Ezekiel 16:19

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ולחמי וְלַחְמִי

and the bread loaf of myself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

לחם

lechem

Definition

food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)

Root

from H3898 (לחם); See also H1036 (בית לעפרה)

Exhaustive

from לחם; See also בית לעפרה; food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it); (shew-) bread, [idiom] eat, food, fruit, loaf, meat, victuals.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3899

י

Definition

my, personal posessive - noun suffix: 1st person common singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 1st person singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9020

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לֶחֶם

common noun • Root לחם • Strongs / High • Page 782

Food for men or animals; hence applied to manna, sacrificial food, fruits of the earth, bread-corn, grain, wheat, sustenance.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לֶחֶם

noun masculine • Root לחם • Page 345

war, a besieging. Judg. 5:8. i. e. they besieged the gates.

לֶחֶם

noun masculine • Root לחם • Page 345

1. food. לֶחֶם אֱלֹהִים the food of God (Lev. 21:8). 2. bread. לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים the shew-bread (Ex. 25:30).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3899

I. לֶ֫חֶם (approximate number of occurrences: 296) noun masculine^{1 Samuel 9:7} and (rarely) feminine^{Genesis 49:20} (see below, and Dr^{1 Samuel 10:4}) — bread, food.

Cognates:

• Phoenician לחם (bread)
• Late Hebrew לֶחֶם
• Aramaic לַחְמָא
• Arabic لحم (flesh, meat)

— לֶ֫חֶם absolute Genesis 3:19 +; לָחֶם Genesis 31:54 +; לֶ֑חֶם Psalm 14:4 (2 times); construct לֶחֶם Hosea 9:4 +; suffix לַחְמִי Job 3:24 +, לַחְמְךָ Obadiah 7 +, לַחְמָם Hosea 9:4, + etc.

1. Bread

a. Bread as ordinary food of early Hebrews

• Exodus 21:14 (Elohist Source)
• Numbers 21:5
• Joshua 9:5–12 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 8:3
• Exodus 16:3 (Priests' Code)
• כִּכַּר־לֶחֶם loaf of bread 1 Samuel 2:36
• חַלַת לֶחֶם cake of bread 2 Samuel 6:19
• מַּת־לֶחֶם a bit of bread (hospitable meal) Genesis 18:5 (Jehovist Source)
• לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים bread of the Presence 1 Samuel 21:7; Exodus 25:30 (Priests' Code)
• מַטֵּה־לֶחֶם staff of bread Ezekiel 4:16; Leviticus 26:26 (Holiness Code)

b. Bread-corn (the material from which bread is made)

• Genesis 41:54–55 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 47:19 (Jehovist Source)
• Genesis 49:20 (J poem)
• Isaiah 28:28
• Psalm 104:14

2. Food in General

a. Of man

• 1 Samuel 14:24
• Proverbs 27:27 (of goat's milk)
• Psalm 136:25

b. Of animals

• Proverbs 6:8
• Job 24:5
• Psalm 147:9

c. Of God (in sacrifices)

• לֶחֶם אֱלֹהֵיהֶם Leviticus 21:6; Leviticus 21:22 (Holiness Code)
• לֶחֶם אִשֶּׁה Leviticus 3:11; Numbers 28:24 (Priests' Code)

3. Other Phrases and Figurative Uses

a. Descriptive phrases

• לֶחֶם רֶשַׁע bread of wickedness Proverbs 4:17
• לֶחֶם עַצְלוּת bread of idleness Proverbs 31:27
• לֶחֶם אֲנָשִׁים bread of mourners Ezekiel 24:17

b. Figurative uses

• figurative לַחְמֵנוּ הֵם they are our food (we will devour them) Numbers 14:9 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• דִּמְעָתִּי לֶחֶם my tears are bread Psalm 42:4
• עֵץ בְּלַחְמוֺ Jeremiah 11:19 (probably read בְּלֵחוֺ in its freshness)

¹ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

² I. Benzinger, Hebräische Archäologie.

³ W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Archäologie.

⁴ S. Fränkel, Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal first person both singular

LXX: ἄρτον ἄρτουσ ἄρτων ἄρτου ἄρτοι

LXX Usage Statistics

H3899:

ἄρτον 82× (26.8%)

ἄρτουσ 53× (16.5%)

ἄρτων 30× (9.0%)

ἄρτου 23× (7.7%)

ἄρτοι 16× (5.0%)

ἄρτοσ 15× (4.7%)

--- 15× (5.1%)

ἄρτοισ 9× (2.8%)

δῶρα 6× (1.8%)

τροφὴν 4× (1.3%)

אשר אֲשֶׁר־

who/which

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אשר

ʼăsher

Definition

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.

Root

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

Exhaustive

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number); who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.; [idiom] after, [idiom] alike, as (soon as), because, [idiom] every, for, [phrase] forasmuch, [phrase] from whence, [phrase] how(-soever), [idiom] if, (so) that ((thing) which, wherein), [idiom] though, [phrase] until, [phrase] whatsoever, when, where ([phrase] -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, [phrase] whither(-soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun expletively, used to show the connection.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H834

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

noun proper • Root אשיר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Proper name of a city east of Shechem, on the border of Manasseh.

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Relative pronoun: who, which; forming the relative in prose.

אֲשֶׁר

relative particle • Lemma_Lookup • Page 205

A relative particle or pronoun (who, which, that). It serves to connect a following clause with a preceding noun or pronoun. It can function as the subject or object within its clause (often supplemented by a pronominal suffix). In the accusative, it acts as a subordinate conjunction expressing relations of place (where, whither), time (when), and manner (as, that). It forms various compound conjunctions with prepositions, such as עַל אֲשֶׁר (wherefore, because), בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר (wherever), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (as).

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative / conjunction • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Relative pronoun and conjunction: that, which, where, so that, because, in order that. Used to express object and design, clauses relating to time (when), or causal relationships.

אֲשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 212

(not used) Aram. equivalent to Hebr אֶתֶר.

אֲשֻׁר

masc. / fem. • Root אשר אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

1. A tree, commonly sherbin-cedar, larch, or box-tree. 2. A step, walk.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Name of a tree; also the proper name of a city.

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine / noun proper • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

Happy; used as a proper name Asher (son of Jacob and the tribe named after him).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Fortune, happiness; hence as an interjection in the construct state: hail! happy!

אָשֵׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be connected, united (equivalent to אָסַר).

אָשַׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To go about, run about; to go, to walk, to step along.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be united, by love, marriage, etc.; to be firm, strong, pressed together.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be straight (even of a way); in a moral sense: to be right, honest, upright; to be prosperous, happy.

אָשַׁר

verb • Root עשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1143

(which see); Ar. the same, hence עָשִׁיר a spouse, an associate. Deriv. אֲשֵׁרָה, עֲשֵׁרָה, עָשִׁירָה.

אָשֻׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Step, walk.

אֹשֶׁר

noun masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Prosperity.

אֻשַּׁר

verb • Lemma_Lookup • Page 203

To be led, guided.

אֲשֶׁר אַחֲרֵי־כֵן

adverbial phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 708

After that.

אֲשַׂרְאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. ('El is allied). Found in 1 Chr. 4, 16. Equivalent to the Phenician Osiris, an epithet of Ba'al.

אֲשַׂרְאֵלָה

noun proper masculine • Root אשר אלה • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Proper noun, masculine. Found in 1 Chr. 25, 2. A variant reading is יְשַׂרְאֵלָה (Jesharelah).

אֲשֵׁרָה

noun feminine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 206

Name of a Phenician goddess, sometimes identified with the Sidonian Astarte; also refers to the wooden image/pillar of the goddess standing beside the altar of Ba'al.

אָשֵׁרִי

adjective • Lemma_Lookup • Page 204

Gentile of Asher; Asherite.

אֲשְׂרִיאֵל

noun proper masculine • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Proper name of a man (Num. 26:31; Josh. 17:2).

אֲשֵׁרִים

noun masculine plural • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

Male images of Baal, of wood, symbolising Baal as a generating power, and distinct from images of Ashera.

אֻשַּׁרְנָא

noun masculine (aramaic) • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 207

A wall (Ezr. 5:3), properly a firm thing. Formed from אָשַׁר with the termination na.

אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַבַּיִת

phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 238

head of the palace, minister of the court

אֶת־אֲשֶׁר

relative phrase • Lemma_Lookup • Page 87

the person whom or the thing which

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction • Root אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 669

as, when, according as, since.

תְּלַאשַּׂר

unknown • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1515

see תְּלָאשֶׁר.

תְּלָאשָׂר

noun proper • Root תל אשר • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1513

(as also תְּלַשַּׁר Is. 37, 12, also in mss. תְּלַסַּר) n. p. of a Mesopotamian province and city, inhabited by the בְּנֵי עֶדֶן, and formerly subject to Assyria Is. 37, 12; 2 Kings 19, 12. The word has arisen from תֵּל and אָשָׁר = אָשׂוּר.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר

pronoun relative • Page 79

Relative pronoun: who, which, that. Used for both genders and numbers. Often acts as a sign of relation for other pronouns and adverbs (e.g., אֲשֶׁר-שָׁם 'where', אֲשֶׁר-מִשָּׁם 'whence').

אֲשֶׁר

adv. or conjunction • Page 80

Used as an adverb or conjunction; signifies (1.) *that, to the end that, ut*; (2.) *that, how that, quod*; (3.) *because*; (4.) *if*; (5.) *for*; (6.) *when*; (7.) *as*; (8.) *where*. References include Gen. 11:7, Deut. 4:40, Ex. 11:7, Jos. 2:10, 1 Sam. 24:19, 1 K. 8:33, Lev. 4:22, Jer. 33:22, Num. 20:13.

אֶשֶׁר

noun • Page 79

Happiness, prosperity; found only in the plural construct אַשְׁרֵי (the happinesses of). (Ps. 1:1, 2:12, 32:1, 33:12; Prov. 3:13, 8:34; Deut. 33:29).

אֶשֶׁר

noun masculine • Root אשר • Page 80

*Prosperity*. Reference: Gen. 30:13.

אָשֵׁר

m. proper name • Page 79

1. A son of Jacob, progenitor of one of the tribes of Israel. 2. A city not far from Shechem (Josh. 17:7).

אָשַׁר

verb • Root ישר • Page 79

1. To go straight, proceed (Prov. 9:6). 2. To be right, suitable, successful, or prosperous (Hab. 2:4). Pi.: To lead or guide straight (Prov. 23:19; Is. 1:17). Pu.: To be guided or pronounced happy (Ps. 41:3; Prov. 3:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H834

אַשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite idem; origin dubious: 1 according to Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff, originally a substantive 'place' = ܐܠܗܐ footstep, mark, ሀሁሂሄ (do.), אֲתָר, ܐܒܓܕ place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign Generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö ZMG 1886, 738). 2 according to Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22 for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שֶׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָה, הָלָזֶה (q. v.), السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ he who, አማር: who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac ܒܝܫܐ by side of הָלְכָא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש
• Syriac ܐܝܢܐ, ܕ
• Arabic الّذي
• Ethiopic ያ
• Assyrian ašru

A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אַשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Genesis 1:11 אַשֶׁר זַרְעָהּ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Psalm 1:4 like the chaff אַשֶׁר תִּדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אַשֶׁר שָׁם = where, אַשֶׁר מִשָּׁם = whence, Genesis 2:11; Genesis 3:23; Genesis 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. Relative Pronoun Uses

it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Numbers 22:6 and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exodus 4:12 and I will teach thee אַשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אַשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . . ; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Genesis 43:16, to those who . . . Genesis 47:24, to that which Genesis 27:8; מֵאֲשֶׁר Judges 16:30; 2 Samuel 18:18 than those whom; Leviticus 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֹ to him from whom he bought it, Numbers 5:7; Isaiah 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ בּוֹ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. Pronominal Affix and Defining Adjunct

instances of אַשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָׁמָה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אַשֶׁר Genesis 31:32 for אַשֶׁר עִמּוֹ (see Genesis 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isaiah 47:12 for אַשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אַשֶׁר לָהֶם Ezekiel 23:40: Psalm 119:49 see under עַל אַשֶׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases:

• (a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Genesis 9:3 all moving things אַשֶׁר הוּא חַי which are living, Leviticus 11:26; Numbers 9:13; Numbers 14:8,27; Numbers 35:31; Deuteronomy 20:20; 1 Samuel 10:19 (see Dr) 2 Kings 25:19 ("" Jeremiah 52:25 הָיָה) Jeremiah 27:9; Ezekiel 43:19; Haggai 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Nehemiah 2:18; Ecclesiastes 7:26; before a verb 2 Kings 22:13 (omitted 2 Chronicles 34:21).
• (b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Genesis 7:2; Genesis 17:12; Numbers 17:5; Deuteronomy 17:15 אַשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deuteronomy 20:15; Judges 19:12; 1 Kings 8:41 "" 1 Kings 9:20 "".

