וָעָם)

d. As commandant of city or citadel

• Judges 9:30 (שַׂר הָעִיר)
• Nehemiah 7:2 (שַׂר הַבִּירָה)
• Judges 8:6, 14 (distinguished from זְקֵנִים)

3. Specifically military = captain, General

a. Chief of the host

• Genesis 21:22 (שַׂר־צָבָא)
• Joshua 5:14, 15 (שַׂר־צְבָא יְהוָה, angel-captain in vision)
• 1 Kings 1:25 (שָׂרֵי הַצָּבָא)
• Isaiah 9:5 (שַׂר שָׁלוֹם, figurative Messianic name)

b. Leading companies and divisions

• 2 Kings 1:9–14 (companies of 50)
• 1 Samuel 22:7; 17:18 (hundreds and thousands)
• 1 Kings 22:31 (שָׂרֵי הָרֶכֶב, captain of chariotry)

4. Chief, head, or overseer

a. Of other official classes

• Genesis 37:36 (שַׂר הַטַּבָּחִים, of executioners/guards)
• Genesis 40:2 (שַׂר הַמַּשְׁקִים, chief butler; שַׂר הָאוֹפוֹת, chief baker)
• Daniel 1:7 (שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים, of eunuchs)

b. As overseer

• Genesis 39:21 (שַׂר בֵּית הַסֹּהַר, of prison)
• Genesis 47:6 (שָׂרֵי מִקְנֶה, of livestock)
• Exodus 1:11 (שָׂרֵי מִסִּים, taskmasters)

5. Of religious office

• Ezra 8:24, 29 (שָׂרֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים, chief priests)
• 1 Chronicles 24:5 (שָׂרֵי קֹדֶשׁ, princes of the sanctuary)
• Isaiah 43:28 (consecrated princes, but text probably corrupt)

6. Late, of representative leaders of people

• 1 Chronicles 27:22 (tribal heads)
• Ezra 9:1, 2; Nehemiah 11:1 (post-exilic leaders)
• Ezra 8:29 (שָׂרֵי הָאָבוֹת, heads of families)

7. Late, as term of rank and dignity

• Isaiah 23:8 (merchant-princes)
• Job 3:15; 29:9 (+ נְגִידִים)
• Psalm 45:17; Psalm 148:11

8. Of patron-angels (only Daniel)

• Daniel 10:13, 20 (prince of Persia, prince of Greece)
• Daniel 10:21; Daniel 12:1 (of Michael)

9. Of God

• Daniel 8:11 (שַׂר־הַצָּבָא)
• Daniel 8:25 (שַׂר שָׂרִים, Prince of princes)

¹ Late Hebrew developments in angelology.

² Yahwist (Jehovist) Source (J).

³ Elohist Source (E).

Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX: ἄρχοντεσ ἄρχοντασ ἀρχόντων ἄρχων ἄρχοντα

LXX Usage Statistics

H8269:

ἄρχοντεσ 94× (21.5%)

ἄρχοντασ 52× (12.0%)

ἀρχόντων 31× (7.1%)

ἄρχων 28× (6.9%)

ἄρχοντα 13× (3.2%)

ἑκατοντάρχουσ 10× (2.3%)

ἀρχιστράτηγοσ 10× (2.5%)

αὐτῆσ 9× (1.7%)

ἄρχουσιν 9× (2.0%)

ἡγεμόνεσ 9× (2.2%)

בקרבה בְקִרְבָּהּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

קרב

qereb

Definition

properly, the nearest part, i.e. the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial (especially with preposition)

Root

from H7126 (קרב);

Exhaustive

from קרב; properly, the nearest part, i.e. the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial (especially with preposition); [idiom] among, [idiom] before, bowels, [idiom] unto charge, [phrase] eat (up), [idiom] heart, [idiom] him, [idiom] in, inward ([idiom] -ly, part, -s, thought), midst, [phrase] out of, purtenance, [idiom] therein, [idiom] through, [idiom] within self.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7130

ה

Definition

her, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9024

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

קֶרֶב

verb • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

Not used, intransitive: to fold up or wind together.

קֶרֶב

noun masculine • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

The inner part; specifically, the bowels, intestines, mesenteries (in sacrificial context); also the belly, womb, or heart, considered as the seat of life/feeling.

קֶרֶב

m. prop. • Root קרב • Strongs / High • Page 1295

What is folded together or wound up; hence 1. the bowels, intestines, the mesenteries (in sacrificial enactments). Elsewhere also the belly, the womb, the heart, the innermost part, the seat of feeling.

קֶרֶב

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1296

The inner part, the middle, of a thing; hence, with בְּ, a preposition meaning in the midst of, among. Also prop. away from the midst, i.e., out of (after verbs of taking away, removing, extirpating). Also refers to the belly, hypochondrium, or maw.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

קֶרֶב

noun masculine • Root קרב • Page 595

The middle or inner part. 1. as a prep. in the midst, within, among. 2. the inner part of the body, the bowels, the heart as the seat of thought. Gen. 41: 21, Ps. 5: 10, 64: 7.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7130

I. קֶ֫רֶב (approximate number of occurrences: 227) noun masculine — inward part, midst.

— קֶ֫רֶב absolute Exodus 29:13 + (only 3 times); construct קֶרֶב Genesis 45:6 +; suffix קִרְבִּי Joshua 9:7 +; 3 feminine plural קִרְבֶֹּנָה Genesis 41:21, קִרְבֶּנָה Genesis 41:21 (Ges¹; Kö²), etc.; plural only (with suffix) קְרָבַי Psalm 103:1; — usually with preposition (בְּקֶ֫רֶב 143 times; מִקֶּרֶב 43 times).

1. Physical meanings

a. Inward part of human body, physical sense

• בְּקֶרֶב within one's body Genesis 25:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 18:12 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Samuel 25:37
• Jeremiah 23:9
• Job 20:14 ("" בְּמֵעָיו)
• Isaiah 19:1 (of nation personified)
• Into his body Psalm 109:18 (simile)
• As seat of life וַתָּשָׁב נֶפֶשׁ הַיֶּלֶד עַל־קִרְבּוֹ 1 Kings 17:21–22
• Of idol Habakkuk 2:19

b. Belly, of kine

• אֶל־קֶרֶב Genesis 41:21 (twice)

c. Of city

• בְּקֶרֶב within it, מִקֶּרֶב etc. Genesis 18:24
• Judges 18:7
• Amos 3:9 + 18 times
• Isaiah 25:11
• בְּקֶרֶב חוּצוֹת Isaiah 5:25

d. Of house

• Psalm 101:2, Psalm 101:7
• Temple Psalm 48:10
• בְּקֶרֶב מוֹעֲדֶךָ Psalm 74:4

e. Of land (earth)

• Genesis 45:6
• Genesis 48:16
• Amos 2:3
• Isaiah 5:8
• Isaiah 24:13 ("" בְּתוֹךְ הָעַמִּים) + 10 times

f. Of a number of persons

בְּקֶרֶב in the midst, among; מִקֶּרֶב from among:

• (1) People (96 times; 80 times as singular collective): Amos 7:8; Genesis 24:3; Exodus 23:25; Deuteronomy 31:17; Jeremiah 46:21; 1 Samuel 4:3; Joshua 7:12; Judges 10:16 +; בְּקֶרֶב יִשְׂרָאֵל Deuteronomy 17:20 +; בְּקֶרֶב בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל Amos 7:10; בְּקֶרֶב הַכְּנַעֲנִי Judges 1:32–33; Judges 3:5; מִקֶּרֶב גּוֹי Deuteronomy 4:34 etc.
• (2) Camp (בְּקֶרֶב / מִקֶּרֶב הַמַּחֲנֶה): Joshua 1:11; Numbers 14:44 + 6 times
• (3) בְּקֶרֶב אֶחָיו Deuteronomy 18:2; 1 Samuel 16:13, and (מִקֶּרֶב) Deuteronomy 17:15; Deuteronomy 18:18
• (4) מִקֶּרֶב עַמֶּיהָ Exodus 31:14 (compare (+ עַם))
• (5) בְּקֶרֶב אֹיְבֶיךָ Psalm 110:2; (of wicked) Psalm 55:16; בְּקֶרֶב חֲכָמִים Proverbs 15:31
• (6) בְּקֶרֶב אֱלֹהִים יִשְׁפֹּט Psalm 82:1
• (7) בְּקֶרֶב הַמִּלְחָמָה into the midst of the battle, the thick of the fight 1 Kings 20:39; בְּקֶרֶב צָרָה Psalm 138:7
• (8) Of nations: בְּקֶרֶב הַגּוֹיִם Deuteronomy 29:15; בְּקֶרֶב הָעַמִּים Lamentations 3:45; Joshua 24:17; Micah 5:6–7

g. Anthropomorphism

• מִקֶּרֶב חֵיקְךָ thy hand from within thy bosom (of Yahweh) Psalm 74:11 (construct חֵיקְךָ Qere)

h. Of a period of time

• בְּקֶרֶב שָׁנִים Habakkuk 3:2 (twice in verse)

