Exodus 22:4

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

כי כִּי

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3588

I. כִּי conjunction — that, for, when.

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician כ
• Aramaic דֵּךְ this¹
• Latin nam

1. That

a. Prefixed to sentences depending on an active verb

Occupying the place of an accusative; after verbs of seeing, knowing, telling, etc.:

• Genesis 1:10 וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי טוֹב (God saw that it was good)
• Genesis 3:6, Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 12:14
• Genesis 14:14, Genesis 22:12 (knowing)
• Genesis 12:18, Genesis 6:6–7 (repenting)
• Genesis 22:16 (swearing)
• Job 36:10, 24 (commanding)
• Psalm 41:12 (after a pronoun)

b. Introducing direct narration

Like the Greek ὅτι recitativum:

• Genesis 21:30
• Genesis 29:33 and she said, כִּי שָׁמַע יְהוָה Yahweh hath heard, etc.
• Exodus 3:12
• Joshua 2:24
• 1 Samuel 10:19 and ye have said to him, כִּי מֶלֶךְ תָּשִׂים עָלֵינוּ

c. Especially after an oath

Introducing the fact sworn to:

• Genesis 42:16 by the life of Pharaoh, כִּי מְרַגְּלִים אַתֶּם
• Numbers 14:22
• 1 Samuel 20:3 as יְהוָה liveth, כִּי כְפֶשַׂע בֵּינִי וּבֵין הַמָּוֶת
• 1 Samuel 14:44 כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה אֱלֹהִים וְכֹה יוֹסִיף כִּי מוֹת תָּמוּת

d. With adverbs and interjections

• אַף כִּי (see אַף)
• הֲכִי is it that...? 2 Samuel 9:1, Genesis 29:15
• אִם לֹא כִּי Deuteronomy 32:30 were it not that...
• כִּי עַתָּה (apodosis) Genesis 31:42, Genesis 43:10

e. Intensive force

Introducing a statement with emphasis: yea, surely, certainly:

• Exodus 18:11
• 1 Samuel 17:25
• Isaiah 32:13
• Lamentations 3:22 (the mercies of יְהוָה, surely they are not consumed)

f. That, expressing consecution

Especially after a question implying surprise or deprecation:

• Genesis 20:9 what have I sinned against thee כִּי הֵבֵאתָ עָלַי that thou hast brought upon me?
• Exodus 3:11 who am I כִּי אֵלֵךְ that I should go?
• Psalm 8:5 what is man כִּי תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ?
• Genesis 40:15 (after a negative)

2. Of time

a. When

• Of the past: Genesis 6:1, Genesis 26:8, 2 Samuel 6:13
• Of the present: Exodus 18:16 כִּי יִהְיֶה לָהֶם דָּבָר when they have a matter
• Of the future: Genesis 4:12 כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת הָאֲדָמָה, Exodus 7:9

b. Approximating to "if"

Representing a case likely to occur (mostly with imperfect):

• Genesis 38:16
• Often in laws: Exodus 21:14, 21:33; Leviticus 1:2

c. Concessive force (though)

• Jeremiah 49:16 כִּי תַגְבִּיהַּ כַּנֶּשֶׁר קִנֶּךָ though thou make high like the vulture thy nest
• Micah 7:8 כִּי נָפַלְתִּי קָמְתִּי though I have fallen, I rise

3. Because, since

a. General causal

• Genesis 3:14 because thou hast done this, cursed art thou
• Genesis 18:20
• In answer to a question: Genesis 27:20, Exodus 1:19

b. Following the causal sentence (for)

• Genesis 2:3 כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת because on it he rested
• Psalm 6:3 heal me כִּי נִבְהֲלוּ עֲצָמָי for my bones are vexed
• Ironical: 1 Kings 18:27 for he is a god

c. Subtle or explicative causal

Justifying a statement by unfolding particulars:

• Isaiah 3:8, Job 6:21
• 2 Samuel 23:5, Isaiah 5:7

d. After a negative (but / sondern)

• Genesis 17:15 not Sarai, כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ but Sarah shall be her name
• Exodus 16:8 not against us... כִּי עַל יְהוָה but against Yahweh
• לֹא כִּי nay, but: Genesis 18:15 לֹא כִּי צָחָקְתְּ

4. Combined with Other Particles

a. כִּי אִם (except, but rather, surely)

• Except: Genesis 32:27 כִּי אִם בֵּרַכְתָּנִי except thou bless me
• But rather: Genesis 15:4, Genesis 32:29
• Surely (after oath): 2 Kings 5:20 כִּי אִם רַצְתִּי surely I will run

b. כִּי עַל כֵּן (forasmuch as / for therefore)

• Genesis 18:5 כִּי עַל כֵּן עֲבַרְתֶּם for therefore are ye come
• Numbers 14:43, Judges 6:22

¹ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W. SG 110 f.).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (Dr).

³ Ewald's Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

יבער יַבְעֶר־

he is not being fed upon

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בער

bâʻar

Definition

to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish

Root

a primitive root; also as denominative from H1198 (בער)

Exhaustive

a primitive root; also as denominative from בער; to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish; be brutish, bring (put, take) away, burn, (cause to) eat (up), feed, heat, kindle, set (on fire), waste.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1197

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בָּעֵר

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

a taking away, a removing (prop. infin. Pihel).

