Ezekiel 1:10

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ודמות וּדְמוּת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

דמות

dᵉmûwth

Definition

resemblance; concretely, model, shape; adverbially, like

Root

from H1819 (דמה);

Exhaustive

from דמה; resemblance; concretely, model, shape; adverbially, like; fashion, like (-ness, as), manner, similitude.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1823

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

דְּמוּת

noun • Root דמה • Strongs / High • Page 372

A likeness, a thing like. Usually concrete, an image, a copy, a model, a form. Can be used as an adverb: like, as.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

דְּמוּת

noun feminine • Root דמה • Page 169

1. image, likeness (Gen. 1:26, 5:1, 3; 2 Chr. 4:3; Is. 40:18). 2. model, pattern, copy (2 K. 16:10). 3. form (Ezek. 1:16; 10:1, 21; Dan 10:16). 4. as an adv. as, like as (Is. 13:4; Ps. 58:5).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1823

I. דְּמוּת (mostly late; according to Lagarde¹ mispunct. for דִּמְוַת from דִּמְוָה; according to Wellhausen² an Aramaic Loan-word, but see Dillmann Genesis 5:1, Driver³, Cheyne⁴) noun feminine — likeness, similitude.

— דְּמוּת absolute Isaiah 40:18 (3 times); construct דְּמוּת Genesis 5:1 (16 times); suffix דְּמוּתוֺ Genesis 5:3; דְּמוּתֵנוּ Genesis 1:26.

1. Likeness or similitude

a. Of external appearance, chiefly in Ezekiel

• Ezekiel 1:5 (likeness, i.e. something that appeared like) so Ezekiel 1:26
• Ezekiel 8:2 דְּמוּת כְּמַרְאֵה אֵשׁ (compare Cornill)
• Ezekiel 10:1 כְּמַרְאֵה דְּמוּת כִּסֵּא
• Daniel 10:16 כִּדְמוּת בְּנֵי אָדָם i.e. one like the sons of man

b. Similitude, resemblance

• Ezekiel 1:5, 10, 16, 22, 26
• Ezekiel 10:10, 21, 22
• דְּמוּת כְּמַרְאֵה אָדָם Ezekiel 1:26
• מַרְאֵה דְּמוּת כְּבוֺד י׳ Ezekiel 1:28
• 2 Kings 16:10 (pattern of altar)
• 2 Chronicles 4:3 (images of oxen)
• Of son in likeness of father Genesis 5:3 (Priests' Code)
• Of man in likeness of God Genesis 1:26 (+ צֶלֶם), Genesis 5:1 (both Priests' Code)
• Isaiah 40:18 what דְּמוּת will ye compare to him (אֵל)? (+ דִּמָּה)

2. Adverbial usage

In likeness of, like as:

• Isaiah 13:4
• Ezekiel 23:15
• כִּדְמוּת Psalm 58:5

— Ezekiel 1:13 read וּבֵינוֺת, see בֵּין and Peters⁵. On דְּמוּת אֶחָד Ezekiel 1:16; Ezekiel 10:10 (apparently masculine) compare Gesenius (Thesaurus) & Smend who translate the likeness of one had they all four; Cornill reads אחת.

¹ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (BN), 1889, 12. 147 ff.

² Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels (Prol.), 1883, 413; Eng. Trans. 389.

³ S. R. Driver, Journal of Philology (JPh) xi. 216.

⁴ T. K. Cheyne, The Origin and Religious Contents of the Psalter (OP), 1891, 474.

⁵ J. P. Peters, Journal of Biblical Literature (JBL) 1892, 40. 42.

Conjunction, Noun common feminine singular construct

LXX: ὁμοίωμα ὡσ ὁμοιώματοσ ὁμοίωσισ ὁμοίωσιν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1823:

ὁμοίωμα 12× (41.0%)

ὡσ 3× (11.2%)

ὁμοιώματοσ 3× (10.1%)

ὁμοίωσισ 3× (9.6%)

ὁμοίωσιν 2× (5.2%)

פניהם פְּנֵיהֶם

faces of themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

פני פְּנֵי

faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

אדם אָדָם֒

man

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אדם

ʼâdâm

Definition

ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)

Root

from H119 (אדם);

Exhaustive

from אדם; ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.); [idiom] another, [phrase] hypocrite, [phrase] common sort, [idiom] low, man (mean, of low degree), person.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H120

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָדָם

noun masculine • Root אדם • Strongs_Numbers • Page 64

Man, or collectively men, mankind; proper name of the first man, Adam.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֻדַּם

verb pual • Root אדם • Page 26

To be red-coloured. Nah. 2:4. Ex. 25:5. 35:7, 23.

אָדָם

m. prim. • Page 26

1. man, i. q. Lat. homo, and collectively men. Subordinate meanings include: (1.) other men, in opposition to those already named (Jer. 32:20; Judg. 18:7, 28; Ps. 73:5); common men (Job 31:33; Hos. 6:7; Ps. 82:7); (2.) men of inferior rank, when opposed to איש. 2. man, i. q. איש = Lat. vir, very rarely (Ecc. 7:28). 3. any one (Lev. 1:2). 4. proper name of the first man. 5. proper name of a city on the Jordan (Josh. 3:16).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H120

I. אָדָם (approximate number of occurrences: 560) noun masculine Genesis 1:27 — man, mankind.

Cognates:

• Phoenician אדם
• Sabean idem
• Assyrian admu, young (of bird) (Friedrich Delitzsch¹), but Theodor Nöldeke² identification with Arabic رب collective creatures

— אָדָם absolute except construct Proverbs 6:12 (compare Gesenius' Thesaurus³); (בְּנֵי (הָ)אָדָם often = plural of בֶּן אָדָם Genesis 11:5 (39 times), compare בְּנוֹת הָאָדָם Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:4) —

1. Meanings and Uses

a. A man (= human being)

• Genesis 2:5, Genesis 2:7 (twice in verse); Genesis 2:8, Genesis 2:15, Genesis 2:16, Genesis 2:18 +; Genesis 16:12 (27 times, Jehovist Source⁴) Leviticus 5:4 (parallel to נֶמֶשׁ) Leviticus 13:2, Leviticus 13:9 (19 times, Priests' Code / Narrative⁵) Nehemiah 2:10; Isaiah 13:12 (parallel to אֱנוֹשׁ); הַגָּדוֹל בָּהָאָדָם Joshua 14:15 (Elohist Source⁶); בְּלִיַּעַל בָּאָדָם Proverbs 6:12 (parallel to אִישׁ אָוֶן, compare 1 Samuel 25:25 and see בְּלִיַּעַל); = any one Leviticus 1:2; Numbers 9:6, Numbers 9:7; Job 20:29; Job 27:13; Proverbs 15:20; Proverbs 21:16, Proverbs 21:20; Proverbs 24:30; Ecclesiastes 7:20 + often in Wisdom Literature, Jeremiah 2:6; Jeremiah 4:25; Nehemiah 2:12, compare בְּנֶמֶשׁ אָדָם Numbers 19:11, Numbers 19:13 +; seldom man opposed to woman Genesis 2:22 (twice in verse); Genesis 2:23, Genesis 2:25; Genesis 3:8, Genesis 3:12, Genesis 3:17, Genesis 3:20, Genesis 3:21; Ecclesiastes 7:28.

b. Collective man, mankind

• Genesis 1:26; Genesis 9:5, Genesis 9:6 (3 times in verse) + (Priests' Code / Narrative 28 times) Genesis 6:1, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 6:6, Genesis 6:7 (Jehovist Source, Elohist Source 24 times) Deuteronomy 4:32 (Deuteronomy Source 6 times) (on 2 Samuel 7:19 compare 1 Chronicles 17:17 see Samuel Rolles Driver⁷, Rudolf Smend⁸); distinctly = men + women Genesis 1:27; Genesis 5:1; Numbers 5:6; given as name Genesis 5:2; but = warriors Isaiah 22:6 וְרֶכֶב אָדָם (parallel to מְרַשִּׁים); parallel to beasts (41 times) בְּהֵמָה Genesis 6:7; Genesis 7:23 (Jehovist Source ?) Exodus 8:13; Exodus 8:14; Exodus 9:9, Exodus 9:10 (Priests' Code / Narrative) Exodus 9:19, Exodus 9:22, Exodus 9:25; Exodus 12:12; Exodus 13:2, Exodus 13:13, Exodus 13:15 (all Jehovist Source) +; late prophets Jeremiah 21:6; Jeremiah 31:27; Jeremiah 50:3; Jeremiah 51:62; Ezekiel 14:13, Ezekiel 14:17, Ezekiel 14:19, Ezekiel 14:21; Ezekiel 25:13; Ezekiel 29:8, Ezekiel 29:11; Ezekiel 32:13 (strike out Carl Heinrich Cornill⁹) Ezekiel 36:11; Jonah 3:8; Zephaniah 1:3; Haggai 1:11; Zechariah 2:8; Zechariah 8:10; parallel to בָּקָר Ezekiel 4:15; parallel to צֹאן, חֲמֹרִים בָּהֵמָה Numbers 31:28; parallel to idem + מִכָּלָה בְּהֵמָה Numbers 31:30 compare Jonah 3:7; parallel to חַיָּה Genesis 9:5 (Priests' Code / Narrative) compare Ezekiel 1:5, Ezekiel 1:8, Ezekiel 1:10, Ezekiel 1:26, and description of כְּרוּבִים Ezekiel 10:8, Ezekiel 10:14, Ezekiel 10:21; compare Ezekiel 41:19; parallel to trees Deuteronomy 20:19 (read הָאָדָם see August Dillmann¹⁰); opposed to God 1 Samuel 15:29; 1 Samuel 16:7 (twice in verse); Isaiah 31:3; Ezekiel 28:2, Ezekiel 28:9; 1 Chronicles 21:13; 1 Chronicles 29:1; 2 Chronicles 6:18; Malachi 3:8 compare Exodus 33:20; Deuteronomy 5:21; so בֶּן אָדָם Numbers 23:19 (parallel to אִישׁ) Ezekiel 2:1, Ezekiel 2:3, Ezekiel 2:6, Ezekiel 2:8 (87 times in Ezekiel, always addressed to prophet); בְּנֵי הָאָדָם 1 Samuel 26:19; made in God's image Genesis 1:26, Genesis 1:27; Genesis 9:6 compare Ecclesiastes 7:29; as feeble, earthly, mortal Numbers 16:29 (twice in verse); Psalm 82:7; Psalm 144:3; Psalm 144:4; Job 5:7; Job 14:1, Job 14:10; compare Job 25:6 (בֶּן אָדָם) Ecclesiastes 12:5; as sinful 1 Kings 8:46; 2 Chronicles 6:36; Jeremiah 10:14 compare Numbers 5:6; Job 31:33; Hosea 6:7; of men in general, other men (opposed to particular ones) Judges 16:17 (compare אַחַד הָאָדָם Judges 16:7; Judges 16:11) Judges 18:7, Judges 18:28; Psalm 73:5; Jeremiah 32:20 +; parallel to אִישׁ Isaiah 2:9, Isaiah 2:11, Isaiah 2:17; Isaiah 5:15 compare Ezekiel 23:42 (strike out Carl Heinrich Cornill, Versions); בְּנֵי אָדָם 2 Samuel 7:14 (parallel to אֲנָשִׁים) Proverbs 8:4 (parallel to אִישִׁים); Psalm 49:3; Psalm 62:10 (both parallel to בְּנֵי אִישׁ) = men of low opposed to men of high degree — so often Phoenician and = vassal Sabean (David Heinrich Müller¹¹ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1875, 680 compare 686); בְּנֵפֶשׁ אָדָם collective Numbers 31:35, Numbers 31:40, Numbers 31:46; 1 Chronicles 5:21; Ezekiel 27:13.