N.B. Psalm 16:3 אַשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵמָּה אֲדִירִי וְגָבְהוּ 'the saints that are in the land, they (הֵמָּה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. First Person Pronouns

sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hosea 14:4 אַשֶׁר בְּךָ יְרֻחָם יָתוּם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated! Jeremiah 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jeremiah 32:19; Isaiah 49:23; Job 37:17 f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou? etc., Psalm 71:19; Psalm 71:20; Psalm 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Psalm 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲשֶׁר עֻשִּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exodus 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Psalm 41:9).

4. Dispensing with Defining Adjunct

the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with — a. when אַשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Genesis 2:1 the work אַשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Genesis 3:3 the tree אַשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc. b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אַשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:

• (α) Genesis 6:4 אֲחֲרֵי כֵן אַשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 45:6 there are still 5 years אַשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Joshua 14:10; 1 Kings 22:25; after יוֹם or הַיּוֹם Deuteronomy 4:10; Judges 4:14; 1 Samuel 24:5 (see Dr) 2 Samuel 19:25; Jeremiah 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Genesis 40:13.
• (β) Genesis 35:13 בַּמָּקוֹם אַשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ in the place where he spake with him, Genesis 35:14; Genesis 39:20; Numbers 13:27; Numbers 22:26; Deuteronomy 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deuteronomy 8:15; 1 Kings 8:9 (unless לֻחוֹת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see Dr & Deuteronomy 9:9) Isaiah 55:11; Isaiah 64:10; Psalm 84:4.
• So (γ) in אֶל אַשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exodus 32:34; Ruth 1:16; אֶל כָּל אַשֶׁר to every (place) whither Joshua 1:16; Proverbs 17:8; בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judges 5:27; Judges 17:8,9; 1 Samuel 23:13; 2 Kings 8:1; Ruth 1:16,17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Genesis 21:17; בְּכָל אַשֶׁר wheresoever Joshua 1:7,9; Judges 2:15; 1 Samuel 14:47; 1 Samuel 18:5; 2 Samuel 7:7; 2 Kings 18:7; עַל אַשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2 Samuel 15:20; 1 Kings 18:12; עַל כָּל אַשֶׁר Jeremiah 1:7.
• (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אַשֶׁר this is the reason that or why . . . Joshua 5:4; 1 Kings 11:27.

5. Extreme Instances

c. more extreme instances Leviticus 14:22,30,31; Numbers 6:21; Deuteronomy 7:19 (wherewith), Deuteronomy 28:20; 1 Samuel 2:32 (wherein), 1 Kings 2:26; Judges 8:15 (about whom), Isaiah 8:12 (where יֹאמַר would be followed normally by לוֹ), Isaiah 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isaiah 47:15; Zephaniah 3:11; Ecclesiastes 3:9; 1 Kings 14:19 (= how).

6. Poetry Usage

d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after אֵת אַשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַר תִּי followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Genesis 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exodus 22:8; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4 (זֶה) Judges 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deuteronomy 9:2) 1 Samuel 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2 Samuel 11:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4. 5 אַשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οὗτινος, Psalm 24:4; Psalm 55:20; Psalm 95:4; Psalm 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

7. Substantive Antecedent Insertion

6 אַשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause: (a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, אֶל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אֶל אַשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר יְהוָה that which came (of) the word of יְהוָה to Jeremiah Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34 (compare Ew § 334); (b) Exodus 25:9; Numbers 33:4; 1 Samuel 25:30; 2 Kings 8:12; 2 Kings 12:6 לְכָל אַשֶׁר יִמְצָא שָׁם בַּדֶּקֶת Ezekiel 12:25; compare the Ethiopic usage Di § 201; (c) (antecedent repeated) Genesis 49:30 = Genesis 50:13, 1 Samuel 25:30 (יְהוָה repeated), Isaiah 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

8. Genitive Circumlocution

7 אֵת אַשֶׁר לְ that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used a. either alone or preceded by כָּל to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Genesis 14:23 מִכָּל אֲשֶׁר לְךָ of all that is thine, Genesis 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Genesis 32:24 & sent over אֵת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ that which he had, + often b. as a circumlocution of the Genitive, as Genesis 29:9 עִם הַצֹּאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Genesis 40:5; Genesis 47:4; Leviticus 9:8; Judges 6:11; 1 Samuel 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְךָ, 2 Samuel 14:31 אֵת הַחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁר לִי, 2 Samuel 23:8; 1 Kings 1:8,33 עַל הַמִּרְכֶּבֶת אֲשֶׁר לִי upon mine own mule, 1 Kings 1:49; 1 Kings 4:2; 2 Kings 11:10; 2 Kings 16:13; Ruth 2:21; and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single Genitive, as Genesis 23:9; Genesis 40:5; Genesis 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exodus 38:30; Judges 3:20; Judges 6:25; 1 Samuel 17:40; 1 Samuel 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1 Samuel 24:5 אֵת כְּנַף הַמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל, 2 Samuel 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1 Kings 10:28; 1 Kings 15:20; 1 Kings 22:31; Jeremiah 52:17; Ruth 4:3. c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judges 18:28; Judges 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לִבְנֵי יָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judges 20:4; 1 Samuel 17:1; 1 Kings 15:27; 1 Kings 16:15; 1 Kings 17:9; 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 14:11. compare שֶׁ (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic דִּי, ܐܢܐ, is in habitual use as a mark of the Genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דִּי, ܕ, without לְ, expresses the Genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִּי מַלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אַשֶׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1 Samuel 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׁם Exodus 19:5) שְׁמֻאֵל (Dr ἕπεστιν); 1 Kings 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (Dr ἠν ἀπέστειλεν); 2 Kings 25:10 supply אֵת with (as "" Jeremiah 52:14); 2 Chronicles 34:22 read וְאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare Dr) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2 Kings 22:14); compare Ew § 292 a, b with note.

9. Conjunction Usage

8 אַשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דִּי, ܕ, a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc. (a) with אֵת Deuteronomy 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deuteronomy 29:15; Joshua 2:10; 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Samuel 24:19; 2 Samuel 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁר יֹרִים how they shoot from off the wall? 2 Kings 8:12; Isaiah 38:3 #NAME? 1 Kings 14:19; 2 Kings 14:15; 2 Kings 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2 Samuel 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zechariah 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . Zechariah 8:23; compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exodus 11:7; Ezekiel 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Ecclesiastes 8:12, רָאָה Deuteronomy 1:31 (RV) 1 Samuel 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Leviticus 5:5; Leviticus 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1 Kings 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isaiah 38:7 הָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . ("" 2 Kings 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2 Chronicles 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Nehemiah 2:5,10; Nehemiah 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Nehemiah 8:14,15; Nehemiah 10:31; Nehemiah 13:1,19,22; Esther 1:19; Esther 2:10; Esther 3:4; Esther 6:2; Esther 8:11; Ecclesiastes 3:22 (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Ecclesiastes 5:4; Ecclesiastes 7:18 (with טוֹב: contrast Ruth 2:22) Ruth 2:22; Ruth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Daniel 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1 Samuel 15:20; 2 Samuel 1:4; 2 Samuel 2:4 (see Dr) Psalm 10:6 (probably), Nehemiah 4:6. b. it is resolvable into so that: Genesis 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Genesis 13:16; Genesis 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exodus 20:26; Deuteronomy 4:10,40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לָכֶם Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 28:27,51; 1 Kings 3:12,13; 2 Kings 9:37; Malachi 3:19. c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Genesis 30:18; Genesis 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Genesis 34:13,27; Genesis 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Numbers 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deuteronomy 3:24; Joshua 4:7,23; Joshua 22:31; Judges 9:17; 1 Samuel 2:23; 1 Samuel 15:15; 1 Samuel 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1 Samuel 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) יְהוָה hath withholden, 2 Samuel 2:5 blessed are ye of יְהוָה, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οὗτινος) have done (or in that ye have done), 1 Kings 3:19; 1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 12:3; 2 Kings 17:4; 2 Kings 23:26; Jeremiah 16:13; Ecclesiastes 8:11,12 (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Daniel 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן. d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Leviticus 4:22 אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Leviticus 4:3; Leviticus 4:13; Leviticus 4:37 אִם), Numbers 5:29 (explained differently by Ew § 334 a), Deuteronomy 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deuteronomy 11:28 אִם), Deuteronomy 18:22 Ges, Joshua 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלֻן when they ask . . ., then . . . (Joshua 4:6 כִּי), Isaiah 31:4. In 1 Kings 8:33 ("" 2 Chronicles 6:24 כִּי, compare 2 Chronicles 6:35; 2 Chronicles 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1 Kings 8:31 ("" אִם). e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jeremiah 33:22; Isaiah 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כַּאֲשֶׁר, & אֲשֶׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jeremiah 48:8; Psalm 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1 Samuel 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. f. combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בְּעָבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עָקֵב, מִמִּנִּי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הָאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2 Kings 6:22. In Deuteronomy 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note בָּרַכְתָּ before. Note 1 אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2 Samuel 2:5 (above 8c), Isaiah 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them. Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isaiah 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8d Deuteronomy 11:27; Joshua 4:21) they have no dawn.'

Compounds

בַּאֲשֶׁר

19 a. in (that) which . . . Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:4 (above 1); Ecclesiastes 3:9 in (that, in) which (4c); Isaiah 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Genesis 39:9,23; Ecclesiastes 7:2; Ecclesiastes 8:4; compare ܒܕܝܠ. d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁ).

כַּאֲשֶׁר

see below כְּ.

מֵאֲשֶׁר

17 a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Genesis 3:11; Exodus 29:27 (twice in verse); Numbers 6:11 (see Leviticus 4:26; Joshua 10:11; Judges 16:30; Isaiah 47:13 +; than that . . . Ecclesiastes 3:22; לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esther 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isaiah 43:4.

