Ezekiel 1:5

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ומתוכה וּמִתּוֹכָהּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

תוך

tâvek

Definition

a bisection, i.e. (by implication) the centre

Root

from an unused root meaning to sever;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to sever; a bisection, i.e. (by implication) the centre; among(-st), [idiom] between, half, [idiom] (there-, where-), in(-to), middle, mid(-night), midst (among), [idiom] out (of), [idiom] through, [idiom] with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8432

ה

Definition

her, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9024

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

תָּוֶךְ

m. / prepos. • Strongs / High • Page 1503

m. the point of separation, the middle, space between, centre NUM. 35, 5. Used as a preposition: in the midst, within, through, between, among. (e.g., אֶל־תּוֹךְ into EX. 14, 23, בְּתֹוְךְ in the midst 1 KINGS 6, 19).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

תָּוֶךְ

m. const. • Page 709

the middle, the midst. Gen. 35: 2. Lev. 20: 14. 1 Sam. 9: 14. Ezek. 9: 4.

תּוֹךְ

noun • Page 709

i. q. תֹּךְ oppression, q. v.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8432

I. תָּ֫וֶךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 418) noun masculine — midst.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id., also denominative תִּוֵּוךְ
• Root unknown; not apparently in cognate languages

— תָּ֫וֶךְ absolute Genesis 15:10 +; construct תּוֺךְ Genesis 1:6 +; suffix תּוֺכִי, תּוֺכוֺ, etc., 2 feminine singular תּוֺכֵּ֫כִי Psalm 116:19; Psalm 135:9, תּוֺכֹה Ezekiel 48:15, 21, תּוֺכֲכֶם Genesis 23:9 +, תּוֺכָ֫הְנָה Ezekiel 16:53¹.

1. Midst

Whether of a space or place, a number of people or things, or of a line:

a. Absolute uses

• Judges 16:29 עַמּוּדֵי הַתָּוֶךְ (the middle columns)
• Jeremiah 39:3 שַׁעַר הַתּוֺךְ (the Middle Gate)
• בַּתָּוֶךְ Genesis 15:10 (+ וַיְבַתֵּר אֹתָם)
• Numbers 35:5; Joshua 8:22; Judges 15:4
• Isaiah 66:17 אַחַר אֶחָד בַּתָּוֶךְ

b. Construct and suffix uses

• 1 Kings 8:54 תּוֺךְ הֶחָצֵר
• Ezekiel 15:4 וְתוֺכוֺ נָחָר

2. With Prepositions

a. With בְּ

(Often with emphasis *in*, in the very heart and midst of):

• Genesis 1:6 בְּתוֺךְ הַמַּיִם
• Genesis 2:9 (הַגָּן ׳בְּת)
• Genesis 9:21 (אָהֳלוֺ ׳בְּת)
• Genesis 18:24 (הָעִיר ׳בְּת)
• Exodus 11:4 (midst of Egypt); 1 Kings 3:20 (midst of night)
• בְּתוֺכָהּ (of land or city): Numbers 13:32; Isaiah 7:6
• In Ezekiel, of sins or judgment in Jerusalem: Ezekiel 5:8, 10; Ezekiel 9:4; Ezekiel 22:3, 7, 9, 13 +
• figurative of heart/inward parts: Psalm 22:15; Psalm 40:9 תּוֺרָֽתְךָ בְּתוֹךְ מֵעָי; Psalm 22:11; Proverbs 4:21
• After verbs of motion (into/through): Exodus 14:27; 1 Samuel 9:14; Exodus 14:29; Nehemiah 9:11

b. Among a number of persons

(Not necessarily of the actual middle):

• Genesis 40:20 (עֲבָדָיו ׳בְּת)
• בְּתוֺכְנוּ Genesis 23:6; בְּתוֺכָם 1 Samuel 10:10; Job 1:6
• Leviticus 17:8, 10, 13 +
• Of the Divine presence or dwelling (frequent in Priests' Code, 12 times): Exodus 25:8; Exodus 29:45–46; Leviticus 15:31; Leviticus 16:16 + (Note: J E D in such cases have always קֶרֶב)²; so Ezekiel 37:26, 28; Ezekiel 43:7, 9, compare Haggai 2:5

c. With other prepositions

• מִן (from / from among): Genesis 19:29 מִתּוֺךְ הַהֲפֵכָה; Exodus 3:2 (הַסְּנֶה ׳מִתּ); Exodus 33:11; Deuteronomy 4:12; 1 Samuel 15:6; Exodus 7:5; Numbers 16:21, 33 +
• אֶל (into): Exodus 14:23; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 17:12; Deuteronomy 21:12; 2 Samuel 3:27; Jeremiah 21:4 +
• מֵעַל: Ezekiel 11:23

תּוֺךְ is used by most writers, occurring approximately 8–10 times in many books, but is especially frequent in P (c. 106 times) and Ezekiel (116 times). Synonym קֶרֶב, q.v.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC), § 91f.

² J. Estlin Carpenter and G. Harford-Battersby, The Hexateuch, London, 1900, i. 209, ed. 2, 410.

Conjunction, Preposition, Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine singular

LXX: μέσῳ μέσου μέσον αὐτῆσ ἐν

LXX Usage Statistics

H8432:

μέσῳ 193× (43.8%)

μέσου 55× (12.5%)

μέσον 36× (8.4%)

αὐτῆσ 24× (4.6%)

ἐν 19× (5.1%)

ὑμῖν 16× (3.6%)

αὐτοῖσ 10× (2.3%)

'' 10× (2.3%)

ἀνὰ 8× (2.1%)

ἐκ 8× (2.2%)

דמות דְּמוּת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דמות

dᵉmûwth

Definition

resemblance; concretely, model, shape; adverbially, like

Root

from H1819 (דמה);

Exhaustive

from דמה; resemblance; concretely, model, shape; adverbially, like; fashion, like (-ness, as), manner, similitude.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1823

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דְּמוּת

noun • Root דמה • Strongs / High • Page 372

A likeness, a thing like. Usually concrete, an image, a copy, a model, a form. Can be used as an adverb: like, as.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דְּמוּת

noun feminine • Root דמה • Page 169

1. image, likeness (Gen. 1:26, 5:1, 3; 2 Chr. 4:3; Is. 40:18). 2. model, pattern, copy (2 K. 16:10). 3. form (Ezek. 1:16; 10:1, 21; Dan 10:16). 4. as an adv. as, like as (Is. 13:4; Ps. 58:5).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1823

I. דְּמוּת (mostly late; according to Lagarde¹ mispunct. for דִּמְוַת from דִּמְוָה; according to Wellhausen² an Aramaic Loan-word, but see Dillmann Genesis 5:1, Driver³, Cheyne⁴) noun feminine — likeness, similitude.