c. Proper name, masculine Adam, first man

• (without article, compare שָׂטָן 1 Chronicles 21:1 over against הַשָּׂטָן Job 1:6 etc.) Genesis 4:25 (Jehovist Source) Genesis 5:1, Genesis 5:3, Genesis 5:4, Genesis 5:5 (Priests' Code / Narrative) 1 Chronicles 1:1. (Genesis 2:20; 1 Chronicles 3:17, 1 Chronicles 3:21 read לֹא see August Dillmann.)

d. Proper name, of a location city in Jordan valley (as built ?)

• Joshua 3:16.

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch.

² Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1886, 722.

³ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae.

⁴ Jehovist Source (J).

⁵ Priests' Code / Narrative (P).

⁶ Elohist Source (E).

⁷ Samuel Rolles Driver.

⁸ Rudolf Smend.

⁹ Carl Heinrich Cornill.

¹⁰ August Dillmann.

¹¹ David Heinrich Müller.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0120:

No stats available

ופני וּפְנֵי

and faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Conjunction, Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

אריה אַרְיֵה

a lioness

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ארי

ʼărîy

Definition

a lion

Root

or (prolonged) []; from H717 (ארה) (in the sense of violence);

Exhaustive

or (prolonged) [ar-yay']; from ארה (in the sense of violence); a lion; (young) lion, [phrase] pierce (from the margin).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H738

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֲרִי

noun • Root ארה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 187

only for lions made from metal melted and gilded over by art; also occurs in this meaning for image-work.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H738

I. אֲרִי noun masculine Proverbs 28:15 — lion.

Cognates:

• Assyrian aria
• Ethiopic አማርኛ wild beast
• compare also אַרְיֵה below

— אֲרִי absolute Amos 3:12 (13 times) + 2 Samuel 23:20 Qr (Kt אַרְיָה), Lamentations 3:10 (idem) + Psalm 22:17 (כַּֽאֲרִי for which read כַּרוֹ = כַּרּוֹ compare De Pe Che critical note); plural אֲרָיִים 1 Kings 10:20; אֲרָיוֹת (also masculine) Zephaniah 3:3 (16 times) (feminine Jeremiah 51:38? but compare Judges 14:5).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Literal lion

• In narrative: Judges 14:5; 1 Samuel 17:34, 36, 37; 2 Samuel 23:20 = 1 Chronicles 11:22; 2 Kings 17:25, 26; Proverbs 22:13; Proverbs 26:13; Song of Solomon 4:8 compare Amos 3:12; Amos 5:19
• Lion-images: 1 Kings 7:29 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 7:36; 1 Kings 10:19, 20; 2 Chronicles 9:18, 19

b. In comparison

• Numbers 23:24; Numbers 24:9; Judges 14:18; Isaiah 38:13; Jeremiah 51:38; 2 Samuel 1:23; Ezekiel 22:5; Lamentations 3:10

c. Metaphorical

• Nahum 2:12; Zephaniah 3:3; Jeremiah 50:17; Ezekiel 19:2, 6; Proverbs 28:15

For כַּאֲרִי Psalm 22:17 read כַּרוֹ, confer above. Compare also אַרְיֵה.

¹ Franz Delitzsch, Commentary on the Psalms.

² Felix Perles, Analekten zur Textkritik des Alten Testaments.

³ T. K. Cheyne, The Book of Psalms.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0738b:

No stats available

אל אֶל־

toward

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אל

ʼêl

Definition

near, with or among; often in general, to

Root

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.

Exhaustive

(but only used in the shortened constructive form אל ); a primitive particle; properly, denoting motion towards, but occasionally used of a quiescent position, i.e.; near, with or among; often in general, to; about, according to, after, against, among, as for, at, because(-fore, -side), both...and, by, concerning, for, from, [idiom] hath, in(-to), near, (out) of, over, through, to(-ward), under, unto, upon, whether, with(-in).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H413

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵל

pronominal stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Aramaic demonstrative pronoun, same as Hebrew II. in a variety of senses.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

God (used in proper names like טָבְאֵל).

אֵל

noun • Strongs_Numbers • Page 127

Used as a groundform for אַלִי.

אֵל

pronoun demonstrative • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Pronominal stem abridged from 'ela, a demonstrative vocable. Demonstrative pronoun plural 'these'. A stronger form than 'ela, namely 'elle. Often found with the article הָאֵל (these).

אֵל

pronoun • Root אלה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

Aramaic equivalent to the Hebrew אֵל II. Found only in Ezr. 5, 15 K'ri, for which the K'tib has אֵלֶּה synonymous with the Targumic אִלֵּךְ.

אֵל

noun masculine • Root איל אול • Strongs_Numbers • Page 129

A very old Semitic name of the highest deity, which already appears in the pre-historic period: God. Stands both for the God of the Hebrews (Jehovah), gods of another nation, or idols. Also means 'strong' or 'mighty'.

אֵל

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 130

God, Deity; applied to the true God, pagan gods, or in proper names. Also denotes strength, might, or power (e.g., in the phrase 'it is in the power of my hand').

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Collateral form of pronoun demonstrative אֵל (these).

אֵל

pronom. stem • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

Construct of אֶל I. (preposition 'to', 'towards').

אֵל

abbreviation • Strongs_Numbers • Page 131

An abbreviation of God in proper names, e.g. אֶלְעָלָא, אֶלְזָבָד.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֶל

chald. • Page 49

Chald. idem. [to Hebrew אַל]. Dan. 2: 24.

אֶל

preposition • Page 50

Primary preposition meaning: 1. to (sign of the dative); 2. towards, even to (Num. 24:1); 3. at, on, near (1 K. 13:20); 4. about, concerning (Gen. 20:2); 5. in, into (Gen. 8:9); 6. among (1 Sam. 10:22); 7. through (Ezek. 44:7); 8. for, on account of (1 K. 14:5); 9. in combination with other prepositions implies direction.

אֵל

m. verbal / dec. i. a. • Root אול • Page 49

1. strong, mighty (Ezek. 31:11). 2. strength, power (Gen. 31:29; Prov. 3:27). 3. most frequently God, applied both to Jehovah and heathen gods (Is. 44:10).

אֵל

pronoun • Page 49

pronoun plural; i. q. אֵלֶּה [these]. Also appears in the form הָאֵל.

אֵל

chald. • Page 50

Chald. idem. Ezra 5:15 Keri.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H413

אֵל (nearly always followed by maqqeph), in poetry אֱלֵי (compare עֲלֵי, עֲדֵי), but only in Job (1 Samuel 3:22; 1 Samuel 5:26; 1 Samuel 15:22; 1 Samuel 29:19), with suffix אֱלַי, אֵלֶיךָ, אֱלֶיךְ, etc. אֱלֵינוּ, אֲלֵיכֶם & (5 times) אֲלֵכֶם, אֲלֵיהֶם & אֲלֵהֶם (both very often); once אֱלֵימוֹ Psalm 2:5, אֲלֵיהֶן, once אֲלֵהֶן Exodus 1:19 (Assyrian ilî, Arabic عربي), preposition denoting motion to or direction towards (whether physical or mental).

Cognates:

• Assyrian ilî
• Arabic عربي

1. Motion to or unto a person or place

• Genesis 2:19, Genesis 2:22; Genesis 3:19; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 14:22; Genesis 16:9 etc.
• After every kind of verb expressing motion (בּוֹא, הָלַךְ, יָצָא etc.) So with נָתַן to give (though לְ is here more common) Genesis 21:14; Genesis 35:4; Deuteronomy 13:2 +; מָכַר to sell Deuteronomy 37:36, etc.
• Metaphorical Jeremiah 2:19 וְלֹא פַּחַדְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ and that my fear (cometh) not unto thee (compare Job 31:23).
• Peculiarly Genesis 6:16 אֵל אַמָּה unto the length of a cubit, etc.
• And metaphor in the phrase אֵל (אֱלֵי) גִּיל unto exultation Hosea 9:11; Job 3:22.
• Once, exceptionally (si vera 1.) = even: Job 5:5 וְאֵל מִצִּגִּים יִקָּחֶהָ and even out of thorns he taketh it.
• Sometimes pregnant, as Isaiah 66:17; Jeremiah 41:7 זָנָה אֵל commit whoredom (by going) to Numbers 25:1; Ezekiel 16:26, Ezekiel 16:28, Ezekiel 16:29; דָּרַשׁ אֵל seek (by resorting) to Deuteronomy 18:11; Isaiah 8:19; Isaiah 11:10 +; חָבַר אֵל join together (& come) unto Genesis 14:3; הִשְׁכִּימוּ אֵל rise early (and go) to Genesis 19:27; Genesis 24:11 הִבְרִיךְ אֵל made to kneel down at; Genesis 47:18 תַּם אֵל i.e. has been made over to; מָחַד אֵל to come in fear to Hosea 3:5; Micah 7:17.
• Opposite is מִן, as מִן הַקָּצֶה אֵל הַקָּצֶה from end to end Exodus 26:28; מֵה אֵל מֵה Ezra 9:11 (synonym 2 Kings 21:16 מֵה לָפֶה).
• And of time (rare) מֵעֵת אֵל עֵת 1 Chronicles 9:25; מִיּוֹם אֵל יוֹם Numbers 30:15 (P) 1 Chronicles 16:23 (in the Psalm 96:2 מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם).