כַּאֲשֶׁר

conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) — 1 according to that which, according as, as: a. Genesis 34:12 I will give כַּאֲשֶׁר תֹּאמְרוּ אֵלַי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Genesis 44:1; Exodus 8:23; Numbers 22:8; 1 Samuel 2:16; Genesis 34:22 if we are circumcised כַּאֲשֶׁר הֵמָּה נְמוֹלִים; Genesis 41:21 כַּאֲשֶׁר בַּתְּחִלָּה as at the beginning, so כֵּן בְּרָאשִׁית Joshua 8:5,6; 2 Samuel 7:10; Exodus 5:13 כַּאֲשֶׁר בִּהְיוֹת הַתָּבֶן Genesis 7:9 they came in two by two כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, Genesis 7:16; Genesis 8:21; Genesis 12:4; Genesis 17:23; Genesis 21:1 (twice in verse); Exodus 16:24; Exodus 39:1,5,7; Numbers 3:16,42 etc.; כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר Deuteronomy 1:21; Deuteronomy 2:1; Deuteronomy 6:3,19 #NAME? Deuteronomy 1:21. b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2d), Genesis 50:12 וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵּן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּם, Exodus 7:10,20; Genesis 18:5 (J) כֵּן חַי כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ, Exodus 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judges 1:7 כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי, כֵּן שִׁלַּמְתִּי לִי, Exodus 7:6 כֵּן עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה, compare Exodus 12:28,50; Exodus 39:43; Numbers 5:4; Numbers 17:26; Numbers 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Numbers 2:17 (P) כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲנוּ כֵּן יִסָּעוּ; of degree = the more . . . the more, Exodus 1:12 וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ, compare Exodus 17:11 (JE) כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Numbers 14:28 אִם לֹא כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם כֵּן אֶעֱשֶׂה, Deuteronomy 28:63 (Jeremiah 31:28), 1 Kings 1:30; Isaiah 10:11; Isaiah 14:24; Isaiah 52:14 f. (see כֵּן 2b). c. answered by וְ (Dr § 127 γ) Exodus 16:34; Numbers 1:19. d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exodus 33:11 כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ, Numbers 11:12; Deuteronomy 1:44; Isaiah 9:2; Isaiah 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isaiah 31:4; Isaiah 55:10; Isaiah 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr § 115) Deuteronomy 22:26; Isaiah 29:8 כַּאֲשֶׁר יַחֲלֹם הָרָעֵב וְהִנֵּה אֹכֵל, Isaiah 65:8; Amos 5:19. e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא הָיִיתִי כֵּן אֶהְיֶה, Zechariah 10:6 וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא זְנַחְתִּים. 2 with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Genesis 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Numbers 27:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם פִּי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judges 6:27; 1 Samuel 28:18 (answered by עַל כֵּן), 2 Kings 17:26; Micah 3:4. 3 with a temporal force, when, Genesis 18:33 and יְהוָה went away כַּאֲשֶׁר כִּלָּה when he had finished, etc., Genesis 32:3; Genesis 32:32; 1 Samuel 8:6; 2 Samuel 12:21 +; answered by וְ (Dr § 127 β), 1 Samuel 6:6; 1 Samuel 12:8; וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר and it came to pass, when . . . Genesis 12:11; Genesis 20:13; Genesis 24:22,52; Exodus 32:19 + often; Genesis 43:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁכַלְתִּי שָׁכָלְתִּי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved! an expression of resignation, so Esther 4:16 כַּאֲשֶׁר אָבַדְתִּי אָבָדְתִּי. Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אַחֲרֵי or כַּאֲשֶׁר. Of future time, Genesis 27:40; Genesis 40:14 כַּאֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לִי, Hosea 7:12; Ecclesiastes 4:17; Ecclesiastes 5:3, and without a verb Isaiah 23:5 כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע לְמִצְרַיִם. — Micah 3:3 כַּאֲשֶׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

שֶׁ, also (Genesis 6:3 [? see 4a], Judges 5:7 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַׁ, שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judges 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Ecclesiastes 2:22, שְׁהֵם Ecclesiastes 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song of Solomon 1:6; Ecclesiastes 2:18, שֶׁאֲהֵבִים Psalm 146:3, שֶׁעָל Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26, שֶׁרְאֹשִׁי Song of Solomon 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb 371, 445; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb 227f.): according to Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e, abbreviated from אַשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אַשֶׁר], Kö ii. 323 f.) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אַשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judges 5:7 (twice in verse) [אַשֶׁר Judges 5:27], Judges 6:17; Judges 7:12; Judges 8:26; 2 Kings 6:11 (see 4c), Jonah 1:7,12; Jonah 4:10 [אַשֶׁר 11t.], Psalm 122:3; Psalm 122:4; Psalm 123:2; Psalm 124:1; Psalm 124:2; Psalm 124:6; Psalm 129:6; Psalm 129:7; Psalm 133:2; Psalm 133:3; Psalm 135:2; Psalm 135:8; Psalm 135:10; Psalm 136:23; Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 144:15; Psalm 146:3; Psalm 146:5; Lamentations 2:15,16; Lamentations 4:9; Lamentations 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1 Chronicles 5:20; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song of Solomon 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89t.); also (dubious) Genesis 6:3; Genesis 49:10 (שִׁלֹה Dr § 176 e), Job 19:29; and in the proper name (מִי שָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל). — In usage, שֶׁ is in the main parallel with אַשֶׁר, namely 1 as pronoun who, which, whom, Judges 7:12 כָּהוּל שֶׁעָל שְׁפָת הַיָּם (compare חוּל c), Psalm 122:3; Psalm 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song of Solomon 1:7; Song of Solomon 3:1; 1 Chronicles 27:27; Ecclesiastes 1:11; Ecclesiastes 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לִימָיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), Ecclesiastes 6:10; הוּא שֶׁ that which Ecclesiastes 1:9 (twice in verse); in the Genitive, אֲשֶׁרִי שֶׁ Psalm 137:8; Psalm 137:9; Psalm 146:5. — On מַה שֶׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1e b. 2 as a connecting link; = where (compare אַשֶׁר p. 81, and 4b β), מְקוֹם שֶׁ Ecclesiastes 1:7; Ecclesiastes 11:3 (compare מְקוֹם אַשֶׁר Genesis 39:20 +: Ges § 130c), whither Psalm 122:4 (שֶׁשָׁמָּה Dr § 176 e), when Song of Solomon 8:8; Ecclesiastes 12:3 בַּיּוֹם שֶׁ (compare ib. 4b a). 3 as a conjunction (compare אַשֶׁר 8); — a. that, after רָאָה Ecclesiastes 2:13; Ecclesiastes 3:18, יָרַע Ecclesiastes 1:17; Ecclesiastes 2:14; Ecclesiastes 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֵּר Ecclesiastes 2:15, אָמַר Ecclesiastes 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֹת Judges 6:17; as subject of sentence, Ecclesiastes 3:13; Ecclesiastes 5:15; also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that? Song of Solomon 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָה 1d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶׁ how comes it that ...? Ecclesiastes 7:10; (b) Song of Solomon 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Ecclesiastes 7:14 עַל דִּבַּר שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Ecclesiastes 5:15 כָּל עֻמָּת שֶׁבָּא exactly as ..., Ecclesiastes 12:9 תּוֹר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶׁ (עַד Dr § 176 e Judges 5:7) until that Psalm 123:2; Song of Solomon 2:7,17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song of Solomon 5:1), while Song of Solomon 1:12 (ib. 2d); עָשָׂה שֶׁ to make or cause that ..., Ecclesiastes 3:14 (compare Ezekiel 36:27). b. involving a reason (compare אַשֶׁר 8c), because, since, Song of Solomon 1:6 (twice in verse); Song of Solomon 5:2; Ecclesiastes 2:18 b. Hence שֶׁלָּמָּה Song of Solomon 1:7 since why? = lest (see מָה 4d b). 4 compounds: a. בְּשֶׁ, i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Ecclesiastes 2:16; also (according to Dr § 176 e Hu De) Genesis 6:3 בְּשֶׁגָּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגָג. b. כְּשֶׁ, i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Ecclesiastes 5:14; Ecclesiastes 12:7; (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Ecclesiastes 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Ecclesiastes 1:14) Ecclesiastes 9:12; Ecclesiastes 10:3. c. מִשֶׁ, i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2 Kings 6:12 מִי מִשֶׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours? (but Klo Kmp Kau Benz מְגַלֶּה לָנוּ who betrays us? compare Dr § 176 e); Ecclesiastes 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Ecclesiastes 3:22), + Ecclesiastes 2:24 (read מִשֶׁיֹּאכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Ecclesiastes 3:22). d. שֶׁל, like אַשֶׁר לְ (אַשֶׁר 7b), a mark of the Genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song of Solomon 1:6 = Song of Solomon 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song of Solomon 3:7 מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song of Solomon 1:12 הוֹי מְתַלְמִידֵי שֶׁלְאַהֲרֹן be of Aaron's disciples, Song of Solomon 2:1 הוֹי מְתַפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלּוֹ, Song of Solomon 2:2; Song of Solomon 3:2 הוֹי מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּשֶׁלָּהֶם; compare ܐܠܗܐ in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 ܒܪܐܠܗܐ my words, Nö § 225). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Genesis 12:13 בְּדִילִי on my account, Genesis 30:27; Genesis 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֹסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what? Judges 8:1; 2 Samuel 9:1; 1 Kings 11:12,39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom? ("" Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), Jonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי on account of me (Dr § 176 e בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Ecclesiastes 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דִּי because that, as Genesis 6:3 בְּדִיל דִּי אִינּוּן בִסְרָא, Genesis 39:9 בְּדִיל דִּי אִיתֵית לִי [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אֵת אִשְׁתּוֹ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb 233, — in Tariff Genesis 1:4 (Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320) = ἐπίδη). [שֹׁא] see [שׁוּא].

¹ Tsepreghi Diss. Lugd. p. 171 Mühlau Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n. Sta Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167 Hom ZMG 1878, 708 ff. Müll § 153 Sayce Hebraica. ii. 51 Lag M. i. 255 & especially Krae Hebraica. vi. 298 ff.

² Phi St. C. 73 Sperling Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22.

³ Nö ZMG 1886, 738.

⁴ Ew § 334.

⁵ Dr.

⁶ Hi.

⁷ Ew De Di.

⁸ Ew De.

⁹ Ew § 334 a.

¹⁰ Hu De.

¹¹ Dr § 176 e.

¹² Kö ii. 323 f.

¹³ Ges Ew § 181 b Ol p. 439 Sta § 176 e.

¹⁴ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁵ Hi De and others.

¹⁶ Dr § 176 e.

¹⁷ Klo Kmp Kau Benz.

¹⁸ Ew De, etc.

¹⁹ Nö § 225.

²⁰ Cooke N. Semitic Inscr. 320.

Conjunction

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0834a:

No stats available

נתתי נָתַתִּי

I have given/you gave

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נתן

nâthan

Definition

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.); add, apply, appoint, ascribe, assign, [idiom] avenge, [idiom] be (healed), bestow, bring (forth, hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, [phrase] cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, [idiom] doubtless, [idiom] without fail, fasten, frame, [idiom] get, give (forth, over, up), grant, hang (up), [idiom] have, [idiom] indeed, lay (unto charge, up), (give) leave, lend, let (out), [phrase] lie, lift up, make, [phrase] O that, occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, [idiom] pull, put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send (out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), [phrase] sing, [phrase] slander, strike, (sub-) mit, suffer, [idiom] surely, [idiom] take, thrust, trade, turn, utter, [phrase] weep, [phrase] willingly, [phrase] withdraw, [phrase] would (to) God, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5414

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 755

to give, bestow

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 999

A verb with a wide range of meanings, primarily: 1. to give, to hand over, to deliver, to deal out, to perform, to permit, to sell. 2. to set, to place, to lay, to erect, to appoint, to establish. It is used in numerous idiomatic phrases such as 'to give up to one's care' (נָתַן עַל־יַד), 'to bear or bring fruit' (נָתַן פְּרִי), 'to flee' (נָתַן עֹרֶף), 'to give favour' (נָתַן חֵן), 'to stretch forth the hand' (נָתַן יָד), 'to deliver into one's power' (נָתַן בְּיַד), and 'to give up to the sword' (נָתַן לְחֶרֶב).