— דְּמוּת absolute Isaiah 40:18 (3 times); construct דְּמוּת Genesis 5:1 (16 times); suffix דְּמוּתוֺ Genesis 5:3; דְּמוּתֵנוּ Genesis 1:26.

1. Likeness or similitude

a. Of external appearance, chiefly in Ezekiel

• Ezekiel 1:5 (likeness, i.e. something that appeared like) so Ezekiel 1:26
• Ezekiel 8:2 דְּמוּת כְּמַרְאֵה אֵשׁ (compare Cornill)
• Ezekiel 10:1 כְּמַרְאֵה דְּמוּת כִּסֵּא
• Daniel 10:16 כִּדְמוּת בְּנֵי אָדָם i.e. one like the sons of man

b. Similitude, resemblance

• Ezekiel 1:5, 10, 16, 22, 26
• Ezekiel 10:10, 21, 22
• דְּמוּת כְּמַרְאֵה אָדָם Ezekiel 1:26
• מַרְאֵה דְּמוּת כְּבוֺד י׳ Ezekiel 1:28
• 2 Kings 16:10 (pattern of altar)
• 2 Chronicles 4:3 (images of oxen)
• Of son in likeness of father Genesis 5:3 (Priests' Code)
• Of man in likeness of God Genesis 1:26 (+ צֶלֶם), Genesis 5:1 (both Priests' Code)
• Isaiah 40:18 what דְּמוּת will ye compare to him (אֵל)? (+ דִּמָּה)

2. Adverbial usage

In likeness of, like as:

• Isaiah 13:4
• Ezekiel 23:15
• כִּדְמוּת Psalm 58:5

— Ezekiel 1:13 read וּבֵינוֺת, see בֵּין and Peters⁵. On דְּמוּת אֶחָד Ezekiel 1:16; Ezekiel 10:10 (apparently masculine) compare Gesenius (Thesaurus) & Smend who translate the likeness of one had they all four; Cornill reads אחת.

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (BN), 1889, 12. 147 ff.

² Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels (Prol.), 1883, 413; Eng. Trans. 389.

³ S. R. Driver, Journal of Philology (JPh) xi. 216.

⁴ T. K. Cheyne, The Origin and Religious Contents of the Psalter (OP), 1891, 474.

⁵ J. P. Peters, Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 1892, 40. 42.

Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX: ὁμοίωμα ὡσ ὁμοιώματοσ ὁμοίωσισ ὁμοίωσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1823:

ὁμοίωμα 12× (41.0%)

ὡσ 3× (11.2%)

ὁμοιώματοσ 3× (10.1%)

ὁμοίωσισ 3× (9.6%)

ὁμοίωσιν 2× (5.2%)

ארבע אַרְבַּע

four

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ארבע

ʼarbaʻ

Definition

four

Root

masculine ארבעה; from H7251 (רבע);

Exhaustive

masculine ארבעה; from רבע; four; four.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H702

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַרְבַּע

proper name • Root ארבעל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 183

Giant; proper name of the progenitor of the giants in Phenician and Babylonian mythology (Ba'al-Hercules); also the proper name of the ancient city Hebron (Kiryat Arba).

אַרְבַּע

cardinal number • Root רבע • Lemma_Lookup • Page 183

The cardinal number four.

אַרְבַּע

numeral • Root רבע • Lemma_Lookup • Page 184

Four.

קִרְיַת אַרְבַּע

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1298

City of Arba[all], also termed חֶבְרוֹן (Hebron).

קִרְיַת אַרְבַּע

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1298

City of Arba[all], also termed Hebron.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אְַרבַּע

chald. • Page 70

and אַרְבָּעָה. Idem [same as Hebrew entry for 'four'].

אַרְבַּע

noun feminine • Root רבע • Page 69

a prim. numeral: four. It stands for רְבַע. Dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם fourfold, 2 Sam. 12: 6. Plur. אַרְבָּעִים forty, Gen. 8: 6.

אַרְבַּע

proper name • Page 70

Name of one of the Enakite giants (Josh. 14:15; 15:13; 21:11).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H702