Matched via consonantal key only

בַּעַר

noun masculine • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

field, wood, generally what is not built upon; Metaphor. wildness, roughness; hence fig. want of cultivation, silliness, stupidity.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 266

1. To kindle, set fire to, to burn, to consume (tr.); to burn, to blaze, to glow, to sparkle (intr.). 2. (Piel) To kindle, to take away, to root out, to remove, to annihilate. 3. (Pual) To be kindled. 4. (Hiphil) To cause to burn, to kindle; to root out thoroughly, to destroy; to feed upon.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

(not used) intr. to be wild, rough, not built upon, spoken of land, a field, a district.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

intr. to be stupid, foolish, metaphor. to be bad; Nif. to be infatuated.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בֹּעֵר

verb • Root בער • Page 109

Burning. Is. 4:4.

בַּעַר

m. denom. • Root בער • Page 109

Brutish, stupid, like cattle. Ps. 49:11, 73:22, 92:7.

בָּעַר

verb • Page 109

1. to feed, graze, consume by grazing (Pi. no. 1, Hiph. no. 1). 2. to burn up, consume, kindle (Ps. 83:15, Job 1:16, Ex. 3:3, Is. 1:31). 3. to be dumb, brutish (Jer. 10:8, Ps. 94:8). Includes Niph. נִבְעַר, Pi. בִּעֵר, Pu. to burn, and Hiph. to feed upon/kindle.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1197

I. בָּעַר verb — burn, consume.

Cognates:

• Aramaic בְּעַר burn
• Arabic بَعَرَ seek out, collect, glean (apparently earlier meaning)

— Qal Perfect 3 feminine singular בָּֽעֲרָה Numbers 11:3 (2 times), וּבָֽעֲרָה consecutive Isaiah 10:17 (3 times), בָּֽעֲרוּ Judges 15:14 (2 times) + 2 Samuel 22:13 (but compare De¹ on Psalm 18), וּבָֽעֲרוּ consecutive Isaiah 1:31; Imperfect יִבְעַר Exodus 3:3; Psalm 2:12, etc.; Participle בֹּעֵר Exodus 3:2 (6 times), בֹּעֵרָ֑ה Isaiah 34:9, בּוֺעֵ֫רָה Hosea 7:4, בֹּעֲרָ֫ה Isaiah 30:33, בֹּעֶ֫רֶת Jeremiah 20:9, בֹּעֲרוֺות Ezekiel 1:13.

1. Qal Meanings and Uses

a. Intransitive, specifically begin to burn, be kindled

• Psalm 18:8 followed by מִן (subject גֶּחָלִים) = 2 Samuel 22:9
• Psalm 106:18 (subject אֵשׁ)
• figurative Psalm 2:12 (subject אַמּוֺ) compare Jeremiah 44:6 (subject חֵמָה)
• Isaiah 30:33 (with בְּ, subject נִשְׁמַת י׳)
• Psalm 39:4 (subject אֵשׁ figurative of grief) compare Jeremiah 20:9

b. Be burning, burn

• Judges 15:14 (subject מִּשְׁתִּים, with בָּאֵשׁ)
• Exodus 3:2 (+ הַסְּנֶה, with בָּאֵשׁ), Exodus 3:3 (subject id.)
• Deuteronomy 4:11; 5:23; 9:15 (all subject הַר, with בָּאֵשׁ)
• Isaiah 34:9 (זֶפֶת בֹּעֵרָה)
• figurative of destruction Isaiah 1:31 (subject חָסֹן and מֹּעֲלוֺ)
• Of torch לַמִּיד Isaiah 62:1; of oven תַּנּוּר Hosea 7:4, 6

c. Transitive: burn, consume

• (subject אֵשׁ, לֶהָבָה etc., followed by בְּ) Numbers 11:1, 3 (אֵשׁ י׳), Job 1:16 (אֵשׁ אֱלֹהִים)
• In simile Ezekiel 1:13 (גַּחֲלֵי אֵשׁ י׳), Psalm 83:15 (only here transitive with accusative; should it be Pi`el?)
• figurative (subject wrath of י׳) Isaiah 42:25 compare Lamentations 2:3 (subject fire = fiery trial) Isaiah 43:2

d. Active but absolute, figurative, subject wrath of י׳

• Jeremiah 4:4; 7:20; 21:12; Psalm 89:47
• Compare Isaiah 10:17; Psalm 79:5; Isaiah 30:27 (שֵׁם י׳ בֹּעֵר אַמּוֺ)
• Malachi 3:19 (הַיּוֹם בָּא); of human anger Esther 1:12; subject wickedness Isaiah 9:17

2. Pi`el Meanings and Uses

— Pi`el Perfect בִּעֵר 1 Kings 22:47; 2 Kings 23:24, וּבִעֵר consecutive Leviticus 6:5, בִּעַרְתָּ 2 Chronicles 19:3, וּבִעַרְתָּ consecutive Deuteronomy 13:6 (9 times in Deuteronomy); וּבִעֲרוּ consecutive Ezekiel 39:9, etc.; Imperfect יְבַעֵר 1 Kings 14:10; תְּבַעֵר Deuteronomy 21:9, יְבַעֲרוּ Ezekiel 39:10; תְּבַעֲרוּ Exodus 35:3; Participle מְבַעֲרִים Jeremiah 7:18.

