Ezekiel 2:9

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ואראה וָאֶרְאֶ֕ה

and I am seeing

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ראה

râʼâh

Definition

to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative); advise self, appear, approve, behold, [idiom] certainly, consider, discern, (make to) enjoy, have experience, gaze, take heed, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] joyfully, lo, look (on, one another, one on another, one upon another, out, up, upon), mark, meet, [idiom] be near, perceive, present, provide, regard, (have) respect, (fore-, cause to, let) see(-r, -m, one another), shew (self), [idiom] sight of others, (e-) spy, stare, [idiom] surely, [idiom] think, view, visions.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7200

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1308

To see, look, behold, or observe (physical act); to perceive, experience, or know (metaphorical); of prophets, to have revelations; to live/exist (to see light); to inspect, examine, try; to regard, consider, trust, or choose/appoint.

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1308

To be seen, but when used with a negative, to disappear, to be invisible (only 3 pl. fem. is attested as רָאֲתָה).

רָאָה

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1309

To see, look, perceive, appear; sometimes the object follows in a clause introduced by כִּי; to cause to look upon with a mischievous pleasure; to cause one to feel or experience, good or evil; to enjoy.

רָאָה

noun feminine • Strongs / High • Page 1309

The name of a bird of prey, probably named from its keen sight.

רָאָה

adjective • Strongs / High • Page 1309

Seeing.

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 1307

1. Intransitive: to see, to look, to view. 2. Transitive: to see, with the accusative. Often meaning to perceive.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רָאָה

verb • Root ראה • Page 601

To see, look. 1. to see, look (Ps. 64:6, Ex. 5:21, Mal. 3:18). 2. to view with interest or sympathy, to rejoice in a thing (Job 3:9, Ps. 22:18, Ps. 112:8). 3. to look on, to view (Lev. 13:3); specifically of God looking on to relieve affliction (Ex. 4:31, Ps. 9:14). 4. to look or see to a thing, to take care for it (Gen. 39:23, 1 K. 12:16). 5. to see, know, discern (Jer. 20:12, Ecc. 1:16). 6. to visit (2 Sam. 13:5, 2 K. 8:29). 7. to choose, select (Gen. 22:8); passive participle רָאוּי means select or chosen (Est. 2:9). 8. to see or experience good, evil, life, or death (Ps. 34:13, Ecc. 9:9, Ps. 89:49).

רָאָה

verb • Page 602

found only Deut. 14:13. prob. a corrupted reading for דַּיָּה, as in the parallel passage Lev. 11:14.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7200

I. רָאָה (approximate number of occurrences: 1315) verb — see.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Moabite (Mesha Inscription) וארא
• Sabean ראי see, expect
• Arabic رأى see
• Ethiopic ርእየ
• Aramaic רֵו, רֵיוָא appearance

— רָאָה absolute Genesis 29:10; suffix וְרָֽאֲךָ Exodus 4:14; רָֽאֲתָה feminine Genesis 38:14; יִרְאֶה Imperfect Genesis 22:8; יֵרֵא jussive Genesis 41:33; וַיַּרְא Genesis 18:2; רְאֵה Imperative Genesis 27:27; רָאֹה Infinitive absolute Exodus 3:7; רְאוֺת construct Exodus 10:28; רֹאֶה Participle active Ezekiel 13:15.

Qal

1. see
   • a. With subject eye: Isaiah 6:5, Isaiah 30:20; of seeing God Genesis 32:31 (face to face); of access to rank Genesis 43:3.
   • b. With accusative of thing: Joshua 24:7, 1 Samuel 24:11; receiving revelation Isaiah 30:10, Ezekiel 13:3; see the sun (the living) Ecclesiastes 7:11.
2. see, followed by clauses:
   • a. With כִּי (that): Genesis 6:2 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 2:2 (Elohist Source).
   • b. With adjective or participle: Genesis 7:1, Amos 9:1, 2 Samuel 18:10.
3. see, so as to learn or know:
   • Deuteronomy 33:9; have experience of Jeremiah 5:12, Psalm 89:49.
4. absolute, have power of vision:
   • Genesis 27:1; figurative of spiritual vision Isaiah 6:10, Ezekiel 12:2.
5. perceive:
   • Exodus 3:4; Genesis 2:19. Note: combined with ידע (know and see): 1 Samuel 24:12, 1 Samuel 12:17.
6. look at, see by direct volition:
   • a. Inspect or reconnoitre: Joshua 2:1, Leviticus 13:3.
   • b. Of God looking with favour: Psalm 138:6.
   • c. Look after, visit: Genesis 37:14, 1 Samuel 15:35.
   • d. Look out, find, select: 2 Kings 9:2, Genesis 41:33, 1 Samuel 16:1.
7. mental observation:
   • a. Consider, reflect: Genesis 31:50, Ecclesiastes 7:14.
   • b. Distinguish: Malachi 3:18.
8. with preposition ב:
   • a. Gaze at, inspect: 1 Samuel 6:19, Ezekiel 21:26.
   • b. Feast eyes upon, gloat over: Micah 7:10, Obadiah 1:12–13, Psalm 22:18.

Niph`al

— נִרְאָה absolute Genesis 48:3; יֵרָאֶה Imperfect Genesis 22:14.

1. appear
   • a. Of God: Genesis 12:7, Exodus 6:3 (Priests' Code), 1 Kings 3:5.
   • b. Of man, present oneself: Genesis 46:29; appear before Jehovah Exodus 34:23, Psalm 42:3.
   • c. Of things: Genesis 1:9, Songs 2:12.
2. be seen: 1 Kings 10:12; be present Exodus 13:7.

Pu`al

— רֻוְּ plural Job 33:21 be seen, detected (perhaps corrupt).

Hithpa`el

— תִּתְרָאוּ Imperfect Genesis 42:1 look at each other.

• Met in combat: 2 Kings 14:8, 2 Kings 14:11.

Hiph`il

— הֶרְאָה Perfect Genesis 41:28; הַרְאֵנִי Imperative Exodus 33:18; הַרְאוֺת Infinitive Deuteronomy 3:24.

1. cause to see, shew:
   • a. Numbers 13:26, 2 Kings 20:13; of God shewing Genesis 12:1, Exodus 25:9.
   • b. Cause to experience: Habakkuk 1:3, Psalm 60:5.
2. cause to look intently at: Psalm 50:23; feast eyes upon enemies Psalm 59:11.

Hoph`al

— הָרְאֵיתָ Perfect Exodus 26:30; מָרְאֶה Participle Exodus 25:40 be caused to see, be shewn.

¹ Mesha Inscription (MI), line 4.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley (GKC), § 75p.

³ D. H. Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG) xxix, 1875.

⁴ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel (Dr Sm).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect first person common singular

LXX: εἶδεν εἶδον ὄψεται ἰδεῖν ἴδετε

LXX Usage Statistics

H7200:

εἶδεν 159× (11.3%)

εἶδον 154× (11.3%)

ὄψεται 52× (3.8%)

ἰδεῖν 51× (3.6%)

ἴδετε 43× (3.1%)

ἰδὲ 42× (3.0%)

ἰδὼν 34× (2.5%)

ὄψονται 33× (2.5%)

ὤφθη 28× (2.1%)

ἰδοὺ 24× (1.9%)

והנה וְהִנֵּה־

And behold!

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הנה

hinnêh

Definition

lo!

Root

prolongation for H2005 (הן);

Exhaustive

prolongation for הן; lo!; behold, lo, see.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2009

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הִנֵּה

adverb / interjection / demonstrative pronoun • Root הן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

A demonstrative particle, functioning as an adverb or interjection. Its primary meanings are there, here, behold!, lo!. It points to a definite existence or presence (e.g., 'is there', 'was there'), and is frequently used with suffixes (הִנְנִי, behold me; הִנְךָ, behold you). Before participles, it adds demonstrative liveliness. It can also function as a mere exclamation or mean 'if'.