I. אַרְבַּע, אַרְבָּעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 316) noun masculine and noun feminine four (Late Hebrew equivalent to Biblical Hebrew; Mishnaic Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40; Phoenician אַרְבַּע, Punic אַרְבַּעַת, four; so Assyrian arbaʾu (rarely irbaʾ), irbitti; Arabic أربع; Syriac ܐܪܒܥ; Sabaean אַרְבַּעַת Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, no. 232.2 Hommel Chrestomathy 47; Ethiopic አራብዓ; Aramaic אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָה, Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, Syriac ܒܪܝܬ; Nabataean אַרְבַּע, Palmyrene אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָא, Lidzbarski 367); — masculine 148 (circa noun feminine) אַרְבַּע (absolute or construct) Exodus 21:37 +; also אַרְבַּעִים Leviticus 11:20 +; note (Baer Ginsburg) Joshua 21:18 6 times Joshua 21 (van der Hooght אַרְבַּעִים); in Proverbs 30:18 read feminine with Qere; feminine (circa noun masculine) absolute אַרְבָּעָה Genesis 2:10 125 times + Proverbs 30:18 (see above); construct אַרְבַּעִית 1 Samuel 4:2 29 times, including Ezekiel 7:2 (but read masculine Kethibh); suffix אַרְבַּעְתָּם Ezekiel 1:8 5 times Ezekiel, אַרְבַּעְתָּן Ezekiel 1:10 (twice in verse) (but read probably תָּם -, Kraetzschmar), Ezekiel 1:16; Ezekiel 1:18; dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:6, see 1d; plural אַרְבַּעִים = 40, see below; — four (in Hexateuch 108 times, chiefly Priests' Code, 98 times; Ezekiel 52 times, Chronicles 47 times): — 1 without other number: a. אַרְבַּע (1) before feminine plural noun Jeremiah 15:3; Exodus 25:12 (Priests' Code) + 101 times, including אַמּוֹת אַרְבַּע four cubits Deuteronomy 3:11 5 times (but also בָּאַמָּה אַרְבַּע four (in) cubit(s) Exodus 26:2, Exodus 26:8; Exodus 36:9; 1 Kings 7:27 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 7:38), and מֵאוֹת אַרְבַּע = 400 Genesis 11:13 55 times. (2) אַרְבַּע before dual רַגְלַיִם Leviticus 11:23, רַגְלָיו Exodus 25:26. (3) before collective, צֹאן אַרְבַּע Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source); רִבּוֹא אַרְבַּע = 40,000 Ezra 2:64 = Nehemiah 7:66. (4) rare and late, after feminine plural noun עָרִים אַרְבַּע Joshua 19:7 (Priests' Code); after feminine singular noun construct לְשָׁנַת אַרְבַּע 1 Kings 22:41; Zechariah 7:1; 2 Chronicles 3:2. — אַרְבַּעִית, see this, and II. אַרְבַּע below (5) noun omitted Ezekiel 43:15 Proverbs 30:15, Proverbs 30:18 (Kethibh, see above), Proverbs 30:21; Daniel 8:8, Daniel 8:22; עַל־אַרְבַּעִים (that is רַגְלַיִם = on all fours Leviticus 11:20, Leviticus 11:21, Leviticus 11:27, Leviticus 11:42. b. אַרְבָּעָה (1) before masculine plural noun Genesis 2:10 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 14:9; Exodus 25:34 21 times, + חֲדָשִׁים אַרְבָּעָה יָמִים (וְ)אַרְבָּעָה Judges 19:2; 1 Samuel 27:7; also פָּנִים אַרְבָּעָה אַרְבָּעָה distributive Ezekiel 10:21. (2) late, after masculine plural noun 1 Chronicles 23:10. (3) noun omitted, Amos 1:3, Amos 1:6, Amos 1:9 15 times, + (as predicate of masculine plural noun) Exodus 27:16 (twice in verse); Exodus 38:19 (twice in verse); also אַרְבָּעָה בָּאַמָּה, (that is יֹום) Zechariah 7:1 = ordinal, on the fourth (day). c. אַרְבַּעִית (1) before masculine plural noun Judges 11:40; 1 Kings 7:32 11 times (not Ezekiel 7:2, see above), + אֲלָפִים אַרְבַּעִית = 4000, 1 Samuel 4:2 14 times. (2) before collective הַבִּקָּר Numbers 7:7. (3) noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:22. (4) with suffix, after plural noun, = the four of them, Ezekiel 1:8, Ezekiel 1:10 (3 times in verse) + 6 times Ezekiel; Daniel 1:17 these boys, the four of them. d. dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:6 = four-fold (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar¹ §97h König ii. 1, §106, 227), but read שִׁבְעַתַּיִם Th We Klo Dr Kmp Bu HPS. 2 with other number: a. 10 + אַרְבַּע = 14, (a) before feminine singular noun, שָׁנָה אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה = 14, 1 Kings 15:33; 1 Chronicles 23:4 13 times 1 Chronicles 27; + plural noun Numbers 7:88; noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:20 predicate 1 Chronicles 20:6; Nehemiah 7:23; 420 Numbers 25:9; = 24th, אַרְבַּע וְעֶשְׂרִים יֹום Haggai 1:15; Haggai 1:18; Zechariah 1:7; Nehemiah 9:1; Daniel 10:4, יֹום omitted Haggai 2:10, Haggai 2:20, and (אַרְבַּע וְעֶשְׂרִים) 1 Chronicles 24:18; 1 Chronicles 25:31. c. other tens + 4, 1 Chronicles 7:7; 1 Chronicles 5:18 (+ singular noun), Ezra 2:15 7 times; 4 + tens + שָׁנָה Genesis 11:16, + אֶלֶף 1000 Numbers 1:27, Numbers 1:29; Numbers 2:4, Numbers 2:6; Numbers 26:25, Numbers 26:43. — See König ii. 1, §106. רַבַּע (see Biblical Hebrew אַרְבַּע, רִבִּעִים, √ רבע).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40
• Mishnaic Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40
• Phoenician אַרְבַּע
• Punic אַרְבַּעַת
• Assyrian arbaʾu (rarely irbaʾ), irbitti
• Arabic أربع
• Syriac ܐܪܒܥ
• Sabaean אַרְבַּעַת Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, no. 232.2 Hommel Chrestomathy 47
• Ethiopic አራብዓ
• Aramaic אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָה, Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, Syriac ܒܪܝܬ
• Nabataean אַרְבַּע
• Palmyrene אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָא, Lidzbarski 367

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Four as a cardinal number

• Without other number: before feminine plural noun Jeremiah 15:3; Exodus 25:12 (Priests' Code) + 101 times
• Before dual רַגְלַיִם Leviticus 11:23
• Before collective צֹאן Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source)
• Rare and late, after feminine plural noun Joshua 19:7 (Priests' Code)
• Noun omitted Ezekiel 43:15; Proverbs 30:15

b. Four as feminine form

• Before masculine plural noun Genesis 2:10 (Jehovist Source)
• Late, after masculine plural noun 1 Chronicles 23:10
• Noun omitted Amos 1:3

c. Four as construct form

• Before masculine plural noun Judges 11:40
• Before collective Numbers 7:7
• Noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:22
• With suffix, the four of them Ezekiel 1:8

d. Dual form for four-fold

• 2 Samuel 12:6 (but see textual note)

e. With other numbers

• 10 + 4 = 14 1 Kings 15:33
• 20 + 4 = 24 Haggai 1:15
• Other combinations 1 Chronicles 7:7

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Adjective cardinal number both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0702:

No stats available

חיות חַיּוֹת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

חי

chay

Definition

alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively

Root

from H2421 (חיה);

Exhaustive

from חיה; alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing), whether literally or figuratively; [phrase] age, alive, appetite, (wild) beast, company, congregation, life(-time), live(-ly), living (creature, thing), maintenance, [phrase] merry, multitude, [phrase] (be) old, quick, raw, running, springing, troop.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2416

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

חַי

noun masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

I. (abridged from חָיָה) 1. abstract: the power of life, life, vital energy; health as a salutation. 2. concrete: a living one, living thing, remaining, enduring. 3. thorn-bush, thorn-copse. 4. race, tribe, people, family.