2. Where the limit is actually entered, into

• Genesis 6:18 and thou shalt enter into the ark Genesis 7:1; Genesis 19:3; Genesis 41:21; Genesis 42:17; & so after verbs of throwing, casting, putting Genesis 37:22 (הִשְׁלִיכוּ) Genesis 39:20 וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ אֵל בֵּית הַסֹּהַר put him into the prison house, Exodus 28:30 (Leviticus 8:8) Deuteronomy 23:25; so after קָבַר to bury Genesis 23:19; Genesis 25:9; Genesis 49:29; שָׁחַט to squeeze Genesis 40:11; מָחָה to blot out Numbers 5:23, etc.; metaphor Genesis 6:6 was pained into or unto his heart, שָׁם אֵל לֵב, הָשִׁיב to place, bring into ( = lay to ) heart Deuteronomy 4:39; 2 Samuel 19:20 and elsewhere In connection with a number or multitude into which something enters, in among: 1 Samuel 10:22 behold he had hid himself אֵל הַכְּלִים in among the baggage, Jeremiah 4:3 sow not אֵל קֹצִים in among thorns.

3. Of direction towards anything

• (a) Of physical acts or states, as Genesis 30:40 נָתַן מִנִּי הַצֹּאן אֵל, Genesis 39:7 נָשָׂא עֵינָיו אֵל, Exodus 25:20; Numbers 6:26, נָשָׂא פָּנָיו אֵל (2 Kings 9:32 differently), 2 Kings 24:1 שָׁת מִנִּיו אֵל, Joshua 8:18; Psalm 28:2; 1 Kings 8:29, 1 Kings 8:30 (to pray towards) 1 Kings 8:38; pregnantly חָרַד אֵל to tremble (turning) to Genesis 42:28, תָּמַהּ אֵל to wonder (turning) towards Genesis 43:33; Isaiah 13:8, מָחַד אֵל Jeremiah 36:16: without a verb מֵנִּים אֵל מֵנִּים face to face Genesis 32:31 +; מֵה אֵל מֵה Numbers 12:8; כִּאֲיִנֵּנוּ אֵלֶיךָ the face of Laban, that he is not toward me; כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).
• (b) With words such as אָמַר to say to Genesis 3:1 + often, דִּבֵּר Genesis 8:15 + often, קָרָא Genesis 19:5, הִגִּיד Genesis 20:17 etc., שָׁמַע to hearken to Genesis 16:11, הִלֵּל to praise to Genesis 12:15 (compare Ezekiel 13:19 חִלֵּל אֵל to profane to), הִזְכִּיר Ezekiel 40:14.
• (c) With words expressing the direction of the mind, as קָוָה to wait Psalm 27:14 +; יָחַל to hope Isaiah 51:5; נָשָׂא נֶפֶשׁ אֵל to lift up the soul (i.e. set the desire) towards Deuteronomy 24:15; Psalm 25:1; שָׁם לֵב אֵל, שִׁית to set the heart (mind) to Exodus 9:21 and elsewhere; לָמַד אֵל to accustom oneself to Jeremiah 10:2; חָרַד אֵל to shew fear towards 2 Kings 4:13; Genesis 43:30; Deuteronomy 28:32 and thy eyes כָּלוּ אֲלֵיהֶם failing (with longing) towards them, Lamentations 4:17; Isaiah 63:15; 2 Samuel 3:8; 1 Kings 14:13; Psalm 40:6; alone, as predicate, directed or disposed towards, Genesis 3:16; Genesis 4:7; 2 Kings 6:11 who of ours is towards (i.e. favours) the king of Syria? Hosea 3:3 וְגַם אֲנִי אֵלֶיךָ Ezekiel 36:9; Haggai 2:17; Jeremiah 15:1 (אֵין נַפְשִׁי אֵל).

4. Where the motion or direction implied appears from the context to be of a hostile character, against

• Genesis 4:8 אֵל הֶבֶל and Cain rose up against Abel (so 1 Samuel 24:8) 1 Samuel 22:12; Exodus 14:5; Numbers 32:14; with נִקַּם Joshua 10:6, הָלַךְ Judges 1:10; Judges 20:30; with בָּא of calamity, etc., coming to or upon any one Genesis 42:21; Judges 9:57; 1 Samuel 2:34; 1 Kings 14:10 +; Isaiah 2:4; Isaiah 3:8 their tongue and doings are אֵלִי Isaiah 32:6 (לְדַבֵּר אֵל) Hosea 7:15 (compare Nahum 1:9) Hosea 12:5 וַיָּשַׁר אֵל מַלְאָךְ and he strove against the angel. Here also belongs in particular the phrase הִנְנִי אֵל Behold I am against (thee, you, etc.) Nahum 2:14; Nahum 3:5; Jeremiah 21:13 (Jeremiah 23:30-32 עַל) Jeremiah 50:31; Jeremiah 51:25; Ezekiel 13:8, Ezekiel 13:20; Ezekiel 21:8; Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:22; Ezekiel 34:10; Ezekiel 35:3; Ezekiel 38:3; Ezekiel 39:1 (Ezekiel 5:8; Ezekiel 26:3; Ezekiel 28:22; Ezekiel 29:3 עַל: on Ezekiel 36:9 see above)

5. Unto sometimes acquires from the context the sense of in addition to

• As Leviticus 18:18 thou shalt not take אִשָּׁה אֵל אֲחֹתָהּ a woman to, in addition to, her sister, Joshua 13:22 (Numbers 31:8 עַל); 1 Samuel 14:34 at eat אֵל הַחֹם together with the blood (1 Samuel 14:32 & Generally עַל); 1 Kings 10:7 הוֹסַף אֵל (generally עַל); Jeremiah 25:26; Ezekiel 7:26 שְׁמֻעָה אֵל שְׁמֻעָה (עַל); Ezekiel 44:7; Lamentations 3:41 let us lift up לְבָבֵנוּ אֵל כַּפֵּינוּ our hearts together with the hands (compare Arabic عربي, Qor 4:2; W AG ii. § 51 c).

6. Metaphor in regard to, concerning, on account of

• Thus הִתְאַבֵּל אֵל to mourn concerning 1 Samuel 15:35; הִנָּחֵם אֵל to repent as regards 2 Samuel 24:16; הִתְפַּלֵּל אֵל to pray with regard to 1 Samuel 1:27; 2 Kings 19:20; צָעַק אֵל to cry 2 Kings 8:3 (2 Kings 8:5 עַל); נֶעֱצַב אֵל be pained 1 Samuel 20:34; נִחַם אֵל to comfort 2 Samuel 10:2; more Generally 1 Kings 16:13; 1 Kings 21:22; אֵל נֶפֶשׁ on account of, for the sake of, one's life 1 Kings 19:3; 2 Kings 7:7 (Genesis 19:17 עַל). (עַל is more common in this sense.) And specially with verbs of saying, narrating, telling, etc. with regard to, as אָמַר אֵל Genesis 20:2; Isaiah 29:22; Isaiah 37:21, Isaiah 37:33 +; דִּבֵּר אֵל 2 Samuel 7:19; Jeremiah 40:16 b; סִמֵּר אֵל Psalm 2:7; Psalm 69:27; צָוָה אֵל Isaiah 23:11; שָׁמַע אֵל Ezekiel 19:4; הַשְׁמֻעָה אֵל the report regarding . . . 1 Samuel 4:19. (Not frequently, ext. in the case of אָמַר.)

7. Of rule or standard, according to (rare)

• אֵל מִצְוָה according to the command of, Joshua 15:13; Joshua 17:4; Joshua 21:3 (generally עַל מִצְוָה); אֵל נָבוֹן according to what is fixed = of a certainty 1 Samuel 23:23; 1 Samuel 26:4 (see Dr); perhaps Psalm 5:1; Psalm 80:1 (Psalm 45:1 עַל).

8. Expressing presence at a spot, against; at, by

• Not merely after verbs expressing or implying motion (compare 1), as Joshua 11:5 and they came and encamped together אֵל מֵי מְרוֹם at the waters of Merom, 1 Samuel 5:4 cut off (and fallen) on to the threshold, 2 Samuel 2:23 and elsewhere and smote him אֵל הַחֹמֶשׁ in or on the belly, Deuteronomy 33:28; Exodus 29:12; Leviticus 4:7; but also in other cases, as Joshua 5:3 and he circumcised the Israelites אֵל גִּבְעַת הָעֲרָלִים at the hill of the foreskins, Joshua 22:11 have built an altar אֵל גְּלִילוֹת הַיַּרְדֵּן by the districts of Jordan, Judges 12:6; 2 Samuel 3:32, 2 Samuel 14:30 & 2 Samuel 18:4 אֵל יַד at the side of (elsewhere לְיַד, עַל יַד), 1 Kings 13:20 as they were sitting אֵל הַשֻּׁלְחָן at the table, 2 Kings 11:14 אֵל הַמֶּלֶךְ by the king, Jeremiah 41:12 and found him by the great waters, etc., Jeremiah 46:10 אֵל נְהַר מְרָתַיִם by the Euphrates, Ezekiel 3:15; Ezekiel 11:11; Ezekiel 17:8; Ezekiel 31:7; Ezekiel 40:18; Ezekiel 43:3; Ezekiel 47:7; Ezekiel 48:12.