נָתַן

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1000

To give, put, set, lay upon, impute guilt, apply the mind, make, or treat as. In Niphal: to be given, delivered, published, set, take place, or become. In Hophal: to be given, put, poured, or suspended.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Page 463

1. To give (Prov. 13:10, Josh. 15:19). Phrases: מִי יִתֵּן 'who will give?' used as an expression of a wish (Ps. 55:7, Ex. 16:3, Deut. 28:67). 2. To lay, set, place (Gen. 1:17, 9:13, Ps. 119:110, Ezek. 26:8). 3. To make or do (Ex. 7:9, Gen. 17:4, Jer. 1:5, Is. 41:2). 4. To permit, allow, grant (Gen. 20:6, Ex. 3:19, Judg. 1:34, 15:1, 1 Sam. 18:2, Job 9:18, 2 Chr. 20:10). 5. To give forth, yield, or utter; e.g., a smell or sound (Cant. 1:12, Job 1:22, Ps. 81:3). 6. To hold or regard (1 K. 10:27, Gen. 42:30, 1 Sam. 1:16). Includes Niph. and Hoph. (to be given, placed, or made).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5414

I. נָתַן (approximate number of occurrences: 2007) verb — give, put, set.

Cognates:

• Ecclesiasticus נתן
• Old Hebrew נתןיֿהו
• Phoenician יתן, נתן
• Assyrian nadânu
• Zinjirli נתן
• Nabataean ינתן
• Palmyrene יתן
• Targum יִתֵּן
• Sabean נתן
• Syriac נתן

— נָתַן absolute Genesis 24:53 +; 2 masculine singular נָתַ֫תָּ Judges 15:18, נָתַ֫תָּה Genesis 3:12; 1 singular נָתַ֫תִּי Judges 1:2; Imperfect יִּתֵּן Genesis 43:14; Imperative תֵּן 2 Kings 4:42; Infinitive absolute נָתוֺן Deuteronomy 15:10; construct תֵּת Genesis 4:12; Participle נֹתֵן Judges 21:18.

1. Give

a. Deliver or hand to personally

• 1 Samuel 10:4
• Leviticus 5:16 (Priests' Code)
• Genesis 21:14 (Elohist Source)

b. Bestow upon, grant, or procure for

• Genesis 24:53 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Kings 3:9 (an understanding heart)
• Deuteronomy 12:15 (blessing)
• Genesis 15:18 (of land to descendants)

c. Give woman to man as wife

• Genesis 29:28 (Elohist Source)
• Joshua 15:16–17

f. Who will give? (wish expression)

• (+ מִי יִתֵּן) Deuteronomy 28:67
• Job 14:4
• Exodus 16:3 (Priests' Code)

n. Pay wages or price

• Genesis 30:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jonah 1:3 (passage-money)
• Exodus 21:32 (fine)

x. Utter a sound or voice

• (+ קוֺל) Jeremiah 4:16
• Genesis 45:2 (Elohist Source)
• Amos 1:2 (of Jehovah in thunder)

2. Put, set

a. Literally (put or set on, in, or before)

• Genesis 41:42 (ring on hand)
• Jeremiah 29:26 (in stocks)
• Exodus 40:5 (before)

b. Figurative uses

• Isaiah 42:1 (spirit upon him)
• Deuteronomy 11:29 (blessing on mountain)
• Genesis 39:21 (Yahwist Source; favour in eyes)

3. Make, constitute

a. With double accusative

• Isaiah 3:4 (make boys princes)
• Genesis 17:5 (Priests' Code)

Niph`al — Perfect נִתַּן Isaiah 9:5; Imperfect יִנָּתֵן Exodus 5:18.

1. Be given

• Joshua 24:33 (bestowed upon)
• Genesis 38:14 (given as wife)
• 2 Kings 18:30 (given into power of)

Hoph`al — Imperfect יֻתַּן 1 Kings 2:21.

• Numbers 32:5 (Priests' Code)
• 2 Samuel 21:6 (delivered up)

Aramaic

I. נְתַן (compare Biblical Hebrew נָתַן) verb give.

1. Pe`al Imperfect
   • יִנְתִּן Daniel 2:16
   • suffix יִתְּנִנַּהּ Daniel 4:15
2. give, allow time
   • Daniel 2:16
3. give, pay
   • Ezra 4:13

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB).

³ Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik (Lzb).

Verb Qal perfect first person common singular

LXX: ἔδωκεν δώσω δοῦναι δώσει ἔδωκαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5414:

ἔδωκεν 299× (14.0%)

δώσω 178× (8.2%)

δοῦναι 93× (4.4%)

δώσει 88× (4.2%)

ἔδωκαν 77× (3.6%)

ἔδωκα 70× (3.3%)

δέδωκα 57× (2.9%)

'' 51× (2.2%)

δώσεισ 51× (2.4%)

παρέδωκεν 46× (2.1%)

לך לָ֜ךְ

to yourself/walk

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ך

Definition

you, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 2nd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9032

Preposition, Suffix pronominal second person feminine singular

סלת סֹלֶת

fine flour

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

סלת

çôleth

Definition

flour (as chipped off)

Root

from an unused root meaning to strip;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to strip; flour (as chipped off); (fine) flour, meal.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5560

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סֹלֶת

noun feminine • Root סלת • Strongs / High • Page 1025

Fine (pure) meal, i. e. what is best ground or fine flour of wheat.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סֹלֶת

com. gen. • Page 478

Meal; wheat meal. Often used for fine flour. (Ex. 29:40; Lev. 2:5; Ezek. 16:13, 19; 1 Chr. 9:29; Gen. 18:6; Ex. 29:2).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5560

I. סֹ֫לֶת (approximate number of occurrences: 53; compare on Gender Albr¹) noun feminine^{Leviticus 2:5} — fine flour (σεμίδαλις, simila).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic סוּלְתָּא
• Arabic سلت a kind of barley without husks
• Assyrian sillatu, or šillatu, a kind of grain (?)²
• Egyptian ¾ul¾a, ¾uruti, flour (loan-word)³

— סֹלֶת absolute Genesis 18:6 +; construct סֹלֶת Exodus 29:9 +; suffix סָלְתָּהּ Leviticus 2:2.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. In household use

• Used in king's household 1 Kings 5:2 ("" קֵמַח)
• For honoured guests קֶמַח סֹלֶת Genesis 18:6 (Jehovist Source)
• Sold in time of scarcity 2 Kings 7:1, 16, 18

b. Luxurious food

• figurative of Jerusalem under figure of woman Ezekiel 16:13, 19

2. In offerings

Elsewhere only in offerings and sacrificial contexts:

• Ezekiel 46:14
• 1 Chronicles 9:29
• 1 Chronicles 23:29
• Priests' Code (P) passim: סֹלֶת חִטִּים Exodus 29:2
• סֹלֶת Exodus 29:40
• Leviticus 2:1 (and 13 times in Leviticus)
• Numbers 6:15 (and 26 times in Numbers)

¹ Karl Albrecht, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (ZAW) xvi (1896), 106.

² Meissner-Rost, Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (BAS) iii, 361.

³ Bondi, Dem hebräisch-phönizischen Sprachschatze entlehnte Lehnwörter (1886), 84; W. Max Müller, Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern (1893), 101.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: σεμιδάλεωσ σεμίδαλιν σεμίδαλισ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5560:

σεμιδάλεωσ 36× (66.9%)

σεμίδαλιν 9× (16.0%)

σεμίδαλισ 8× (15.2%)

ושמן וָשֶׁמֶן

and olive oil

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שמן

shemen

Definition

grease, especially liquid (as from the olive, often perfumed); figuratively, richness

Root

from H8080 (שמן);

Exhaustive

from שמן; grease, especially liquid (as from the olive, often perfumed); figuratively, richness; anointing, [idiom] fat (things), [idiom] fruitful, oil(-ed), ointment, olive, [phrase] pine.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8081

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁמֵן

verb • Root שמנ • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1449

intransitive: to be thick, fat, corpulent; figuratively: to be rich, to shine with fatness, to pamper themselves.

Matched via consonantal key only

שָׁמֵן

adjective • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1449

juicy, nourishing, luxurious, excellent; fruitful, fat, well-fed; rich in spoil; powerful (of persons/warriors).

Matched via consonantal key only

שֶׁמֶן

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1450

1. Fatness, concr. fat meat, sumptuoust food, fruitfulness, strength. 2. Oil, juice, fat of pressed fruit (olive-oil), oil of anointing, ointment. 3. Wood of the wild olive-tree. 4. A medicinal thing.

Matched via consonantal key only

שׁמַן

noun • Consonantal / Medium • Page 1450

A ground-form base for derived numeral forms (eight, eighty, eighteen).

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שֶׁמֶן

m. noun • Root שמן • Page 686

Oil, ointment (Cant. 1:3). Found with suffixes.

שֶׁמֶן

verb / dec. vi. a. • Root שמן • Page 687

1. fat, fatness (Ps. 109:24, Is. 25:6). 2. oil (Gen. 28:18, Neh. 8:15). 3. spiced oil, ointment (Ps. 133:2, Prov. 21:17).

שָׁמַן or שָׁמֵן

verb • Root שמן • Page 686

To be or become fat (Deut. 32:15; Jer. 5:28). Hiph: to make fat; e.g. the heart, i.e. to render it obdurate or insensible (Is. 6:10). Hithp: to become fat (Neh. 9:25).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8081

I. שֶׁ֫מֶן (approximate number of occurrences: 192) noun masculine 2 Kings 20:13 (on apparently feminine Songs 1:3 compare Albr¹) — fat, oil.

— שֶׁ֫מֶן absolute Genesis 28:18 +; construct Leviticus 8:2 +; שָׁ֑מֶן 2 Kings 4:6 +; suffix שַׁמְנִי Hosea 2:7 +; plural שְׁמָנִים Amos 6:6 +; suffix שְׁמָנֶיךָ Songs 1:3, שְׁמָנַיִךְ Songs 4:10.

1. Fat, fatness

• a. קֶרֶן בֶּן־שָׁמֶן Isaiah 5:1 (of fertile slope)
• b. plural גֵּיא שְׁמָנִים Isaiah 28:1, 4
• c. of food (in figurative) Isaiah 25:6 (twice in verse)
• d. literal כְּשָׂרִי כָּחַשׁ מִשָּׁמֶן Psalm 109:24 (compare צוֹם v. 24a), compare מִמְּנֵי־שָׁמֶן Isaiah 10:27 (in figurative, si vera lectio, meaning obscure; most now emend by conjecture; RS² עָלָה מִצָּפוֹן שֹׁרֵד, joining to Isaiah 10:28; Du Marti has gone up from Pene-Rimmon, compare Di-Kit).