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 477

II. (properly a participle of חָיָה) 1. living. 2. living again, reviving, becoming young again.

חַי

substantive • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

As a substantive: a living person or thing; living, i.e. living men; the earth inhabited by men.

חַי

aramaic adj. and subst. m. (aramaic) • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

Aramaic adjective and substantive for 'living'.

חַי

noun / masculine • Root חיה • Strongs / High • Page 478

An abridged form from חַיָּה; life, state, existence.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

חַי

adjective • Root חיה • Page 224

1. as an adj. living, lively. Gen. 3: 20. 2. fresh, flowing, spoken of water. Gen. 26: 19. 3. raw, fresh, spoken of flesh. 1 Sam. 2: 15. 4. reviving, living again. Gen. 18: 10. 5. as a subst. life. Lev. 25: 36. Often used in formulas of swearing (e.g., as Jehovah liveth).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H2416

I. חַי adjective — alive, living.

— חַי Genesis 25:6 +; חָ֑י Genesis 3:20 +, חֵי Amos 8:14 (15 times) (Ewald¹ explains as construct, but Gesenius² and others as contracted absolute); feminine חַיָּה Genesis 1:20 +; plural חַיִּים Psalm 116:9 +.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Of God

As the living one, the fountain of life:

• אֵל חַי Joshua 3:10 (Jehovist Source), Hosea 2:1; Psalm 42:3; Psalm 84:3
• אלהים חי 2 Kings 19:4, 16 = Isaiah 37:4, 17
• אלהים חיים Deuteronomy 5:23; 1 Samuel 17:26, 36; Jeremiah 10:10; Jeremiah 23:36
• חי יהוה Yahweh is living Psalm 18:47 = 2 Samuel 22:47
• The formula of the oath is חַי יהוה Judges 8:19; Ruth 3:13; 1 Samuel 14:39, 45; 1 Samuel 19:6; 1 Samuel 20:21; 1 Samuel 25:34; 1 Samuel 26:10, 16; 1 Samuel 28:10; 1 Samuel 29:6; 2 Samuel 4:9; 2 Samuel 12:5; 2 Samuel 14:11; 2 Samuel 15:21; 1 Kings 1:29; 1 Kings 2:24; 1 Kings 17:1, 12; 1 Kings 18:10; 1 Kings 22:14; 2 Chronicles 18:13; 2 Kings 5:16, 20; Hosea 4:15; Jeremiah 4:2; Jeremiah 5:2; Jeremiah 12:16; Jeremiah 16:14–15; Jeremiah 23:7–8; Jeremiah 38:16
• Used by God Himself: חי אנכי Deuteronomy 32:40; חי אני Numbers 14:21, 28 (Priests' Code); Isaiah 49:18; Jeremiah 22:24; Jeremiah 46:18; Ezekiel 5:11; Ezekiel 14:16, 18, 20; Ezekiel 16:48; Ezekiel 17:16, 19; Ezekiel 18:3; Ezekiel 20:3, 31, 33; Ezekiel 33:11, 27; Ezekiel 34:8; Ezekiel 35:6, 11; Zephaniah 2:9
• בְּחֵי הָעֹולָם by him who liveth for ever Daniel 12:7

b. Of man

• אָדָם חַי a living man Lamentations 3:39; חי חי Isaiah 38:19
• הַחַי collective Ecclesiastes 7:2
• Usually plural חיים alive, living Numbers 16:30, 33 (Jehovist Source); Numbers 17:13 (Priests' Code); Deuteronomy 4:4; Psalm 55:16; Proverbs 1:12
• אֶרֶץ הַחַיִים land of the living Isaiah 38:11; Jeremiah 11:19; Psalm 27:13
• In the oath by life of men חֵי is pointed always חֵי: חֵי אדני המלך 2 Samuel 15:21; חֵי פרעה Genesis 42:15–16 (Elohist Source); חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1 Samuel 1:26

c. Of animals

• Ox Exodus 21:35; Goat Leviticus 16:10 (Priests' Code)
• לְכֶלֶב חַי הוּא טוֺב מִן הָאַרְיֵה הַמֵּת Ecclesiastes 9:4 (compare Arabic proverb Kelb ḥei wa-lâ meijit)
• בשׂר חי living, raw flesh Leviticus 13:10; 1 Samuel 2:15

d. Animals and man, phrases for either or both

• כל ח Genesis 3:20; Genesis 8:21 (Jehovist Source); Job 12:10; Psalm 145:16
• נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה Genesis 1:20, 24 (Priests' Code); Genesis 2:7, 19 (Jehovist Source)

e. Of vegetation and water

• (Dubious) Of vegetation, as thorns, green Psalm 58:10
• feminine Of water, flowing, fresh: מים חיים Genesis 26:19 (Jehovist Source); Leviticus 14:5; Jeremiah 2:13; Zechariah 14:8

2. (Dubious) Lively, active

• אישׁ חַי an active man 2 Samuel 23:20 (but Qere אישׁ חַיִל preferred)
• איבי חיים mine enemies are lively Psalm 38:20

3. Reviving

• כָּעֵת חַיָּה at the time of reviving, the spring Genesis 18:10, 14 (Jehovist Source); 2 Kings 4:16–17

---

II. [חַי] noun masculine — kinsfolk.

Cognates:

• Arabic حي a group of families united by vital ties (Robertson Smith³)

— plural suffix חַיַּי 1 Samuel 18:18, incorrectly pointed with interpretation my life, but read חַיִּי my kinsfolk.

---

I. חַיָּה noun feminine — living thing, animal.

— חַיָּה Genesis 8:17 +; construct חַיַּת Isaiah 57:10 +; old case ending (poetic) חַיְתוֺ Genesis 1:24; Psalm 50:10; plural חַיּוֺת Leviticus 14:4.