9. Prefixed to other preps. it combines with them the idea of motion or direction to

• Thus אֵל אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18, 2 Kings 9:19 סֹב אֵל אַחֲרֵי turn to behind me, Zechariah 6:5 (where אֵל is pleonastic, probably due to clerical error; note יָצָא אֵל before & after); אֵל בֵּין in between Ezekiel 31:10, Ezekiel 31:14; אֱל בֵּינֹת similarly Ezekiel 10:2; אֵל בֵּית to (the part) within (see below בַּיִת), in within Leviticus 16:15; 2 Kings 11:15 have her forth in within the ranks; אֵל מוּל see מוּל; אֵל מִנֶּגֶב to the south of Joshua 15:3; אֵל מִחוּץ to the outside of Leviticus 4:12, Leviticus 4:21 +; אֵל נֹכַח to the front of Numbers 19:4; אֵל תַּחַת Judges 6:19; 1 Kings 8:6 and elsewhere (see below תַּחַת).

Note I. — In Genesis 20:13 אֵל כָּל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָבוֹא שָׁמָּה וְג׳; Numbers 33:54 אֵל אֲשֶׁר וְג׳; Proverbs 17:8 (compare Deuteronomy 16:6); — אֵל appears to be used by a species of attraction; the idea of motion involved in the relative clause influencing illogically the beginning of the sentence and causing אֵל to be used instead of בְּ. In Deuteronomy 31:14 אֱלֵיהֶם, as pointed, can only be from אֵל III or IV (q. v.); if the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

Note 2. — There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences. Thus (a) Joshua 5:14 וַיִּמָּל אֵל מָנָיִו; 1 Samuel 13:13 אַתְּמַמְלֵאתָּ אֵלִי שְׂרָאֵל; 1 Samuel 14:34 (see below 5); 1 Samuel 17:3 עֹמְדִים אֵל הָהָר (contracted עַל הָהָר Deuteronomy 11:29); Deuteronomy 19:16; 2 Samuel 6:3; 2 Samuel 20:23 (contracted 2 Samuel 8:16) 1 Kings 13:29; 1 Kings 18:46 (contracted 2 Kings 3:15 עַל) Jeremiah 35:15; Ezekiel 7:18. (b) Judges 6:37 and upon (עַל) all the earth let there be dryness, Judges 6:39 let there be dryness on (אֵל) the fleece; 1 Samuel 14:10 come up עָלֵינוּ, 1 Samuel 14:12 come up אֱלֵינוּ; 1 Samuel 16:23 & 1 Samuel 16:16 & 1 Samuel 18:10 צָלַח אֵל, 1 Samuel 10:6 and elsewhere צָלַח עַל; 1 Samuel 25:17 evil is determined אֵל אֲדֹנִינוּ וְעַל כָּל בֵּיתוֹ; 1 Samuel 25:25; 1 Samuel 27:10; 2 Samuel 2:9 וַיַּמְלֵךְ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ אֵל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳ עַל וְג׳; 2 Samuel 3:29 יָחֻל עַל וְאֵל; 2 Kings 8:3 & 2 Kings 8:5; Jeremiah 19:15; Jeremiah 25:2; Jeremiah 26:15 ye lay innocent blood עֲלֵיכֶם וְאֵל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת; Jeremiah 27:19; Jeremiah 28:8; Jeremiah 33:14; Jeremiah 34:7; Jeremiah 36:31; Jeremiah 37:13, Jeremiah 37:14; Ezekiel 18:6, Ezekiel 18:11 & Ezekiel 18:15; Ezekiel 21:12 etc. Psalm 79:6 (Jeremiah 10:25 עַל twice). It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers. Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל, as 1 Samuel 1:10 הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל to pray to (1 Samuel 1:26 אֵל); 1 Samuel 1:13; 1 Samuel 25:25 אֵל עַל; 1 Kings 20:43 וַיֵּלֶךְ עַל בֵּיתוֹ (1 Kings 21:4 אֵל); Isaiah 22:15; Jeremiah 11:2; Jeremiah 23:35; Jeremiah 31:12. compare Dr Sm i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

¹ If the word be taken as the Pronoun with suffix (Hi Ke), אֲלֵיהֶם must be read.

² There is a tendency in Hebrew, especially manifest in Samuel Kings Jeremiah Ezekiel, to use אֵל in the sense of עַל; sometimes אֵל being used exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly, and in accusative with analogy, has עַל; sometimes, the two prepositions interchanging, apparently without discrimination, in the same or parallel sentences.

³ It is probably that this interchange, at least in many cases, is not original, but due to transcribers.

⁴ Conversely, though not with the same frequency, עַל occurs where analogy would lead us to expect אֵל, or even in juxtaposition with אֵל.

⁵ Compare Driver, Samuel, i. 13, 13; ii. 8, 7; 15, 4.

Preposition

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0413:

No stats available

הימין הַיָּמִין

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ימין

yâmîyn

Definition

the right hand or side (leg, eye) of a person or other object (as the stronger and more dexterous); locally, the south

Root

from H3231 (ימן);

Exhaustive

from ימן; the right hand or side (leg, eye) of a person or other object (as the stronger and more dexterous); locally, the south; [phrase] left-handed, right (hand, side), south.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3225

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יָמִין

noun feminine • Root ימן • Strongs / High • Page 615

1. a light, clear region, the day-side, i. e. the south. 2. the right, the right hand. 3. prosperity, good fortune, the right side being a symbol of good fortune.

יָמִין

noun / masculine • Root ימן • Strongs / High • Page 616

Right, right hand, the right side; prosperity; an oath. Also used as a proper name and the name of a district in Edom.

יָמִין

noun masculine • Root ימן • Strongs / High • Page 617

(not used) same as יָמָן in the sense of 'to be on the right' or 'southerly'.

יָמִין

substantive • Root ימן • Strongs / High • Page 617

The right hand.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יָמִין

substantive • Page 285

1. The right side (Gen. 24:49, Num. 20:17). 2. The right hand (Lam. 2:4, Prov. 27:16). 3. The south side, the south (1 Sam. 23:19, Job 23:9). 4. Prosperity (Gen. 35:18).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3225

I. יָמִין (approximate number of occurrences: 137) noun feminine^{Exodus 15:6} (Proverbs 27:16 no except, see Now Str) — right hand.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Siloam Inscription¹ מימן on the right
• Aramaic יַמִּינָא
• Arabic يمين right, right side, right hand, south
• Ethiopic የማን right hand, የማን right side
• Sabean ימן right hand, ימנת south
• Assyrian imnu right, right side, on the right²

— יָמִין absolute Genesis 13:9 (40 times); construct יְמִין 1 Samuel 23:24 (19 times); suffix יְמִינִי Jeremiah 22:24 (6 times), etc.; always singular.

1. right hand

a. Literally of man

• Often opposed to שׂמאֹול Genesis 48:13, 14 (compare Genesis 48:18), Daniel 12:7
• יָדַע בֵּין יְמִינוֺ לִשְׂמאֹלוֺ Jonah 4:11 distinguish between one's right hand and one's left
• שׁלח ימין Judges 5:26 (+ יָד)
• As holding the lot Ezekiel 21:27; of right hand as skilful Psalm 137:5; as receiving bribes Psalm 26:10 (+ יָדַיִם)
• Used in false swearing יְמִינָם יְמִין שֶׁקֶר Psalm 144:8, 11 their right hand is a right hand of falsehood
• Oft also with יַד: יַד יְמִינוֺ Genesis 48:17 (E Source) hand of his right = his right hand; Judges 7:20; 2 Samuel 20:9
• אִטֵּר יַד יְמִינוֺ Judges 3:15; Judges 20:16 bound as to one's right hand, i.e. left-handed

b. Figurative

• Of right hand as held by יהוה Isaiah 41:13; Isaiah 45:1; so יַד יְמִינִי Psalm 73:23

c. Right hand of Yahweh

• As instrument of delivering Israel Exodus 15:6 (twice), 12; בִּגְבוּרוֺת יֵשַׁע יְמִינוֺ Psalm 20:7; שְׁנוֺת יְמִין עֶלְיוֺן Psalm 77:11; (+ זְרוֺעַ) Psalm 98:1
• As acquiring the temple-site Psalm 78:54; as holding his servant Psalm 18:36, Psalm 63:9; בִּימִין צִדְקִי Isaiah 41:10
• As finding enemies Psalm 21:9 (+ יָד); as full of צֶדֶק Psalm 48:11; as dispensing blessings Psalm 16:11 נעימות בימינך (compare Proverbs 3:16)
• Used in divine oath Psalm 62:8 (+ זְרוֺעַ)

2. Of situation on, or direction toward, the right

a. Of situation

• With מִן: Exodus 14:22, 29 a wall on their right hand and on their left hand; 2 Samuel 16:6; 1 Kings 7:39, 49; 2 Chronicles 3:17; 1 Kings 22:19
• With לְ: וַתֵּשֶׁב לִימִינוֺ 1 Kings 2:19; Psalm 110:1; Psalm 45:10; Psalm 109:31
• With עַל: Zechariah 3:1; 1 Chronicles 6:24; Nehemiah 8:4; Job 30:12
• Without preposition: יְמִין הָעִיר 2 Samuel 24:5; Job 23:9

b. Of direction toward

• Literal: נָטָה ימין Numbers 20:17; Numbers 22:26 (both Jehovist Source); סוּר ימין Deuteronomy 2:27; 1 Samuel 6:12; פָּרַץ ימין ושׂמאֹול Isaiah 54:3; Genesis 13:9
• With עַל: נטה על הַיָּמִין 2 Samuel 2:19, 21; פנה עליֿמין Genesis 24:49
• Figurative of moral deviation: סוּר מִן הַדָּבָר יָמִין וּשׂמאֹול Deuteronomy 17:11, 5:29, 17:20, 28:14; Joshua 1:7, 23:6; 2 Kings 22:2
• Of the right as morally good: לֵב חָכָם לִימִינוֺ Ecclesiastes 10:2 (opposed to שׂמאֹול)

3. Of other parts of the body

• Right thigh: יֶרֶךְ יְמִינוֺ Judges 3:16
• Right eye: עֵין יָמִין 1 Samuel 11:2; Zechariah 11:17
• Right leg (sacrificial): שׁוֺק הַיָּמִין Exodus 29:22; Leviticus 7:32, 33; 8:25; Numbers 18:18

4. South

Because when facing east the right hand is toward the south:

• מִימִין הַיְשִׁימוֺן 1 Samuel 23:19; 24
• ישׁב מִימִינֵךְ Ezekiel 16:46
• צָפוֺן וְיָמִין Psalm 89:13

¹ Siloam Inscription.

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (HWB 307).