2. Oil

a. Specifically olive-oil

As rich product Deuteronomy 8:8 + (see זַיִת); hence עֵץ שֶׁמֶן Isaiah 41:19 oil-tree, usually explained as wild olive, oleaster, so Nehemiah 8:15 (parallel זַיִת), עֲצֵי שֶׁמֶן oleaster-wood 1 Kings 6:23, 31, 32, 33; once שֶׁמֶן הַמֹּר Esther 2:12 (see מֹר; מֹר also in holy anointing oil Exodus 30:23).

b. As staple

• As condiment Numbers 11:8 (Jehovist Source; see לָשָׁד)
• Of value 1 Kings 17:12, 14, 16; 2 Kings 4:2, 6, 7 etc.
• Symbol of plenty Deuteronomy 32:13; Deuteronomy 33:24; Job 29:6
• Ascribed (falsely) to gift of Baals Hosea 2:7
• As royal treasure 2 Kings 20:13 = Isaiah 39:2, compare 1 Kings 5:25 (שֶׁמֶן כָּתִית, see כָּתִית) = 2 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 2:14
• As tribute Hosea 12:2, article of trade Ezekiel 27:17
• Odoriferous Proverbs 27:9; Songs 1:3; Songs 4:10, שֶׁמֶן רוֹקֵחַ Ecclesiastes 10:1, so (figurative) Songs 1:3; Ecclesiastes 7:1
• Sign of luxury Ezekiel 16:13; Proverbs 21:17; of prosperity Ezekiel 16:20

c. As medicament and unguent

• Medicament Isaiah 1:6
• For shield 2 Samuel 1:21, person Amos 6:6; Micah 6:15; Deuteronomy 28:40; Ezekiel 16:9; Psalm 92:11; Psalm 104:15
• Not for mourner 2 Samuel 14:2
• On head token of happiness Ecclesiastes 9:8, of hospitality, רֹאשִׁי דִּשַּׁנְתָּ בַשֶּׁמֶן Psalm 23:5 (figurative), in simile Psalm 133:2; Psalm 141:5

d. For anointing king

• פַּךְ הַשֶּׁמֶן 1 Samuel 10:1; 2 Kings 9:1, 3, 6
• With קֶרֶן 1 Samuel 16:1, 13; 1 Kings 1:39; compare בְּשֶׁמֶן קָדְשִׁי מְשַׁחְתִּיו Psalm 89:21

e. In various figures, of joy

• שֶׁמֶן שָׂשׂוֹן Isaiah 61:3; Psalm 45:8
• Soft words Psalm 55:22; Proverbs 5:3
• As penetrating Psalm 109:18; as clear, transparent Ezekiel 32:14

f. Used in primitive worship

• Poured on stone Genesis 28:18 (Elohist Source), Genesis 35:14 (Jehovist Source)

g. In later ritual

• For anointing priests, tabernacle, altar utensils, etc. (Priests' Code), made of various ingredients, זַיִת among them, Exodus 30:24
• שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה Exodus 25:6; Leviticus 8:2, 10, 12 etc.; שֶׁמֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹדֶשׁ Exodus 30:25 (twice)
• For lighting Exodus 25:6 + שֶׁמֶן זַיִת זָךְ כָּתִית Exodus 27:20; Leviticus 24:2 (see כָּתִית)
• Poured upon מִנְחָה Leviticus 2:1 etc., compare Leviticus 5:11; Numbers 5:15
• Smeared upon wafers Exodus 29:2; Leviticus 2:4; Exodus 29:23; Leviticus 8:26

h. For use in temple

• 1 Chronicles 9:29

i. For תְּרוּמָה in Ezekiel's temple

• Ezekiel 45:14 (twice in verse) + 7t. chapters 45, 46

j. Efficacy denied

• Micah 6:7

k. Offered to idols

• Isaiah 57:9; Ezekiel 16:18, 19; Ezekiel 23:41

¹ Albr, ZAW xvi (1896), 99, 106 (Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft).

² Robertson Smith (RS), Journal of Philology xiii (1885), 62.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἔλαιον ἐλαίῳ ἐλαίου '' pἐξ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8081:

ἔλαιον 58× (29.3%)

ἐλαίῳ 54× (26.0%)

ἐλαίου 42× (20.5%)

'' 5× (2.4%)

pἐξ 3× (1.7%)

--- 3× (1.7%)

ἔλαιόν 3× (1.2%)

ἀρκευθίνων 2× (1.1%)

ὡσ 2× (1.1%)

μύρον 2× (1.1%)

ודבש וּדְבַשׁ

and honey

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

דבש

dᵉbash

Definition

honey (from its stickiness); by analogy, syrup

Root

from an unused root meaning to be gummy;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to be gummy; honey (from its stickiness); by analogy, syrup; honey(-comb).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1706

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דְּבַשׁ

noun • Root דבר • Strongs / High • Page 351

Honey. Probably derived from דָּבַר IV (to be sticky).

דְּבַשׁ

noun masculine • Root דבש • Strongs / High • Page 354

Properly, a sticky mass that hangs together; specifically honey, from house or forest-bees. Also used for a syrup or mead extracted from grapes boiled to thickness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דְּבַשׁ

m. prim. • Page 155

Honey. (Lev. 2:11, 1 Sam. 14:27). Appears with suffix as דִּבְשִׁי.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1706

I. דְּבַשׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 54) noun masculine¹ — honey.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew דְּבַשׁ
• Arabic دبس (دبس) date-honey
• Aramaic דּוּבְשָׁא
• Assyrian dišpu

— דְּבַשׁ absolute Genesis 43:11 (33 times); דְּבָ֑שׁ Exodus 3:8 (18 times); suffix דִּבְשִׁי Songs 5:1.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Product of bees, used as food

• Judges 14:8, 9, 18 (in lion's carcass)
• Found in rock Deuteronomy 32:13 (מִסֶּלַע דּ׳) (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Psalm 81:17 (מִצּוּר דּ׳)
• In woods, on ground 1 Samuel 14:25 (עַל־פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה), 1 Samuel 14:26 (הֵלֶךְ דּ׳; but read rather הָלַךְ דְּבֹרוֹ its bees had departed), 1 Samuel 14:29, 43
• Transported in jar בַּקְבֻּק דּ׳ 1 Kings 14:3
• Contribution to priests and Levites 2 Chronicles 31:5
• Parallel with חֶמְאָה 2 Samuel 17:29; Isaiah 7:15, 22 (token of destitution)
• Kept in store Jeremiah 41:8

b. Choice gift or article of trade

• Genesis 43:11 (Jehovist Source)
• Ezekiel 27:17 (perhaps = grape syrup, modern dibs)

c. Forbidden as burnt offering

• Leviticus 2:11 (parallel שְׂאֹר)

2. Special forms and Phrases

a. Honeycomb

• יַעְרַת הַדּ׳ 1 Samuel 14:27 (compare יַעְרִי Songs 5:1)
• צוּף דּ׳ Proverbs 16:24 (compare נֹפֶת צוּפִים Psalm 19:11)

b. Phrase "a land flowing with milk and honey"

Describing abundance in Canaan:

• Exodus 3:8, 17; Exodus 13:5; Exodus 33:3 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Leviticus 20:24 (Holiness Code)
• Numbers 13:27; Numbers 14:8; Numbers 16:13, 14 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 6:3; Deuteronomy 11:9; Deuteronomy 26:9, 15; Deuteronomy 27:3; Deuteronomy 31:20 (Deuteronomic Source)
• Joshua 5:6 (Deuteronomic Source)
• Jeremiah 11:5; Jeremiah 32:22
• Ezekiel 20:6, 15
• Compare Deuteronomy 8:8; 2 Kings 18:32; Ezekiel 16:13, 19; Job 20:17 (נַחֲלֵי דּ׳ וְחֶמְאָה)

3. Figurative and Illustrative Uses

a. Moral teachings and surfeit

• Proverbs 24:13 (parallel נֹפֶת)
• Proverbs 25:16, 27 (danger of surfeit)

b. Simile of sweetness

• Of the roll Ezekiel 3:3
• Of manna כְּצַמִּיחִת בִּדּ׳ Exodus 16:31 (Priests' Code)
• Of the law Psalm 19:11 (parallel נֹפֶת צוּפִים), Psalm 119:103
• Of pleasant words Proverbs 16:24
• Sweetness of lips דּ׳ וְחָלָב Songs 4:11
• Figurative of love דִּבְשִׁי Songs 5:1 (parallel יַעְרִי, יֵינִי, חֲלָבִי)

¹ Gender confirmed in 1 Samuel 14:29.

² Fleischer in Levy's Neuhebräisches und chaldäisches Wörterbuch (NHWB).

³ Jehovist-Elohist Source.

⁴ Deuteronomic Source.

⁵ Priests' Code.

⁶ Holiness Code.

⁷ Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: μέλι μέλιτοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H1706:

μέλι 36× (67.3%)

μέλιτοσ 10× (18.9%)

האכלתיך הֶאֱכַלְתִּיךְ

I have fed yourself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אכל

ʼâkal

Definition

to eat (literally or figuratively)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to eat (literally or figuratively); [idiom] at all, burn up, consume, devour(-er, up), dine, eat(-er, up), feed (with), food, [idiom] freely, [idiom] in...wise(-deed, plenty), (lay) meat, [idiom] quite.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H398

ך

Definition

you, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 2nd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 2nd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9032

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָכַל

verb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 123

prop. to annihilate, to rub away, hence 1. to eat, applied to men. 2. to animals, figuratively, to devour somewhat.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָכַל

verb • Page 48

1. To eat; applied to men and animals. Figuratively applied to the sword, fire, hunger, and pestilence. 2. To consume, destroy (Deut. 7:16; Jer. 10:25). 3. To enjoy (Prov. 30:20). Includes various forms: Niph. (to be eaten), Pu. (to be consumed), Hiph. (to feed/cause to eat), Hoph. (to be made shorter).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H398

I. אָכַל (approximate number of occurrences: 806) verb — eat, devour.

Cognates:

• Arabic أكل
• Assyrian akâlu (Friedrich Delitzsch¹, W. Wright²)
• Aramaic אֲכַל, Syriac ܐܟܠ

Qal

Perfect אָכַל Exodus 34:28 +; אָכְלָה Numbers 21:28 +; etc. Imperfect יֹאכַל Genesis 49:27 +; וַיֹּאכַל Genesis 25:34 +; וַיֹּאכֵל Genesis 3:6 +; יֹאכֵל Leviticus 21:22 +; אֹכַל Genesis 24:33 +; וָּאֹכֵל Genesis 27:33; וְאֹכֵל Isaiah 44:19; וָּאֹכֵל Genesis 3:12, Genesis 3:13; 3 plural יֹאכְלוּ Genesis 32:33 +; יֹאכֵלוּ Deuteronomy 18:18 +; etc. (for יוצְלוּ Ezekiel 42:5 read יוצְלוּ, יֹאצְלוּ compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar³ §5 Ew Co); suffix יֹאכְלֶנוּ Leviticus 7:6 +; תֹּאכְלֵם Isaiah 33:11, etc., probably also תְּאָכְלָהוּ Job 20:26, either as secondary form from תֹּאכַל (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §253 Di) or textual error (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §68.1) > Pi`el, Thes Kö I, 389; or Po`el, Ki De MV; Imperative אֱכֹל 1 Kings 18:41 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָכֹל Genesis 2:16 +; construct אֲכֹל Numbers 26:10 (2 times); לֶאֱכֹל Genesis 24:33 +; לְאָכְלָה Jeremiah 12:9; Participle אֹכֵל (אוֹכֵל) Genesis 39:6 +, אֹכֶלֶת Exodus 24:17 +, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Eat (human subject)