Matched via consonantal key only

הֵנָּה

personal pronoun • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

They (feminine). A 3rd person plural feminine personal pronoun. Related to הֵן I.

Matched via consonantal key only

הֵנָּה

adverb • Root הן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

An adverb of place and time. 1. hither, to this place, often used after verbs of motion or to add the idea of motion. Can also mean 'thus far' or 'of time till now'. 2. here, in this place.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הִנֵּה

interjection • Page 191

see! behold! Very frequent. (Gen. 19:2; Dan. 12:5; 1 K. 20:40).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2009

I. הִנֵּה (once הִנֶּהֿ Genesis 19:2) demonstrative particle — lo! behold!.

Cognates:

• Arabic إِنَّ (certainly, surely, literally lo!)

— with suffix (the pronoun being conceived as accusative¹) הִנְנִי Genesis 6:13 + often; (also הִנֶּ֣נִּי Genesis 22:7), הִנֵּ֑נִי Genesis 22:1, 11 +; (הִנֶּ֔נִּי Genesis 27:18); Isaiah 65:1 הִנֵּ֣נִי הִנֵּ֔נִי; but הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי is also said Genesis 24:13, 43; Genesis 25:32; Genesis 48:21; Exodus 4:23; Exodus 7:17 +; and, more rarely, הִנֵּה אֲנִי Ezekiel 37:5, 12, 19, 21; 2 Chronicles 2:3, compare 2 Kings 10:9; Jeremiah 32:27; הִנְּךָ Genesis 20:3 + (2 Kings 7:2 הִנְּכָה), הִנֶּ֑ךָּ Psalm 139:8; feminine הִנָּךָ Genesis 16:11 (6 times); הִנּוֺ Numbers 23:17; Job 2:6; 1 Chronicles 11:25; הִנֵּ֫הוּ Jeremiah 18:3 Kt (הִנֵּה הוּא is more usual, as Genesis 20:16; Genesis 42:27; 1 Samuel 10:22; Jeremiah 38:5; Ruth 3:2); 1 plural הִנְנוּ Joshua 9:25; 2 Samuel 5:1; Jeremiah 3:22; Ezra 9:15, הִנֶּ֫נּוּ Genesis 44:16; Genesis 50:18; Numbers 14:40, הִנֵּנ֑וּ Job 38:35; הִנְּכֶם Deuteronomy 1:10; Jeremiah 16:12; הִנָּם Genesis 40:5 + often (37 times) — lo! behold!

1. Pointing to persons or things

a. General usage

• Genesis 12:19 and now הִנֵּה אִשְׁתְּךָ behold thy wife!
• Genesis 18:9 הִנֵּה בָאֹהֶל behold (she is) in the tent (the suffix being not unfrequently omitted when the noun has immediately preceded, Genesis 16:14; compare Driver² § 135. 6, 2), Genesis 30:3; Genesis 31:51; Exodus 24:8 etc.

b. In response to a call ("Here I am!")

• Genesis 22:1, 7, 11; Genesis 27:1, 18; Genesis 31:11; Genesis 37:13; Genesis 46:2; Exodus 3:4; 1 Samuel 3:4, 5, 6, 8, 16; 1 Samuel 22:12; 2 Samuel 1:7; Isaiah 6:8.
• 1 Samuel 12:3 הִנְנִי עֲנוּ בִי here I am, answer against me; 1 Samuel 14:43; 2 Samuel 15:26 (in resignation: compare Genesis 44:16; Genesis 50:18; Joshua 9:25; Ezra 9:15).
• Of God: Isaiah 52:6; Isaiah 58:9; Isaiah 65:1.
• Plural: Numbers 14:40; Jeremiah 3:22; Job 38:35.
• Emphatic: הִנְנִי אָ֕נִי Ezekiel 34:11, 20, compare Ezekiel 6:3.

2. Introducing clauses involving predication

a. Reference to the past or present

Pointing to some truth either newly asserted or recognized:

• Genesis 1:29 behold! I have given to you all herbs etc. Genesis 17:20; Genesis 27:6; 1 Samuel 14:33.
• In proposals or entreaties using הִנֵּהנָֿא: Genesis 12:11; Genesis 16:2; Genesis 18:7; 1 Kings 20:31; 1 Kings 22:13.

b. Reference to the future

Introducing a solemn declaration or prediction, especially with the participle (futuram instans³):

• Genesis 20:3 הִנְּךָ מֵת behold thou art about to die.
• Exodus 4:23; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 9:3; Deuteronomy 31:17; 1 Samuel 3:11; Isaiah 3:1; Isaiah 10:33; Isaiah 17:1; Isaiah 19:1.
• Phrase הנה ימים באים: 1 Samuel 2:31; 2 Kings 20:17; Amos 4:2; Amos 8:11; Amos 9:13 + Jeremiah 15:1 etc.
• With 1sg הִנְנִי מֵבִיא: Genesis 6:17; Exodus 10:4; Isaiah 13:17; Isaiah 29:14; Isaiah 43:19; Jeremiah 8:17; Jeremiah 11:22 (הִנְנִי פֹקֵד); Jeremiah 16:16; Jeremiah 20:4.
• Anomalously with change of person: Isaiah 28:16 הִנְנִי יִסַּד behold me, one who has founded; Isaiah 29:14 הִנְנִי יוֺסִף behold me, one who will add (so Isaiah 38:5).

3. Use in historical style (וְהִנֵּה)

Frequently after verbs of seeing or discovering, making narrative graphic:

• Genesis 1:31 and behold, it was very good, Genesis 6:12; Genesis 8:13; Genesis 15:12; Genesis 18:2; Genesis 37:29; Exodus 2:6; Deuteronomy 9:13.
• In descriptions of dreams or visions: Genesis 37:7, 9; Genesis 40:9, 16; Genesis 41:1–3; Isaiah 29:8; Amos 7:1, 4; Amos 8:1.
• With a participle (past context): Genesis 24:30; Genesis 37:15; Judges 9:43; Judges 11:34; 1 Kings 19:5, 11.

4. As conditional particle (if)

Rare usage, nearly equivalent to II. הֵן:

• Leviticus 13:5, 6, 7, 8; Deuteronomy 13:15.
• Deuteronomy 17:4 וְהִנֵּה אֱמֶת and behold it is true = and if it be true; Deuteronomy 19:18; 1 Samuel 20:12; 1 Samuel 9:7; 2 Samuel 18:11; Hosea 9:6.

¹ Ewald's Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, § 262 c (Ew).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, § 135. 6, 2.

³ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, § 135. 3.