2. Inward part of man (psychological)

a. As seat of thought and emotion

• בְּקֶרֶב 1 Kings 3:28; Jeremiah 4:14; Jeremiah 9:7; Proverbs 26:24; Psalm 62:5; Psalm 94:19
• "" בְלֵב Proverbs 14:33; עַל־לֵב Jeremiah 31:33
• Seat of לֵב Psalm 39:4; Psalm 55:5; Psalm 109:22; Lamentations 1:20
• Seat of רוּחַ Ezekiel 11:19; Ezekiel 36:26–27; Zechariah 12:1; Isaiah 26:9; Psalm 51:12; compare Isaiah 19:3, 14
• בְּקֶרֶב לִבִּי Psalm 36:2 (read לִבּוֹ with Versions)

b. As faculty of thought and emotion

• Isaiah 16:11 ("" מֵעַי)
• Psalm 64:7 ("" לֵב)
• Psalm 5:10
• כָּל־קְרָבַי Psalm 103:1 (only here plural; "" נַפְשִׁי)
• Note: Psalm 49:12 read קִבְרָם (with Septuagint, Syriac, Targum) or קְבָרִם for קִרְבָּם

3. Technical sacrificial term

Of entrails of sacrificial animals (Priests' Code / Narrative):

• Leviticus 1:9, 13
• Leviticus 3:3 (twice), 3:9 (twice), 3:14 (twice)
• Leviticus 4:8 (twice), 4:11
• Leviticus 7:3
• Leviticus 8:16, 21, 25
• Leviticus 9:14

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² König, Hist.-krit. Lehrgebäude d. Hebr. Sprache (1881–1897).

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX: μέσῳ ἐκ ὑμῖν αὐτοῖσ ἐν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7130:

μέσῳ 36× (18.5%)

ἐκ 14× (8.5%)

ὑμῖν 14× (7.2%)

αὐτοῖσ 13× (6.7%)

ἐν 12× (7.2%)

μέσου 12× (6.2%)

κοιλίαν 7× (3.5%)

αὐτῆσ 7× (3.0%)

ἐπὶ 5× (3.0%)

ἐντόσ 4× (2.1%)

כזאבים כִּזְאֵבים

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כ

kə

Definition

like, as

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix Derived terms כאשר‎ (ka'ashér) כמו‎ (k'mó) כמות‎ (k'mót) כש־‎ (k'she-)

Exhaustive

(kaph) — as / like / according to

Core value: correspondence, patterning, resonance
כ never asserts identity. It asserts alignment.
- likeness,
- proportionality,
- conformity to a form.
Aonically, כ signals phase-alignment, not comparison.
not “like X in appearance” but “operating according to the same pattern as X.”
This is why prophetic and poetic language leans heavily on כ: it encodes structural analogy across layers, not metaphor.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

זאב

zᵉʼêb

Definition

a wolf

Root

from an unused root meaning to be yellow;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be yellow; a wolf; wolf.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2061

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זְאֵב

verb / intransitive • Root זאב • Strongs / High • Page 422

(Not used) Intransitive verb, perhaps meaning to be furious, or to be shining like gold, gold-coloured. This entry discusses the etymology of the noun 'wolf'.

זְאֵב

noun / epicene • Root זאב • Strongs / High • Page 422

An epicene noun for a wolf or a she-wolf, named from the golden colour of its hair. Can also be used as a proper masculine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

זְאֵב

m. prim. • Page 196

1. wolf. Gen. 49:27. Is. 11:6. 65:25. Jer. 5:6. זְאֵבֵי עֶרֶב wolves which prowl at night, Hab. 1:8. Zeph. 3:3. 2. proper name of a Midianitish prince. Judg. 7:25. 8:3. Ps. 83:12.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2061

I. זְאֵב (approximate number of occurrences: 7) noun masculine^{Isaiah 11:6} — wolf.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Arabic ذئب (jackal according to Hommel¹; but see Robertson Smith² and Doughty³)
• Aramaic דֵּיבָה, דִּיבָא
• Assyrian zîbu⁴
• Ethiopic ዝእብ (hyena)⁵ (on formation compare Lagarde⁶)
• Phoenician in compound proper name זיבקם

— זְאֵב absolute Genesis 49:27 (2 times); construct Jeremiah 5:6; plural זְאֵבִים Ezekiel 22:27; construct זְאֵבֵי Habakkuk 1:8; Zephaniah 3:3.

1. Meanings and Uses

The word זְאֵב occurs never in narrative.

a. In predictions of peace in Messianic age

• וְגָר זְאֵב עִם כֶּבֶשׂ Isaiah 11:6
• זְאֵב וְטָלֶה יִרְעוּ כְּאֶחָד Isaiah 65:25

b. Similes and metaphors of fierceness and oppression

• Simile of Benjamin’s fierceness, זְאֵב יִטְרָ֑ף Genesis 49:27
• Of the fierce horses of the Chaldeans, חַדּוּ מִזְּאֵבֵי עֶרֶב Habakkuk 1:8 (parallel to קַלּוּ מִנְּמֵרִים)
• Metaphor of the princes of Judah, כִּזְאֵבִים טֹרְפֵי טָ֑רֶף Ezekiel 22:27
• Metaphor of the enemies of Judah, Jeremiah 5:6 זְאֵב עֲרָבוֺת (parallel to אַרְיֵה, נָמֵר)
• Of corrupt and oppressive judges, שֹׁפְטֶיהָ זְאֵבֵי עֶרֶב Zephaniah 3:3 (parallel to אֲרָיוֺת שֹׁאֲגִים)

¹ Hommel, Fritz, Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den semitischen Völkern (NS), 303 ff.

² W. Robertson Smith, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1880, 373.

³ C. M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta i. 327; ii. 144, 145.

⁴ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrische Studien (S), 47.

⁵ August Dillmann, Lexicon linguae Aethiopicae (Di), 1056.

⁶ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (BN), 58.

Preposition, Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX: λύκοσ λύκοι

LXX Usage Statistics

H2061:

λύκοσ 3× (34.5%)

λύκοι 3× (32.7%)

טרפי טֹרְפֵי

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

טרף

ṭâraph

Definition

to pluck off or pull to pieces; causatively to supply with food (as in morsels)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to pluck off or pull to pieces; causatively to supply with food (as in morsels); catch, [idiom] without doubt, feed, ravin, rend in pieces, [idiom] surely, tear (in pieces).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2963

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

טָרַף

verb • Root טרף • Strongs / High • Page 566

To pull in pieces, to tear in pieces, spoken of wild beasts; also to tear off or pluck off from a tree.

טָרַף

verb • Root טרף • Strongs / High • Page 567

I. (not used) to shoot forth, spoken of the leaves of a plant; generally to sprout forth, to germinate, to break forth; metaphorically, to be fresh, new.

טָרַף

verb • Root טרף • Strongs / High • Page 567

II. (Kal unused) intr. to be satiated, nourished.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

טָרַף

verb • Page 266

to tear in pieces, to raven; spoken of wild animals (Deut. 33:20, Ps. 22:14, etc.) or metaphorically of God (Ps. 50:22). Includes Niph., Pu., and Hiph. (to cause to eat, feed, Prov. 30:8).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2963

I. טָרַף verb — tear, rend, pluck.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id., especially of wild beasts
• Aramaic טָרַף tear, seize, especially of creditors
• Aramaic טְרֵיפָא torn flesh or animal
• Arabic طرف depasture (said of camel)

— טָרַף perfect Job 16:9; טָרָ֑ף Hosea 6:1, etc.; imperfect יִטְרֹף Psalm 7:3; וַיִּטְרֹף Amos 1:11 (but see below); יִטְרָ֑ף Genesis 49:27; אֶטְרֹף Hosea 5:14; Psalm 50:22; infinitive לִטְרֹף Psalm 17:12; participle active טֹרֵף Job 18:4, etc.

1. Qal

a. Literal: tear or rend, of wild beasts

• Genesis 37:33 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 44:28 (Jehovist Source; infinitive absolute with Pu`al)
• Exodus 22:12 (Jehovist-Elohist Source; infinitive absolute with Niph`al)

b. Simile and metaphor

• Of Gad's fierceness: Deuteronomy 33:20 (like a lioness)
• Of Benjamin: Genesis 49:27 (as a wolf)
• Of the remnant of Jacob: Micah 5:7 (+ רָמַס וְטָרַף, like a young lion among sheep)
• Of the wicked: Psalm 17:12 (lion); Psalm 7:3 (+ נַפְשִׁי, like a lion); Psalm 22:14 (+ שֹׁאֵג, like a lion)
• Of princes: Ezekiel 22:25 (+ טֹרֵף טָ֑רֶף); Ezekiel 22:27 (like wolves); Ezekiel 19:3, 6 (+ טֶרֶף, like young lion)
• Of Nineveh's king: Nahum 2:13 (as lion)

c. Of God or God's wrath

• As a lion: Hosea 5:14; Psalm 50:22
• Subject wrath of God (אַף): Job 16:9 his wrath teareth
• Subject Yahweh: Hosea 6:1 (+ טָרָ֖ף וְיִרְמָּאֵנוּ; "" יַךְ וְיַחְבְּשֵׁנוּ)¹
• Subject anger of Edom: Amos 1:11 (but read perhaps וַיִּטֹּר for וַיִּטְרֹף and he kept his anger perpetually)²
• Said of Job: Job 18:4 (+ טֹרֵף נַפְשׁוֺ בְּאַמּוֺ)

2. Niph`al

Imperfect of animal torn (by wild beasts):

• Exodus 22:12 (טָרֹף יִטֵָּפ, Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• In prediction of judgment: Jeremiah 5:6 (יִטָּרֵף)

3. Pu`al

Perfect:

• Genesis 37:33 (+ טָרֹף טֹרַף יוֺסֵף, Jehovist Source) Joseph has certainly been torn in pieces
• Genesis 44:28 (טֹרָ֑ף, Jehovist Source)

4. Hiph`il

Imperative masculine singular suffix, with 2nd accusative לֶחֶם:

• Proverbs 30:8 (הַטְרִפֵנִי לָחֶם חֻקִּי) let me devour my appointed bread (of men; compare טֶרֶף Proverbs 31:15; Psalm 111:5; Malachi 3:10)

¹ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, 3rd ed. (1892), § 84 β; 171, 174 n. 1.