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: δεξιῶν δεξιὰ δεξιά δεξιὰν δεξιᾷ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3225:

δεξιῶν 36× (24.8%)

δεξιὰ 28× (19.3%)

δεξιά 17× (11.1%)

δεξιὰν 12× (8.5%)

δεξιᾷ 11× (6.9%)

δεξιᾶσ 10× (6.5%)

δεξιὸν 5× (3.3%)

pεἰσ 4× (3.1%)

δεξιόν 4× (2.8%)

δεξιάν 4× (2.6%)

לארבעתם לְאַרְבַּעְתָּם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ארבע

ʼarbaʻ

Definition

four

Root

masculine ארבעה; from H7251 (רבע);

Exhaustive

masculine ארבעה; from רבע; four; four.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H702

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַרְבַּע

proper name • Root ארבעל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 183

Giant; proper name of the progenitor of the giants in Phenician and Babylonian mythology (Ba'al-Hercules); also the proper name of the ancient city Hebron (Kiryat Arba).

אַרְבַּע

cardinal number • Root רבע • Lemma_Lookup • Page 183

The cardinal number four.

אַרְבַּע

numeral • Root רבע • Lemma_Lookup • Page 184

Four.

קִרְיַת אַרְבַּע

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1298

City of Arba[all], also termed חֶבְרוֹן (Hebron).

קִרְיַת אַרְבַּע

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1298

City of Arba[all], also termed Hebron.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אְַרבַּע

chald. • Page 70

and אַרְבָּעָה. Idem [same as Hebrew entry for 'four'].

אַרְבַּע

noun feminine • Root רבע • Page 69

a prim. numeral: four. It stands for רְבַע. Dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם fourfold, 2 Sam. 12: 6. Plur. אַרְבָּעִים forty, Gen. 8: 6.

אַרְבַּע

proper name • Page 70

Name of one of the Enakite giants (Josh. 14:15; 15:13; 21:11).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H702

I. אַרְבַּע, אַרְבָּעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 316) noun masculine and noun feminine four (Late Hebrew equivalent to Biblical Hebrew; Mishnaic Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40; Phoenician אַרְבַּע, Punic אַרְבַּעַת, four; so Assyrian arbaʾu (rarely irbaʾ), irbitti; Arabic أربع; Syriac ܐܪܒܥ; Sabaean אַרְבַּעַת Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, no. 232.2 Hommel Chrestomathy 47; Ethiopic አራብዓ; Aramaic אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָה, Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, Syriac ܒܪܝܬ; Nabataean אַרְבַּע, Palmyrene אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָא, Lidzbarski 367); — masculine 148 (circa noun feminine) אַרְבַּע (absolute or construct) Exodus 21:37 +; also אַרְבַּעִים Leviticus 11:20 +; note (Baer Ginsburg) Joshua 21:18 6 times Joshua 21 (van der Hooght אַרְבַּעִים); in Proverbs 30:18 read feminine with Qere; feminine (circa noun masculine) absolute אַרְבָּעָה Genesis 2:10 125 times + Proverbs 30:18 (see above); construct אַרְבַּעִית 1 Samuel 4:2 29 times, including Ezekiel 7:2 (but read masculine Kethibh); suffix אַרְבַּעְתָּם Ezekiel 1:8 5 times Ezekiel, אַרְבַּעְתָּן Ezekiel 1:10 (twice in verse) (but read probably תָּם -, Kraetzschmar), Ezekiel 1:16; Ezekiel 1:18; dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:6, see 1d; plural אַרְבַּעִים = 40, see below; — four (in Hexateuch 108 times, chiefly Priests' Code, 98 times; Ezekiel 52 times, Chronicles 47 times): — 1 without other number: a. אַרְבַּע (1) before feminine plural noun Jeremiah 15:3; Exodus 25:12 (Priests' Code) + 101 times, including אַמּוֹת אַרְבַּע four cubits Deuteronomy 3:11 5 times (but also בָּאַמָּה אַרְבַּע four (in) cubit(s) Exodus 26:2, Exodus 26:8; Exodus 36:9; 1 Kings 7:27 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 7:38), and מֵאוֹת אַרְבַּע = 400 Genesis 11:13 55 times. (2) אַרְבַּע before dual רַגְלַיִם Leviticus 11:23, רַגְלָיו Exodus 25:26. (3) before collective, צֹאן אַרְבַּע Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source); רִבּוֹא אַרְבַּע = 40,000 Ezra 2:64 = Nehemiah 7:66. (4) rare and late, after feminine plural noun עָרִים אַרְבַּע Joshua 19:7 (Priests' Code); after feminine singular noun construct לְשָׁנַת אַרְבַּע 1 Kings 22:41; Zechariah 7:1; 2 Chronicles 3:2. — אַרְבַּעִית, see this, and II. אַרְבַּע below (5) noun omitted Ezekiel 43:15 Proverbs 30:15, Proverbs 30:18 (Kethibh, see above), Proverbs 30:21; Daniel 8:8, Daniel 8:22; עַל־אַרְבַּעִים (that is רַגְלַיִם = on all fours Leviticus 11:20, Leviticus 11:21, Leviticus 11:27, Leviticus 11:42. b. אַרְבָּעָה (1) before masculine plural noun Genesis 2:10 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 14:9; Exodus 25:34 21 times, + חֲדָשִׁים אַרְבָּעָה יָמִים (וְ)אַרְבָּעָה Judges 19:2; 1 Samuel 27:7; also פָּנִים אַרְבָּעָה אַרְבָּעָה distributive Ezekiel 10:21. (2) late, after masculine plural noun 1 Chronicles 23:10. (3) noun omitted, Amos 1:3, Amos 1:6, Amos 1:9 15 times, + (as predicate of masculine plural noun) Exodus 27:16 (twice in verse); Exodus 38:19 (twice in verse); also אַרְבָּעָה בָּאַמָּה, (that is יֹום) Zechariah 7:1 = ordinal, on the fourth (day). c. אַרְבַּעִית (1) before masculine plural noun Judges 11:40; 1 Kings 7:32 11 times (not Ezekiel 7:2, see above), + אֲלָפִים אַרְבַּעִית = 4000, 1 Samuel 4:2 14 times. (2) before collective הַבִּקָּר Numbers 7:7. (3) noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:22. (4) with suffix, after plural noun, = the four of them, Ezekiel 1:8, Ezekiel 1:10 (3 times in verse) + 6 times Ezekiel; Daniel 1:17 these boys, the four of them. d. dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:6 = four-fold (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar¹ §97h König ii. 1, §106, 227), but read שִׁבְעַתַּיִם Th We Klo Dr Kmp Bu HPS. 2 with other number: a. 10 + אַרְבַּע = 14, (a) before feminine singular noun, שָׁנָה אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה = 14, 1 Kings 15:33; 1 Chronicles 23:4 13 times 1 Chronicles 27; + plural noun Numbers 7:88; noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:20 predicate 1 Chronicles 20:6; Nehemiah 7:23; 420 Numbers 25:9; = 24th, אַרְבַּע וְעֶשְׂרִים יֹום Haggai 1:15; Haggai 1:18; Zechariah 1:7; Nehemiah 9:1; Daniel 10:4, יֹום omitted Haggai 2:10, Haggai 2:20, and (אַרְבַּע וְעֶשְׂרִים) 1 Chronicles 24:18; 1 Chronicles 25:31. c. other tens + 4, 1 Chronicles 7:7; 1 Chronicles 5:18 (+ singular noun), Ezra 2:15 7 times; 4 + tens + שָׁנָה Genesis 11:16, + אֶלֶף 1000 Numbers 1:27, Numbers 1:29; Numbers 2:4, Numbers 2:6; Numbers 26:25, Numbers 26:43. — See König ii. 1, §106. רַבַּע (see Biblical Hebrew אַרְבַּע, רִבִּעִים, √ רבע).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40
• Mishnaic Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40
• Phoenician אַרְבַּע
• Punic אַרְבַּעַת
• Assyrian arbaʾu (rarely irbaʾ), irbitti
• Arabic أربع
• Syriac ܐܪܒܥ
• Sabaean אַרְבַּעַת Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, no. 232.2 Hommel Chrestomathy 47
• Ethiopic አራብዓ
• Aramaic אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָה, Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, Syriac ܒܪܝܬ
• Nabataean אַרְבַּע
• Palmyrene אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָא, Lidzbarski 367

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Four as a cardinal number

• Without other number: before feminine plural noun Jeremiah 15:3; Exodus 25:12 (Priests' Code) + 101 times
• Before dual רַגְלַיִם Leviticus 11:23
• Before collective צֹאן Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source)
• Rare and late, after feminine plural noun Joshua 19:7 (Priests' Code)
• Noun omitted Ezekiel 43:15; Proverbs 30:15

b. Four as feminine form

• Before masculine plural noun Genesis 2:10 (Jehovist Source)
• Late, after masculine plural noun 1 Chronicles 23:10
• Noun omitted Amos 1:3

c. Four as construct form

• Before masculine plural noun Judges 11:40
• Before collective Numbers 7:7
• Noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:22
• With suffix, the four of them Ezekiel 1:8

d. Dual form for four-fold

• 2 Samuel 12:6 (but see textual note)

e. With other numbers

• 10 + 4 = 14 1 Kings 15:33
• 20 + 4 = 24 Haggai 1:15
• Other combinations 1 Chronicles 7:7

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Preposition, Adjective cardinal number feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0702:

No stats available

ופני וּפְנֵי־

and faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Conjunction, Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

שור שׁוֹר

the traveler [ox]

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שור

shôwr

Definition

a bullock (as a traveller)

Root

from H7788 (שור);

Exhaustive

from שור; a bullock (as a traveller); bull(-ock), cow, ox, wall (by mistake for שור).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7794

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שׁוֹר

noun • Root שור • Strongs / High • Page 735

An ox. Mentioned as the proper word used in a parallel passage (Ez. 10:14) for one of the Cherub's faces.

שׁוֹר

noun masculine • Root שור • Strongs / High • Page 1401

A bullock or ox for ploughing; commonly one of neat cattle, without respect to age or sex; sometimes refers to a cow. (Sense I)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שׁוֹר

m. plur. שְׁוָרִים • Page 662

an ox, an animal of the ox kind, without respect to age or sex (Is. 1:3, Ex. 22:1, Lev. 22:23, 28, Num. 18:17, Deut. 14:4).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7794

I. שׁוֺר (approximate number of occurrences: 78) noun masculine¹ — a head of cattle, bullock, ox, etc. (often + חֲמוֺר, שֶׂה).