Conjunction, Particle interjection

LXX: ἰδοὺ --- ἰδού '' ἦν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2009:

ἰδοὺ 634× (73.5%)

--- 25× (3.1%)

ἰδού 14× (1.6%)

'' 12× (1.3%)

ἦν 9× (0.9%)

ἐστιν 8× (0.8%)

ὅτι 7× (0.9%)

ἰδου 7× (0.8%)

νῦν 6× (0.7%)

ὧδε 6× (0.7%)

יד יָד

a hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יד

yâd

Definition

a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.),

Root

a primitive word; in distinction from H3709 (כף), the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of applications, both literally and figuratively, both proximate and remote (as follows)

Exhaustive

a primitive word; in distinction from כף, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of applications, both literally and figuratively, both proximate and remote (as follows); a hand (the open one (indicating power, means, direction, etc.),; ([phrase] be) able, [idiom] about, [phrase] armholes, at, axletree, because of, beside, border, [idiom] bounty, [phrase] broad, (broken-) handed, [idiom] by, charge, coast, [phrase] consecrate, [phrase] creditor, custody, debt, dominion, [idiom] enough, [phrase] fellowship, force, [idiom] from, hand(-staves, -y work), [idiom] he, himself, [idiom] in, labour, [phrase] large, ledge, (left-) handed, means, [idiom] mine, ministry, near, [idiom] of, [idiom] order, ordinance, [idiom] our, parts, pain, power, [idiom] presumptuously, service, side, sore, state, stay, draw with strength, stroke, [phrase] swear, terror, [idiom] thee, [idiom] by them, [idiom] themselves, [idiom] thine own, [idiom] thou, through, [idiom] throwing, [phrase] thumb, times, [idiom] to, [idiom] under, [idiom] us, [idiom] wait on, (way-) side, where, [phrase] wide, [idiom] with (him, me, you), work, [phrase] yield, [idiom] yourselves.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3027

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָד

noun / feminine • Root ידה • Strongs / High • Page 577

The hand, as that which lays hold of or seizes. Can also refer to the arm. It is used in a wide variety of metaphorical and technical senses, including assistance, power, custody, and human cooperation. Dual form: יָדַיִם, plural form: יָדוֹת.

יָד

noun / feminine • Root יד • Strongs / High • Page 578

The hand. It is used in a wide variety of literal and figurative senses, including: force, violence; divine power, punishment, or inspiration (the 'hand of God'); a sign of assurance or a pledge ('giving the hand'); a medium of action or agency; guidance and oversight; possession; power and might; mediation ('by the hand of').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָד

com. gen. • Page 270

1. The hand. Phrases include: assisting someone (1 Sam. 22:17), divine destruction (Ex. 9:3), divine inspiration or prophecy (Ezek. 1:3, Jer. 15:17), promising or striking hands (Ezra 10:19), and submission (2 Chr. 30:8, Ezek. 17:18). 2. Metaphorical uses: without human aid (Dan. 8:25), from generation to generation (Prov. 11:21). 3. Prepositional combinations: 'in the hand of' or 'by' (1 Sam. 14:34), 'through' (Num. 15:23), 'into the power or charge of' (Gen. 9:2, Ps. 95:7), 'before' (1 Sam. 21:14), and 'because of' (Job 8:4, Is. 64:6).

יָד

noun • Page 271

Definitions continued from previous page: 1. into the hand or hands of any one; through (Jer. 18:21). Plur. יָדוֹת: artificial hands, tenons, axle-trees. 2. the arm. 3. metaphorically, might, power, aid (Ex. 14:30, Deut. 32:36). 4. manner (1 K. 10:13, Ezra 3:10). 5. side, near (1 Sam. 19:3). Dual יָדַיִם: sides. Plur. יָדוֹת: ledges, side railings. 6. place (Deut. 23:13). 7. part (Dan. 12:7). 8. a monument, trophy (1 Sam. 15:12).

יָד

noun • Root יד • Page 271

Chaldee; equivalent to Hebrew יָד, hand. Emphatic state: יְדָא.

יָד

noun • Page 282

Mentioned in 1 Sam. 4:13 Kethib as an evident corruption for יַד (on the side), which stands in the Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3027

I. יָד (approximate number of occurrences: 1604) noun feminine (occasionally masculine Exodus 17:12) — hand.

Cognates:

• Aramaic יְדָא
• Zinjirli יד
• Arabic يد
• Sabean יד
• Ethiopic እድ
• Assyrian idu (strength)

— יָד absolute Genesis 38:28 +; construct יַד Genesis 41:35 +; suffix יָדִי Genesis 14:22 +, יָֽדְךָ Genesis 22:12 +, יֶדְכֶם Genesis 9:2 +; dual יָדַיִם Genesis 34:21 +, construct יְדֵי Genesis 24:30 +; plural יָדוֺת Genesis 43:24 +, suffix יְדֹתָיו Exodus 26:19 + etc.

1. Hand of man

Literally of the human hand Genesis 3:22; Genesis 4:11.

a. Specifically right or left hand

• Right hand יַד יְמִינ(וֺ) Genesis 48:17 (JE); Judges 7:20; Psalm 73:23
• Left hand יַד שְׂמאֹל(וֺ) Judges 3:21; Ezekiel 39:8

b. Specific parts or items on hand

• Palms of hands כַּמּוֺת יָדָיו 1 Samuel 5:4; 2 Kings 9:35
• Armpits אַצִּילוֺת יָדֶיךָ Jeremiah 38:12
• Thumbs בֹּהֶן יָדָיו Exodus 29:20 (Priests' Code)
• Bracelets on wrists Genesis 24:22 (J)

c. The hand in use

• Arms of the hands זְרֹעֵי יָדָיו Genesis 49:24
• Filling the hand (consecration as priest) מִלֵּא יַד Judges 17:5, 12; Exodus 28:41
• To stretch out the hand שָׁלַח יַד לְ Judges 5:26; בְּ in hostile sense 1 Samuel 24:7

d. Special phrases and idioms

• Kissing with the hand Job 31:27
• Silence (hand on mouth) Job 40:4; Micah 7:16
• Taking an oath (hand under thigh) Genesis 24:2 (J)
• Lifting the hand to swear נשׂא יָד Exodus 6:8; Ezekiel 20:28
• Giving a pledge נָתַן יָד Ezra 10:19

e. Hand as strong, helpful, or mighty

• Of man: fighting power Numbers 20:20 (JE); bold action בְּיָד רָמָה Exodus 14:8 (P)
• Of God: hand as smiting 1 Samuel 6:9; as delivering Exodus 13:3 (JE); as inspiration הָֽיְתָה יַד י׳ עַל Ezekiel 1:3; 2 Kings 3:15

2. Figurative meaning — strength, power, or ability

• Physical strength Joshua 8:20 (JE); Psalm 76:6
• Pecuniary ability תַּגִּיעַ יָדוֺ Leviticus 5:7, 11 (P)
• Dominion 2 Samuel 8:3; Exodus 14:31

3. Figurative meaning — side

• Side of a way 1 Samuel 4:13; gate 1 Samuel 4:18; stream Deuteronomy 2:37
• Direction or expanse רַחֲבַת יָדַיִם Genesis 34:21; Judges 18:10
• Place Deuteronomy 23:13; Numbers 2:17

4. Technical and architectural senses

• Sign or monument 1 Samuel 15:12; 2 Samuel 18:18
• Share or portion Genesis 47:24 (J); 2 Samuel 19:44
• Repetitions or times Genesis 43:34; Daniel 1:20
• Axle-trees 1 Kings 7:32–33
• Supports or stays 1 Kings 7:35; 10:19
• Tenons of tabernacle boards Exodus 26:17 (P)

5. With prepositions

• אֶל־יַד: into custody of Esther 2:3; by the side of 2 Samuel 18:4
• בְּיַד: into the hand of (possession/power) Joshua 6:2; Judges 2:14; by agency of Genesis 38:20; Exodus 9:35
• כְּיַד הַמֶּלֶךְ: according to royal munificence 1 Kings 10:13; Esther 1:7
• מִיַּד: out of the hand of (power/separation) Exodus 2:19; 1 Samuel 17:37; exact at the hand of Genesis 9:5
• עַל־יַד: under guidance/direction of 1 Chronicles 25:2; Jeremiah 5:31; by the side of 2 Samuel 15:2; Exodus 2:5
• תַּחַת יַד: under the power or authority of 1 Samuel 21:9; Genesis 16:9 (J)

Aramaic

I. יַד noun feminine hand (Biblical Hebrew יָד).

1. literally hand of man
   • construct יַד Ezra 5:12
   • emphatic יְדָא Daniel 5:5, 24
   • dual בִּידַ֫יִן Daniel 2:34, 45
2. figurative power
   • suffix יְדִי Daniel 3:15
   • Of lions Daniel 6:28
   • Of God Daniel 5:23

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

³ Elohist Source.