• Genesis 3:11, Genesis 3:18 + often; mostly with accusative Exodus 16:35 +; also followed by מִן (eat of, — some of, — or from) Exodus 34:15; Ruth 2:14 +; followed by בְּ (eat of or at) Exodus 12:43 f; absolute Deuteronomy 2:6 +; as act of worship Genesis 31:54 (compare Genesis 46:1) Exodus 18:12; Exodus 24:11; Exodus 34:15; Deuteronomy 12:7, Deuteronomy 12:18; Deuteronomy 14:23, Deuteronomy 14:26 +; compare of priests Exodus 29:32; Leviticus 10:13 +; compare אָכַל אֵל הָרִים Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11, Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 22:9 + Ezekiel 33:25 עַל הָדָם Co עַל הָרִים; (but RS Rel. Semitic i. 324 N would emend first 4 by last); eat up, finish eating Genesis 43:2 (with כָּלָה) 1 Kings 13:28 +; אָכַל לֶחֶם = take a meal Genesis 43:25; Exodus 2:20; 1 Samuel 20:24; Jeremiah 41:1 +; so לֶחֶם alone Genesis 43:16; 1 Samuel 20:5 +; לֶחֶם לֶאֱכֹל = eat, get food Genesis 3:19; 2 Kings 4:8 +; Amos 7:12 (i.e. spend one's life) compare Ecclesiastes 5:16; לֹא לֶאֱכֹל i.e. fast 1 Samuel 28:20; 1 Samuel 30:12; Ezra 10:6 compare Daniel 10:3; figurative אֵת בְּשָׂרִי לֶאֱכֹל Ecclesiastes 4:5 (i.e. waste away); eat words Jeremiah 15:16 (i.e. eagerly receive); of adultery, Proverbs 30:20 אָכְלָה וּמָחֲתָה מִפִּיהָ וְאָמְרָה לֹא פָעַלְתִּי אָוֶן; eat (taste) good fortune, בַּטּוֹב לֶאֱכֹל Job 21:25; לְמִי אָכְלוּ according to his eating, i.e. according to his needs in eating Exodus 12:4; Exodus 16:16, Exodus 16:18 also Exodus 16:21; compare Job 20:21 & below אָכְלָה; אָכַל הַמָּרִי 2 Kings 19:29; Amos 9:14, of peaceful enjoyment of results of labour; figurative of receiving consequences of action, good or bad Proverbs 1:31; Proverbs 18:21; Hosea 10:13 compare וַיֹּאכַל גַּם אֲכֹלֵי אֶת כַּסְמִי Genesis 31:15 i.e. he has reaped all the benefit, compare Hosea 7:9; figurative of mourner, אֵפֶר כָּל לֶחֶם אָכָלְתִּי Psalm 102:10 (compare Psalm 80:6 Hiph`il, & Assyrian akâl al âkul, bikîtum kurmatî = food I ate not, weeping (was) my refreshment Hpt ASKT 166 f. Obsev. 1. 21, 22 Zim BP 34. 42); of gods, partaking of sacrifices Deuteronomy 32:38; figurative = destroy Deuteronomy 7:16 (compare Numbers 14:9); compare Jeremiah 10:25; Jeremiah 30:16; Jeremiah 50:7; Hosea 7:7.

b. Of beasts, birds, etc., eat, devour

• Genesis 37:20, Genesis 37:33; Genesis 40:17, Genesis 40:19; 1 Kings 13:28; 1 Kings 14:11; 1 Kings 16:4; 1 Kings 21:23, 1 Kings 21:24; Hosea 2:14 +; specifically of locusts Joel 1:4; Joel 2:25; 2 Chronicles 7:13 compare Amos 4:9; moth Job 13:28; flies Psalm 78:45; worms Deuteronomy 28:39; also Ezekiel 19:3, Ezekiel 19:6 (of Israel under figure of lion), compare Jeremiah 50:7, Jeremiah 50:17; Jeremiah 51:34; also Hosea 13:8 (of יְהוָה under fig. of lion), Ezekiel 22:25 (נֶפֶשׁ אֹכְלִים, of false prophets under figure of lion).

c. Figurative of fire, devour, consume

• Leviticus 6:3 (followed by 2 accusative consume offering to ashes) Nahum 3:13; Isaiah 5:24 (in simile), particular of fire from יְהוָה Leviticus 10:2; Leviticus 16:25; Judges 9:15 f 1 Kings 18:38; 2 Kings 1:10, 2 Kings 1:12, 2 Kings 1:14; 2 Chronicles 7:1; compare Amos 1:4, Amos 1:7, Amos 1:10, Amos 1:12, Amos 1:14; Amos 2:2, Amos 2:5; Amos 5:6 +; Deuteronomy 5:22 of fire at Sinai; of יְהוָה as fire (in judgment) Deuteronomy 4:24 אֵל קַנָּא אֹכְלָה הוּא אֵשׁ אֹכְלָה; compare Deuteronomy 9:3; Isaiah 10:17 ("" בָּעַר) Isaiah 30:27, Isaiah 30:30; Isaiah 33:14 ("" מֹקֵד עוֹלָם).

d. Of sword, devour, slay

• Deuteronomy 32:42; 2 Samuel 22:26; 2 Samuel 11:25; 2 Samuel 18:8; Hosea 11:6; Jeremiah 2:30; Jeremiah 12:12; compare of devastation of land Isaiah 1:7; Jeremiah 8:16.

e. In general, devour, consume, destroy (inanimate subject)

• Of drought Genesis 31:40; of pestilence Ezekiel 7:15; of woods 2 Samuel 18:8; compare Leviticus 26:38 וְאָכְלָה אֶתְכֶם אֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיכֶם; of הַבֹּשֶׁת Jeremiah 3:24 (see בֹּשֶׁת).

f. Figurative of oppression, devour the poor, etc.

• Proverbs 30:14; Habakkuk 3:14 compare Psalm 14:4; of bitter enmity לֶאֱכֹל אֶת בְּשַׂרִי Psalm 27:2. (compare Job 19:22).

Niph`al

Perfect וְנֶאֱכַל consecutive Exodus 22:5 Imperfect יֵּאָכֵל Genesis 6:21 +; וַיֵּאָכֵל Numbers 12:12, etc.; Infinitive absolute הֵּאָכֵל Leviticus 7:18; Leviticus 19:7; Participle feminine נֶּאֱכֶלֶת Leviticus 11:47; —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Be eaten by man

• Exodus 12:46; Exodus 13:3, Exodus 13:7; Exodus 21:28; Exodus 29:34; Leviticus 6:9; Leviticus 6:16; Leviticus 6:19; Leviticus 6:23; Leviticus 7:6, Leviticus 7:15, Leviticus 7:16 (twice in verse); Leviticus 7:18; Leviticus 11:41; Leviticus 19:6; Leviticus 19:7; Leviticus 19:23; Leviticus 22:30; Leviticus 28:17; Ezekiel 45:21; of custom, usage Genesis 6:21; Exodus 12:16; Deuteronomy 12:22; Job 6:6; of permission to eat Leviticus 7:19; Leviticus 11:13, Leviticus 11:34, Leviticus 11:47 (twice in verse); Leviticus 17:13; with negative be uneatable Jeremiah 24:2, Jeremiah 24:3, Jeremiah 24:8; Jeremiah 29:17.

b. Be devoured by fire, consumed

• Zephaniah 1:18; Zephaniah 3:8; Zechariah 9:4; Ezekiel 23:25.

c. Be wasted, destroyed

• Of flesh Numbers 12:12; Jeremiah 30:16.

Pu`al

Perfect אֻכַּל be consumed with fire Nehemiah 2:3, Nehemiah 2:13 compare Nahum 1:10 (figurative); so Participle אֻכָּל (= מְאֻכָּל compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar §169 d) Exodus 3:2; by sword Isaiah 1:20 תְּאֻכַּלִים.

Hiph`il

Perfect 2 masculine singular suffix הֶאֱכַלְתָּם Psalm 80:6, וְהַאֲכַלְתִּי Isaiah 49:26; suffix וְהַאֲכַלְתִּיךָ consecutive Isaiah 58:14; הֶאֱכַלְתִּיהוּ Ezekiel 16:19; וְהַאֲכַלְתִּים consecutive Jeremiah 19:9; Imperfect suffix יַאֲכִלֶנּוּ Numbers 11:4, Numbers 11:18, etc.; 2 masculine singular תַּאֲכִל; 1 singular אַכִּיל Hosea 11:4; Imperative הַאֲכִילָהוּ Proverbs 25:21, etc.; Infinitive לְהַאֲכִיל Ezekiel 21:33 (but Co לְהַלִּים, q. v.); Participle מַאֲכִיל Jeremiah 23:15, etc.; —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Cause to eat, feed with, followed by 2 accusative subject mostly יְהוָה

• Exodus 16:32; Deuteronomy 8:3, Deuteronomy 8:16; Ezekiel 3:2; Jeremiah 19:9; absolute Hosea 11:4; compare Numbers 11:4, Numbers 11:18; figurative Jeremiah 9:14; Jeremiah 23:15; Isaiah 49:26; Isaiah 58:14; Ezekiel 16:19; also Psalm 80:6 הֶאֱכַלְתָּם לֶחֶם דִּמְעָה (compare Psalm 102:10 Qal above); followed by accusative of person + מִן Psalm 81:17, but also subject man Proverbs 25:21; 1 Kings 22:27; 2 Chronicles 18:26 וְהַאֲכִילָהוּ לֶחֶם לָחַץ of prison fare; followed by accusative of person only 2 Chronicles 28:15, compare Ezekiel 2:3.

b. Cause to devour, object sword

• Ezekiel 21:33 (but on text see Co).

Pe`al (Aramaic)

Perfect 3 masculine plural אֲכַלִּו Daniel 3:8; Daniel 6:25; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יֵאכַל Daniel 4:30; 3 feminine singular תֵּאכַל Daniel 7:23; Imperative feminine singular אֲכַלִּי Daniel 7:5; Participle feminine singular אָכְלָה, Daniel 7:7; Daniel 7:9; —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Eat, of beast, accusative of thing

• Daniel 4:30.

b. Devour, of beast in vision, accusative of thing, absolute

• Daniel 7:5, Daniel 7:7, Daniel 7:19; hence figurative of kingdom, devour, devastate, accusative of earth Daniel 7:23.

c. In phrase קְרָצֵיהוֹן אֲכַלִּו

• Daniel 3:8 eat their pieces, i.e. slander them, compare Daniel 6:25 (see קָרַץ).

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrian dictionary.

² W. Wright, Assyrian dictionary.

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Verb Hiphil perfect first person common singular, Suffix pronominal second person feminine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0398:

No stats available

ונתתיהו וּנְתַתִּיהוּ

and you have given himself

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נתן

nâthan

Definition

to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.); add, apply, appoint, ascribe, assign, [idiom] avenge, [idiom] be (healed), bestow, bring (forth, hither), cast, cause, charge, come, commit, consider, count, [phrase] cry, deliver (up), direct, distribute, do, [idiom] doubtless, [idiom] without fail, fasten, frame, [idiom] get, give (forth, over, up), grant, hang (up), [idiom] have, [idiom] indeed, lay (unto charge, up), (give) leave, lend, let (out), [phrase] lie, lift up, make, [phrase] O that, occupy, offer, ordain, pay, perform, place, pour, print, [idiom] pull, put (forth), recompense, render, requite, restore, send (out), set (forth), shew, shoot forth (up), [phrase] sing, [phrase] slander, strike, (sub-) mit, suffer, [idiom] surely, [idiom] take, thrust, trade, turn, utter, [phrase] weep, [phrase] willingly, [phrase] withdraw, [phrase] would (to) God, yield.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5414

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 755

to give, bestow

נָתַן

verb • Root נתן • Strongs / High • Page 999

A verb with a wide range of meanings, primarily: 1. to give, to hand over, to deliver, to deal out, to perform, to permit, to sell. 2. to set, to place, to lay, to erect, to appoint, to establish. It is used in numerous idiomatic phrases such as 'to give up to one's care' (נָתַן עַל־יַד), 'to bear or bring fruit' (נָתַן פְּרִי), 'to flee' (נָתַן עֹרֶף), 'to give favour' (נָתַן חֵן), 'to stretch forth the hand' (נָתַן יָד), 'to deliver into one's power' (נָתַן בְּיַד), and 'to give up to the sword' (נָתַן לְחֶרֶב).