1. animal, as living, active being
   • a. In general: Genesis 8:17; Leviticus 11:2; Isaiah 46:1
   • b. Wild animals: רעה חַיָּה evil beast Genesis 37:20 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); הארץ חַיָּה Genesis 1:25; השׂדה חַיָּה Exodus 23:11; 2 Kings 14:9
   • c. Living beings: of the cherubic chariot Ezekiel 1:5, 13; Ezekiel 10:15
2. life (late poetry): Psalm 143:3; Job 33:18, 20
3. appetite: חית כפרים appetite of young lions Job 38:39
4. revival, renewal: Isaiah 57:10

---

II. חַיָּה noun feminine — community.

— וְחַיַּת מְּלִשְׁתִּים חֹנָה and a community of Philistines... was encamping 2 Samuel 23:13.

Note: Several other passages are dubious, such as 2 Samuel 23:11 (read לֶ֫חְיָה to Lehi) and Psalm 68:11.

---

חַיִּים noun masculine Deuteronomy 28:66 — plural abstract life.

— חַיִּים Genesis 2:7 +; חַיִּין Job 24:22 (Aramaism); construct חַיֵּי Genesis 23:1 +; suffix חַיַּי Genesis 47:9 +.

1. physical life: Genesis 27:46; Exodus 1:14; Isaiah 38:12; שְׁנֵי חַיֵּי years of the life of 2 Samuel 19:35; יְמֵי חַיִּים Ecclesiastes 2:3; רוּחַ חַיִּים Genesis 6:17.
2. life as welfare and happiness: Proverbs 16:15; Deuteronomy 30:6; Psalm 30:6; עֵץ הַחַיִּים tree of life Genesis 2:9; Proverbs 3:18; אֹרַח חַיִּים Psalm 16:11.
3. sustenance, maintenance: Proverbs 27:27.

---

Aramaic

I. חַי adjective — living.

1. Of God: חַי Daniel 4:31; emphatic חַיָא Daniel 6:21.
2. Plural as abstract noun life: חַיִּין Daniel 7:12; construct חַיֵּי Ezra 6:10.

II. חֵיוָא, חֵיוָה noun feminine — beast.

— absolute Daniel 4:13; emphatic חֵיוְתָא Daniel 7:6; construct חֵיוַת בָּרָא Daniel 2:38; plural חֵיוָן Daniel 7:3.

¹ Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch (GKC).

³ W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (RS).

Noun common feminine plural absolute

LXX: ζωῆσ ζῇ θηρία ζῶ ζῶν

LXX Usage Statistics

H2416c:

ζωῆσ 82× (15.7%)

ζῇ 65× (13.1%)

θηρία 44× (7.8%)

ζῶ 23× (4.7%)

ζῶν 21× (3.9%)

'' 21× (3.7%)

ζῶντα 17× (3.4%)

θηρίοισ 17× (2.8%)

ζωὴν 15× (2.6%)

ζώντων 12× (2.3%)

וזה וְזֶה

and this one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

זה

zeh

Definition

the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that

Root

a primitive word;

Exhaustive

a primitive word; the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that; he, [idiom] hence, [idiom] here, it(-self), [idiom] now, [idiom] of him, the one...the other, [idiom] than the other, ([idiom] out of) the (self) same, such (a one) that, these, this (hath, man), on this side...on that side, [idiom] thus, very, which. Compare זאת, זה, זו, זו.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H2088

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

זֶה

demonstrative pronoun / relative pronoun / particle • Root ז • Strongs / High • Page 425

A multi-purpose word. I. As a demonstrative pronoun: this, referring to what is present. II. As a relative pronoun: who, that, which. III. As a demonstrative particle appended to interrogatives for emphasis, or to denote manner ('how'), location ('here', 'there'), or time ('now', 'just now').

זֶה

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 425

A collateral form of שֶׂה (lamb or sheep), found only in 1 Samuel 17:34.

זֶה

pronoun • Strongs / High • Page 427

A demonstrative pronoun ('this') or relative pronoun ('that which'), used without distinction of gender or number. It can refer to masculine, feminine, or neuter antecedents.

זֶה

pronominal stem • Strongs / High • Page 431

(pronominal stem; not used) pron. demonstr. same as זֶה, forming with a prosthetic the time-particle אָז, which form also exists in the Aramaean אֱדַיִן.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הֹזֶה

verb • Page 184

To dream, to speak in one’s sleep (Is. 56:10).

זֶה

pronoun • Page 197

1. this. When doubled, one...the other, 1 K. 22:20, Is. 6:3. Sometimes implies contempt, like the Greek οὗτος, Ex. 32:1. 2. more rarely in poetry as a relative, who, like the Germ. der. Ps. 104:8. 3. here, for בָּזֶה in hoc scil. loco. Gen. 28:17. Hence מִזֶּה, hence, 37:17.

Conjunction, Particle demonstrative

LXX: τοῦτο τοῦτον οὗτοσ τούτου τούτῳ

LXX Usage Statistics

H2088:

τοῦτο 223× (14.4%)

τοῦτον 126× (8.3%)

οὗτοσ 96× (6.2%)

τούτου 95× (6.1%)

τούτῳ 74× (4.9%)

'' 63× (3.5%)

ταύτησ 56× (3.6%)

ταύτῃ 52× (3.2%)

'' 39× (2.2%)

αὕτη 39× (2.6%)

מראיהן מַרְאֵיהן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מראה

marʼeh

Definition

a view (the act of seeing); also an appearance (the thing seen), whether (real) a shape (especially if handsome, comeliness; often plural the looks), or (mental) a vision

Root

from H7200 (ראה);

Exhaustive

from ראה; a view (the act of seeing); also an appearance (the thing seen), whether (real) a shape (especially if handsome, comeliness; often plural the looks), or (mental) a vision; [idiom] apparently, appearance(-reth), [idiom] as soon as beautiful(-ly), countenance, fair, favoured, form, goodly, to look (up) on (to), look(-eth), pattern, to see, seem, sight, visage, vision.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4758

הן

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9029

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מַרְאֶה

noun masculine • Root ראה • Strongs / High • Page 903

1. the seeing, the sight (of a thing). 2. the appearance, the outward form; a handsome form, comeliness; the aspect. 3. same as מַרְאָה, a sight, a vision.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מַרְאֶה

m. verbal • Root ראה • Page 403

1. a looking, seeing (Lev. 13: 12). 2. sight, vision (Ex. 3: 3). 3. appearance, form (Ex. 24: 17; Gen. 12: 11).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4758

I. מַרְאֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 102) noun masculine^{Exodus 3:3} — sight, appearance, vision.