² Justus Olshausen, on Psalm 103:9; Julius Wellhausen.

Verb Qal participle active masculine plural construct

LXX: ἁρπάσῃ ἥρπασεν θηριόβρωτοσ θηριάλωτον ἁρπάζοντεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2963:

ἁρπάσῃ 3× (10.8%)

ἥρπασεν 3× (10.3%)

θηριόβρωτοσ 2× (7.2%)

θηριάλωτον 2× (7.2%)

ἁρπάζοντεσ 2× (7.2%)

ἁρπάζειν 2× (6.7%)

γέγονεν 2× (6.1%)

γένηται 2× (6.1%)

טרף טָרֶף

a prey/he has torn

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

טרף

ṭereph

Definition

something torn, i.e. a fragment, e.g. a fresh leaf, prey, food

Root

from H2963 (טרף);

Exhaustive

from טרף; something torn, i.e. a fragment, e.g. a fresh leaf, prey, food; leaf, meat, prey, spoil.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2964

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

טֶ֫רֶף

noun masculine • Root טרף • Consonantal / Medium • Page 567

1. prey, booty, prop. the lacerated. 2. a leaf. 3. food, nourishment.

Matched via consonantal key only

טָרַף

verb • Root טרף • Consonantal / Medium • Page 566

To pull in pieces, to tear in pieces, spoken of wild beasts; also to tear off or pluck off from a tree.

Matched via consonantal key only

טָרַף

verb • Root טרף • Consonantal / Medium • Page 567

I. (not used) to shoot forth, spoken of the leaves of a plant; generally to sprout forth, to germinate, to break forth; metaphorically, to be fresh, new.

Matched via consonantal key only

טָרַף

verb • Root טרף • Consonantal / Medium • Page 567

II. (Kal unused) intr. to be satiated, nourished.

Matched via consonantal key only

טָרָף

adjective • Root טרף • Consonantal / Medium • Page 567

fresh-sprouting, green.

Matched via consonantal key only

טֹרַף

verb • Root טרף • Consonantal / Medium • Page 566

(Pual of טָרַף) to be torn in pieces; to be plucked off, torn off.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

טֶרֶף

m. verbal from טָרַף / dec. vi. a. • Root טרף • Page 266

1. prey (of a wild animal, Job 4:11); 2. food (Prov. 31:15); 3. a leaf (Ezek. 17:9).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2964

I. טֶ֫רֶף (Nahum 3:1) noun masculine — prey, food; leaf.

— טֶרֶף Genesis 49:9 +; טָ֑רֶף Job 4:11 +; suffix טַרְפֵךְ Nahum 2:14; suffix טַרְפּוֹ Isaiah 31:4; plural construct טַרְפֵּי Ezekiel 17:9.

1. Prey

• of lion Amos 3:4; Job 4:11; Job 38:39; Psalm 104:21
• metaphor of Judah's conquests Genesis 49:9, Israel like lion Numbers 23:24 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• of Assyrians Isaiah 5:29
• of Nineveh and its king Nahum 2:13; Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:1
• Israel's princes (as young lion) Ezekiel 19:3, 6
• simile of false prophet (like lion) Ezekiel 22:25
• of princes of Judah Ezekiel 22:27
• simile of י's descending to battle, like lion Isaiah 31:4
• compare Psalm 76:5 coming down from mountains of prey (the lion's lair), but read perhaps עַד, compare 𝔊 Bi Che¹
• figurative of spoil of wicked Job 29:17, compare Psalm 124:6

2. Food

• of outcasts, under figure of wild ass (פֶּרֶא) Job 24:5
• of human food (late): for those who fear God Psalm 111:5; for household Proverbs 31:15; in י's house Malachi 3:10

3. Leaf

• (compare Genesis 8:11) טַרְפֵּי צִמְחָהּ Ezekiel 17:9 metaphor of Judah

¹ T. K. Cheyne, Critical Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Psalms (1891).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἁρπάγματα θήραν βοράν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2964:

ἁρπάγματα 4× (18.1%)

θήραν 4× (16.7%)

βοράν 2× (9.0%)

לשפך לִשְׁפָּךְ־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שפך

shâphak

Definition

to spill forth (blood, a libation, liquid metal; or even a solid, i.e. to mound up); also (figuratively) to expend (life, soul, complaint, money, etc.); intensively, to sprawl out

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to spill forth (blood, a libation, liquid metal; or even a solid, i.e. to mound up); also (figuratively) to expend (life, soul, complaint, money, etc.); intensively, to sprawl out; cast (up), gush out, pour (out), shed(-der, out), slip.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8210

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שֶׁפֶךְ

noun masculine • Root שפך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1471

m. the pouring out, of ashes, place of pouring out.

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁפַךְ

verb • Root שפך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1468

(Kal not used) transitive. Same as שׁפך III. To pour out.

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁפַךְ

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1470

1. To pour, to pour out (as water or libation). 2. To shed (blood), hence to murder. Figuratively, to pour out the soul (give free vent to feelings) or to pour contempt upon one. Also of things dry (to cast up a mound).

Matched via consonantal key only

שֻׁפַּךְ

puh. • Root שפך • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1470

(Pual) to be poured out (of blood); to slip (of אֲשֻׁרִים).

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֶׁפֶךְ

m. verbal • Root שפך • Page 695

A place of pouring out. Lev. 4: 12.

שָׁפַךְ

verb • Page 695

1. To pour, to pour out (Is. 57: 6); to shed blood (Gen. 9: 6); to pour out one’s soul in tears (Ps. 42: 5). 2. To throw up, e.g. a wall (2 K. 19: 32). Niph. to be poured out. Pu. idem. Hithpa. to be poured out (Lam. 4: 1).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8210

I. שָׁפַךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 113) verb — pour out, pour.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Assyrian šapâku (pour out, especially earth to form mound)¹
• Arabic סַפַכַ pour out, compare סַבַּכַ melt and pour into mould
• Ethiopic ሰፈከ
• Aramaic שְׁפַח

— שָׁפַךְ Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׁפַךְ 1 Kings 2:31 +; 3 feminine singular suffix שְׁפָכַ֫תְהוּ Ezekiel 24:7; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׁפֹךְ 2 Kings 19:32 +; 2 masculine singular suffix 3 masculine singular תִּשְׁמְּכֶנּוּ Deuteronomy 12:16 +; Imperative masculine singular שְׁפוֺךְ Judges 6:20 +, שְׁפָךְֿ Psalm 69:25; feminine singular שִׁפְכִי Lamentations 2:19; Infinitive construct שְׁפָךְֿ 1 Kings 18:28 +, לִשְׁפֹךְ Isaiah 59:7 +; Participle active שֹׁפֵךְ Genesis 9:6 +, feminine שֹׁפֶ֫כֶת Ezekiel 22:3; passive שָׁפוּךְ Psalm 79:10, שְׁפוּכָה Ezekiel 20:33, 34.

1. Literal Meanings

a. Pour out, pour water, blood, etc.

• Water: Exodus 4:9 (Jehovist Source; accusative of location), 1 Samuel 7:6 (+ לִפְנֵי יְהוָה, unique, symbol of contrition), עַל־פְּנֵי הָאָרֶץ (subject God) Amos 5:8; Amos 9:6.
• Blood like water: עַל־הָאָרֶץ Deuteronomy 12:16, 24; 15:23, compare Leviticus 17:13 (Holiness Code), Ezekiel 24:7; also + אֶל location Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7, 18, 25, 30, 34; + עַל person reflexive 1 Kings 18:28.
• Other liquids/solids: broth Judges 6:20; libation (נֶסֶךְ) to false gods Isaiah 57:6; dust Leviticus 14:41 (Priests' Code; אֶל location).
• A siege-mound (סִלְלָה), i.e., made by pouring earth: 2 Kings 19:32 = Isaiah 37:33; Jeremiah 6:6; Ezekiel 4:2; Ezekiel 26:8; אֶל־ 2 Samuel 20:15; absolute Ezekiel 17:17; 21:27; Daniel 11:15.
• Guts or bile: וַיִּשְׁפֹּךְ מֵעָיו אַרְצָה 2 Samuel 20:10 (by a sword-thrust); metaphor יִשְׁפֹּךְ לָאָרֶץ מְרֵרָתִי Job 16:13 (God as subject).

b. Technical usage: shed blood

• Genesis 37:22 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 9:6 (Priests' Code)
• 1 Samuel 25:31
• Ezekiel 22:4 (and 9 times in Ezekiel)
• With דָּמִים 1 Kings 2:31; 1 Chronicles 28:3; Psalm 79:3 (כַּמַּיִם).