נָתַן

verb • Strongs / High • Page 1000

To give, put, set, lay upon, impute guilt, apply the mind, make, or treat as. In Niphal: to be given, delivered, published, set, take place, or become. In Hophal: to be given, put, poured, or suspended.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָתַן

verb • Page 463

1. To give (Prov. 13:10, Josh. 15:19). Phrases: מִי יִתֵּן 'who will give?' used as an expression of a wish (Ps. 55:7, Ex. 16:3, Deut. 28:67). 2. To lay, set, place (Gen. 1:17, 9:13, Ps. 119:110, Ezek. 26:8). 3. To make or do (Ex. 7:9, Gen. 17:4, Jer. 1:5, Is. 41:2). 4. To permit, allow, grant (Gen. 20:6, Ex. 3:19, Judg. 1:34, 15:1, 1 Sam. 18:2, Job 9:18, 2 Chr. 20:10). 5. To give forth, yield, or utter; e.g., a smell or sound (Cant. 1:12, Job 1:22, Ps. 81:3). 6. To hold or regard (1 K. 10:27, Gen. 42:30, 1 Sam. 1:16). Includes Niph. and Hoph. (to be given, placed, or made).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5414

I. נָתַן (approximate number of occurrences: 2007) verb — give, put, set.

Cognates:

• Ecclesiasticus נתן
• Old Hebrew נתןיֿהו
• Phoenician יתן, נתן
• Assyrian nadânu
• Zinjirli נתן
• Nabataean ינתן
• Palmyrene יתן
• Targum יִתֵּן
• Sabean נתן
• Syriac נתן

— נָתַן absolute Genesis 24:53 +; 2 masculine singular נָתַ֫תָּ Judges 15:18, נָתַ֫תָּה Genesis 3:12; 1 singular נָתַ֫תִּי Judges 1:2; Imperfect יִּתֵּן Genesis 43:14; Imperative תֵּן 2 Kings 4:42; Infinitive absolute נָתוֺן Deuteronomy 15:10; construct תֵּת Genesis 4:12; Participle נֹתֵן Judges 21:18.

1. Give

a. Deliver or hand to personally

• 1 Samuel 10:4
• Leviticus 5:16 (Priests' Code)
• Genesis 21:14 (Elohist Source)

b. Bestow upon, grant, or procure for

• Genesis 24:53 (Yahwist Source)
• 1 Kings 3:9 (an understanding heart)
• Deuteronomy 12:15 (blessing)
• Genesis 15:18 (of land to descendants)

c. Give woman to man as wife

• Genesis 29:28 (Elohist Source)
• Joshua 15:16–17

f. Who will give? (wish expression)

• (+ מִי יִתֵּן) Deuteronomy 28:67
• Job 14:4
• Exodus 16:3 (Priests' Code)

n. Pay wages or price

• Genesis 30:18 (Elohist Source)
• Jonah 1:3 (passage-money)
• Exodus 21:32 (fine)

x. Utter a sound or voice

• (+ קוֺל) Jeremiah 4:16
• Genesis 45:2 (Elohist Source)
• Amos 1:2 (of Jehovah in thunder)

2. Put, set

a. Literally (put or set on, in, or before)

• Genesis 41:42 (ring on hand)
• Jeremiah 29:26 (in stocks)
• Exodus 40:5 (before)

b. Figurative uses

• Isaiah 42:1 (spirit upon him)
• Deuteronomy 11:29 (blessing on mountain)
• Genesis 39:21 (Yahwist Source; favour in eyes)

3. Make, constitute

a. With double accusative

• Isaiah 3:4 (make boys princes)
• Genesis 17:5 (Priests' Code)

Niph`al — Perfect נִתַּן Isaiah 9:5; Imperfect יִנָּתֵן Exodus 5:18.

1. Be given

• Joshua 24:33 (bestowed upon)
• Genesis 38:14 (given as wife)
• 2 Kings 18:30 (given into power of)

Hoph`al — Imperfect יֻתַּן 1 Kings 2:21.

• Numbers 32:5 (Priests' Code)
• 2 Samuel 21:6 (delivered up)

Aramaic

I. נְתַן (compare Biblical Hebrew נָתַן) verb give.

1. Pe`al Imperfect
   • יִנְתִּן Daniel 2:16
   • suffix יִתְּנִנַּהּ Daniel 4:15
2. give, allow time
   • Daniel 2:16
3. give, pay
   • Ezra 4:13

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB).

³ Lidzbarski, Ephemeris für semitische Epigraphik (Lzb).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential perfect second person feminine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔδωκεν δώσω δοῦναι δώσει ἔδωκαν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5414:

ἔδωκεν 299× (14.0%)

δώσω 178× (8.2%)

δοῦναι 93× (4.4%)

δώσει 88× (4.2%)

ἔδωκαν 77× (3.6%)

ἔδωκα 70× (3.3%)

δέδωκα 57× (2.9%)

'' 51× (2.2%)

δώσεισ 51× (2.4%)

παρέδωκεν 46× (2.1%)

לפניהם לִפְנֵיהֶם

to the faces of themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Preposition, Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

לריח לְרֵיחַ

to the fragrance

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ריח

rêyach

Definition

odor (as if blown)

Root

from H7306 (רוח);

Exhaustive

from רוח; odor (as if blown); savour, scent, smell.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7381

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רֵיחַ

noun masculine • Root רוח • Strongs / High • Page 1337

(with suff. רֵיחִי) from רוּחַ m. prop. the exhalation, of a scent; hence scent, smell (Gen. 27, 27; Song of Sol. 1, 12); smell of the nose, i. e. breath; scent of water; commonly coupled with נִיחוֹחַ.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

רֵיחַ

noun masculine • Page 618

Chald. idem [scent, odor].

רֵיחַ

verb • Root רוח • Page 617

1. to smell. Gen. 8: 21. 2. to take delight in smelling, to smell with pleasure. Ex. 30: 38. 3. metaphorically to take delight in a thing. Am. 5: 21.

רֵיחַ

m. verbal • Root ריח • Page 617

exhalation, scent, smell. Cant. 2: 13, Gen. 27: 27.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7381

I. רֵיחַ (approximate number of occurrences: 58) noun masculine Jeremiah 48:11 — scent, odour (properly breath).

— רֵיחַ absolute Songs 2:13 +; construct Genesis 8:21 +; suffix רֵיחוֺ Jeremiah 48:11; Songs 1:12, רֵיחֵנוּ Exodus 5:21.

1. Scent or odour

• Of plants and fields: Genesis 27:27 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Songs 1:12, Songs 2:3, Songs 4:11, Songs 7:14; Hosea 14:7
• Of ointments: Songs 1:3; Hosea 4:10
• Of person and garments: Genesis 27:27 (twice in verse) (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Songs 4:11; Songs 7:9
• Of water: Job 14:9
• Figurative of influence, reputation: Exodus 5:21 (Yahwist Source), Jeremiah 48:11

2. Technical term

רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ odour of soothing (to God), tranquillizing odour (of ascending sacrifices, see נִיחֹחַ):

• Genesis 8:21 (Yahwist Source)
• Ezekiel 6:13; Ezekiel 16:19; Ezekiel 20:28, 41
• In the Priestly Code: Exodus 29:18, 25, 41; Leviticus 1:9 (+ 16 times in Leviticus); Numbers 15:3 (+ 17 times in Numbers)

¹ Yahwist (Jehovist) Source.

² Jehovist-Elohist Source.

³ Priestly Code.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ὀσμὴν ὀσμὴ ὀσμήν ὡσ ὀσμῆσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7381:

ὀσμὴν 35× (55.4%)

ὀσμὴ 17× (28.3%)

ὀσμήν 2× (3.5%)

ὡσ 2× (3.5%)

ὀσμῆσ 2× (3.0%)

ניחח נִיחֹחַ

soothing

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ניחוח

nîychôwach

Definition

properly, restful, i.e. pleasant; abstractly, delight

Root

or ניחח; from H5117 (נוח);

Exhaustive

or ניחח; from נוח; properly, restful, i.e. pleasant; abstractly, delight; sweet (odour).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5207

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נִיחוֹחַ

noun / masculine • Root נוח • Strongs / High • Page 954

resting-place.

נִיחוֹחַ

noun masculine • Root נוח • Strongs / High • Page 968

Properly satisfaction, quieting; i.e., pleasantness, agreeableness, delight, especially the sweet savor of sacrifices.

נִיחוֹחַ

aram. masc. (aramaic) • Root נוח • Strongs / High • Page 968

An Aramaic word for a sacrifice, proceeding elliptically from רֵיחַ נִיחוֹחַ (a sweet savor).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נִיחֹחַ

noun masculine • Root נוח ניח • Page 442

sweetness, pleasantness, found only in the phrase רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ a pleasant smell. Applied exclusively to offerings, Gen. 8: 21. Lev. 2: 12. Very frequently after the precepts of the ritual law.

נִיחֹחַ

chald. • Root שוע • Page 442

a sweet odour, a pleasant smell, (without רֵיחַ.) Plur. sweet odours, Dan. 2: 46. Ezra 6: 10.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5207

I. נִיחֹחַ and נִיחוֺחַ (approximate number of occurrences: 43) noun masculine — a quieting, soothing, tranquillizing (compare I. נַחַת Job 36:16; also Ecclesiasticus 45:16c; on formative see Olshausen¹ § 187 b; Stade² § 233; Barth³ NB § 142; König⁴ ii. 1, 151. 489, where, after Philippi⁵, יִ is explained as dissimilation from וֹ).

— absolute נִיחֹחַ Genesis 8:21 +; suffix נִיחֹתִי Numbers 28:2, נִיחֹחֲכֶם Leviticus 26:31, נִיחוֺחֵיהֶם Ezekiel 20:28.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. In the phrase רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ

— soothing, tranquillizing odour of sacrifices acceptable to י׳:

• Genesis 8:21 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 29:18, 25, 41
• Leviticus 1:9, 13, 17 (+ 32 times in Priests' Code)
• Ezekiel 20:41

b. Of sacrifice to idols

• Ezekiel 6:13
• Ezekiel 16:19
• Ezekiel 20:28

¹ Olshausen, Justus, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, 1861.

² Stade, Bernhard, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Grammatik, 1879.

³ Barth, Jakob, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen, 1894.

⁴ König, Friedrich Eduard, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache, 1881-1897.

⁵ Philippi, Friedrich, Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: εὐωδίασ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5207:

εὐωδίασ 42× (94.0%)

ויהי וַיֶּהִי

and he is being

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

היה

hâyâh

Definition

to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)

Root

a primitive root (compare H1933 (הוא));

Exhaustive

a primitive root (compare הוא); to exist, i.e. be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary); beacon, [idiom] altogether, be(-come), accomplished, committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint, fall, [phrase] follow, happen, [idiom] have, last, pertain, quit (one-) self, require, [idiom] use.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1961

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 397

To be, to exist, to live, to become. A substantive verb used to unite a subject and predicate. It can also mean to happen, to arise, or to belong to. Used in a wide variety of grammatical constructions.

הָיָה

verb • Root היה • Strongs / High • Page 591

To be, to become, to exist. The common Hebrew verb for 'to be', considered the root of the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הַיָּה

noun feminine • Page 185

Keri הַוָּה suffering, calamity. Job 6: 2; 30: 13.