⁴ Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁵ Deuteronomic Source.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: χεῖρασ χειρὶ χειρὸσ χεῖρα χειρῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H3027:

χεῖρασ 218× (12.8%)

χειρὶ 215× (12.3%)

χειρὸσ 169× (10.0%)

χεῖρα 139× (8.4%)

χειρῶν 100× (6.0%)

χεῖρά 87× (5.3%)

χεὶρ 75× (4.7%)

χερσὶν 61× (3.3%)

χειρί 55× (2.8%)

χειρόσ 50× (2.9%)

שלוחה שְׁלוּחָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שלח

shâlach

Definition

to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications); [idiom] any wise, appoint, bring (on the way), cast (away, out), conduct, [idiom] earnestly, forsake, give (up), grow long, lay, leave, let depart (down, go, loose), push away, put (away, forth, in, out), reach forth, send (away, forth, out), set, shoot (forth, out), sow, spread, stretch forth (out).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7971

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁלַח

verb • Root שלח • Strongs / High • Page 1431

To stretch out, spread, extend, pour out, or make spring forth (Kal); to be sent, dismissed, or let go; to be free, unrestrained; to be hunted, scared away, or forsaken.

שָׁלַח

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1432

The little brook flowing southward out of the fountain, referring to Siloah/Shelach, and the pool of Siloah.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁלַח

verb • Root שלח • Page 677

To send, stretch out, or set free. Continued from previous page: 2. to send a commission or charge (Prov. 26:6, Gen. 38:25). 3. to commission (2 Sam. 11:22, Is. 55:11). 4. to stretch out or put forth (Is. 58:9, Ps. 110:2, Gen. 3:22, Job 1:11). 5. to set free or let loose (Ps. 50:19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7971

I. שָׁלַח (approximate number of occurrences: 844) verb — send.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Aramaic שְׁלַח
• Arabic سرح send forth, drive cattle to pasture, send messenger
• Assyrian šalû send, hurl?

— שָׁלַח absolute Genesis 42:4 (562 times); construct שְׁלֹחַ Numbers 22:15, שְׁלַח Isaiah 58:9; suffix שְׁלַחְתָּנִי Exodus 5:22, שָׁלְחֶךָ Genesis 38:17; plural שְׁלָחוּ 2 Kings 2:17; participle act. שֹׁלֵחַ Exodus 9:14; pass. שָׁלוּחַ 1 Kings 14:6 etc.

1. Qal: Meanings and Uses

a. send: human subject

• Genesis 42:4; Genesis 43:8 (Jehovist Source; (+ אֵת) person)
• Numbers 22:15 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 37:13 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Samuel 25:14
• Exodus 2:5 (Elohist Source)

b. less often accusative of thing

• 1 Samuel 16:20
• 2 Kings 5:5
• 1 Kings 5:23
• Genesis 38:23

c. without object: send and do

• Genesis 27:45 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 38:25 (Jehovist Source; + לֵאמֹר)
• 2 Kings 2:16–17

2. Subject God (Yahweh)

a. accusative of person or angel

• Genesis 45:5 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 24:7, Exodus 33:2 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 3:12 (Elohist Source; = commission)
• Isaiah 6:8
• Jeremiah 7:25 (of sending prophet)

b. accusative of thing (plagues, word, help)

• Exodus 9:14 (plagues)
• Psalm 18:15 (figurative arrows)
• Isaiah 9:7; Psalm 107:20 (his word)
• Psalm 20:3 (help)

3. Stretch out (especially of hand)

a. human subject

• Genesis 37:22 (Elohist Source; against person)
• Exodus 22:7 (Elohist Source; against property)
• Genesis 3:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Isaiah 58:9 (the finger, in scorn)
• 1 Samuel 4:13 (the sickle)

b. God as subject

• Exodus 3:20 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Job 1:11
• Ezekiel 8:3

4. Other Meanings

a. send away

• Judges 11:38
• Genesis 28:5 (Priests' Code)

b. let loose

• Psalm 50:19 (figurative of mouth)

Niph`al

— Infinitive absolute וְנִשְׁלוֹחַ — be sent (of letters): Esther 3:13.

Pi`el

(approximate number of occurrences: 266) — שִׁלַּח absolute Exodus 8:28; suffix שִׁלַּחֲךָ 1 Samuel 20:22; imperative שַׁלַּח Exodus 4:23 etc.

1. send off, away, dismiss

• Joshua 24:28 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 21:14 (Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 22:19 (= divorce)
• Genesis 18:16 (escort, send-off)

2. subject God

• Genesis 19:29 (Jehovist Source)
• Amos 4:10 (pestilence)
• Psalm 104:10 (springs)

3. let go, set free

• Exodus 5:1 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 8:7–8 (the bird)
• Job 12:15 (waters)

4. shoot forth (branches, hair)

• Psalm 80:12 (branches)
• Ezekiel 44:20 (locks, let grow long)

Pu`al

— be sent off, be put away, be let loose.

• Genesis 44:3 (Jehovist Source; be sent off)
• Isaiah 50:1 (figurative divorce)
• Proverbs 29:15 (boy let loose)

Hiph`il

— send (famine, wild beasts, etc.).

• Amos 8:11; Ezekiel 14:13 (famine)
• Leviticus 26:22 (Holiness Code; beasts)

Aramaic

I. שְׁלַח verb send (Biblical Hebrew שָׁלַח).

1. literally send (letters, persons)
   • Perfect 3ms שְׁלַח Ezra 4:17
   • Perfect 3mp שְׁלַחוּ Ezra 4:11
   • Imperfect 3ms יִשְׁלַח Ezra 5:17
2. passive participle, be sent
   • passive שְׁלִיחַ Ezra 7:14
   • passive שְׁלִיחַ Daniel 5:24

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Scholars cited: Thenius (Th), Wellhausen (We), Driver (Dr), Nowack (Now), Henry Preserved Smith (HPS), Budde (Bu).

Verb Qal participle passive feminine singular absolute

LXX: ἀπέστειλεν ἐξαπέστειλεν ἐξαποστελῶ ἀπέστειλα ἐξέτεινεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7971:

ἀπέστειλεν 228× (24.0%)

ἐξαπέστειλεν 62× (6.6%)

ἐξαποστελῶ 25× (2.6%)

ἀπέστειλα 23× (2.5%)

ἐξέτεινεν 23× (2.4%)

ἀπέστειλαν 21× (2.1%)

αὐτούσ 19× (1.8%)

ἐξαποστεῖλαι 19× (2.1%)

ἀπέστειλέν 18× (2.1%)

ἀποστελῶ 17× (1.9%)

אלי אֵלָי

toward myself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

ני

Definition

me, personal pronoun - verb/prep. suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9030

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H413

אֵל (nearly always followed by maqqeph), in poetry אֱלֵי (compare עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (1 Samuel 3:22; 1 Samuel 5:26; 1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 29:19), with suffix אֱלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֱלֶיךְ, etc. אֱלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 times) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often); once אֱלֵימוֹ Psalm 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Exodus 1:19 (Assyrian ilî, Arabic عربي), preposition denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).