a. Kindle, literal with accusative אֵשׁ

• Exodus 35:3; Jeremiah 7:18; Ezekiel 39:9–10
• figurative of י׳ sending destruction Ezekiel 21:4; of human schemes Isaiah 50:11
• Light, object lamps in temple 2 Chronicles 4:20; 13:11

b. Burn, literal with accusative עֵצִים

• Leviticus 6:5, גָּלָל dung 1 Kings 14:10
• absolute Isaiah 44:15; compare Isaiah 40:16; Nehemiah 10:35

c. Figurative: consume, utterly remove

• Particularly of evil and guilt, especially in Deuteronomic phrase וּבִעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּךָ Deuteronomy 13:6; 17:7, 12; 19:13, 19; 21:21; 22:21, 22, 24; 24:7; Judges 20:13
• Of devoted (tabooed) things Deuteronomy 26:13–14
• Of persons (exterminate) 2 Samuel 4:11; followed by אַחֲרֵי pregnantly 1 Kings 14:10; 1 Kings 21:21
• = devour, devastate, enjoy fruits of, Isaiah 3:14
• absolute הָיָה לְבָעֵר be for destruction Numbers 24:22; Isaiah 5:5; Isaiah 6:13; compare רוּחַ בָּעֵר Isaiah 4:4

3. Pu`al and Hiph`il

— Pu`al Participle מְבֹעָ֑רֶת Jeremiah 36:22 — burn (be supplied with fire), of fire-jar הָאָח.

— Hiph`il Perfect וְהִבְעַרְתִּי Nahum 2:14; Imperfect וַיַּבְעֵר Judges 15:5; 2 Chronicles 28:3; תַּבְעִיר Ezekiel 5:2; Participle מַבְעִיר 1 Kings 16:3, Exodus 22:5.

1. kindle Exodus 22:5, compare Judges 15:5 וַיַּבְעֵר אֵשׁ בַּלַּפִּידִים caused fire to burn among the brands.
2. burn up, with accusative Judges 15:5; 2 Chronicles 28:3 (sacrifice of children בָּאֵשׁ); Ezekiel 5:2; Nahum 2:14.
3. consume = destroy (compare Pi`el) 1 Kings 16:3 (followed by אַחֲרֵי).

II. בָּעַר verb denominative — be brutish.

— Qal Imperfect יִבְעֲרוּ Jeremiah 10:8 (parallel יִכְסָלוּ) — be stupid, dull-hearted, unreceptive; compare Participle בֹּעֲרִים Psalm 94:8 (parallel כְּסִילִים); of inhuman, cruel men Ezekiel 21:36.

— Niph`al Perfect נִבְעַר Jeremiah 10:14; 51:17, נִבְעֲרוּ Jeremiah 10:21; Participle נִבְעָרָ֑ה Isaiah 19:11 — brutish, stupid Isaiah 19:11 (subject עֵצָה); dull-hearted, ignorant of God Jeremiah 10:14, 21; Jeremiah 51:17 (rather stupefied by spectacle).

— Pi`el Perfect וּבִעֵר consecutive Exodus 22:4 — feed, graze (בְּשָׂדֶה אַחֵר).

— Hiph`il Imperfect יַבְעֶר Exodus 22:4 — cause to be grazed over, followed by שָׂדֶה.

¹ Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Psalms (English trans. 1871).

² C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

Verb Hiphil imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐξαρεῖσ ἐκκαυθήσεται ἐξεκαύθη καιομένη ἐκαίετο

LXX Usage Statistics

H1197b:

ἐξαρεῖσ 9× (8.6%)

ἐκκαυθήσεται 4× (4.3%)

ἐξεκαύθη 4× (3.9%)

καιομένη 3× (3.3%)

ἐκαίετο 3× (3.3%)

καυθήσεται 3× (3.0%)

'' 3× (2.8%)

καιόμενοσ 2× (2.2%)

ἐξεκαύθησαν 2× (2.2%)

--- 2× (2.2%)

איש אִישׁ

a man/each one

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

איש

ʼîysh

Definition

a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)

Root

contracted for H582 (אנוש) (or perhaps rather from an unused root meaning to be extant);

Exhaustive

contracted for אנוש (or perhaps rather from an unused root meaning to be extant); a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation); also, another, any (man), a certain, [phrase] champion, consent, each, every (one), fellow, (foot-, husband-) man, (good-, great, mighty) man, he, high (degree), him (that is), husband, man(-kind), [phrase] none, one, people, person, [phrase] steward, what (man) soever, whoso(-ever), worthy. Compare אשה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H376

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 117

1. a man, prop. strong; generally a man with relation to strength, courage and valour; a husband; with reference to sex, male, masculine (applied to men and beasts).

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אנש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 119

Used distributively as 'any one', 'each', 'every one'; used reciprocally as 'one another' (lit. a man to his brother); also used to express an antithetic or additional member.

אִישׁ

noun masculine • Root אנש • Strongs_Numbers • Page 929

Man. Example of a word where Nun is absorbed, from an older form אִנְשׁ.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אִישׁ

m. prim. irreg. • Root אנש אנוש • Page 46

1. man, i. q. Lat. vir; used collectively; often in apposition before other substantives (e.g., אִישׁ סָרִיס an eunuch, Jer. 38:7). Used as a designation of sex, even in animals (Gen. 7:2); hence a husband (Gen. 3:16). 2. joined with substantives to denote a possessor of a quality (e.g., אִישׁ אָוֶן a wicked wretch). 3. followed by אָח or רֵעַ, 'the one... the other'. 4. any one, some one (Ex. 16:29). 5. every one (Ex. 16:29). 6. used impersonally like French 'on' or German 'man' (1 Sam. 9:9).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H376

אִישׁ (approximate number of occurrences: 2166) noun masculine — man (= vir).