— שׁוֺר absolute Isaiah 1:3 +; construct שׁוֺר Exodus 21:35 +; suffix שׁוֹרוֹ Exodus 20:17 +; plural שְׁוָרִים Hosea 12:2.

1. General uses and characteristics

Usually a single head of cattle, without emphasis on sex (opposed to בָּקָר collective Exodus 21:37; Numbers 7:3):

a. As property, spoil of war, etc.

• Exodus 20:17 (Elohist Source) = Deuteronomy 5:18
• Deuteronomy 5:14
• Exodus 21:33 (Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 22:4
• Exodus 21:37 (+ בָּקָר)
• Exodus 22:3; Exodus 22:8; Exodus 22:9; Exodus 22:29; Exodus 23:12 (all Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 22:1
• Genesis 49:6 (Poem in Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 28:31
• Judges 6:4
• 1 Samuel 12:3
• Job 24:3

b. Physical actions and traits

• As licking up (לָחַךְ) grass Numbers 22:4 (Jehovist Source)
• Feeding Psalm 106:20 (of golden calf); compare Isaiah 7:25; Isaiah 32:30
• Lowing Job 6:5
• As intelligent Isaiah 1:3
• Vicious (goring נָגַח) Exodus 21:28 + 11 times in Exodus 21 (Elohist Source)

c. In labor

• Used in ploughing Deuteronomy 22:10
• Threshing Deuteronomy 25:4; compare Proverbs 14:4
• Drawing wagon Numbers 7:3 (Priests' Code; opposed to בָּקָר collective)
• מְּנֵי שׁ Ezekiel 1:10

2. Specific Gender and Number

a. Specifically masculine or feminine

• Of male Job 21:10 (opposed to מָּרָה)
• Of female Leviticus 22:28 (Holiness Code); perhaps also Numbers 18:17 (Priests' Code)
• Apparently generic Deuteronomy 15:19
• Deuteronomy 33:17 (Poem, figurative)

b. Collective

• Genesis 32:6 (+ צאֹן)
• Exodus 34:19; compare Leviticus 27:26 (Priests' Code)
• Joshua 6:21; Joshua 7:24 (all Jehovist Source)
• 1 Samuel 15:3; 1 Samuel 22:19

3. Slaughter and Sacrifice

a. For food or slaughter

• As slaughtered Proverbs 7:22
• For food 1 Samuel 14:34 (but read אֲשֶׁר with Septuagint, Thenius, Wellhausen, Driver)
• 1 Kings 1:19, 25; Deuteronomy 14:4
• Leviticus 17:3 (Holiness Code); compare Nehemiah 5:18 (אֶחָד שׁ׳)
• Proverbs 15:17

b. For sacrifice

• Judges 6:25 (מַּרהַֿשּׁ׳, text strange, compare G. F. Moore)
• Psalm 69:32 (שׁוֺר מָּר, but join מָּר to following clause, Baethgen)
• 2 Samuel 6:13; Hosea 12:12
• Leviticus 9:4, 18 (Priests' Code)
• Leviticus 22:23, 27 (Holiness Code)
• Numbers 15:11 (Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 17:1; Deuteronomy 18:3
• Leviticus 7:23; Leviticus 9:19
• מִשּׁוֺר זֶבַח Leviticus 4:10 (Priests' Code)
• Illicit sacrifice Isaiah 66:3

Aramaic

I. תּוֺר noun masculine bullock (Targum, Syriac; Biblical Hebrew שׁוֺר, √ III. שׁור).

1. for sacrifice
   • plural absolute תּוֺרִין Ezra 6:9, 17
2. eating grass
   • Daniel 4:22; Daniel 4:29; Daniel 4:30; Daniel 5:21

¹ Nehemiah 5:18.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: μόσχον μόσχου βοῦσ ταῦροσ μόσχοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H7794:

μόσχον 22× (25.7%)

μόσχου 10× (11.4%)

βοῦσ 7× (8.0%)

ταῦροσ 6× (6.5%)

μόσχοσ 5× (6.0%)

ταῦρον 5× (5.8%)

ταύρου 4× (4.7%)

μόσχῳ 3× (3.4%)

μόσχουσ 3× (3.4%)

βοὸσ 3× (3.2%)

מהשמאול מֵהַשְּׂמֹאול

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שמאול

sᵉmôʼwl

Definition

properly, dark (as enveloped), i.e. the north; hence (by orientation), the left hand

Root

or שמאל; a primitive word (rather perhaps from the same as H8071 (שמלה) (by insertion of the aleph) through the idea of wrapping up);

Exhaustive

or שמאל; a primitive word (rather perhaps from the same as שמלה (by insertion of the aleph) through the idea of wrapping up); properly, dark (as enveloped), i.e. the north; hence (by orientation), the left hand; left (hand, side).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H8040

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שְׂמֹאל

noun • Consonantal / Low • Page 1443

1. The left side, the left hand; the North (the veiled, dark region). 2. A figure of misfortune.

auto-fuzzy match d=1

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מָ

unknown • Root מה • Page 350

See מָה Note.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H8040

I. שְׂמֹאל, שְׂמֹאול (approximate number of occurrences: 54) noun masculine — the left.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Assyrian šumêlu
• Arabic شِمَال (also شَمَل, شَمُول, שַׁמְאַל, north wind)
• Old Aramaic שמאל
• Palmyrene סמלך (suffix)
• Syriac סמלא
• Arabic شَأَمَ be unlucky, شِمَال left, شَأْم north
• Sabean שׂאם north, unlucky

— שְׂמֹאל absolute Genesis 13:9 +; construct שְׂמֹאל Genesis 48:13, 2 Kings 23:8; שְׂמֹאול absolute Numbers 20:17 +; suffix שְׂמֹאלֶ֑ךָ 2 Samuel 2:21, שְׂמֹאלוֹ Genesis 48:13 + etc.; — opposed to יָמִין except Genesis 14:15, Judges 19:27, 2 Kings 23:8.

1. Left, region on the left

• Genesis 13:9 (Yahwist Source)
• On the left (עַל־שְׂמֹאל): 2 Kings 23:8; Ezekiel 16:46; Zechariah 4:3, 11; עַל־הַשְּׂמֹאל 1 Chronicles 6:29 compare 2 Chronicles 18:18
• From the left / a sinistra (מִשְּׂמֹאל): Exodus 14:22, 29 (Priestly Code); 2 Samuel 16:6; מִהַשְּׂמֹאל 2 Chronicles 3:17; Ezekiel 1:10
• To the left (לִשְׂמֹאל): Ecclesiastes 10:2; שְׂמֹאל alone Job 23:9
• Toward the left (עַל־שְׂמֹאל): Genesis 24:49 (Yahwist Source); 2 Samuel 2:21; Zechariah 12:6; עַל־הַשְּׂמֹאל 2 Samuel 2:19; שְׂמֹאל alone 1 Samuel 6:12; Isaiah 9:20

2. Left hand

• יַד־שְׂמֹאל Judges 3:21; Judges 7:20
• שְׂמֹאל alone: Genesis 48:13, 14, 18 (Elohist Source); Judges 16:29; Ezekiel 39:8; Jonah 4:11; Proverbs 3:16; Daniel 12:7; Song of Solomon 2:6; Song of Solomon 8:3

3. North

(On the left of one facing east; compare אָחוֹר, יָמִין, קֶדֶם):

• Genesis 14:15
• Joshua 19:27 (Priestly Code)
• Ezekiel 16:46

¹ Theodor Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik (1875).

² Fritz Hommel, Aufsätze und Abhandlungen (1892).

³ Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

⁴ Bernhard Stade, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Grammatik (1879).

⁵ Paul de Lagarde, Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (1889).

⁶ David Heinrich Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889).

Prep-M, Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: εὐωνύμων ἀριστερῶν ἀριστερά ἀριστερὰ ἀριστερᾷ

LXX Usage Statistics

H8040:

εὐωνύμων 10× (18.6%)

ἀριστερῶν 9× (16.7%)

ἀριστερά 8× (13.9%)

ἀριστερὰ 6× (10.8%)

ἀριστερᾷ 5× (7.9%)

ἀριστερὰν 4× (6.8%)

εὐώνυμοσ 2× (4.4%)

pεἰσ 2× (4.0%)

ἀριστεράν 2× (4.0%)

לארבעתן לְאַרְבַּעְתָּן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ארבע

ʼarbaʻ

Definition

four

Root

masculine ארבעה; from H7251 (רבע);

Exhaustive

masculine ארבעה; from רבע; four; four.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H702

הן

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9029

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַרְבַּע

proper name • Root ארבעל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 183

Giant; proper name of the progenitor of the giants in Phenician and Babylonian mythology (Ba'al-Hercules); also the proper name of the ancient city Hebron (Kiryat Arba).

אַרְבַּע

cardinal number • Root רבע • Lemma_Lookup • Page 183

The cardinal number four.

אַרְבַּע

numeral • Root רבע • Lemma_Lookup • Page 184

Four.

קִרְיַת אַרְבַּע

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1298

City of Arba[all], also termed חֶבְרוֹן (Hebron).

קִרְיַת אַרְבַּע

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1298

City of Arba[all], also termed Hebron.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אְַרבַּע

chald. • Page 70

and אַרְבָּעָה. Idem [same as Hebrew entry for 'four'].

אַרְבַּע

noun feminine • Root רבע • Page 69

a prim. numeral: four. It stands for רְבַע. Dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם fourfold, 2 Sam. 12: 6. Plur. אַרְבָּעִים forty, Gen. 8: 6.