Cognates:

• Assyrian ilî
• Arabic عربي

1. Motion to or unto a person or place

• Genesis 2:19, Genesis 2:22; Genesis 3:19; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 14:22; Genesis 16:9 etc.
• After every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though לְ is here more common) Genesis 21:14; Genesis 35:4; Deuteronomy 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Deuteronomy 37:36, etc.
• Metaphorical Jeremiah 2:19 וְלֹא פַּחַדְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (compare Job 31:23).
• Peculiarly Genesis 6:16 אֵל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc.
• And metaphor in the phrase אֵל (אֱלֵי) גִּיל unto exultation Hosea 9:11; Job 3:22.
• Once, exceptionally (si vera 1.) = even: Job 5:5 וְאֵל מִצִּגִּים יִקָּחֶהָ and even out of thorns he taketh it.
• Sometimes pregnant, as Isaiah 66:17; Jeremiah 41:7 זָנָה אֵל commit whoredom (by going) to Numbers 25:1; Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29; דָּרַשׁ אֵל seek (by resorting) to Deuteronomy 18:11; Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 11:10 +; חָבַר אֵל join together (& come) unto Genesis 14:3; הִשְׁכִּימוּ אֵל rise early (and go) to Genesis 19:27; Genesis 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֵל made to kneel down at; Genesis 47:18 תַּם אֵל i.e. has been made over to; מָחַד אֵל to come in fear to Hosea 3:5; Micah 7:17.
• Opposite is מִן, as מִן הַקָּצֶה אֵל הַקָּצֶה from end to end Exodus 26:28; מֵה אֵל מֵה Ezra 9:11 (synonym 2 Kings 21:16 מֵה לָפֶה).
• And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֵל עֵת 1 Chronicles 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֵל יוֹם Numbers 30:15 (P) 1 Chronicles 16:23 (in the Psalm 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).

2. Where the limit is actually entered, into

• Genesis 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark Genesis 7:1; Genesis 19:3; Genesis 41:21; Genesis 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting Genesis 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיכוּ) Genesis 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֵל בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Exodus 28:30 (Leviticus 8:8) Deuteronomy 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Genesis 49:29; שָׁחַט to squeeze Genesis 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Numbers 5:23, etc.; metaphor Genesis 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׁם אֵל לֵב, הָשִׁיב to place, bring into ( = lay to ) heart Deuteronomy 4:39; 2 Samuel 19:20 and elsewhere In connection with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 Samuel 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֵל הַכְּלִים in among the baggage, Jeremiah 4:3 sow not אֵל קֹצִים in among thorns.

3. Of direction towards anything

• (a) Of physical acts or states, as Genesis 30:40 נָתַן מִנִּי הַצֹּאן אֵל, Genesis 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֵל, Exodus 25:20; Numbers 6:26, נָשָׂא פָּנָיו אֵל (2 Kings 9:32 differently), 2 Kings 24:1 שָׁת מִנִּיו אֵל, Joshua 8:18; Psalm 28:2; 1 Kings 8:29, 1 Kings 8:30 (to pray towards) 1 Kings 8:38; pregnantly חָרַד אֵל to tremble (turning) to Genesis 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֵל to wonder (turning) towards Genesis 43:33; Isaiah 13:8, מָחַד אֵל Jeremiah 36:16: without a verb מֵנִּים אֵל מֵנִּים face to face Genesis 32:31 +; מֵה אֵל מֵה Numbers 12:8; כִּאֲיִנֵּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).
• (b) With words such as אָמַר to say to Genesis 3:1 + often, דִּבֵּר Genesis 8:15 + often, קָרָא Genesis 19:5, הִגִּיד Genesis 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to Genesis 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to Genesis 12:15 (compare Ezekiel 13:19 חִלֵּל אֵל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר Ezekiel 40:14.
• (c) With words expressing the direction of the mind, as קָוָה to wait Psalm 27:14 +; יָחַל to hope Isaiah 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֵל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; שָׁם לֵב אֵל, שִׁית to set the heart (mind) to Exodus 9:21 and elsewhere; לָמַד אֵל to accustom oneself to Jeremiah 10:2; חָרַד אֵל to shew fear towards 2 Kings 4:13; Genesis 43:30; Deuteronomy 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).

4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, against

• Genesis 4:8 אֵל הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 Samuel 24:8) 1 Samuel 22:12; Exodus 14:5; Numbers 32:14; with נִקַּם Joshua 10:6, הָלַךְ Judges 1:10; Judges 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Genesis 42:21; Judges 9:57; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Kings 14:10 +; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֵלִי Isaiah 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֵל) Hosea 7:15 (compare Nahum 1:9) Hosea 12:5 וַיָּשַׁר אֵל מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in particular the phrase הִנְנִי אֵל Behold I am against (thee, you, etc.) Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Jeremiah 21:13 (Jeremiah 23:30-32 עַל) Jeremiah 50:31; Jeremiah 51:25; Ezekiel 13:8, Ezekiel 13:20; Ezekiel 21:8; Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:22; Ezekiel 34:10; Ezekiel 35:3; Ezekiel 38:3; Ezekiel 39:1 (Ezekiel 5:8; Ezekiel 26:3; Ezekiel 28:22; Ezekiel 29:3 עַל: on Ezekiel 36:9 see above)

5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

• As Leviticus 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֵל אֲחֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Joshua 13:22 (Numbers 31:8 עַל); 1 Samuel 14:34 at eat אֵל הַחֹם together with the blood (1 Samuel 14:32 & Generally עַל); 1 Kings 10:7 הוֹסַף אֵל (generally עַל); Jeremiah 25:26; Ezekiel 7:26 שְׁמֻעָה אֵל שְׁמֻעָה (עַל); Ezekiel 44:7; Lamentations 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֵל כַּפֵּינוּ our hearts together with the hands (compare Arabic عربي, Qor 4:2; W AG ii. § 51 c).

6. Metaphor in regard to, concerning, on account of

• Thus הִתְאַבֵּל אֵל to mourn concerning 1 Samuel 15:35; הִנָּחֵם אֵל to repent as regards 2 Samuel 24:16; הִתְפַּלֵּל אֵל to pray with regard to 1 Samuel 1:27; 2 Kings 19:20; צָעַק אֵל to cry 2 Kings 8:3 (2 Kings 8:5 עַל); נֶעֱצַב אֵל be pained 1 Samuel 20:34; נִחַם אֵל to comfort 2 Samuel 10:2; more Generally 1 Kings 16:13; 1 Kings 21:22; אֵל נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one's life 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 7:7 (Genesis 19:17 עַל). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר אֵל Genesis 20:2; Isaiah 29:22; Isaiah 37:21, Isaiah 37:33 +; דִּבֵּר אֵל 2 Samuel 7:19; Jeremiah 40:16 b; סִמֵּר אֵל Psalm 2:7; Psalm 69:27; צָוָה אֵל Isaiah 23:11; שָׁמַע אֵל Ezekiel 19:4; הַשְׁמֻעָה אֵל the report regarding . . . 1 Samuel 4:19. (Not frequently, ext. in the case of אָמַר.)

7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare)

• אֵל מִצְוָה according to the command of, Joshua 15:13; Joshua 17:4; Joshua 21:3 (generally עַל מִצְוָה); אֵל נָבוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4 (see Dr); perhaps Psalm 5:1; Psalm 80:1 (Psalm 45:1 עַל).

8. Expressing presence at a spot, against; at, by

• Not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (compare 1), as Joshua 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֵל מֵי מְרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 Samuel 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 Samuel 2:23 and elsewhere and smote him אֵל הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Deuteronomy 33:28; Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7; but also in other cases, as Joshua 5:3 and he circumcised the Israelites אֵל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלִים at the hill of the foreskins, Joshua 22:11 have built an altar אֵל גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Judges 12:6; 2 Samuel 3:32, 2 Samuel 14:30 & 2 Samuel 18:4 אֵל יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 Kings 13:20 as they were sitting אֵל הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 Kings 11:14 אֵל הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Jeremiah 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., Jeremiah 46:10 אֵל נְהַר מְרָתַיִם by the Euphrates, Ezekiel 3:15; Ezekiel 11:11; Ezekiel 17:8; Ezekiel 31:7; Ezekiel 40:18; Ezekiel 43:3; Ezekiel 47:7; Ezekiel 48:12.