— מַרְאֶה absolute Genesis 12:11 +; construct מַרְאֵה Deuteronomy 28:34 +; suffix מַרְאֵהוּ Joel 2:4 +, מַרְאֶהָ Leviticus 13:4 +; apparently plural construct מַרְאֵי Ecclesiastes 11:9 (Kö¹), suffix (probably in fact singular Ges²) מַרְאַיִךְ Songs 2:14 (twice in verse), מַרְאֵיהֶן Nahum 2:5 +, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. sight, phenomenon, spectacle

• Exodus 3:3 (Jehovist Source)

b. appearance

• נֶחְמָד לְמַרְאֶה Genesis 2:9 (Jehovist Source) desirable in appearance
• גָּדוֺל לְמַרְאֶה Joshua 22:10
• appearance of man (or woman), Judges 13:6 (twice in verse) (angel)
• Isaiah 52:14 (servant of י׳)
• Songs 5:15; Daniel 8:15; Daniel 10:18
• = outward person (opposed to inner man) 1 Samuel 16:7
• visible form Songs 2:14 (twice in verse); Daniel 1:13 (twice in verse); Daniel 1:15
• בְּמַרְאֶה Numbers 12:8 (Elohist Source; so read Samaritan Pentateuch, LXX, Syriac, Targum, Di³, for MT מַרְאֶה), i.e. in personal presence (< Ew⁴ Paton לֹא בְמַרְאֶה)
• כְּמַרְאֵה סוּסִים מַרְאֵהוּ Joel 2:4
• of crocodile Job 41:2
• כְּבוֺד י׳ מַרְאֶה Exodus 24:17 (Priests' Code)
• הַנֶּגַע מַרְאֶה Leviticus 13:3
• מַרְאֶה אֵשׁ Numbers 9:15–16
• בָּרָק מַרְאֶה Daniel 10:6 +
• especially Ezekiel appearance person or of thing (27 times, sometimes redundant), Daniel 1:5; Daniel 1:13; Daniel 1:26; Daniel 8:2; Daniel 10:1 +, מִמָּתְנָיו מַרְאֶה Daniel 1:27 (twice in verse); Daniel 8:2 ("" מִמָּתְנָיו)
• of beauty וִיפֵה מַרְאֶה fair of appearance Genesis 39:6 (Jehovist Source; + יְפֵה־תֹאַר), compare 1 Samuel 17:42 (read עֶלֶם for עִם)
• feminine (אִשָּׁה) יְפַת־מַרְאֶה Genesis 12:11 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 29:17 (Elohist Source; + יְפַת תֹּאַר), 2 Samuel 14:27
• of kine יְפוֺת (הַ)מַרְאֶה Genesis 41:2, 4 (Elohist Source), opposed to רָעוֺת (הַ)מַרְאֶה Genesis 41:3; 4, מַרְאֵיהֶן רַע Genesis 41:21 (all Elohist Source)
• of women also טֹבַת מַרְאֶה Genesis 24:16; Genesis 26:7 (both Jehovist Source), 2 Samuel 11:2; Esther 1:11; Esther 2:3, 7, טוֺבוֺת מַרְאֶה Esther 2:2
• of boys טוֺבֵי מַרְאֶה Daniel 1:4, compare מַרְאֶה alone in וְנֶחְמְדֵהוּ לֹא־מַרְאֶה (of suffering servant of י׳) Isaiah 53:2; אִישׁ מַרְאֶה 2 Samuel 23:21 (but read as parallel 1 Chronicles 11:23 אִישׁ מִדָּה We⁵ Dr⁶ and others)

c. appearance, sight, vision

• Numbers 8:4 (Priests' Code)

2. What is seen (in general)

• מַרְאֵה עֵינָיו Isaiah 11:3 i.e. what his outward eyes see (compare 1 Samuel 16:7 Section 1b)
• לִמַרְאֵה עֵינֶיהָ Ezekiel 23:16
• מַרְאֵה עְינֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּרְאֶה Deuteronomy 28:34, 67
• לְכָל־מַרְאֵה עֵינֵי הַכֹּהֵן Leviticus 13:12 (Priests' Code)

3. Supernatural vision

(In Ezekiel, Daniel; often accusative of cognate meaning with verb with ראה):

• Ezekiel 8:4; Ezekiel 11:24; Ezekiel 43:3 (3 times in verse), read also מַרְאֵה הָרֶכֶב Ezekiel 43:3 (for מַרְאוֺת see I. מַרְאָה)
• בַּמַּרְאֶה Ezekiel 11:24; Daniel 8:16, 27; Daniel 9:23; Daniel 10:1
• מַרְאֵה הָעֶרֶב וְהַבֹּקֶר Daniel 8:26

4. Sight, vision = power of seeing (and enjoying)

Late usage:

• מַרְאֵה עֵינַיִם Ecclesiastes 6:9
• הַלֵךְ בְּדַרְּכֵי לִבְּךָ וּבְמַרְאֵי עֵינֶיךָ Ecclesiastes 11:9

¹ Eduard König, Historisch-Kritiches Lehrgebäude der Hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ August Dillmann, commentaries on the Octateuch.

⁴ Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache.

⁵ Julius Wellhausen.

⁶ S. R. Driver, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Samuel.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine plural

LXX: ὄψισ ὅρασισ ὡσ εἶδοσ ὅρασιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H4758:

ὄψισ 18× (14.0%)

ὅρασισ 16× (13.4%)

ὡσ 13× (12.8%)

εἶδοσ 9× (6.9%)

ὅρασιν 8× (6.3%)

εἴδει 8× (6.7%)

--- 7× (6.9%)

ὄψει 4× (3.3%)

ὅραμα 3× (2.7%)

ὁράσει 3× (2.4%)

דמות דְּמוּת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

דמות

dᵉmûwth

Definition

resemblance; concretely, model, shape; adverbially, like

Root

from H1819 (דמה);

Exhaustive

from דמה; resemblance; concretely, model, shape; adverbially, like; fashion, like (-ness, as), manner, similitude.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1823

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דְּמוּת

noun • Root דמה • Strongs / High • Page 372

A likeness, a thing like. Usually concrete, an image, a copy, a model, a form. Can be used as an adverb: like, as.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דְּמוּת

noun feminine • Root דמה • Page 169

1. image, likeness (Gen. 1:26, 5:1, 3; 2 Chr. 4:3; Is. 40:18). 2. model, pattern, copy (2 K. 16:10). 3. form (Ezek. 1:16; 10:1, 21; Dan 10:16). 4. as an adv. as, like as (Is. 13:4; Ps. 58:5).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1823

I. דְּמוּת (mostly late; according to Lagarde¹ mispunct. for דִּמְוַת from דִּמְוָה; according to Wellhausen² an Aramaic Loan-word, but see Dillmann Genesis 5:1, Driver³, Cheyne⁴) noun feminine — likeness, similitude.