2. Figurative Meanings

a. God as subject: pour out anger, etc.

• Anger/Wrath: אֶשְׁפֹּךְ כַּמַּיִם עֶבְרָתִי Hosea 5:10; שָׁפַךְ חֲמָתִי עַל Ezekiel 14:19 (and 8 times in Ezekiel); Jeremiah 10:25; Isaiah 42:25; Psalm 79:6.
• Indignation/Contempt: זַעַם Ezekiel 21:36; בּוּז Job 12:21 = Psalm 107:40.
• Spirit: שָׁפַכְתִּי אֶת־רוּחִי עַל Ezekiel 39:29, compare Zechariah 12:10; Joel 3:1, 2.

b. Human as subject: pour out heart/soul

• שִׁפְכִי כַמַּיִם לִבֵּךְ Lamentations 2:19
• שִׁפְכוּ־לְפָנָיו לְבַבְכֶם Psalm 62:9
• אֶשְׁפֹּךְ אֶת־נַפְשִׁי לִפְנֵי יְהוָה 1 Samuel 1:15
• Reflexive/Sadness: אֶשְׁפְּכָה עָלַי נַפְשִׁי Psalm 42:5, Psalm 102:1, Psalm 142:3.
• In bad sense (lust): Ezekiel 16:15, 23:8.

3. Niph`al stem

Perfect 3 masculine singular נִשְׁפַּךְ Lamentations 2:11 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשָּׁפֵךְ Genesis 9:6 +; Infinitive construct הִשָּׁפֵךְ Ezekiel 16:36; — be poured out:

• Of ashes: 1 Kings 13:3, 5.
• Of blood: Deuteronomy 12:27; be shed, of blood Genesis 9:6 (Priests' Code), Deuteronomy 19:10.
• In figure: נִשְׁפַּךְ לָאָרֶץ כְּבֵדִי Lamentations 2:11 (my liver is poured out); Psalm 22:15 I am poured out like water (helpless).

4. Pu`al stem

Perfect 3 masculine singular consecutive וְשֻׁפַּךְ Zephaniah 1:17 (כֶּעָפָר, of blood); שֻׁפַּךְ Numbers 35:33 (Priests' Code; be shed, of blood); 3 feminine singular שֻׁפְּכָה Psalm 73:2 Ketiv (my steps were caused to slip; Qere שֻׁפְּכוּ).

5. Hithpa`el stem

Imperfect 3 feminine singular תִּשְׁתַּפֵּךְ נַפְשִׁי Job 30:16 my soul pours itself out; 3 feminine plural תִּשְׁתַּפֵּכְנָה אַבְנֵי־קֹדֶשׁ Lamentations 4:1 (figurative of slaughter); Infinitive construct בְּהִשְׁתַּפֵּךְ נַפְשָׁם Lamentations 2:12, i.e., they expire.

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896); Peter Jensen, Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (1890).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ Priests' Code.

⁵ Holiness Code.

Preposition, Verb Qal infinitive construct common

LXX: ἐκχεῶ ἐκχέαι ἐξέχεαν ἐξέχεασ ἐκχεεῖ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8210:

ἐκχεῶ 11× (8.8%)

ἐκχέαι 9× (6.8%)

ἐξέχεαν 8× (6.4%)

ἐξέχεασ 7× (6.0%)

ἐκχεεῖ 7× (5.8%)

ἔκχεον 6× (5.2%)

ἐξέχεεν 6× (5.2%)

αὐτὸ 6× (4.2%)

ἐξεχύθη 5× (4.1%)

ἐξέχεα 5× (4.0%)

דם דָּם

blood

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דם

dâm

Definition

blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice of the grape; figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshed (i.e. drops of blood)

Root

from H1826 (דמם) (compare H119 (אדם));

Exhaustive

from דמם (compare אדם); blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice of the grape; figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshed (i.e. drops of blood); blood(-y, -guiltiness, (-thirsty), [phrase] innocent.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1818

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דָּם

noun masculine • Root דמה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 371

Blood, properly something viscous and flowing; can refer to the blood of animals or men, menstrual flux, life, blood-guiltiness, murder, or bloodshed.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דָּם

m. prim. const. • Page 168

1. blood. (Gen. 9:5). Phrases: 'to eat (flesh) with the blood' (1 Sam. 14:32ff); 'innocent blood' (2 K. 21:16); 'blood of grapes' (red wine, Gen. 49:11). 2. bloodshed, murder, bloodguiltiness. (Gen. 37:26, Lev. 17:4).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1818

I. דָּם (approximate number of occurrences: 360) noun masculine — blood.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Arabic دم
• Ethiopic ደም
• Assyrian damu¹
• Aramaic דַּם, דְּמָא, ܕܡܐ

— דָּם absolute Genesis 37:22 (154 times); construct דַּם Genesis 9:6 (62 times); suffix דָּמִי 1 Samuel 26:20 (3 times); דָּֽמְךָ 2 Samuel 1:16 (Qr; Kt דמיך); דָּמוֹ Genesis 9:4 (30 times); plural דָּמִים Exodus 4:25 (35 times); construct דְּמֵי Genesis 4:10 (18 times); suffix דָּמֶיךָ 2 Samuel 1:16 (Kt); דְּמֵיהֶם Leviticus 20:11 etc.

1. Blood of man or animal

Identified with the life (נֶפֶשׁ):

• Genesis 9:4 (Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 12:23
• Leviticus 17:14 (Holiness Code)
• (+ נֶפֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר בַּדָּם הִוא) Leviticus 17:11 (Holiness Code)
• Psalm 72:14

Blood of animals not to be eaten:

• Leviticus 3:17, 7:26–27 (Priests' Code)
• Leviticus 17:10, 12, 14, 19:26 (Holiness Code)
• 1 Samuel 14:32, 33, 34
• Ezekiel 33:25

2. Usually blood become visible

a. As from a wound

• הַמַּכָּה דָּם 1 Kings 22:35
• Licked by dogs 1 Kings 21:19
• From the nose Proverbs 30:33
• Bloody issue of a woman Leviticus 15:19, 12:4–5, 12:7 (Priests' Code)
• Of goat Genesis 37:31 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Often object of שָׁפַךְ, spill, shed

• Genesis 9:6 (Priests' Code)
• Genesis 37:22 (Elohist Source)
• 1 Kings 2:31
• שֹׁפֵךְ דָּם a blood-shedder Ezekiel 18:10
• Psalm 79:3

c. Blood of slain

• דַּם חָלָל Deuteronomy 32:42
• 2 Samuel 1:22
• Numbers 23:24 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

d. Innocent blood (shed with injustice)

• דָּם נָקִי Deuteronomy 21:8, 9
• 1 Samuel 19:5
• 2 Kings 21:16
• דָּם נָקִיא Joel 4:19; Jonah 1:14

e. Avenger of blood (גֹּאֵל הַדָּם)

• Numbers 35:19, 21, 24 (Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 19:6, 12
• Joshua 20:3

f. Plural דָּמִים of abundance or stains

• Crying for vengeance Genesis 4:10, 11 (Jehovist Source)
• דְּמֵי ירושׁלם blood-stains of Jerusalem Isaiah 4:4
• Lie in wait for blood Proverbs 1:11

g. Guilt of bloodshed, blood-guiltiness

• Exodus 22:1
• Psalm 51:16
• בּוֺא בְדָמִים 1 Samuel 25:26, 33

h. In phrases denoting character

• חֲתַן דָּמִים bloody bridegroom Exodus 4:25–26
• אִישׁ דָּמִים bloody man 2 Samuel 16:8
• עִיר דָּמִים bloody city Nahum 3:1; Ezekiel 22:2

i. Responsibility for death

• דָּמָיו בּוֺ his blood is upon him Leviticus 20:9, 11, 13 (Holiness Code)
• דָּמוֺ בְּראֹשׁוֺ Joshua 2:19

j. Water turned into blood

• Exodus 4:9 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 7:19, 21 (Priests' Code)
• Moon into blood Joel 2:4; 3:3

3. Blood used with religious significance

a. Blood of Passover lamb and Covenant

• Exodus 12:7, 13 (Priests' Code)
• דַּם הַבְּרִית blood of the covenant Exodus 24:8 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Blood used in ritual

• Atonement Leviticus 17:11 (Holiness Code)
• Thrown on altar (זָרַק) Exodus 29:16; Leviticus 1:5; Ezekiel 43:18
• Sprinkled (הִזָּה) toward veil or holy of holies Leviticus 4:6, 16:14, 15
• Applied to horns of altar Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7

4. Figurative of wine

• דַּם עֲנָבִים blood of grapes Genesis 49:11; Deuteronomy 32:14

¹ Friedrich Norris, Assyrian Dictionary (London, 1868–72).