אַרְבַּע

proper name • Page 70

Name of one of the Enakite giants (Josh. 14:15; 15:13; 21:11).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H702

I. אַרְבַּע, אַרְבָּעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 316) noun masculine and noun feminine four (Late Hebrew equivalent to Biblical Hebrew; Mishnaic Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40; Phoenician אַרְבַּע, Punic אַרְבַּעַת, four; so Assyrian arbaʾu (rarely irbaʾ), irbitti; Arabic أربع; Syriac ܐܪܒܥ; Sabaean אַרְבַּעַת Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, no. 232.2 Hommel Chrestomathy 47; Ethiopic አራብዓ; Aramaic אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָה, Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, Syriac ܒܪܝܬ; Nabataean אַרְבַּע, Palmyrene אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָא, Lidzbarski 367); — masculine 148 (circa noun feminine) אַרְבַּע (absolute or construct) Exodus 21:37 +; also אַרְבַּעִים Leviticus 11:20 +; note (Baer Ginsburg) Joshua 21:18 6 times Joshua 21 (van der Hooght אַרְבַּעִים); in Proverbs 30:18 read feminine with Qere; feminine (circa noun masculine) absolute אַרְבָּעָה Genesis 2:10 125 times + Proverbs 30:18 (see above); construct אַרְבַּעִית 1 Samuel 4:2 29 times, including Ezekiel 7:2 (but read masculine Kethibh); suffix אַרְבַּעְתָּם Ezekiel 1:8 5 times Ezekiel, אַרְבַּעְתָּן Ezekiel 1:10 (twice in verse) (but read probably תָּם -, Kraetzschmar), Ezekiel 1:16; Ezekiel 1:18; dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:6, see 1d; plural אַרְבַּעִים = 40, see below; — four (in Hexateuch 108 times, chiefly Priests' Code, 98 times; Ezekiel 52 times, Chronicles 47 times): — 1 without other number: a. אַרְבַּע (1) before feminine plural noun Jeremiah 15:3; Exodus 25:12 (Priests' Code) + 101 times, including אַמּוֹת אַרְבַּע four cubits Deuteronomy 3:11 5 times (but also בָּאַמָּה אַרְבַּע four (in) cubit(s) Exodus 26:2, Exodus 26:8; Exodus 36:9; 1 Kings 7:27 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 7:38), and מֵאוֹת אַרְבַּע = 400 Genesis 11:13 55 times. (2) אַרְבַּע before dual רַגְלַיִם Leviticus 11:23, רַגְלָיו Exodus 25:26. (3) before collective, צֹאן אַרְבַּע Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source); רִבּוֹא אַרְבַּע = 40,000 Ezra 2:64 = Nehemiah 7:66. (4) rare and late, after feminine plural noun עָרִים אַרְבַּע Joshua 19:7 (Priests' Code); after feminine singular noun construct לְשָׁנַת אַרְבַּע 1 Kings 22:41; Zechariah 7:1; 2 Chronicles 3:2. — אַרְבַּעִית, see this, and II. אַרְבַּע below (5) noun omitted Ezekiel 43:15 Proverbs 30:15, Proverbs 30:18 (Kethibh, see above), Proverbs 30:21; Daniel 8:8, Daniel 8:22; עַל־אַרְבַּעִים (that is רַגְלַיִם = on all fours Leviticus 11:20, Leviticus 11:21, Leviticus 11:27, Leviticus 11:42. b. אַרְבָּעָה (1) before masculine plural noun Genesis 2:10 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 14:9; Exodus 25:34 21 times, + חֲדָשִׁים אַרְבָּעָה יָמִים (וְ)אַרְבָּעָה Judges 19:2; 1 Samuel 27:7; also פָּנִים אַרְבָּעָה אַרְבָּעָה distributive Ezekiel 10:21. (2) late, after masculine plural noun 1 Chronicles 23:10. (3) noun omitted, Amos 1:3, Amos 1:6, Amos 1:9 15 times, + (as predicate of masculine plural noun) Exodus 27:16 (twice in verse); Exodus 38:19 (twice in verse); also אַרְבָּעָה בָּאַמָּה, (that is יֹום) Zechariah 7:1 = ordinal, on the fourth (day). c. אַרְבַּעִית (1) before masculine plural noun Judges 11:40; 1 Kings 7:32 11 times (not Ezekiel 7:2, see above), + אֲלָפִים אַרְבַּעִית = 4000, 1 Samuel 4:2 14 times. (2) before collective הַבִּקָּר Numbers 7:7. (3) noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:22. (4) with suffix, after plural noun, = the four of them, Ezekiel 1:8, Ezekiel 1:10 (3 times in verse) + 6 times Ezekiel; Daniel 1:17 these boys, the four of them. d. dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:6 = four-fold (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar¹ §97h König ii. 1, §106, 227), but read שִׁבְעַתַּיִם Th We Klo Dr Kmp Bu HPS. 2 with other number: a. 10 + אַרְבַּע = 14, (a) before feminine singular noun, שָׁנָה אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה = 14, 1 Kings 15:33; 1 Chronicles 23:4 13 times 1 Chronicles 27; + plural noun Numbers 7:88; noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:20 predicate 1 Chronicles 20:6; Nehemiah 7:23; 420 Numbers 25:9; = 24th, אַרְבַּע וְעֶשְׂרִים יֹום Haggai 1:15; Haggai 1:18; Zechariah 1:7; Nehemiah 9:1; Daniel 10:4, יֹום omitted Haggai 2:10, Haggai 2:20, and (אַרְבַּע וְעֶשְׂרִים) 1 Chronicles 24:18; 1 Chronicles 25:31. c. other tens + 4, 1 Chronicles 7:7; 1 Chronicles 5:18 (+ singular noun), Ezra 2:15 7 times; 4 + tens + שָׁנָה Genesis 11:16, + אֶלֶף 1000 Numbers 1:27, Numbers 1:29; Numbers 2:4, Numbers 2:6; Numbers 26:25, Numbers 26:43. — See König ii. 1, §106. רַבַּע (see Biblical Hebrew אַרְבַּע, רִבִּעִים, √ רבע).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40
• Mishnaic Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40
• Phoenician אַרְבַּע
• Punic אַרְבַּעַת
• Assyrian arbaʾu (rarely irbaʾ), irbitti
• Arabic أربع
• Syriac ܐܪܒܥ
• Sabaean אַרְבַּעַת Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, no. 232.2 Hommel Chrestomathy 47
• Ethiopic አራብዓ
• Aramaic אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָה, Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, Syriac ܒܪܝܬ
• Nabataean אַרְבַּע
• Palmyrene אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָא, Lidzbarski 367

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Four as a cardinal number

• Without other number: before feminine plural noun Jeremiah 15:3; Exodus 25:12 (Priests' Code) + 101 times
• Before dual רַגְלַיִם Leviticus 11:23
• Before collective צֹאן Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source)
• Rare and late, after feminine plural noun Joshua 19:7 (Priests' Code)
• Noun omitted Ezekiel 43:15; Proverbs 30:15

b. Four as feminine form

• Before masculine plural noun Genesis 2:10 (Jehovist Source)
• Late, after masculine plural noun 1 Chronicles 23:10
• Noun omitted Amos 1:3

c. Four as construct form

• Before masculine plural noun Judges 11:40
• Before collective Numbers 7:7
• Noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:22
• With suffix, the four of them Ezekiel 1:8

d. Dual form for four-fold

• 2 Samuel 12:6 (but see textual note)

e. With other numbers

• 10 + 4 = 14 1 Kings 15:33
• 20 + 4 = 24 Haggai 1:15
• Other combinations 1 Chronicles 7:7

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Preposition, Adjective cardinal number feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0702:

No stats available

ופני וּפְנֵי־

and faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Conjunction, Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

נשר נֶשֶׁר

an eagle

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נשר

nesher

Definition

the eagle (or other large bird of prey)

Root

from an unused root meaning to lacerate;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to lacerate; the eagle (or other large bird of prey); eagle.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5404

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נֶשֶׁר

masculine noun • Root נשר • Strongs / High • Page 997

properly, a tearing in pieces, hence a bird of prey, an eagle; also the carrion-kite (vultur percnopterus). Symbolizes care, long life, and royalty.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5404

I. נֶשֶׁר (approximate number of occurrences: 28) noun masculine^{Deuteronomy 32:11} — griffon-vulture, eagle.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Assyrian našru
• Aramaic (Targum) נַשְׁרָא
• Syriac נשרא
• Arabic נסר (Lane²⁷⁸⁰)
• Ethiopic ንስር (Di⁶⁴¹)
• Sabean נסר proper name, of deity, and ביתן נסר (DHM)

— נֶשֶׁר absolute Hosea 8:1 +; נָָֽשֶׁר Deuteronomy 28:49 +; plural נְשָׁרִים 2 Samuel 1:23 +; construct נִשְׁרֵי Lamentations 4:19.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Often identifying the griffon-vulture

• Micah 1:16 (bald, in simile)
• Leviticus 11:13 (unclean)
• Deuteronomy 14:12

b. Characterized by swift flight and height

• Habakkuk 1:8 (flying swiftly to prey)
• Job 9:26
• Proverbs 30:17 (+ בְּנֵי־נֶשֶׁר)
• Job 39:27 (soaring, building nest high)
• Proverbs 23:5 (in simile)
• Isaiah 40:31
• Obadiah 1:4
• Jeremiah 49:16

c. As a symbol of swiftness, especially of invaders

• 2 Samuel 1:23
• Jeremiah 4:13 (of Babylonian and Assyrian invader)
• Lamentations 4:19
• Hosea 8:1
• Deuteronomy 28:49
• Jeremiah 48:40
• Jeremiah 49:22

2. Figurative and Visionary Uses

• Ezekiel 17:3 (הַנֶּשֶׁר הַגָּדוֺל, figurative of Nebuchadnezzar)
• Ezekiel 17:7 (figurative of king of Egypt)
• Proverbs 30:19 (leaving no trace of light)
• Psalm 103:5 (as renewing youth by moulting)
• Exodus 19:4 (training and supporting young; Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 32:11 (in song)
• Ezekiel 1:10 (פְּנֵי נֶשֶׁר of cherubim in vision)
• Ezekiel 10:14

Only Micah 1:16 seems to compel reference to vulture (on eating fresh carrion by eagles see references in Di^{Leviticus 11:13}), and נֶשֶׁר may be a more comprehensive word, including both vulture and eagle.

¹ Henry Baker Tristram, Natural History of the Bible (NHB), 172 ff.

² S. R. Driver, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy (1895).

³ Wilhelm Nowack, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Archäologie (Archi), i. 84.

⁴ Edward William Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon (Lane).

⁵ August Dillmann, Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae (Di).

⁶ David Heinrich Müller (DHM), ZMG xxix (1875), 600; xxxvii (1883), 356.