Cognates:

• Moabite Inscription (MI), Siloam Inscription (SI), Phoenician אש
• Perhaps also Sabean אסם (compare Prätorius, l.c., but D. H. Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1883, 330¹)

— אִישׁ absolute Genesis 2:23 +; construct Genesis 25:27 +; suffix אִישִׁי Genesis 29:32 +, etc.; plural אִישִׁים Psalm 141:4 (2 times) (Phoenician אשם); usually אֲנָשִׁים Genesis 12:20 +, from √ אֱנֹשׁ q.v.; construct אַנְשֵׁי Judges 6:27 +; suffix אֲנָשֵׁי 1 Samuel 23:12 etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Man opposed to woman

• Genesis 2:23, 24
• Leviticus 20:27
• Numbers 5:6
• Deuteronomy 17:2 f
• Joshua 6:21
• Joshua 8:25
• Jeremiah 40:7

b. Emphasis on sexual distinction and relation

• Genesis 19:8
• Genesis 24:16
• Genesis 38:25
• Exodus 22:15
• Leviticus 15:16 (שִׁכְבַת זָרַע)
• Leviticus 15:18 (וְאִשָּׁה אֵת זֶרַע אִישׁ)
• Leviticus 20:10 f
• Numbers 5:13 f
• Deuteronomy 22:22 f
• Isaiah 4:1 +

c. Husband

• Especially with suffix: Genesis 3:6, 16
• Genesis 16:3
• Genesis 29:32, 34
• Leviticus 21:7
• Numbers 30:7 f
• Deuteronomy 28:56
• Judges 13:8 f
• Ruth 1:3 f
• 1 Samuel 25:19
• Jeremiah 29:6
• Ezekiel 16:45 +

d. Figurative of Yahweh as husband of Israel

• אִישִׁי Hosea 2:18 (opposed to בַּעֲלִי)

e. Man as procreator, father

• Ecclesiastes 6:3
• Of male child: Genesis 4:1 (compare זֶרַע אֲנָשִׁים 1 Samuel 1:11)

f. Man opposed to beast

• Exodus 11:7
• Leviticus 20:15 (compare אָדָם)
• Figurative: Psalm 22:7
• Of male of animals: Genesis 7:2 (אִישׁ וְאִשְׁתּוֹ)

g. Man opposed to God

• Genesis 32:29
• Numbers 23:19 (לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב)
• Job 9:32
• Job 32:13
• Hosea 11:9 (compare Isaiah 31:8)
• Job 12:10 (רוּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר אִישׁ)

h. Phrases denoting ordinary, customary, common

• שֶׁבֶט אֲנָשִׁים 2 Samuel 7:14
• לֶחֶם אֲנָשִׁים Ezekiel 24:17, 22²
• אֲמַת־אִישׁ Deuteronomy 3:11
• Contracted אָדָם Psalm 49:3; Psalm 62:10

i. Man as valiant

• 1 Samuel 4:9 (וִהְיֻו לַאֲנָשִׁים)
• 1 Kings 2:2 (compare 1 Samuel 26:15)
• אִישׁ חַיִל 1 Samuel 31:12; 2 Samuel 24:9; 1 Kings 1:42 +
• אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה Numbers 31:49; Deuteronomy 2:14, 16; Joshua 5:4, 6 +
• Even of Yahweh: Exodus 15:3 (יְהוָה אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה)

j. Prefixed to other nouns in apposition

• אָדוֹן אִישׁ Genesis 42:30, 33
• שַׂר וְשֹׁפֵט אִישׁ Exodus 2:14
• כֹּהֵן אִישׁ Leviticus 21:9
• סָרִיס אִישׁ Jeremiah 38:7

k. Before adjective, of a people

• אִישׁ מִצְרִי Genesis 39:1
• Exodus 2:11, 19 (compare Genesis 37:28)
• Genesis 38:1, 2
• Genesis 39:14
• 1 Samuel 17:12
• 1 Samuel 30:11, 13 +

l. A man as resident in, or belonging to a place or people

• Numbers 25:6
• Judges 10:1 + (so Phoenician)
• Usually plural אַנְשֵׁי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Samuel 7:11; 1 Samuel 31:7 (twice in verse) (compare Joshua 7:4, 5 +)
• Also singular collective: Deuteronomy 27:14
• Joshua 9:6, 7
• Judges 20:11
• 1 Samuel 11:8 (see Driver) +
• 2 Samuel 10:6, 8 (טוֹב אִישׁ)
• (So Moabite Inscription 10; Moabite Inscription 13)

m. Men = retainers, followers, soldiers

• 1 Samuel 18:27
• 1 Samuel 23:3
• 1 Samuel 24:3
• 1 Samuel 25:13
• Deuteronomy 33:8 (singular collective, see Dillmann)

n. Man of God = prophet

• אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים Deuteronomy 33:1
• Joshua 14:6
• 1 Samuel 9:6 f
• 1 Kings 12:13 f + (see אֱלֹהִים)

o. In phrase followed by abstract

• אִישׁ חַיִל, מִלְחָמָה אִישׁ (see above)
• שְׂעִיבָה אִישׁ Deuteronomy 32:25
• הַדָּמִים אִישׁ 2 Samuel 16:7
• הַבְּלִיעַל אִישׁ 2 Samuel 16:7
• מָוֶת אִישׁ 1 Kings 2:26
• חָמָס אִישׁ Psalm 140:12
• Proverbs 3:31 +

p. Followed by word of occupation, etc.