² Heinrich Zimmern, Babylonische Busspsalmen (Leipzig, 1885).

³ W. Robertson Smith, Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (Edinburgh, 1889).

⁴ W. Robertson Smith, The Old Testament in the Jewish Church (2nd ed., London, 1892).

⁵ Variorum Bible, ed. T. K. Cheyne et al. (London, 1880–92).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: αἷμα αἵματοσ αἵματι αἵματα αἱμάτων

LXX Usage Statistics

H1818:

αἷμα 181× (46.7%)

αἵματοσ 68× (16.2%)

αἵματι 23× (5.7%)

αἵματα 17× (4.2%)

αἱμάτων 16× (4.4%)

αὐτῆσ 12× (2.3%)

αἷμά 7× (1.7%)

αἵμασιν 7× (1.6%)

'' 7× (1.7%)

ἔνοχοί 5× (1.5%)

לאבד לְאַבֵּד

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אבד

ʼâbad

Definition

properly, to wander away, i.e. lose oneself; by implication to perish (causative, destroy)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to wander away, i.e. lose oneself; by implication to perish (causative, destroy); break, destroy(-uction), [phrase] not escape, fail, lose, (cause to, make) perish, spend, [idiom] and surely, take, be undone, [idiom] utterly, be void of, have no way to flee.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָבַד

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 45

intr. properly: to be isolated, forsaken; hence 1. to wander about, 2. to be lost, to disappear, to cease, 3. to perish, 4. To lose something

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֹבַד

m. verbal • Root אבד • Page 18

Ruin, destruction (Num. 24: 20, 24). Signification is abstract.

אָבַד

verb • Page 18

To perish, wander, stray. Specifically used of cattle (Ps. 119: 176), exiles (Is. 27: 13), and a wandering Syrian (Deut. 26: 5). Includes sub-meanings: 3. to perish (Joel 1: 11, Job 4: 11) and 4. to be unfortunate or forsaken (Job 29: 13). Piel (Pi.) means to lose, cause to fail, or pervert understanding. Hiphil (Hiph.) means to destroy or lead astray. Chaldee form used for 'to perish'.

אָבַד

verb • Root אבד • Page 17

To be lost, to fail, to perish, or to go astray. Used in reference to persons, things (like a law or wisdom), and the heart/understanding. Core references: 1 Sam. 9:3, Deut. 22:3, Job 11:20, Jer. 25:35, Ps. 142:5, Ezek. 7:26, etc.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6

I. אָבַד (approximate number of occurrences: frequent) verb — perish¹.

Cognates:

• Mishnaic Hebrew אָבַד
• Assyrian abâtu (Friedrich Delitzsch², Assyrian Dictionary 184)
• Aramaic אֲבַד
• Syriac ܐܒܕ

Qal

Perfect אָבַד Numbers 21:30 +; אָבְדוּ Psalm 10:16 + (+ Ezekiel 6:3 strike out idem Cornill); Imperfect יֵאָבַד Job 3:3; Jeremiah 4:9; יֵאָבֵד Job 20:7 (2 times); 3 feminine singular תֵּאָבַד Deuteronomy 22:3 (4 times); תֵּאָבֵד Job 8:13 (3 times); יֵאָבְדוּ Judges 5:31 (3 times); יֵאָבֵדוּ Job 4:9 +; 3 feminine plural וַתֵּאָבַדְנָה 1 Samuel 9:3; תֵּאָבֵדוּן Deuteronomy 4:26 +; נֵאָבֵד Jonah 1:6; Jonah 3:9; נֵאָבְדָה Jonah 1:14, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָבֵד Deuteronomy 4:26 (2 times); construct אֲבֹד Deuteronomy 7:20; Proverbs 11:10; אֲבֹדְךָ Deuteronomy 28:20; אָבְדֶךָ Deuteronomy 28:22; אֲבֹדְכֶם Joshua 23:13; אָבְדָם Obadiah 12; Proverbs 28:28; Participle אֹבֵד Deuteronomy 26:5 + (7 times); construct אֹבֵד Deuteronomy 32:28 (before עַז? see Dillmann, Böttcher § 378); etc.

1. perish, die, of individuals (mostly late) Numbers 17:27 (parallel נוּעַ & (verse 28) מֵת, (also Deuteronomy 26:5? compare below) Jonah 1:6, Jonah 1:14; Job 31:19; compare Job 29:13; Proverbs 31:6; Esther 4:14, Esther 4:16 (twice in verse); Micah 4:9; Jeremiah 40:15 compare Isaiah 57:1; Proverbs 11:10; Proverbs 28:28; Ecclesiastes 7:15; Psalm 119:92; emphasis on mortality Job 4:20; Psalm 146:4; Ecclesiastes 9:6; Saul & Jonathan, under figure of weapons 2 Samuel 1:27; lion Job 4:11; caravan Job 6:18 (compare Dillmann); compare מִנְּהָאָרֶץ חָסִיד אָבַד Micah 7:2, מֶלֶח מַעֲזָה אָבַד וְאָבַד Zechariah 9:5;
2. perish, be exterminated (judgment for sin), of Israel Leviticus 26:38; Deuteronomy 8:19 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 8:20; Deuteronomy 28:20; Deuteronomy 28:22; Deuteronomy 30:18 (twice in verse); Jeremiah 27:10, Jeremiah 27:15; compare Jeremiah 6:21; Obadiah 12; compare Psalm 80:17; Isaiah 27:13; other nations Deuteronomy 7:20; Jeremiah 10:15; Jeremiah 51:18; Psalm 2:12; Psalm 10:16; Psalm 83:18; compare Psalm 9:4; Amos 1:8; Isaiah 41:11; Isaiah 60:12 compare Jonah 3:9 see also Exodus 10:7; Numbers 21:29, Numbers 21:30 (Jehovist, Elohist); Jeremiah 48:46; house of Ahab 2 Kings 9:8; wicked in general Judges 5:31; Job 4:9 compare Job 4:7, Psalm 37:20; Psalm 49:11; Psalm 68:3 (parallel simile of melting wax), Psalm 73:27; Psalm 92:10; also Proverbs 19:9; Proverbs 21:18; כִּי לֹא נָצַח אָבַד Job 20:7; compare כִּי דֶּרֶךְ רְשָׁעִים אָבַד Psalm 1:6; followed by מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ (of annihilation of Israel) Deuteronomy 4:26 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 11:17; Joshua 23:13, Joshua 23:16 (Deuteronomistic); followed by מִתּוֹךְ הַקָּהָל (of Korah's company) Numbers 16:33 (Jehovist, Elohist);
3. perish, be ruined, destroyed, of inanimate things, e.g. land Jeremiah 9:11 (parallel נִצְּתָה כַּמִּדְבָּר compare Jeremiah 48:8; harvest Joel 1:11; Jonah's gourd Jonah 4:10; riches Jeremiah 48:36; Ecclesiastes 5:13; vessel Psalm 31:13; houses Amos 3:15 (so often Assyrian, Delitzsch); city Ezekiel 26:17 (but strike out idem Cornill); compare bamoth Ezekiel 6:3 strike out idem Cornill; heavens & earth Psalm 102:27.
4. figurative perish, vanish, subject memory Job 18:17; Psalm 9:7; name Psalm 41:6 (i.e. be forgotten); vigour Job 30:2; wisdom Isaiah 29:14; compare אֹבֵד עֲצוֹת Deuteronomy 32:28; אֲמוּנָה Jeremiah 7:28 (parallel נִכְרְתָה); חָזוֹן Ezekiel 12:22; יוֹם Job 3:3 (i.e. be blotted out); לֵב Jeremiah 4:9 (i.e. courage fail); תִּקְוָה Psalm 9:19; Proverbs 10:28; Proverbs 11:7; Ezekiel 19:5; Ezekiel 37:11; Job 8:13; so תַּאֲוָה Psalm 112:10 (i.e. comes to naught); תּוֹחֶלֶת Proverbs 11:7, followed by מִן + agent Lamentations 3:18; עֲצָה + תּוֹרָה followed by מֵן + persons negligent Jeremiah 18:18; Ezekiel 7:26, compare Jeremiah 49:7; especially מָנוֹס מִן אָבַד (i.e. they could not escape) Amos 2:14; Jeremiah 25:35; Job 11:20; Psalm 142:5.
5. be lost, strayed, asses 1 Samuel 9:3, 1 Samuel 9:20; sheep Jeremiah 50:6; Ezekiel 34:4, Ezekiel 34:16; Psalm 119:176 (figurative of erring men); perhaps Deuteronomy 26:5.