— דְּמוּת absolute Isaiah 40:18 (3 times); construct דְּמוּת Genesis 5:1 (16 times); suffix דְּמוּתוֺ Genesis 5:3; דְּמוּתֵנוּ Genesis 1:26.

1. Likeness or similitude

a. Of external appearance, chiefly in Ezekiel

• Ezekiel 1:5 (likeness, i.e. something that appeared like) so Ezekiel 1:26
• Ezekiel 8:2 דְּמוּת כְּמַרְאֵה אֵשׁ (compare Cornill)
• Ezekiel 10:1 כְּמַרְאֵה דְּמוּת כִּסֵּא
• Daniel 10:16 כִּדְמוּת בְּנֵי אָדָם i.e. one like the sons of man

b. Similitude, resemblance

• Ezekiel 1:5, 10, 16, 22, 26
• Ezekiel 10:10, 21, 22
• דְּמוּת כְּמַרְאֵה אָדָם Ezekiel 1:26
• מַרְאֵה דְּמוּת כְּבוֺד י׳ Ezekiel 1:28
• 2 Kings 16:10 (pattern of altar)
• 2 Chronicles 4:3 (images of oxen)
• Of son in likeness of father Genesis 5:3 (Priests' Code)
• Of man in likeness of God Genesis 1:26 (+ צֶלֶם), Genesis 5:1 (both Priests' Code)
• Isaiah 40:18 what דְּמוּת will ye compare to him (אֵל)? (+ דִּמָּה)

2. Adverbial usage

In likeness of, like as:

• Isaiah 13:4
• Ezekiel 23:15
• כִּדְמוּת Psalm 58:5

— Ezekiel 1:13 read וּבֵינוֺת, see בֵּין and Peters⁵. On דְּמוּת אֶחָד Ezekiel 1:16; Ezekiel 10:10 (apparently masculine) compare Gesenius (Thesaurus) & Smend who translate the likeness of one had they all four; Cornill reads אחת.

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (BN), 1889, 12. 147 ff.

² Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels (Prol.), 1883, 413; Eng. Trans. 389.

³ S. R. Driver, Journal of Philology (JPh) xi. 216.

⁴ T. K. Cheyne, The Origin and Religious Contents of the Psalter (OP), 1891, 474.

⁵ J. P. Peters, Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 1892, 40. 42.

Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX: ὁμοίωμα ὡσ ὁμοιώματοσ ὁμοίωσισ ὁμοίωσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1823:

ὁμοίωμα 12× (41.0%)

ὡσ 3× (11.2%)

ὁμοιώματοσ 3× (10.1%)

ὁμοίωσισ 3× (9.6%)

ὁμοίωσιν 2× (5.2%)

אדם אָדָם

man

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אדם

ʼâdâm

Definition

ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)

Root

from H119 (אדם);

Exhaustive

from אדם; ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.); [idiom] another, [phrase] hypocrite, [phrase] common sort, [idiom] low, man (mean, of low degree), person.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H120

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָדָם

noun masculine • Root אדם • Strongs_Numbers • Page 64

Man, or collectively men, mankind; proper name of the first man, Adam.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֻדַּם

verb pual • Root אדם • Page 26

To be red-coloured. Nah. 2:4. Ex. 25:5. 35:7, 23.

אָדָם

m. prim. • Page 26

1. man, i. q. Lat. homo, and collectively men. Subordinate meanings include: (1.) other men, in opposition to those already named (Jer. 32:20; Judg. 18:7, 28; Ps. 73:5); common men (Job 31:33; Hos. 6:7; Ps. 82:7); (2.) men of inferior rank, when opposed to איש. 2. man, i. q. איש = Lat. vir, very rarely (Ecc. 7:28). 3. any one (Lev. 1:2). 4. proper name of the first man. 5. proper name of a city on the Jordan (Josh. 3:16).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H120

I. אָדָם (approximate number of occurrences: 560) noun masculine Genesis 1:27 — man, mankind.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אדם
• Sabean idem
• Assyrian admu, young (of bird) (Friedrich Delitzsch¹), but Theodor Nöldeke² identification with Arabic رب collective creatures

— אָדָם absolute except construct Proverbs 6:12 (compare Gesenius' Thesaurus³); (בְּנֵי (הָ)אָדָם often = plural of בֶּן אָדָם Genesis 11:5 (39 times), compare בְּנוֹת הָאָדָם Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:4) —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. A man (= human being)

• Genesis 2:5, Genesis 2:7 (twice in verse); Genesis 2:8, Genesis 2:15, Genesis 2:16, Genesis 2:18 +; Genesis 16:12 (27 times, Jehovist Source⁴) Leviticus 5:4 (parallel to נֶמֶשׁ) Leviticus 13:2, Leviticus 13:9 (19 times, Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) Nehemiah 2:10; Isaiah 13:12 (parallel to אֱנוֹשׁ); הַגָּדוֹל בָּהָאָדָם Joshua 14:15 (Elohist Source⁶); בְּלִיַּעַל בָּאָדָם Proverbs 6:12 (parallel to אִישׁ אָוֶן, compare 1 Samuel 25:25 and see בְּלִיַּעַל); = any one Leviticus 1:2; Numbers 9:6, Numbers 9:7; Job 20:29; Job 27:13; Proverbs 15:20; Proverbs 21:16, Proverbs 21:20; Proverbs 24:30; Ecclesiastes 7:20 + often in Wisdom Literature, Jeremiah 2:6; Jeremiah 4:25; Nehemiah 2:12, compare בְּנֶמֶשׁ אָדָם Numbers 19:11, Numbers 19:13 +; seldom man opposed to woman Genesis 2:22 (twice in verse); Genesis 2:23, Genesis 2:25; Genesis 3:8, Genesis 3:12, Genesis 3:17, Genesis 3:20, Genesis 3:21; Ecclesiastes 7:28.