• שָׂדֶה אִישׁ Genesis 25:27
• הָאֲדָמָה אִישׁ Genesis 9:20 (compare Zechariah 13:5)
• אִישׁ הַבָּנִים champion 1 Samuel 17:4 (compare Driver) 23
• בְּשָׂרָה אִישׁ 2 Samuel 18:20
• אִישׁ עֲצָתוֹ his counsellor Isaiah 40:13
• Compare אִישׁ חֶרְמִי 1 Kings 20:42
• רֵעִים אִישׁ Proverbs 18:24

q. Distributive = each, every

• Genesis 9:5
• Genesis 10:5
• Genesis 40:5 (twice in verse)
• Exodus 12:3 +
• Including women: Job 42:11
• 1 Chronicles 16:3 (וַיְחַלֵּק לְכָל־אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאִישׁ וְעַד אִשָּׁה לְכָל־כִּכַּר־לֶחֶם)
• Of inanimate things: 1 Kings 7:30, 36
• Also אִישׁ אִישׁ Exodus 36:4; Numbers 4:19, 49; Ezekiel 14:4, 7 +
• Any one: Exodus 34:3 (twice in verse); Exodus 34:24 +
• Also אִישׁ אִישׁ Leviticus 15:2; Leviticus 22:4, 18 +
• Of gods: 2 Kings 18:33 = Isaiah 36:18

r. One...another

• וְהִרְגוּ אִישׁ אֵת אָחִיו וְאִישׁ אֵת רֵעֵהוּ וְאִישׁ אֵת קְרֹבוֹ Exodus 32:27
• אִישׁ אָחִיו Deuteronomy 1:16
• Micah 7:2 (see אָח)
• אִישׁ רֵעֵהוּ Genesis 11:3, 7 + (see רֵעַ)
• Of inanimate things: Genesis 15:10

¹ D. H. Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1883, 330.

² אֲנָשִׁים Ezekiel 24:17; Ezekiel 24:22 is textual error; Wellhausen (apparently Smend) אֲנֻשִׁים; Toy Haupt אוֹנִים (Hosea 9:4).

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0376:

No stats available

שדה שָׂדֶה

the field

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שדה

sâdeh

Definition

a field (as flat)

Root

or שדי; from an unused root meaning to spread out;

Exhaustive

or שדי; from an unused root meaning to spread out; a field (as flat); country, field, ground, land, soil, [idiom] wild.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7704

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Root שדד • Strongs / High • Page 1384

(from שָׂדַד II.; only pl. שָׂדִים) m. a wide-stretching plain, a tract of land, prop. an extension; hence the pl. שָׂדִים (open fields, plains).

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1386

1. A field, opposed to a city, village, or camp; the open field, belonging to the land; of animals, wild, untamed. 2. Metaphorically, the field surrounding a city, district, or territory belonging to a city; open country, in opposition to the metropolis.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁדָה

chald. ithpa. • Page 657

to exert one's self, construed with לְ. Dan. 6: 15.

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Root שדה • Page 634

1. a field, cultivated ground. Gen. 23:17. 2. a field generally, e.g. beasts of the field. Is. 43:20. 3. a country, territory. Gen. 14:7. 4. plain, e.g. שְׂדֵה-אֲרָם plain of Syria. Hos. 12:13.

שִׁדָּה

noun feminine • Root שד • Page 656

Literally a lady, princess; whence a wife or concubine. Found in Ecc. 2: 8.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7704

I. שָׂדַי (rare original form of שָׂדֶה, only in poetry) noun masculine Psalm 96:12 — field, land.

— שׂ absolute Jeremiah 4:17, שָׂדָ֑י Hosea 10:4 + etc.

1. Cultivated field

• Hosea 12:12
• Hosea 10:4 (but see Nowack)
• yielding food Deuteronomy 32:13; Lamentations 4:9
• שֹׁמְרֵי שׂ Jeremiah 4:17 keepers, watchmen of a field

2. Home of wild beasts

• בְּהֵמוֺת שׂ Psalm 8:8; Joel 2:22
• חַיְתוֺ שׂ Isaiah 56:9; Psalm 104:11
• זִזִ שׂ Psalm 50:11; Psalm 80:14

3. Plain, opposite mountain

• Jeremiah 18:14 (but dubious, Cornill and Duhm suggest שִׂרְיֹן)

4. Land, opposed to sea

• Psalm 96:12 (compare שָׂדֶה 3; parallel תֵּבֵל Psalm 98:7)

---

II. שָׂדֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 318) noun masculine Leviticus 27:24 id. (ordinary contracted form¹).

— שׂ absolute Genesis 2:5 +; construct שְׂדֵה Genesis 14:7 +; suffix שָׂדִי Jeremiah 32:7, 8, שָֽׂדְךָ Deuteronomy 11:15 +, שָׂדֶ֑ךָ Deuteronomy 24:19; Leviticus 25:3, etc.; plural שָׂדוֺת 1 Samuel 22:7 +, construct שְׂדוֺת Nehemiah 12:29; also שְׂדֵי 2 Samuel 1:21; Isaiah 32:12; Ruth 1:1 (some might be singular = שְׂדֵה²; but see Kö³); suffix שְׂדֹתֶיהָ Nehemiah 11:30, etc.; also שָׂדֶיךָ 1 Kings 2:26, שָׂדֵינוּ Micah 2:4.