Pi'el

Causative of Qal. — Perfect אִבֵּד 2 Kings 21:3 (2 times); suffix וְאִבַּדְךָ Cornill Ezekiel 28:16 compare below; אִבַּדְתִּי Jeremiah 15:7; וְאִבַּדְתִּי Ezekiel 6:3 (strike out idem Cornill וְאָבְדוּ) etc.; Imperfect יְאַבֵּד Ecclesiastes 9:18; וְיַאַבֵּד Ecclesiastes 7:7; Zephaniah 2:13; 1 singular suffix וָאַבֵּדְךָ Ezekiel 28:16 (for וָאֲאַבֵּד Ewald § 72 c, Olshausen § 79 a, König I:338, Gesenius § 68 fin; but Cornill 3 masculine singular; see also Cornill Ezekiel 38:14); תְּאַבְּדוּן Deuteronomy 12:2 etc.; Infinitive absolute אַבֵּד Deuteronomy 12:2 (3 times); construct idem Ezekiel 22:27 + etc.; Participle מְאַבְּדִים Jeremiah 23:1.

1. cause to perish, destroy, kill, object person (mostly late) 2 Kings 11:1; Esther 3:9; Esther 4:7; Esther 8:5; Esther 9:24; parallel הָרַג Esther 9:6, Esther 9:12; parallel הָרַג + הַשְּׁמִיד Esther 3:13; Esther 7:4; Esther 8:11; parallel הָמִית Esther 9:24; compare Psalm 119:95; object נְפָשׁוֹת Ezekiel 22:17 (strike out idem Cornill); in judgment, subject יְהוָה Psalm 5:7; compare Proverbs 1:32; followed by מִתּוֹךְ Ezekiel 28:16; object a people 2 Kings 13:7; 2 Kings 19:18 = Isaiah 37:19; Job 12:13; in judgment Deuteronomy 11:4; Jeremiah 12:17; Zephaniah 2:13; Psalm 9:6; compare Psalm 21:11; object inanimate things especially idols, bamoth etc., Numbers 33:52 (twice in verse); (Jehovist) Deuteronomy 12:2 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 21:3; Ezekiel 6:3 (but compare strike out idem Cornill above); bars of Zion Lamentations 2:9 (parallel שִּׁבַּר).
2. figurative cause to vanish, blot out, do away with names of idols Deuteronomy 12:3; voice of Babylon Jeremiah 51:55; memory of dead Isaiah 26:14; substance Proverbs 29:3; understanding Ecclesiastes 7:7; good (טוֹבָה quod vide) Ecclesiastes 9:18.
3. cause to stray, lose; object Israel under figure of flock Jeremiah 23:1 (parallel הָפִיץ); absolute Ecclesiastes 3:6 (parallel בִּקֵּשׁ).

Hiph'il

Perfect וְהֵאֱבִיד Numbers 24:19; הֵאֱבַדְתָּ Job 14:19 etc.; Imperfect אֹבִידָה Jeremiah 46:8 (Gesenius § 68, 2 R. 1). Infinitive construct הַאֲבִיד 2 Kings 10:19 + etc.; Participle מַאֲבִיד Deuteronomy 8:20.

1. destroy, put to death, in judgment, (subject יְהוָה) object person Leviticus 23:30 (followed by מִקֶּרֶב עַמּוֹ; parallel כָּרַת Leviticus 23:29); Jeremiah 49:38 (followed by מִשָּׁם); Obadiah 8 (followed by מֵאֲדָמָה); object nation, Ammon Ezekiel 25:7 (followed by מִנְּהָאָרְצוֹת; parallel כָּרַת), compare Ezekiel 25:16; Canaanites Deuteronomy 8:20 (followed by מִמֶּנִּי); Canaan = Philistines Zephaniah 2:5 (parallel כָּרַת); especially Israel Deuteronomy 28:51, Deuteronomy 28:63 (parallel הַשְּׁמִיד), compare Joshua 7:7; also absolute Jeremiah 18:7 (parallel לִנְתוֹשׁ וְלִנְתוֹץ) = Jeremiah 1:10 (+ וְלַהֲרוֹס) = Jeremiah 31:28 (+ וְלַהֲרַע); animals Ezekiel 32:13 (followed by מֵעַל מַיִם רַבִּים); compare Deuteronomy 7:10; Psalm 143:12 (parallel הַצְמִית); (human subject), object servants of Baal 2 Kings 10:19, object nation Deuteronomy 9:3, compare Numbers 24:19 (Elohist; followed by מֵעִיר); 2 Kings 24:2; compare Jeremiah 46:8; object inanimate, chariots Micah 5:9; idols Ezekiel 30:13 (strike out B Cornill).
2. figurative, object name of kings Deuteronomy 7:24 (followed by מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמַיִם); hope Job 14:19; voice of mirth etc. Jeremiah 25:10 (compare Jeremiah 51:55 Pi'el above).

II. [אֲבַד] verb perish (Biblical Aramaic); — Pe'al masculine plural 3 יְאַבֵּדוּן (not וָן #NAME? § 26, 1) Jeremiah 10:11 they shall perish, pass away.

Haph'el (Old Aramaic הַאֲבַד Lidzbarski 205 Cooke 189) destroy: Imperfect 2 masculine singular אַלְתְּהוֹבֵד (K § 41 c) Daniel 2:24 (c. person); 3 masculine plural יְהוֹבְדוּן Daniel 2:18 (indefinite subject; accusative of person); Infinitive לְהוֹבָדָא Daniel 2:12; Daniel 2:24 (both with ל person), דָּה־ Daniel 7:26 (absolute).

Hoph'al (K § 41 c W CG 225) be destroyed: Perfect 3 masculine singular הוֹבַד Daniel 7:11.

אבה (assumed as √ of following).

¹ Root meaning "perish".

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrian Dictionary.

Preposition, Verb Piel infinitive construct common

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0006:

No stats available

נפשות נְפָשׁוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נפש

nephesh

Definition

properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)

Root

from H5314 (נפש);

Exhaustive

from נפש; properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental); any, appetite, beast, body, breath, creature, [idiom] dead(-ly), desire, [idiom] (dis-) contented, [idiom] fish, ghost, [phrase] greedy, he, heart(-y), (hath, [idiom] jeopardy of) life ([idiom] in jeopardy), lust, man, me, mind, mortally, one, own, person, pleasure, (her-, him-, my-, thy-) self, them (your) -selves, [phrase] slay, soul, [phrase] tablet, they, thing, ([idiom] she) will, [idiom] would have it.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5315

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

noun / feminine • Root נפש • Strongs / High • Page 982

A breath, respiration. 1. Breath of life, vital power, life, the animal life. 2. The soul or spirit, which gives life and has needs and feelings. 3. A living being, a creature, an individual, a person, a slave, a corpse. 4. Self, used reflexively. Also used to denote the seat of affections like love, joy, fear, piety, courage, and as the seat of various states like lamentation, hunger, thirst, etc.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נֶפֶשׁ

com. gen. but more frequently fem. • Root נפש • Page 451

1. breath (Job 41:13); 2. life, the vital principle in animal bodies, anima (Gen. 35:18, 1 K. 17:21); 3. a living being, particularly spoken of men and sometimes slaves (Josh. 10:28, Gen. 1:20, 12:5); 4. the soul, spirit, as the seat of the volitions and affections (Deut. 26:16, Cant. 1:7); 5. desire, including the desire of eating or hunger (Gen. 23:8, Prov. 6:30, 13:4); 6. scent, fragrancy, odour (Is. 3:20).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5315

I. נֶ֫פֶשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 756) noun feminine (so even Genesis 2:19; Numbers 31:28; 1 Kings 19:2; see Albr¹) — soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Sirach 3:18; 4:1, 2; 13:12; 14:11).

— נֶ֫פֶשׁ Genesis 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Genesis 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Genesis 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֹת Ezekiel 13:18 (13 times); נְפָשֹׁת Exodus 12:4; Leviticus 27:2; construct נַפְשׁוֹת Genesis 36:6 (4 times); נַפְשֹׁת Leviticus 21:11; נְפָשִׁים Ezekiel 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים); suffix נַפְשׁוֹתָם 2 Samuel 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Numbers 17:3 +.

1. The soul, the inner being of man

That which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:

a. Distinguished from flesh

• מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Isaiah 10:18
• הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Deuteronomy 12:23
• From שְׁאֵר Proverbs 11:17
• From בֶּטֶן body Psalm 31:10

b. Conceived as resting on a common substratum with the flesh

• Job 14:22 (אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃)
• Psalm 42:5, 7
• Psalm 131:2; Job 30:16; Lamentations 3:20

c. Departs at death and returns with life

• Genesis 35:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 15:9 (נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ)
• 1 Kings 17:21–22; Job 11:20; Job 31:39

d. Often desired that the soul may be delivered

• From Sh®°ôl: Psalm 16:10; Psalm 30:4; Psalm 49:16; Psalm 86:13; Psalm 89:49; Proverbs 23:14
• From שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl: Isaiah 38:17; Job 33:18, 22, 28, 30

2. The living being

The נפשׁ becomes a living being by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into its בשׂר:

• Of man: Genesis 2:7 (Yahwist Source)
• Of animals: Genesis 2:19 (Yahwist Source); Psalm 104:29–30
• Man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being: Genesis 2:7
• Elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה of animals: Genesis 1:20, 24, 30; Genesis 9:12, 15, 16 (Priests' Code); Ezekiel 47:9
• With verb חיה: Genesis 12:13; Genesis 19:20; 1 Kings 20:32; Psalm 119:175
• In oaths: חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26; 1 Samuel 17:55; 2 Kings 2:2