הָיָה

verb • Page 184

1. To be (Ex. 20:3, Num. 10:31, etc.); 2. to become (Ex. 4:4, Hos. 3:3, etc.); 3. to happen (Is. 19:15).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1961

I. הָיָה (approximate number of occurrences: 3570) verb — fall out, come to pass, become, be (SI¹; SI² היה; parallel form of הוה, Arabic هوى, Aramaic הֲוָא; see הָוָה).

Cognates:

• Sinaitic Inscriptions הית
• Arabic هوى
• Aramaic הֲוָא

— Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הָיָה Genesis 3:1 +; וְהָיָה consecutive Genesis 4:14 +; 3 feminine singular הָֽיְתָה Genesis 1:2 +; הָיָ֑תָה Isaiah 14:24; וְהָֽיְתָה consecutive Genesis 9:13 +; 2 masculine singular הָיִיתָ Deuteronomy 5:15 +; 1 singular הָיִיתִי Genesis 31:40; 3 plural הָיוּ Genesis 6:4 +; 2 masculine plural הֱיִיתֶם Exodus 22:20 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִהְיֶה Genesis 1:29 +; jussive יְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; וַיְהִי Genesis 1:3 +; 3 feminine singular תִּהְיֶה Genesis 21:30 +; 1 singular אֶהְיֶה Exodus 3:12 +; Imperative masculine singular הֱיֵה Exodus 18:19 +; Infinitive absolute הָיוֺ Genesis 18:18; construct הֱיוֺת Genesis 2:18 +; Participle feminine הוֺיָה Exodus 9:3.

1. Happen and Come to Pass

a. Fall out, happen

• מֶה־הָיָה הַדָּבָר 1 Samuel 4:16 (how has the matter fallen out?)
• 2 Samuel 1:4
• מֶה־הָיָה לוֺ Exodus 32:1, 23 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

b. Occur, take place, come about

• 1 Samuel 4:17 (a slaughter has taken place)
• 2 Samuel 18:6 (the battle took place)
• Genesis 26:28 (Jehovist Source)
• וַיְהִי־כֵן Genesis 1:7, 9, 11 (Priests' Code)

2. Come into being and Become

a. Arise, appear, come (absolute)

• Exodus 12:80 (there arose a great cry)
• Genesis 9:16 (the bow shall appear)
• Genesis 1:3 (יְהִי אוֺר let light appear)

b. Become (with predicate noun or adjective)

• Genesis 3:20 (mother of all living)
• Genesis 4:2 (became a shepherd)
• וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים Genesis 3:5 (become like gods)

c. Become (with לְ)

• Genesis 2:7 (became a living soul)
• Exodus 4:3 (became a serpent)
• Genesis 28:21 (Yahweh shall be my God)

3. Exist and Be

a. Exist, be in existence

• 1 Samuel 1:28 (all the days he lives)
• Genesis 2:5 (shrub not yet in the earth)
• Exodus 3:14 (אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I am that I am)

b. Abide, remain, continue

• Exodus 24:18 (remained in the mount)
• Joshua 19:10 (extend as far as)

Niph`al — Perfect נִהְיָה 1 Kings 1:27; 3 feminine singular נִהְיְתָה Judges 19:30 — be done, be brought about, occur.

• Exodus 11:6 (such as hath not occurred)
• Deuteronomy 4:32
• Proverbs 13:19 (a desire realized)

¹ Sinaitic Inscriptions.

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

⁴ Septuagint (LXX).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔσται ἐγένετο ἦν ἐγενήθη ἔσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H1961:

ἔσται 827× (22.9%)

ἐγένετο 634× (16.8%)

ἦν 280× (7.9%)

ἐγενήθη 215× (5.8%)

ἔσονται 160× (4.5%)

ἦσαν 134× (3.8%)

ἐγένοντο 83× (2.3%)

'' 74× (1.9%)

--- 73× (2.2%)

εἶναι 67× (1.7%)

נאם נְאֻם

he who whispers

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נאם

nᵉʼum

Definition

an oracle

Root

from H5001 (נאם);

Exhaustive

from נאם; an oracle; (hath) said, saith.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5002

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נְאֻם

noun / masculine • Root נאם • Strongs / High • Page 932

Declaration, oracle, prophecy, divine utterance.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5002

I. נְאֻם (approximate number of occurrences: 376) noun masculine — utterance (Ba¹ Kö² > older explanation as passive participle).

— always thus, as construct נְאֻם.

1. Utterance, declaration, revelation

Of a prophet in ecstatic state:

• נְאֻם בִּלְעָם Numbers 24:3, 15
• נְאֻם שֹׁמֵעַ אִמְרֵי אֵל Numbers 24:4, 6
• נְאֻם הַגֶּבֶר Numbers 24:3, 15; 2 Samuel 23:1; Proverbs 30:1
• נְאֻם דָּוִד 2 Samuel 23:1
• נְאֻם פֶּשַׁע Psalm 36:2 (transgression personified, speaking with prophetic voice בְּקֶרֶב לִבּוֺ)

2. Before divine names

Except Jeremiah 23:31 (see verb): נְאֻם יהוה utterance, declaration of יהוה (prophet citing divine word given through him):

• Genesis 22:16 (Jehovist Source)
• Numbers 14:28 (Priestly Source)
• 2 Kings 9:26 (twice in verse)
• 2 Kings 19:33 = Isaiah 37:34
• 2 Kings 22:19; 2 Chronicles 34:27
• Isaiah 14:22; Isaiah 30:1; Isaiah 31:9
• Ezekiel 13:6, 7; Ezekiel 16:58; Ezekiel 37:14
• Hosea 2:15; 18; 23; Hosea 11:11
• Joel 2:12
• Obadiah 4, 8
• Micah 4:6; Micah 5:9
• Zephaniah 1:2, 3, 10; Zephaniah 3:8
• Zechariah 8:17; Zechariah 10:12; Zechariah 11:6; Zechariah 12:1, 4; Zechariah 13:8
• Malachi 1:2
• Isaiah 40–66 (12 times); Jeremiah (162 times); Amos (14 times); Haggai (5 times); Zechariah 1–8 (6 times)

Followed by other divine titles:

• אלהי ישׂראל 1 Samuel 2:30; Isaiah 17:6
• יהוה אֱלֹהֵי (הַ)צְבָאוֺת Amos 6:8, 14
• נְאֻם יהוה צְבָאוֺת Isaiah 14:22, 23; 17:3; 22:25; Jeremiah 8:3; 25:29; 30:8; 49:26; Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Zechariah 13:2, 7 + Haggai (5 times); Zechariah 1–8 (7 times)
• Followed by אלהי ישׂראל Zephaniah 2:9
• נְאֻם הָאָדוֹן יהוה צְבָאוֺת Isaiah 1:24; 19:4
• נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יהוה אֶלֹהֵי הַצּבָאוֺת Amos 3:13
• נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יהוה צְבָאוֺת Isaiah 3:15; Jeremiah 49:5
• נְאֻם הַמֶּלֶךְ יהוה צְבָאוֺת Jeremiah 46:18; 48:15; 51:57
• נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יהוה Isaiah 56:8; Jeremiah 2:22; Amos 4:5; Amos 8:3, 9, 11 + Ezekiel (82 times)

נְאֻם begins sentence only in Isaiah 56:8; Psalm 110:1; often in middle Isaiah 49:18; Amos 3:10 +; most frequently at end Isaiah 54:17; Amos 2:11; Amos 4:3 +; found in all prophets except Habakkuk, Jonah; not in Holiness Code or Deuteronomic Source of Hexateuch, Chronicles (except in parallels to Kings), Daniel, Job or the five Megilloth.

¹ J. Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (1889-91), 82 e.

² Ed. König, Hist.-krit. Lehrgebäude d. Hebr. Sprache (1881-97), ii. 501.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: λέγει φησὶν --- '' εἶπεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5002:

λέγει 249× (69.2%)

φησὶν 33× (9.3%)

--- 25× (7.0%)

'' 23× (5.5%)

εἶπεν 13× (3.6%)

τάδε 12× (3.3%)

φησιν 2× (0.6%)

πιστὸσ 2× (0.5%)

אדני אֲדֹנָי

inner master of myself/pedastals

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אדני

ʼĂdônây

Definition

the Lord (used as a proper name of God only)

Root

an emphatic form of H113 (אדון);

Exhaustive

an emphatic form of אדון; the Lord (used as a proper name of God only); (my) Lord.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H136

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲדֹנָי

proper name • Strongs_Numbers • Page 591

Lord. A title used for God, whose vowel points were applied to the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) to create the form יְהוָה, guiding the reader to say 'Adonai' instead of pronouncing the divine name.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֲדֹנָי

noun proper • Page 25

The Lord; used exclusively of God. An ancient plural termination used to distinguish from אֲדֹנַי (my lords). Gen. 18:3; Ex. 4:10; Is. 8:7; Job 28:28.

Noun proper name

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0136:

No stats available

יהוה יְהוִה׃

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvih

Definition

{YHWH}

Root

a variation of H3068 (יהוה) (used after H136 (אדני), and pronounced by Jews as H430 (אלהים), in order to prevent the repetition of the same sound, since they elsewhere pronounce H3068 (יהוה) as H136 (אדני))

Exhaustive

a variation of יהוה (used after אדני, and pronounced by Jews as אלהים, in order to prevent the repetition of the same sound, since they elsewhere pronounce יהוה as אדני); {YHWH}; God.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3069

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהוָה

proper name • Root הוה היה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 591

The proper name of God in the Old Testament. The vowel points are a later addition, taken from the word אֲדֹנָי (Adonai), as the name was considered too sacred to be pronounced. Its etymology is connected to the verb 'to be', signifying 'the existing', 'the everlasting'.

Matched via consonantal key only

יְהוָֹה

noun / masculine • Root היה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 587

A characteristic name of God among the Hebrews, frequently used in post-Mosaic proper names.

Matched via consonantal key only

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Matched via consonantal key only

יֱהֹוִה

proper name • Root הוה היה • Consonantal / Medium • Page 591

A variant vocalization of the divine name, using the vowels of אֱלֹהִים (Elohim). This form is used when the divine name follows the word אֲדֹנָי (Adonai) to avoid the repetition of Adonai's vowels.

Matched via consonantal key only

יַהְוֶה

proper name • Consonantal / Medium • Page 591

A scholarly vocalization and proposed original pronunciation of the divine name.

Matched via consonantal key only

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κύριε θεόσ κυρίου θεὸσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3069:

κύριοσ 199× (74.1%)

κύριε 27× (10.0%)

θεόσ 16× (5.3%)

κυρίου 13× (4.6%)

θεὸσ 6× (1.8%)

κυρίῳ 3× (0.9%)

δέσποτα 2× (0.7%)

'' 2× (0.6%)

RBT Translation:

and the bread loaf of myself who/which I have given/you gave to yourself/walk fine flour and olive oil and honey I have fed yourself and you have given himself to the faces of themselves to the fragrance soothing and he is becoming he who whispers inner master of myself/pedastals He Is

RBT Paraphrase:

Withering away, while they Fatten

And the bread loaf of myself whom I gave to yourself, I fed yourself with fine flour and olive oil and honey, and you gave himself to the faces of themselves, for a soothing fragrance! And he is becoming, he who whispers, inner master of myself, He Who Is!

"What I gave to you, you are giving to them"

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And my bread which I gave to thee, fine flour and oil and honey I gave thee to eat, and thou didst give it before them for an odor of sweetness: and it will be, says the Lord Jehovah.

LITV Translation:
Also My food which I gave you, fine flour and oil and honey which I fed you, you have given it to their face for a soothing aroma. And it happened, declares the Lord Jehovah.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And thou tookest my bread which I gave thee (yea I fed thee with fine flour and oil and honey) and didst set them before them for a sweet-smelling savor: yea, it was so, saith the Lord.