1. Open field, country

a. Pasture-land

• Genesis 29:2; Genesis 30:16; Exodus 9:3 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 11:15; 1 Samuel 11:5

b. Unfrequented / Exposed

• Genesis 24:63, 65
• exposed to violence Genesis 4:8 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:6; Deuteronomy 22:25–27
• exposed to wild beasts Exodus 22:30 (Elohist Source); Ezekiel 33:27

c. Specifically home of beasts

• 2 Samuel 17:8; Jeremiah 14:5
• phrase חַיַּת הַשּׂ Genesis 2:19, 20; Genesis 3:1, 14 (Jehovist Source)
• wild beasts Exodus 23:11, 29 (Elohist Source); Hosea 2:14; Leviticus 26:22 (Holiness Code)
• hunting-ground Genesis 25:29; Genesis 27:3 (+ אִישׁ שׂ Genesis 25:27)

d. Yielding plants and trees

• Genesis 30:14; Exodus 10:5; 2 Kings 4:39
• phrase עֵשֶׂב הַשּׂ Genesis 2:5; Genesis 3:18; עֵץ הַשּׂ Exodus 9:25

e. Stony

• אַבְנֵי הַשּׂ Job 5:23

f. Outside of walled city

• Judges 9:32; 1 Samuel 20:5; Micah 4:10
• battle-ground Joshua 8:24 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 10:8
• opposed to city 1 Kings 14:11; Jeremiah 14:18
• nearly = outdoors Exodus 1:14 (Priests' Code); Judges 13:9
• phrase לְפָנֵי הַשּׂ 2 Kings 9:37; Ezekiel 29:5

g. Expanse of country, opposed to mountain

• מְרוֺמֵי שׂ Judges 5:18
• הֲרָרִי בַּשּׂ Jeremiah 17:3 (of Jerusalem, dubious)

2. Definite portion of ground, field, land

a. Cultivated ground

• Genesis 37:7 (Elohist Source); Genesis 47:24 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 22:4; Leviticus 27:16 (Priests' Code)
• שָׂדֶה טוֺב Ezekiel 17:8 good soil

b. As private property

• Micah 5:2; Isaiah 5:8
• Genesis 23:9, 11, 13 (Priests' Code)

c. City-land, adjacent to town

• Genesis 41:48 (Elohist Source); Leviticus 25:34 (Priests' Code)
• specifically of Zoan Psalm 78:12, 43

d. Territory of nation or tribe

• Genesis 32:4; Numbers 21:20 (Jehovist/Elohist Sources)
• Judges 5:4; Ruth 1:1, 2

e. Territory of king

• 2 Samuel 9:7; 2 Samuel 13:30

3. Land, opposed to sea

• 1 Chronicles 16:32 (opposed to הַיָּם; = שָׂדַי Psalm 96:12)
• perhaps mainland Ezekiel 26:6, 8

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910, § 84 a f (GKC).

² Compare J. Barth, ZMG xlii (1888), 351; SS; Buhl.

³ E. König, Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache, ii. 1, 77.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἀγροῦ ἀγρῷ ἀγρὸν πεδίῳ πεδίου

LXX Usage Statistics

H7704b:

ἀγροῦ 79× (23.4%)

ἀγρῷ 44× (11.4%)

ἀγρὸν 32× (9.5%)

πεδίῳ 29× (7.1%)

πεδίου 23× (6.6%)

πεδίον 15× (4.0%)

ἀγρόν 13× (3.7%)

pεἰσ 11× (3.7%)

ἀγροὶ 9× (2.7%)

ἀγροὺσ 8× (2.4%)

או אוֹ־

or

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

או

ʼôw

Definition

desire (and so probably in Proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if

Root

presumed to be the 'constructive' or genitival form of או ; short for H185 (אוה);

Exhaustive

presumed to be the 'constructive' or genitival form of או ; short for אוה; desire (and so probably in Proverbs 31:4); hence (by way of alternative) or, also if; also, and, either, if, at the least, [idiom] nor, or, otherwise, then, whether.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H176

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אוֹ

conjunction • Strongs_Numbers • Page 74

1. Conj. The inclusive and exclusive 'or', hence 'either', 'vel' or 'aut'. Can also mean 'or rather', 'if perhaps', or 'unless'.

אוֹ

adverb • Strongs_Numbers • Page 74

2. As an interrogative 'where?' (K'tib form, while K'ri reads אֵי).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹ

conj. prim. • Page 29

1. if, if perhaps; 2. but if; 3. and if; 4. most frequently, or. (1 Sam. 20:10; Gen. 24:55; Lev. 26:41; Ex. 21:36; 2 Sam. 18:13; Is. 27:5; Lev. 4:23).

אוֹ

keth. • Root אוה • Page 29

probably to be pointed אֱוִי, meaning desire, inclination. (Prov. 31:4).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H176

I. או (approximate number of occurrences: 320) conjunction — or (whether aut or vel).

Cognates:

• Aramaic אבג
• Arabic אל
• Syriac הון

1. Basic Disjunctive Use

• Genesis 24:49; Genesis 31:43; Exodus 4:11; Song of Solomon 2:9; Leviticus 13:24; Numbers 5:30 + often (especially in laws); sometimes implying a preference, nearly = or rather Genesis 24:55 יָמִים או עָשׂוֹר a few days or ten Judges 18:19; 1 Samuel 29:3.
• Prefixed to the first as well as to the second alternative (rare) either (whether) ... or Leviticus 5:1; Leviticus 13:48, Leviticus 13:51; = or, if not Ezekiel 21:15 (if true reading) ¹ Malachi 2:17; Job 16:3; Job 22:11.