9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

• Thus אֵל אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18, 2 Kings 9:19 סֹב אֵל אַחֲרֵי turn to behind me, Zechariah 6:5 (where אֵל is pleonastic, probably due to clerical error; note יָצָא אֵל before & after); אֵל בֵּין in between Ezekiel 31:10, Ezekiel 31:14; אֱל בֵּינֹת similarly Ezekiel 10:2; אֵל בֵּית to (the part) within (see below בַּיִת), in within Leviticus 16:15; 2 Kings 11:15 have her forth in within the ranks; אֵל מוּל see מוּל; אֵל מִנֶּגֶב to the south of Joshua 15:3; אֵל מִחוּץ to the outside of Leviticus 4:12, Leviticus 4:21 +; אֵל נֹכַח to the front of Numbers 19:4; אֵל תַּחַת Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6 and elsewhere (see below תַּחַת).

Note I. — In Genesis 20:13 אֵל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה וְג׳; Numbers 33:54 אֵל אֲשֶׁר וְג׳; Proverbs 17:8 (compare Deuteronomy 16:6); — אֵל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֵל to be used instead of בְּ. In Deuteronomy 31:14 אֱלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אֵל III or IV (q. v.); if the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

Note 2. — There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Joshua 5:14 וַיִּמָּל אֵל מָנָיִו; 1 Samuel 13:13 אַתְּמַמְלֵאתָּ אֵלִי שְׂרָאֵל; 1 Samuel 14:34 (see below 5); 1 Samuel 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֵל הָהָר (contracted עַל הָהָר Deuteronomy 11:29); Deuteronomy 19:16; 2 Samuel 6:3; 2 Samuel 20:23 (contracted 2 Samuel 8:16) 1 Kings 13:29; 1 Kings 18:46 (contracted 2 Kings 3:15 עַל) Jeremiah 35:15; Ezekiel 7:18. (b) Judges 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, Judges 6:39 let there be dryness on (אֵל) the fleece; 1 Samuel 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, 1 Samuel 14:12 come up אֱלֵינוּ; 1 Samuel 16:23 & 1 Samuel 16:16 & 1 Samuel 18:10 צָלַח אֵל, 1 Samuel 10:6 and elsewhere צָלַח עַל; 1 Samuel 25:17 evil is determined אֵל אֲדֹנִינוּ וְעַל כָּל בֵּיתוֹ; 1 Samuel 25:25; 1 Samuel 27:10; 2 Samuel 2:9 וַיַּמְלֵךְ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳; 2 Samuel 3:29 יָחֻל עַל וְאֵל; 2 Kings 8:3 & 2 Kings 8:5; Jeremiah 19:15; Jeremiah 25:2; Jeremiah 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֵל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; Jeremiah 27:19; Jeremiah 28:8; Jeremiah 33:14; Jeremiah 34:7; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 37:13, Jeremiah 37:14; Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11 & Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 21:12 etc. Psalm 79:6 (Jeremiah 10:25 עַל twice). It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל, as 1 Samuel 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (1 Samuel 1:26 אֵל); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 25:25 אֵל עַל; 1 Kings 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל בֵּיתוֹ (1 Kings 21:4 אֵל); Isaiah 22:15; Jeremiah 11:2; Jeremiah 23:35; Jeremiah 31:12. compare Dr Sm i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

¹ If the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

² There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences.

³ It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers.

⁴ Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל.

⁵ Compare Driver, Samuel, i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

Preposition, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

והנה וְהִנֵּה־

And behold!

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הנה

hinnêh

Definition

lo!

Root

prolongation for H2005 (הן);

Exhaustive

prolongation for הן; lo!; behold, lo, see.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2009

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הִנֵּה

adverb / interjection / demonstrative pronoun • Root הן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

A demonstrative particle, functioning as an adverb or interjection. Its primary meanings are there, here, behold!, lo!. It points to a definite existence or presence (e.g., 'is there', 'was there'), and is frequently used with suffixes (הִנְנִי, behold me; הִנְךָ, behold you). Before participles, it adds demonstrative liveliness. It can also function as a mere exclamation or mean 'if'.

Matched via consonantal key only

הֵנָּה

personal pronoun • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

They (feminine). A 3rd person plural feminine personal pronoun. Related to הֵן I.

Matched via consonantal key only

הֵנָּה

adverb • Root הן • Consonantal / Medium • Page 408

An adverb of place and time. 1. hither, to this place, often used after verbs of motion or to add the idea of motion. Can also mean 'thus far' or 'of time till now'. 2. here, in this place.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הִנֵּה

interjection • Page 191

see! behold! Very frequent. (Gen. 19:2; Dan. 12:5; 1 K. 20:40).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2009

I. הִנֵּה (once הִנֶּהֿ Genesis 19:2) demonstrative particle — lo! behold!.

Cognates:

• Arabic إِنَّ (certainly, surely, literally lo!)

— with suffix (the pronoun being conceived as accusative¹) הִנְנִי Genesis 6:13 + often; (also הִנֶּ֣נִּי Genesis 22:7), הִנֵּ֑נִי Genesis 22:1, 11 +; (הִנֶּ֔נִּי Genesis 27:18); Isaiah 65:1 הִנֵּ֣נִי הִנֵּ֔נִי; but הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי is also said Genesis 24:13, 43; Genesis 25:32; Genesis 48:21; Exodus 4:23; Exodus 7:17 +; and, more rarely, הִנֵּה אֲנִי Ezekiel 37:5, 12, 19, 21; 2 Chronicles 2:3, compare 2 Kings 10:9; Jeremiah 32:27; הִנְּךָ Genesis 20:3 + (2 Kings 7:2 הִנְּכָה), הִנֶּ֑ךָּ Psalm 139:8; feminine הִנָּךָ Genesis 16:11 (6 times); הִנּוֺ Numbers 23:17; Job 2:6; 1 Chronicles 11:25; הִנֵּ֫הוּ Jeremiah 18:3 Kt (הִנֵּה הוּא is more usual, as Genesis 20:16; Genesis 42:27; 1 Samuel 10:22; Jeremiah 38:5; Ruth 3:2); 1 plural הִנְנוּ Joshua 9:25; 2 Samuel 5:1; Jeremiah 3:22; Ezra 9:15, הִנֶּ֫נּוּ Genesis 44:16; Genesis 50:18; Numbers 14:40, הִנֵּנ֑וּ Job 38:35; הִנְּכֶם Deuteronomy 1:10; Jeremiah 16:12; הִנָּם Genesis 40:5 + often (37 times) — lo! behold!

1. Pointing to persons or things

a. General usage

• Genesis 12:19 and now הִנֵּה אִשְׁתְּךָ behold thy wife!
• Genesis 18:9 הִנֵּה בָאֹהֶל behold (she is) in the tent (the suffix being not unfrequently omitted when the noun has immediately preceded, Genesis 16:14; compare Driver² § 135. 6, 2), Genesis 30:3; Genesis 31:51; Exodus 24:8 etc.

b. In response to a call ("Here I am!")

• Genesis 22:1, 7, 11; Genesis 27:1, 18; Genesis 31:11; Genesis 37:13; Genesis 46:2; Exodus 3:4; 1 Samuel 3:4, 5, 6, 8, 16; 1 Samuel 22:12; 2 Samuel 1:7; Isaiah 6:8.
• 1 Samuel 12:3 הִנְנִי עֲנוּ בִי here I am, answer against me; 1 Samuel 14:43; 2 Samuel 15:26 (in resignation: compare Genesis 44:16; Genesis 50:18; Joshua 9:25; Ezra 9:15).
• Of God: Isaiah 52:6; Isaiah 58:9; Isaiah 65:1.
• Plural: Numbers 14:40; Jeremiah 3:22; Job 38:35.
• Emphatic: הִנְנִי אָ֕נִי Ezekiel 34:11, 20, compare Ezekiel 6:3.