3. Life itself

a. Life resides in the blood

• Deuteronomy 12:23 (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ)
• Leviticus 17:10–14 (Holiness Code); Genesis 9:4 (Priests' Code)

b. Serious attack upon life is an attack upon this inner living being

• 2 Samuel 1:9; Jeremiah 4:10; Jonah 2:6; Psalm 69:2

c. Used for life itself (171 times)

• נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life: Exodus 21:23; Leviticus 24:18; 1 Kings 20:39
• שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's hand: Judges 12:3; 1 Samuel 19:5; Job 13:14
• בקּשׁ נפשׁ seek the life: Exodus 4:19; 1 Samuel 20:21; Jeremiah 4:30
• הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death: Joshua 2:13; Psalm 33:19
• פדה נפשׁ redeem the life: 2 Samuel 4:9; Psalm 34:23

4. The man himself (as the essential of man)

a. Paraphrase for personal pronoun (70 times)

• נַפְשִׁי = me: Genesis 49:6; Numbers 23:10
• נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: Isaiah 43:4; Isaiah 51:23
• נַפְשׁוֺ = he: Psalm 25:13
• נַפְשָׁם = they: Isaiah 46:2

b. Reflexive, self (53 times)

• לא אדע נפשׁי I know not myself: Job 9:21
• אהב כנפשׁו loved as himself: 1 Samuel 18:1, 3
• ענּה נ afflict oneself (fast): Leviticus 16:29; Numbers 29:7

c. Person, individual (144 times)

• נפשׁ אדם human person: Leviticus 24:17; Numbers 31:35
• נפשׁ = any one: Deuteronomy 24:7; Leviticus 2:1; Ezekiel 18:4
• נפשׁ (ה)מֵת deceased person: Numbers 6:6; Leviticus 21:11; Haggai 2:13

5. Seat of the appetites (46 times)

a. Hunger

• נפשׁ רְעֵבָה hungry soul: Psalm 107:9; Proverbs 27:7
• Satisfying hunger: Isaiah 58:10; Proverbs 13:25

b. Thirst

• נפשׁ עֲיֵפָה weary/thirsty soul: Proverbs 25:25; Jeremiah 31:25
• צמאה נ soul thirsts: Psalm 42:3; Psalm 63:2

c. Appetite in general

• Isaiah 5:14; Habakkuk 2:5
• In Ecclesiastes (craves, lacks): Ecclesiastes 2:24; Ecclesiastes 6:2, 7

6. Seat of emotions and passions (151 times)

a. Desire

• אִוְּתָה נ soul desires: Deuteronomy 12:20; 1 Samuel 2:16
• נשׂא נ lift up the soul (long for): Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; Hosea 4:8

b. Abhorrence and loathing

• געלה נ soul abhorreth: Leviticus 26:11; Jeremiah 14:19

c. Sorrow and distress

• מרי נ bitter of soul: Judges 18:25; Job 3:20
• צרת נ distress of soul: Genesis 42:21

d. Joy

• Psalm 35:9; Isaiah 61:10; Psalm 86:4

e. Love

• Song of Solomon 1:7; Genesis 34:3; Psalm 63:9

f. Alienation, hatred, revenge

• Jeremiah 6:8; 2 Samuel 5:8; Psalm 11:5

g. Other feelings (revival, patience)

• השׁיב נ bring back (revive) soul: Lamentations 1:11; Psalm 19:8
• קצרה נ soul was impatient: Numbers 21:4; Judges 10:16

7. Mental acts

Used with לבב or occasionally alone for knowing, thinking, reckoning:

• Psalm 139:14; Proverbs 19:2; Esther 4:13; Proverbs 23:7

8. Acts of the will

Purpose or choosing:

• אם ישׁ את־נפשׁכם if it is your purpose: Genesis 23:8; 2 Kings 9:15
• בחרה נ soul chooseth: Job 7:15

9. Character

Moral state of the inner being:

• Habakkuk 2:4; Ezekiel 4:14

10. Usage with לבב in Deuteronomy and later writers

Assimilated to the heart as seat of intellect and will:

• בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ: Deuteronomy 4:29; 6:5; 10:12; 1 Kings 8:48; Jeremiah 32:41

¹ Karl Albrecht, "Das Geschlecht der hebräischen Hauptwörter", Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) 16 (1896), 42.

² Julius Wellhausen, Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, iii. 217.

³ Georg Jacob, Altarabische Parallelen zum Alten Testament (1897).

⁴ Charles A. Briggs, "The Use of Nefesh in the Old Testament", Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 16 (1897), 17 ff.

Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: ψυχή ψυχήν ψυχὴν ψυχὴ ψυχῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5315:

ψυχή 126× (15.5%)

ψυχήν 119× (14.6%)

ψυχὴν 89× (11.4%)

ψυχὴ 88× (10.9%)

ψυχῆσ 82× (10.3%)

ψυχῇ 55× (6.9%)

ψυχὰσ 38× (4.8%)

ψυχαὶ 21× (2.8%)

ψυχαῖσ 17× (2.1%)

'' 15× (1.9%)

למען לְמַעַן

in order that

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מען

maʻan

Definition

properly, heed, i.e. purpose; used only adverbially, on account of (as a motive or an aim), teleologically, in order that

Root

from H6030 (ענה);

Exhaustive

from ענה; properly, heed, i.e. purpose; used only adverbially, on account of (as a motive or an aim), teleologically, in order that; because of, to the end (intent) that, for (to,... 's sake), [phrase] lest, that, to.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4616

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מַעַן

noun masculine • Root ענה • Strongs / High • Page 887

Properly, the inclining oneself to a thing, hence purpose or object. Commonly used as a particle, with 'ל' prefixed (לְמַעַן), as a preposition meaning 'on account of', 'for the sake of', or as a conjunction meaning 'so that' or 'in order that'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לְמַעַן

preposition • Page 347

On account of, because. See מַעַן.

מַעַן

preposition / conj. • Root ענה • Page 394

A contraction of מַעֲנֶה from עָנָה. Used mainly in combination לְמַעַן. 1. before verbs, that, so that (Gen. 27:25). 2. before substantives, on account of (1 K. 8:41). 3. on this account (1 K. 11:39). 4. with relative pronouns, that (Josh. 3:4).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4616

I. מַ֫עַן (approximate number of occurrences: 271) substantive — purpose, intent, only with לְ, in לְמַ֫עַן.

— לְמַ֫עַן preposition and conjunction — for the sake of, on account of, to the intent or in order that (abbreviated from מַעֲנֶה; compare מַ֫עַל; Kö¹ ii. 116); — with suffix לְמַעֲנִי, לְמַעַנְךָ, לְמַעַנְכֶם.

1. Preposition

a. For the sake of

• Genesis 18:24 (+ למען חמשׁים הציקים)
• Deuteronomy 30:6 (ל׳ חַיֶּיךָ)
• 1 Kings 8:41 (ל׳ שְׁמֶ֑ךָ)
• Isaiah 43:14 (לְמַעַנְכֶם שִׁלַּחְתִּי בָבֶ֫לָה)
• Isaiah 45:4; Isaiah 62:1 (ל׳ ציון); Isaiah 63:17 (ל׳ עבדיך); Isaiah 65:8
• Ezekiel 36:22
• Job 18:4
• Psalm 122:8–9
• לְמַעַן דָּוִד (for the sake of David's memory): 1 Kings 11:12, 13, 32, 34; 1 Kings 15:4; 2 Kings 8:19; 2 Kings 19:34 (= Isaiah 37:35); Isaiah 20:6 (all Deuteronomic Source)
• לְמַעֲנִי (of God, for my own sake): 2 Kings 19:34 (= Isaiah 37:35); 2 Kings 20:6; Isaiah 43:25; Isaiah 48:11 (לְמַעֲנִי לְמַעֲנִי אֶעֲשֶׁה)
• Daniel 9:19 (לְמַעַנְךָ); Daniel 9:17 (ל׳ אֲדֹנָי)
• לְמַעַן שְׁמוֺ (to maintain his reputation): Psalm 23:3; Psalm 25:11; Psalm 31:4; Psalm 79:9; Psalm 106:8; Psalm 143:11; Jeremiah 14:7, 21; Ezekiel 20:9, 14, 22, 44; Isaiah 48:9
• Consistently with attributes: Psalm 6:5 (ל׳ חַסְדְּךָ); Psalm 44:27; Psalm 25:7 (ל׳ טוּבְךָ); Isaiah 42:21 (ל׳ צִדְקוֺ)

b. In view of, on account of

• Deuteronomy 3:26 (ויתעבר י׳ בי לְמַעַנְכֶם)
• 1 Kings 11:39 (ל׳ זֹאת)
• Psalm 5:9 (ל׳ שׁוֺרֲרַי); Psalm 27:11; Psalm 8:3 (ל׳ צורריך); Psalm 69:19
• Psalm 48:12 (= Psalm 97:8) (ישמח הר ציון ... ל׳ משׁפטיך)

c. Followed by infinitive

• Genesis 18:19 (לְמַעַן הָבִיא י׳)
• Genesis 37:22 (ל׳ הַצִּיל); Genesis 50:20
• Exodus 1:11; Exodus 9:16; Exodus 10:1
• Deuteronomy 2:30; Deuteronomy 6:28
• 2 Kings 10:19
• Jeremiah 7:10, 18; Jeremiah 11:5; Jeremiah 50:34
• Ezekiel 14:5; Ezekiel 21:5; Ezekiel 22:6; Ezekiel 36:5
• Pleonastic: Ezekiel 21:20 (לְמַעַן לָמוּג לֵב)