2. Introducing a Sentence or Particular Case

• Especially a particular case under a general principle, or = or if Exodus 21:31 או בֵּן יִגַּח וְג or if he gore a son, etc. Exodus 21:36; Leviticus 4:23, Leviticus 4:28 (see Dillmann²) Leviticus 5:21; Leviticus 5:22; Leviticus 25:49 ב; Numbers 5:14; 2 Samuel 18:13 or if I had dealt falsely against his life, then, etc., Ezekiel 14:17, Ezekiel 14:19 or if I send, etc.

3. If Perchance

• 1 Samuel 20:10 if perchance thy father answer thee with something hard, Leviticus 26:41.

4. With Jussive = Except

• Once, with the jussive (as in Arabic with the subjunctive see Driver³ §175) = except: Isaiah 27:5 I would burn them together, או יַחֲזֵק בְּמָעֻזִּי or else let him take hold (= except he take hold) of my stronghold, etc.

II. [או] noun masculine construct או, Kethib Proverbs 31:4 desire, so Gesenius' Thesaurus⁴ Gesenius, Handwörterbuch edd. F. Mühlau & W. Volck⁵; but < Qere אִי quod vide.

¹ si vera lectio: if true reading.

² A. Dillmann.

³ S. R. Driver, Hebrew Tenses.

⁴ W. Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae.

⁵ Gesenius, Handwörterbuch edd. F. Mühlau & W. Volck.

Conjunction

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0176a:

No stats available

כרם כרֶם

vineyard

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כרם

kerem

Definition

a garden or vineyard

Root

from an unused root of uncertain meaning;

Exhaustive

from an unused root of uncertain meaning; a garden or vineyard; vines, (increase of the) vineyard(-s), vintage. See also בית הכרם.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3754

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֶּרֶם

noun / masculine • Root כרם • Strongs / High • Page 738

1. fruit-land, garden-land, generally well-cultivated, fruitful land. 2. a vine-yard. Figuratively, the Israelite people; a beloved possession.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֶּרֶם

m. prim. dec. vi. a. • Page 329

A vineyard; an olive-yard. References: Ex. 22:4; Deut. 20:6; 28:30; Judg. 15:5; Job 24:18.

כֶּרֶם

noun masculine • Root כרם • Page 330

A vine dresser. (Verse references: Joel 1:11, Is. 61:5).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3754

I. כֶּרֶם (approximate number of occurrences: 92) noun masculine (feminine Isaiah 27:2) — vineyard.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic כַּרְמָא
• Zinjirli כרם
• Arabic كَرْم vine
• Ethiopic ከረም vine
• Assyrian Karânu vine

— כֶּרֶם absolute Exodus 22:4 +, כָּ֑רֶם Genesis 9:20 +; construct כֶּרֶם 1 Kings 21:7 +; suffix כַּרְמִי Isaiah 5:3 +, כַּרְמְךָ Exodus 23:11 +; plural כְּרָמִים Joshua 24:13 +; construct כַּרְמֵי Amos 5:11; suffix כְּרָמֵנוּ Nehemiah 5:3; כַרְמֵיכֶם Amos 4:9, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Vineyard

• Genesis 9:20 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Kings 21:1
• Songs 2:15
• + זַּיִת Exodus 23:11 (Elohist Source)
• + שָׂדֶה Exodus 22:4–5 (Elohist Source)

b. Figurative usage

• Of Israel under Yahweh's care: Isaiah 5:1ff, Isaiah 3:14, Jeremiah 12:10
• Of Shulamite's complexion: Songs 1:6
• Of her heart: Songs 8:12

2. Verbs governing כֶּרֶם

• נָטַע plant Genesis 9:20, Amos 5:11, Micah 1:6
• זָרַע sow Deuteronomy 22:9
• חִלֵּל begin to use fruit of Deuteronomy 20:6, Deuteronomy 28:30
• זָמַר prune Leviticus 25:3–4
• בָּצַר gather, harvest Leviticus 25:5, Deuteronomy 24:21, Judges 9:27
• עוֺלֵל glean Leviticus 19:10, Deuteronomy 24:21
• אָכַל eat Joshua 24:13, Isaiah 65:21

3. Proper Names of locations

• אָבֵל כְּרָמִים (see II. אָבֵל 4)
• בֵּית הַכֶּרֶם

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Sendschriften (DHM).

² Peter Jensen, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie (Jen ZA).

³ George Foot Moore (GFM).

⁴ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁵ Elohist Source.

Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: ἀμπελῶνασ ἀμπελῶνα ἀμπελὼν ἀμπελῶνά ἀμπελώνων

LXX Usage Statistics

H3754:

ἀμπελῶνασ 23× (26.1%)

ἀμπελῶνα 15× (16.8%)

ἀμπελὼν 8× (9.2%)

ἀμπελῶνά 8× (8.1%)

ἀμπελώνων 5× (5.2%)

ἀμπελῶνεσ 4× (4.1%)

ἀμπελῶνοσ 3× (3.5%)

ἀμπελῶνί 3× (3.1%)

ἀμπελῶσιν 3× (2.9%)

ἀμπελῶνόσ 2× (2.1%)

ושלח וְשִׁלַּח

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שלח

shâlach

Definition

to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications); [idiom] any wise, appoint, bring (on the way), cast (away, out), conduct, [idiom] earnestly, forsake, give (up), grow long, lay, leave, let depart (down, go, loose), push away, put (away, forth, in, out), reach forth, send (away, forth, out), set, shoot (forth, out), sow, spread, stretch forth (out).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7971

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁלַח

verb • Root שלח • Strongs / High • Page 1431

To stretch out, spread, extend, pour out, or make spring forth (Kal); to be sent, dismissed, or let go; to be free, unrestrained; to be hunted, scared away, or forsaken.