2. Introducing clauses involving predication

a. Reference to the past or present

Pointing to some truth either newly asserted or recognized:

• Genesis 1:29 behold! I have given to you all herbs etc. Genesis 17:20; Genesis 27:6; 1 Samuel 14:33.
• In proposals or entreaties using הִנֵּהנָֿא: Genesis 12:11; Genesis 16:2; Genesis 18:7; 1 Kings 20:31; 1 Kings 22:13.

b. Reference to the future

Introducing a solemn declaration or prediction, especially with the participle (futuram instans³):

• Genesis 20:3 הִנְּךָ מֵת behold thou art about to die.
• Exodus 4:23; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 9:3; Deuteronomy 31:17; 1 Samuel 3:11; Isaiah 3:1; Isaiah 10:33; Isaiah 17:1; Isaiah 19:1.
• Phrase הנה ימים באים: 1 Samuel 2:31; 2 Kings 20:17; Amos 4:2; Amos 8:11; Amos 9:13 + Jeremiah 15:1 etc.
• With 1sg הִנְנִי מֵבִיא: Genesis 6:17; Exodus 10:4; Isaiah 13:17; Isaiah 29:14; Isaiah 43:19; Jeremiah 8:17; Jeremiah 11:22 (הִנְנִי פֹקֵד); Jeremiah 16:16; Jeremiah 20:4.
• Anomalously with change of person: Isaiah 28:16 הִנְנִי יִסַּד behold me, one who has founded; Isaiah 29:14 הִנְנִי יוֺסִף behold me, one who will add (so Isaiah 38:5).

3. Use in historical style (וְהִנֵּה)

Frequently after verbs of seeing or discovering, making narrative graphic:

• Genesis 1:31 and behold, it was very good, Genesis 6:12; Genesis 8:13; Genesis 15:12; Genesis 18:2; Genesis 37:29; Exodus 2:6; Deuteronomy 9:13.
• In descriptions of dreams or visions: Genesis 37:7, 9; Genesis 40:9, 16; Genesis 41:1–3; Isaiah 29:8; Amos 7:1, 4; Amos 8:1.
• With a participle (past context): Genesis 24:30; Genesis 37:15; Judges 9:43; Judges 11:34; 1 Kings 19:5, 11.

4. As conditional particle (if)

Rare usage, nearly equivalent to II. הֵן:

• Leviticus 13:5, 6, 7, 8; Deuteronomy 13:15.
• Deuteronomy 17:4 וְהִנֵּה אֱמֶת and behold it is true = and if it be true; Deuteronomy 19:18; 1 Samuel 20:12; 1 Samuel 9:7; 2 Samuel 18:11; Hosea 9:6.

¹ Ewald's Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, § 262 c (Ew).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, § 135. 6, 2.

³ S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, § 135. 3.

Conjunction, Particle interjection

LXX: ἰδοὺ --- ἰδού '' ἦν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2009:

ἰδοὺ 634× (73.5%)

--- 25× (3.1%)

ἰδού 14× (1.6%)

'' 12× (1.3%)

ἦν 9× (0.9%)

ἐστιν 8× (0.8%)

ὅτι 7× (0.9%)

ἰδου 7× (0.8%)

νῦν 6× (0.7%)

ὧδε 6× (0.7%)

בו בוֹ

within himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּ

preposition • Page 84

A preposition with various meanings: 4. by (swearing, Gen. 22:16); 5. through (Num. 12:2); 6. upon (Num. 14:10); 7. to a place or thing (Judg. 6:35); 8. against (Gen. 16:12); 9. concerning (after 'to speak'); 10. out of, from (Gen. 44:5); 11. among; 12. before (Gen. 23:18); 13. for (Deut. 19:21); 14. on account of (Gen. 18:28); 15. after, according to (Gen. 1:26); 16. as (Job 34:36); 17. used with verbs of sense; 18. Beth essentiae (Jehovah is among my helpers, Ps. 118:7); 19. before an infinitive: when, while, after, since (Gen. 2:4).

בּ

prefix • Page 83

A prefix preposition with various meanings: 1. In or into a place/subject. 2. With, denoting an instrument, aid, or concomitance. 3. On, at, or near.

וְ

prefix • Root היה • Page 195

A prefix, as in וַיִּקְתֹּל (he killed). Usually called Vav conversivum futuri. It is most probably a contraction of the old form הָוָה or הָוֵי i. q. הָיָה.

וְ

conj. and prefix • Page 194

Vav copulativum. Signifies a nail, peg, hook. Used as: 1. merely connective (and, also); 2. adversative (but, yet - Gen. 17:21); 3. illative (since, wherefore - Gen. 26:27, Ruth 1:21); 4. causal (for - Gen. 20:3, Is. 39:1); 5. to express result/consequence (that - Num. 23:19).

Preposition, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

מגלת מְגִלַּת־

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מגלה

mᵉgillâh

Definition

a roll

Root

from H1556 (גלל);

Exhaustive

from גלל; a roll; roll, volume.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4039

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

גָּלָה

verb • Root גלה • Consonantal / Low • Page 324

(I) A verb meaning to make bare, naked, or bald. It extends to meanings like to smooth, polish, uncover, and figuratively to lay open, unveil, reveal, communicate, or make known. To 'open the ear' means to reveal something.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גֹּלֶה

noun • Root גלה • Consonantal / Low • Page 325

an emigrant from home, i.e. a stranger.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גְּלָה

noun feminine • Consonantal / Low • Page 326

Aramaic: carrying away, exile; hence, exiles.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גָּלָה

verb • Root גלה • Consonantal / Low • Page 325

(intransitive) proper meaning same as גָּלַל (to roll forward, drive forward, to turn forward); hence 1. to withdraw, in the sense of to disappear, to vanish. 2. to wander away (into exile). 3. to wander at the head of the captives (into exile).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גָּלָה

verb • Consonantal / Low • Page 326

Same as Aramaic גְּלָא.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גֹּלָה

noun • Root גלה • Consonantal / Low • Page 326

See גּוֹלָה from גָּלָה II.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גִּלָּה

verb • Root גלה • Consonantal / Low • Page 325

to uncover; to open; figuratively, to make manifest, to reveal, to communicate; to unveil.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גִּלָּה

verb • Root גלה • Consonantal / Low • Page 325

to roll down upon, to hurl down upon, i.e. to punish; to hurl forward, to roll forward; to roll along; to roll away from; to draw away, to take away; to drive away.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גֻּלָּה

verb • Root גלה • Consonantal / Low • Page 325

to become manifest, to be open; to be discovered, after she has concealed herself.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גֻּלָּה

verb • Root גלל • Consonantal / Low • Page 325

to be driven (into exile); but according to others from גָּלָה I.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

גֻּלָּה

noun feminine • Root גלל • Consonantal / Low • Page 326

1. oil-cruet, oil-vessel. 2. cruet-shaped form of capitals. 3. in plural, water-springs.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4039

I. מְגִלָּה (approximate number of occurrences: 21) noun feminine — roll (writing, book; late).

— מְגִלָּה absolute Jeremiah 36:28 (17 times); construct מְגִלַּת Psalm 40:8 (4 times).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Roll of writing, book

• מְגִלַּת־סֵפֶר Jeremiah 36:2, 4; Ezekiel 2:9; Psalm 40:8

b. The word alone

• Jeremiah 36:6, 14 (twice), 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28 (twice), 29, 32
• Ezekiel 3:1, 2, 3
• Zechariah 5:1, 2

Aramaic

מְגִלָּה noun feminine (book-)roll (Targum ᵑ7; Biblical Hebrew מְגִלָּה).