⁷ Elohist Source.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἀετὸσ ὡσ ἀετοῦ ὥσπερ ''

LXX Usage Statistics

H5404:

ἀετὸσ 8× (18.7%)

ὡσ 7× (18.8%)

ἀετοῦ 6× (14.9%)

ὥσπερ 3× (8.1%)

'' 2× (4.6%)

ἀετοὺσ 2× (4.6%)

ἀετὸν 2× (4.6%)

ἀετῶν 2× (5.4%)

ἀετόσ 2× (5.0%)

ἀετοῦ 2× (4.6%)

לארבעתן לְאַרְבַּעְתָּן׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ארבע

ʼarbaʻ

Definition

four

Root

masculine ארבעה; from H7251 (רבע);

Exhaustive

masculine ארבעה; from רבע; four; four.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H702

הן

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person feminine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person feminine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9029

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַרְבַּע

proper name • Root ארבעל • Lemma_Lookup • Page 183

Giant; proper name of the progenitor of the giants in Phenician and Babylonian mythology (Ba'al-Hercules); also the proper name of the ancient city Hebron (Kiryat Arba).

אַרְבַּע

cardinal number • Root רבע • Lemma_Lookup • Page 183

The cardinal number four.

אַרְבַּע

numeral • Root רבע • Lemma_Lookup • Page 184

Four.

קִרְיַת אַרְבַּע

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1298

City of Arba[all], also termed חֶבְרוֹן (Hebron).

קִרְיַת אַרְבַּע

noun proper • Lemma_Lookup • Page 1298

City of Arba[all], also termed Hebron.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אְַרבַּע

chald. • Page 70

and אַרְבָּעָה. Idem [same as Hebrew entry for 'four'].

אַרְבַּע

noun feminine • Root רבע • Page 69

a prim. numeral: four. It stands for רְבַע. Dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם fourfold, 2 Sam. 12: 6. Plur. אַרְבָּעִים forty, Gen. 8: 6.

אַרְבַּע

proper name • Page 70

Name of one of the Enakite giants (Josh. 14:15; 15:13; 21:11).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H702

I. אַרְבַּע, אַרְבָּעָה (approximate number of occurrences: 316) noun masculine and noun feminine four (Late Hebrew equivalent to Biblical Hebrew; Mishnaic Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40; Phoenician אַרְבַּע, Punic אַרְבַּעַת, four; so Assyrian arbaʾu (rarely irbaʾ), irbitti; Arabic أربع; Syriac ܐܪܒܥ; Sabaean אַרְבַּעַת Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, no. 232.2 Hommel Chrestomathy 47; Ethiopic አራብዓ; Aramaic אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָה, Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, Syriac ܒܪܝܬ; Nabataean אַרְבַּע, Palmyrene אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָא, Lidzbarski 367); — masculine 148 (circa noun feminine) אַרְבַּע (absolute or construct) Exodus 21:37 +; also אַרְבַּעִים Leviticus 11:20 +; note (Baer Ginsburg) Joshua 21:18 6 times Joshua 21 (van der Hooght אַרְבַּעִים); in Proverbs 30:18 read feminine with Qere; feminine (circa noun masculine) absolute אַרְבָּעָה Genesis 2:10 125 times + Proverbs 30:18 (see above); construct אַרְבַּעִית 1 Samuel 4:2 29 times, including Ezekiel 7:2 (but read masculine Kethibh); suffix אַרְבַּעְתָּם Ezekiel 1:8 5 times Ezekiel, אַרְבַּעְתָּן Ezekiel 1:10 (twice in verse) (but read probably תָּם -, Kraetzschmar), Ezekiel 1:16; Ezekiel 1:18; dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:6, see 1d; plural אַרְבַּעִים = 40, see below; — four (in Hexateuch 108 times, chiefly Priests' Code, 98 times; Ezekiel 52 times, Chronicles 47 times): — 1 without other number: a. אַרְבַּע (1) before feminine plural noun Jeremiah 15:3; Exodus 25:12 (Priests' Code) + 101 times, including אַמּוֹת אַרְבַּע four cubits Deuteronomy 3:11 5 times (but also בָּאַמָּה אַרְבַּע four (in) cubit(s) Exodus 26:2, Exodus 26:8; Exodus 36:9; 1 Kings 7:27 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 7:38), and מֵאוֹת אַרְבַּע = 400 Genesis 11:13 55 times. (2) אַרְבַּע before dual רַגְלַיִם Leviticus 11:23, רַגְלָיו Exodus 25:26. (3) before collective, צֹאן אַרְבַּע Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source); רִבּוֹא אַרְבַּע = 40,000 Ezra 2:64 = Nehemiah 7:66. (4) rare and late, after feminine plural noun עָרִים אַרְבַּע Joshua 19:7 (Priests' Code); after feminine singular noun construct לְשָׁנַת אַרְבַּע 1 Kings 22:41; Zechariah 7:1; 2 Chronicles 3:2. — אַרְבַּעִית, see this, and II. אַרְבַּע below (5) noun omitted Ezekiel 43:15 Proverbs 30:15, Proverbs 30:18 (Kethibh, see above), Proverbs 30:21; Daniel 8:8, Daniel 8:22; עַל־אַרְבַּעִים (that is רַגְלַיִם = on all fours Leviticus 11:20, Leviticus 11:21, Leviticus 11:27, Leviticus 11:42. b. אַרְבָּעָה (1) before masculine plural noun Genesis 2:10 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 14:9; Exodus 25:34 21 times, + חֲדָשִׁים אַרְבָּעָה יָמִים (וְ)אַרְבָּעָה Judges 19:2; 1 Samuel 27:7; also פָּנִים אַרְבָּעָה אַרְבָּעָה distributive Ezekiel 10:21. (2) late, after masculine plural noun 1 Chronicles 23:10. (3) noun omitted, Amos 1:3, Amos 1:6, Amos 1:9 15 times, + (as predicate of masculine plural noun) Exodus 27:16 (twice in verse); Exodus 38:19 (twice in verse); also אַרְבָּעָה בָּאַמָּה, (that is יֹום) Zechariah 7:1 = ordinal, on the fourth (day). c. אַרְבַּעִית (1) before masculine plural noun Judges 11:40; 1 Kings 7:32 11 times (not Ezekiel 7:2, see above), + אֲלָפִים אַרְבַּעִית = 4000, 1 Samuel 4:2 14 times. (2) before collective הַבִּקָּר Numbers 7:7. (3) noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:22. (4) with suffix, after plural noun, = the four of them, Ezekiel 1:8, Ezekiel 1:10 (3 times in verse) + 6 times Ezekiel; Daniel 1:17 these boys, the four of them. d. dual אַרְבַּעְתַּיִם 2 Samuel 12:6 = four-fold (compare Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar¹ §97h König ii. 1, §106, 227), but read שִׁבְעַתַּיִם Th We Klo Dr Kmp Bu HPS. 2 with other number: a. 10 + אַרְבַּע = 14, (a) before feminine singular noun, שָׁנָה אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה = 14, 1 Kings 15:33; 1 Chronicles 23:4 13 times 1 Chronicles 27; + plural noun Numbers 7:88; noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:20 predicate 1 Chronicles 20:6; Nehemiah 7:23; 420 Numbers 25:9; = 24th, אַרְבַּע וְעֶשְׂרִים יֹום Haggai 1:15; Haggai 1:18; Zechariah 1:7; Nehemiah 9:1; Daniel 10:4, יֹום omitted Haggai 2:10, Haggai 2:20, and (אַרְבַּע וְעֶשְׂרִים) 1 Chronicles 24:18; 1 Chronicles 25:31. c. other tens + 4, 1 Chronicles 7:7; 1 Chronicles 5:18 (+ singular noun), Ezra 2:15 7 times; 4 + tens + שָׁנָה Genesis 11:16, + אֶלֶף 1000 Numbers 1:27, Numbers 1:29; Numbers 2:4, Numbers 2:6; Numbers 26:25, Numbers 26:43. — See König ii. 1, §106. רַבַּע (see Biblical Hebrew אַרְבַּע, רִבִּעִים, √ רבע).

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40
• Mishnaic Hebrew אַרְבַּעִים = 40
• Phoenician אַרְבַּע
• Punic אַרְבַּעַת
• Assyrian arbaʾu (rarely irbaʾ), irbitti
• Arabic أربع
• Syriac ܐܪܒܥ
• Sabaean אַרְבַּעַת Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum iv, no. 232.2 Hommel Chrestomathy 47
• Ethiopic አራብዓ
• Aramaic אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָה, Syriac ܐܪܡܝܐ, Syriac ܒܪܝܬ
• Nabataean אַרְבַּע
• Palmyrene אַרְבַּע, אַרְבַּעָא, Lidzbarski 367

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Four as a cardinal number

• Without other number: before feminine plural noun Jeremiah 15:3; Exodus 25:12 (Priests' Code) + 101 times
• Before dual רַגְלַיִם Leviticus 11:23
• Before collective צֹאן Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source)
• Rare and late, after feminine plural noun Joshua 19:7 (Priests' Code)
• Noun omitted Ezekiel 43:15; Proverbs 30:15

b. Four as feminine form

• Before masculine plural noun Genesis 2:10 (Jehovist Source)
• Late, after masculine plural noun 1 Chronicles 23:10
• Noun omitted Amos 1:3

c. Four as construct form

• Before masculine plural noun Judges 11:40
• Before collective Numbers 7:7
• Noun omitted 2 Samuel 21:22
• With suffix, the four of them Ezekiel 1:8

d. Dual form for four-fold

• 2 Samuel 12:6 (but see textual note)

e. With other numbers

• 10 + 4 = 14 1 Kings 15:33
• 20 + 4 = 24 Haggai 1:15
• Other combinations 1 Chronicles 7:7

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

Preposition, Adjective cardinal number feminine singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person feminine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0702:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And the likeness of their face, the face of a man and the face of a lion, to the right, to these four: and the face of an ox from the left to these four; and the face of an eagle to these four.

LITV Translation:
And the likeness of their faces: the face of a man, and the face of a lion, on the right side to the four of them; and the face of an ox on the left to the four of them, and the face of an eagle to the four of them.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And the likeness of their faces was the face of a man, and the face of a lion on the right to the four; and the face of a calf on the left to the four; and the face of an eagle to the four.