2. Conjunction (followed by imperfect)

a. With אֲשֶׁר

• Genesis 18:19 (ל׳ אשׁר יְצַוֶּה)
• Deuteronomy 27:3
• Joshua 3:4
• 2 Samuel 13:5
• Jeremiah 42:6

b. Without אֲשֶׁר

• Genesis 12:13 (לְמַעַן יִיטַב לִי); Genesis 27:25
• Exodus 4:5 (ל׳ יאמינו); Exodus 8:6, 18; Exodus 9:29; Exodus 10:2
• Isaiah 5:19; Isaiah 23:16
• Psalm 9:15; Psalm 30:13; Psalm 48:14

c. Followed by לֹא

• (a) With אֲשֶׁר לֹא: Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 20:18; Ezekiel 31:14; Ezekiel 36:30; Ezekiel 46:18
• (b) Without אֲשֶׁר: Ezekiel 14:11; Ezekiel 19:9; Ezekiel 25:10; Ezekiel 26:20; Zechariah 12:7; Psalm 119:11, 80; Psalm 125:3

Notes and Anomalies

1. לְמַעַן is always in order that, never merely so that (ἐκβατικῶς); but sometimes ironical: Deuteronomy 29:18; Isaiah 30:1; Isaiah 44:9; Jeremiah 7:18, 19; Jeremiah 27:10, 15; Jeremiah 32:29; Hosea 8:4; Amos 2:7; Micah 6:16; Psalm 51:6. Compare Qor 28:7.

2. In Joshua 4:24 for ל׳ יְרָאתֶם, read infinitive ל׳ יִרְאָתָם. In Nehemiah 6:13, the first ל׳ points forwards.

¹ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, 3rd ed. (1892).

³ H. L. Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften (1885–1888).

Particle

LXX: ὅπωσ ἵνα ἕνεκεν διὰ ἕνεκα

LXX Usage Statistics

H4616:

ὅπωσ 99× (38.6%)

ἵνα 77× (30.1%)

ἕνεκεν 21× (8.1%)

διὰ 13× (5.1%)

ἕνεκα 12× (4.7%)

δι' 4× (1.6%)

'' 4× (1.3%)

τοῦ 3× (1.2%)

ἐμὲ 3× (1.0%)

ὅτι 2× (0.8%)

בצע בְּצֹעַ

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בצע

bâtsaʻ

Definition

figuratively, to finish, or (intransitively) stop

Root

a primitive root to break off, i.e. (usually) plunder;

Exhaustive

a primitive root to break off, i.e. (usually) plunder; figuratively, to finish, or (intransitively) stop; (be) covet(-ous), cut (off), finish, fulfill, gain (greedily), get, be given to (covetousness), greedy, perform, be wounded.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1214

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בֶּצַע

noun masculine • Root בצע • Consonantal / Medium • Page 268

prop. torn off, torn away, hence 1. robbed, snatched to oneself by violence, generally unrighteous possession or gain; extortion; 2. profit.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּצַע

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 268

To tear off, to tear in pieces, break off, separate, cut off; to break in pieces, beat or strike off; metaphor. to break off the march; to get gain, to snatch unrighteously to self, to rob one.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בָּצַע

verb • Page 110

I. To cut off, to cut in pieces, to break off. Am. 9: 1. Pi. to cut off; to finish or make an end of life. Is. 38: 12. Job 6: 9. Lam. 2: 17.

בָּצַע

verb • Page 110

II. To heap up, collect; particularly ill-gotten wealth. Prov. 1: 19. Jer. 6: 13. Ezek. 22: 27.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1214

I. בָּצַע verb — cut off, break off, gain by violence.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew בָּצַע
• Arabic بضع
• Ethiopic በጽዐ
• Aramaic בְּצַע

Qal

— Imperfect יִבְצָ֑ע Job 27:8, יִבְצָ֑עוּ Joel 2:8; Imperative suffix בְּצָ֫עַם בְּרֹאשׁ Amos 9:1; Infinitive בְּצֹעַ Ezekiel 22:27; Participle בּוֺצֵעַ Proverbs 15:27; Jeremiah 6:13, בֹּצֵעַ Psalm 10:3 (3 times); —

a. cut off, break off

• (with accusative capitals of pillars) Amos 9:1 (but Lag¹ see vi בְּצַעַם = בְּזַעַם Habakkuk 3:12 in wrath)
• figurative Job 27:8 when Eloah cutteth off, draweth out, his soul
• object omitted their course, i.e. stop Joel 2:8 (compare Hi-St²)

b. gain by violence

• usually gain by violence or in general wrongfully Ezekiel 22:27
• Participle absolute Psalm 10:3 = greedy getter, robber
• with accusative of cognate meaning with בֶּ֫צַע Proverbs 1:19; Proverbs 15:27; Jeremiah 6:13; Jeremiah 8:10; Habakkuk 2:9

Pi`el

— Perfect בִּצַּע Lamentations 2:17; Imperfect יְבַצַּע Isaiah 10:12; suffix יְבַצְּעֵנִי Isaiah 38:12; Job 6:9; 2 feminine singular וַתְּבַצְּעִי Ezekiel 22:12; 3 feminine plural תְּבַצָּ֑עְנָה Zechariah 4:9; —

a. cut off, (dis)sever

• i.e. from life Job 6:9 compare Isaiah 10:19 (+ מִדַּלָּה)

b. finish, complete

• Isaiah 10:12; Zechariah 4:9

c. accomplish

• i.e. carry out, fulfil Lamentations 2:17 (object אמרתו)

d. violently make gain of

• object person Ezekiel 22:12 (instrumental בּעשׁק)

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Anmerkungen zur griechischen Übersetzung der Proverbien (1863).

² Hitzig-Steiner, commentary on the Minor Prophets (Die zwölf kleinen Propheten).

Verb Qal infinitive construct common

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H1214:

No stats available

בצע בָּצַע׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בצע

betsaʻ

Definition

plunder; by extension, gain (usually unjust)

Root

from H1214 (בצע);

Exhaustive

from בצע; plunder; by extension, gain (usually unjust); covetousness, (dishonest) gain, lucre, profit.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1215

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בֶּצַע

noun masculine • Root בצע • Consonantal / Medium • Page 268

prop. torn off, torn away, hence 1. robbed, snatched to oneself by violence, generally unrighteous possession or gain; extortion; 2. profit.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּצַע

verb • Consonantal / Medium • Page 268

To tear off, to tear in pieces, break off, separate, cut off; to break in pieces, beat or strike off; metaphor. to break off the march; to get gain, to snatch unrighteously to self, to rob one.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בֶּצַע

noun masculine • Root בצע • Page 110

1. gain. Gen. 37: 26. Ps. 30: 10. 2. ill-gotten wealth. Ezek. 22: 13. 3. covetousness. Is. 57: 17.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1215

I. בֶּ֫צַע (approximate number of occurrences: 23) noun masculine — gain made by violence, unjust gain, profit.

— בֶּ֫צַע absolute Genesis 37:26 (7 times); construct Judges 5:19 +; בָּ֑צַע Exodus 18:21 (7 times); suffix בִּצֱע֑ךָ Jeremiah 22:17; בִּצְעֵךְ Jeremiah 51:13, Ezekiel 22:13; בִּצְעוֺ Isaiah 56:11, Isaiah 57:17; בִּצְעָם Ezekiel 33:31, Micah 4:13.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Gain made by violence (nearly = plunder)

• Judges 5:19
• Micah 4:13

b. Unjust gain

• Exodus 18:21
• 1 Samuel 8:3
• Psalm 119:36
• Proverbs 28:16
• Isaiah 33:15
• Isaiah 56:11
• Isaiah 57:17
• Jeremiah 22:17
• Jeremiah 51:13
• Ezekiel 22:13
• Ezekiel 33:21

c. As accusative of cognate meaning with verb בָּצַע

• Proverbs 1:19
• Proverbs 15:27
• Jeremiah 6:13
• Jeremiah 8:10
• Ezekiel 22:27
• Habakkuk 2:9

d. Profit (with selfish suggestion)

• (+ מַה־) Genesis 37:26
• Malachi 3:14
• compare Psalm 30:10
• Job 22:3

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: πλεονεξίαν ὠφέλεια

LXX Usage Statistics

H1215:

πλεονεξίαν 3× (11.2%)

ὠφέλεια 2× (7.9%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
Her chiefs in her midst as wolves rending the prey, to pour out blood, to destroy souls, for the sake of plundering plunder.

LITV Translation:
Her rulers in her midst are like wolves tearing prey, to shed blood, to destroy souls, in order to gain unjust gain.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
Her princes in the midst of her are as wolves ravening to shed blood, that they may get dishonest gain.