1. literally book-roll
   • Ezra 6:2

Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX: χαρτίον δρέπανον κεφαλίδα

LXX Usage Statistics

H4039:

χαρτίον 11× (50.0%)

δρέπανον 2× (10.2%)

κεφαλίδα 2× (8.7%)

ספר סֵפֶר׃

a book

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ספר

çêpher

Definition

properly, writing (the art or a document); by implication, a book

Root

or (feminine) ספרה; (Psalm 56:8 (H9 (אבדה))), from H5608 (ספר);

Exhaustive

or (feminine) ספרה; (Psalm 56:8 (אבדה)), from ספר; properly, writing (the art or a document); by implication, a book; bill, book, evidence, [idiom] learn(-ed) (-ing), letter, register, scroll.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5612

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סֵפֶר

noun masculine • Root ספר • Strongs / High • Page 1033

A writing, a letter, prophetic writing (scriptura), the art of writing, or learning. Specifically, a bill of sale (סֵפֶר מִקְנָה), letter of covenant (סֵפֶר בְּרִית), or bill of divorce (סֵפֶר כְּרִיתוּת). Commonly, a book.

סֵפֶר

noun • Strongs / High • Page 1034

Book, writing (especially of the law, chronicles, or kings); document, letter, list (of the living/book of life); sacred books (βιβλία).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סֵפֶר

noun masculine • Root ספר • Page 481

1. Writing, scriptura (Is. 29:11, 12). 2. A document or writing, such as a bill of sale or divorce (Jer. 32:11ff; Deut. 24:1, 3). 3. A book (Ex. 17:14; Josh. 1:8). Includes terms like סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה (book of the law), סֵפֶר חַיִּים (book of life), and סְפָרִים (holy scriptures).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5612

I. סֵ֫פֶר (approximate number of occurrences: 185) noun masculine^{Isaiah 29:11} — missive, document, writing, book.

Cognates:

• Assyrian šipru (missive, message), šipirtu (id.)¹
• Arabic سفر (go forth to journey)²
• Late Hebrew סֵפֶר
• Aramaic סִיפְרָא
• Christian-Palestinian Aramaic ספרא³

— סֵפֶר absolute 2 Samuel 11:14 +; construct Exodus 24:7 +; suffix סִפְרִי Exodus 32:33, סִפְרְךָ Exodus 32:33; Psalm 139:16; plural סְפָרִים 1 Kings 21:8 +.

1. Missive

a. Letter of instruction, written order, commission, or request

Usually from a king:

• 2 Samuel 11:14–15
• 1 Kings 21:8, 21:9, 21:11
• 2 Kings 5:5–6, 5:7
• 2 Kings 10:1, 10:2, 10:6–7
• 2 Kings 19:14 = Isaiah 37:14
• 2 Kings 20:12 = Isaiah 39:1
• As written decree: Esther 1:22; Esther 3:13; Esther 8:5; Esther 9:20, 25, 30 (+ אִגֶּרֶת)
• Esther 8:10 (+ וַיִּשְׁלַח סְפָרִים)

b. From prophet or other influential persons

• Jeremiah 29:1
• Jeremiah 29:25, 29:29

2. Legal document

• סֵפֶר כְּרִיתֻת (certificate of divorce): Deuteronomy 24:1, 3; figurative Jeremiah 3:8; Isaiah 50:1
• סֵפֶר הַמִּקְנָה (deed of purchase): Jeremiah 32:11–12, 14, 16, 44
• As indictment: Job 31:35

3. Book or scroll

In which something is written to preserve it for future use:

• Exodus 17:14 (Elohist Source)
• Joshua 18:9 (Jahwist-Elohist Source)
• 1 Samuel 10:25; Isaiah 30:8; Job 19:23 +
• Roll form: Isaiah 34:4 (+ וְנָגֹ֫לוּ כַּסֵּפֶר), Isaiah 29:11–12 (+ הַסֵּפֶר הֶחָתוּם)

a. Book of prophecies

• Jeremiah 25:13; Jeremiah 30:2
• Jeremiah 36:2–32; Daniel 12:4
• Nahum 1:1 (+ סֵפֶר חֲזוֺן נַחוּם)
• מְגִלַּת סֵפֶר: Jeremiah 36:2, 4; Ezekiel 2:9; Psalm 40:8

b. Genealogical register

• Genesis 5:1 (Priests' Code) (+ סֵפֶר תּוֺלְדוֺת)
• Nehemiah 7:5 (+ סֵפֶר הַיַּ֫חַשׂ)

c. Law-book

• סֵפֶר הַבְּרִית (Book of the Covenant): Exodus 24:7 (Elohist Source); 2 Kings 23:2; 23:21
• סֵפֶר הַתּוֺרָה (Book of the Law): Deuteronomy 28:61; 31:26; Joshua 1:8 (Deuteronomist Source); 2 Kings 22:8; Nehemiah 8:3
• סֵפֶר תּוֺרַת אֱלֹהִים: Joshua 24:26 (Elohist Source); Nehemiah 8:8, 18
• סֵפֶר תּוֺרַת מֹשֶׁה: Joshua 8:31; 23:6 (Deuteronomist Source); 2 Kings 14:6; Nehemiah 8:1, 13:1

d. Book of poems

• Numbers 21:14 (Jahwist-Elohist Source) (+ סֵפֶר מִלְחֲמֹת י׳)
• Joshua 10:13 (Jahwist-Elohist Source); 2 Samuel 1:18 (+ סֵפֶר הַיָּשָׁר)

e. Book concerned with kings (Chronicles)

• 1 Kings 11:41 (+ סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי שְׁלֹמֹה)
• 1 Kings 14:19, 29 (and throughout Kings/Chronicles)
• Esther 10:2; Nehemiah 12:23; Esther 2:23; 6:1

f. By means of the Scriptures (Canonical books)

• Daniel 9:2 (+ בַּסְּפָרִים)

g. God's record-book

• Psalm 139:16; Malachi 3:16 (+ סֵפֶר זִכָּרוֺן)
• Register of the living: Exodus 32:32–33 (Elohist Source); Psalm 69:29 (+ סֵפֶר חַיִּים); Daniel 12:1

4. Book-learning or writing

• Ability to read: Isaiah 29:11–12 (+ יָדַע סֵפֶר)
• Writing and speech: Daniel 1:4 (+ לְלַמְּדָם סֵפֶר וּלְשׁוֺן כַּשְׂדִּים)
• Learning: Daniel 1:17 (+ הַשְׂכִּיל בְּכָל־סֵפֶר וְחָכְמָה)

[סִפְרָה] noun feminine book; — suffix בְּסִפְרָתֶ֑ךָ Psalm 56:9 (compare 3g above).

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB 683); Hugo Winckler, Tel Amarna Glossary.

² Edward William Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, 1370.

³ Friedrich Schwally, Idioticon des christlich-palästinischen Aramäisch, 64.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: βιβλίῳ βιβλίον βιβλίου γράμματα ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5612a:

βιβλίῳ 70× (37.8%)

βιβλίον 54× (29.0%)

βιβλίου 25× (13.9%)

γράμματα 5× (2.8%)

'' 4× (2.0%)

βίβλου 4× (1.8%)

βιβλία 3× (1.7%)

--- 2× (1.2%)

βίβλοσ 2× (1.0%)

βιβλίοισ 2× (0.8%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And I shall see, and behold, a hand sent to me; and behold, in it a roll of a book. 10And he will spread it out before me: and it was written the face and the back side: and written upon it lamentations, sighing, and Wo.

LITV Translation:
And I looked, and behold, a hand was extended to me. And behold, a roll of a book was in it.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And I looked, and behold, a hand stretched out to me, and in it a volume of a book.