b. Collective man, mankind

• Genesis 1:26; Genesis 9:5, Genesis 9:6 (3 times in verse) + (Priests' Code / Narrative 28 times) Genesis 6:1, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 6:6, Genesis 6:7 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source 24 times) Deuteronomy 4:32 (Deuteronomy Source 6 times) (on 2 Samuel 7:19 compare 1 Chronicles 17:17 see Samuel Rolles Driver⁷, Rudolf Smend⁸); distinctly = men + women Genesis 1:27; Genesis 5:1; Numbers 5:6; given as name Genesis 5:2; but = warriors Isaiah 22:6 וְרֶכֶב אָדָם (parallel to מְרַשִּׁים); parallel to beasts (41 times) בְּהֵמָה Genesis 6:7; Genesis 7:23 (Jehovist Source ?) Exodus 8:13; Exodus 8:14; Exodus 9:9, Exodus 9:10 (Priests' Code / Narrative) Exodus 9:19, Exodus 9:22, Exodus 9:25; Exodus 12:12; Exodus 13:2, Exodus 13:13, Exodus 13:15 (all Jehovist Source) +; late prophets Jeremiah 21:6; Jeremiah 31:27; Jeremiah 50:3; Jeremiah 51:62; Ezekiel 14:13, Ezekiel 14:17, Ezekiel 14:19, Ezekiel 14:21; Ezekiel 25:13; Ezekiel 29:8, Ezekiel 29:11; Ezekiel 32:13 (strike out Carl Heinrich Cornill⁹) Ezekiel 36:11; Jonah 3:8; Zephaniah 1:3; Haggai 1:11; Zechariah 2:8; Zechariah 8:10; parallel to בָּקָר Ezekiel 4:15; parallel to צֹאן, חֲמֹרִים בָּהֵמָה Numbers 31:28; parallel to idem + מִכָּלָה בְּהֵמָה Numbers 31:30 compare Jonah 3:7; parallel to חַיָּה Genesis 9:5 (Priests' Code / Narrative) compare Ezekiel 1:5, Ezekiel 1:8, Ezekiel 1:10, Ezekiel 1:26, and description of כְּרוּבִים Ezekiel 10:8, Ezekiel 10:14, Ezekiel 10:21; compare Ezekiel 41:19; parallel to trees Deuteronomy 20:19 (read הָאָדָם see August Dillmann¹⁰); opposed to God 1 Samuel 15:29; 1 Samuel 16:7 (twice in verse); Isaiah 31:3; Ezekiel 28:2, Ezekiel 28:9; 1 Chronicles 21:13; 1 Chronicles 29:1; 2 Chronicles 6:18; Malachi 3:8 compare Exodus 33:20; Deuteronomy 5:21; so בֶּן אָדָם Numbers 23:19 (parallel to אִישׁ) Ezekiel 2:1, Ezekiel 2:3, Ezekiel 2:6, Ezekiel 2:8 (87 times in Ezekiel, always addressed to prophet); בְּנֵי הָאָדָם 1 Samuel 26:19; made in God's image Genesis 1:26, Genesis 1:27; Genesis 9:6 compare Ecclesiastes 7:29; as feeble, earthly, mortal Numbers 16:29 (twice in verse); Psalm 82:7; Psalm 144:3; Psalm 144:4; Job 5:7; Job 14:1, Job 14:10; compare Job 25:6 (בֶּן אָדָם) Ecclesiastes 12:5; as sinful 1 Kings 8:46; 2 Chronicles 6:36; Jeremiah 10:14 compare Numbers 5:6; Job 31:33; Hosea 6:7; of men in general, other men (opposed to particular ones) Judges 16:17 (compare אַחַד הָאָדָם Judges 16:7; Judges 16:11) Judges 18:7, Judges 18:28; Psalm 73:5; Jeremiah 32:20 +; parallel to אִישׁ Isaiah 2:9, Isaiah 2:11, Isaiah 2:17; Isaiah 5:15 compare Ezekiel 23:42 (strike out Carl Heinrich Cornill, Versions); בְּנֵי אָדָם 2 Samuel 7:14 (parallel to אֲנָשִׁים) Proverbs 8:4 (parallel to אִישִׁים); Psalm 49:3; Psalm 62:10 (both parallel to בְּנֵי אִישׁ) = men of low opposed to men of high degree — so often Phoenician and = vassal Sabean (David Heinrich Müller¹¹ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1875, 680 compare 686); בְּנֵפֶשׁ אָדָם collective Numbers 31:35, Numbers 31:40, Numbers 31:46; 1 Chronicles 5:21; Ezekiel 27:13.

c. Proper name, masculine Adam, first man

• (without article, compare שָׂטָן 1 Chronicles 21:1 over against הַשָּׂטָן Job 1:6 etc.) Genesis 4:25 (Jehovist Source) Genesis 5:1, Genesis 5:3, Genesis 5:4, Genesis 5:5 (Priests' Code / Narrative) 1 Chronicles 1:1. (Genesis 2:20; 1 Chronicles 3:17, 1 Chronicles 3:21 read לֹא see August Dillmann.)

d. Proper name, of a location city in Jordan valley (as built ?)

• Joshua 3:16.

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch.

² Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1886, 722.

³ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae.

⁴ Jehovist Source (J).

⁵ Priests' Code / Narrative (P).

⁶ Elohist Source (E).

⁷ Samuel Rolles Driver.

⁸ Rudolf Smend.

⁹ Carl Heinrich Cornill.

¹⁰ August Dillmann.

¹¹ David Heinrich Müller.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0120:

No stats available

להנה לָהֵנָּה׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הן

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person feminine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person feminine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9039

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בֹּהֶן

noun feminine • Page 88

the thumb (when used with יָד); with רֶגֶל the great toe. Lev. 8:23, 24. 14:17, 18. Plur. בְּהוֹנוֹת Judg. 1:6, 7.

Preposition, Pronoun personal third person feminine plural

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And from its midst the likeness of four living creatures: and this their vision; and the likeness of a man to them.

LITV Translation:
Also from its midst came the likeness of four living creatures. And this was how they looked: they had the likeness of a man,

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And in the midst as it were the likeness of four living creatures. And this was their appearance; the likeness of a man was upon them.