שָׁלַח

noun proper • Strongs / High • Page 1432

The little brook flowing southward out of the fountain, referring to Siloah/Shelach, and the pool of Siloah.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שָׁלַח

verb • Root שלח • Page 677

To send, stretch out, or set free. Continued from previous page: 2. to send a commission or charge (Prov. 26:6, Gen. 38:25). 3. to commission (2 Sam. 11:22, Is. 55:11). 4. to stretch out or put forth (Is. 58:9, Ps. 110:2, Gen. 3:22, Job 1:11). 5. to set free or let loose (Ps. 50:19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7971

I. שָׁלַח (approximate number of occurrences: 844) verb — send.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Aramaic שְׁלַח
• Arabic سرح send forth, drive cattle to pasture, send messenger
• Assyrian šalû send, hurl?

— שָׁלַח absolute Genesis 42:4 (562 times); construct שְׁלֹחַ Numbers 22:15, שְׁלַח Isaiah 58:9; suffix שְׁלַחְתָּנִי Exodus 5:22, שָׁלְחֶךָ Genesis 38:17; plural שְׁלָחוּ 2 Kings 2:17; participle act. שֹׁלֵחַ Exodus 9:14; pass. שָׁלוּחַ 1 Kings 14:6 etc.

1. Qal: Meanings and Uses

a. send: human subject

• Genesis 42:4; Genesis 43:8 (Jehovist Source; (+ אֵת) person)
• Numbers 22:15 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 37:13 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Samuel 25:14
• Exodus 2:5 (Elohist Source)

b. less often accusative of thing

• 1 Samuel 16:20
• 2 Kings 5:5
• 1 Kings 5:23
• Genesis 38:23

c. without object: send and do

• Genesis 27:45 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 38:25 (Jehovist Source; + לֵאמֹר)
• 2 Kings 2:16–17

2. Subject God (Yahweh)

a. accusative of person or angel

• Genesis 45:5 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 24:7, Exodus 33:2 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 3:12 (Elohist Source; = commission)
• Isaiah 6:8
• Jeremiah 7:25 (of sending prophet)

b. accusative of thing (plagues, word, help)

• Exodus 9:14 (plagues)
• Psalm 18:15 (figurative arrows)
• Isaiah 9:7; Psalm 107:20 (his word)
• Psalm 20:3 (help)

3. Stretch out (especially of hand)

a. human subject

• Genesis 37:22 (Elohist Source; against person)
• Exodus 22:7 (Elohist Source; against property)
• Genesis 3:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Isaiah 58:9 (the finger, in scorn)
• 1 Samuel 4:13 (the sickle)

b. God as subject

• Exodus 3:20 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Job 1:11
• Ezekiel 8:3

4. Other Meanings

a. send away

• Judges 11:38
• Genesis 28:5 (Priests' Code)

b. let loose

• Psalm 50:19 (figurative of mouth)

Niph`al

— Infinitive absolute וְנִשְׁלוֹחַ — be sent (of letters): Esther 3:13.

Pi`el

(approximate number of occurrences: 266) — שִׁלַּח absolute Exodus 8:28; suffix שִׁלַּחֲךָ 1 Samuel 20:22; imperative שַׁלַּח Exodus 4:23 etc.

1. send off, away, dismiss

• Joshua 24:28 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 21:14 (Elohist Source)
• Deuteronomy 22:19 (= divorce)
• Genesis 18:16 (escort, send-off)

2. subject God

• Genesis 19:29 (Jehovist Source)
• Amos 4:10 (pestilence)
• Psalm 104:10 (springs)

3. let go, set free

• Exodus 5:1 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 8:7–8 (the bird)
• Job 12:15 (waters)

4. shoot forth (branches, hair)

• Psalm 80:12 (branches)
• Ezekiel 44:20 (locks, let grow long)

Pu`al

— be sent off, be put away, be let loose.

• Genesis 44:3 (Jehovist Source; be sent off)
• Isaiah 50:1 (figurative divorce)
• Proverbs 29:15 (boy let loose)

Hiph`il

— send (famine, wild beasts, etc.).

• Amos 8:11; Ezekiel 14:13 (famine)
• Leviticus 26:22 (Holiness Code; beasts)

Aramaic

I. שְׁלַח verb send (Biblical Hebrew שָׁלַח).

1. literally send (letters, persons)
   • Perfect 3ms שְׁלַח Ezra 4:17
   • Perfect 3mp שְׁלַחוּ Ezra 4:11
   • Imperfect 3ms יִשְׁלַח Ezra 5:17
2. passive participle, be sent
   • passive שְׁלִיחַ Ezra 7:14
   • passive שְׁלִיחַ Daniel 5:24

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Scholars cited: Thenius (Th), Wellhausen (We), Driver (Dr), Nowack (Now), Henry Preserved Smith (HPS), Budde (Bu).

conjunctive, Verb Piel sequential perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀπέστειλεν ἐξαπέστειλεν ἐξαποστελῶ ἀπέστειλα ἐξέτεινεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H7971:

ἀπέστειλεν 228× (24.0%)

ἐξαπέστειλεν 62× (6.6%)

ἐξαποστελῶ 25× (2.6%)

ἀπέστειλα 23× (2.5%)

ἐξέτεινεν 23× (2.4%)

ἀπέστειλαν 21× (2.1%)

αὐτούσ 19× (1.8%)

ἐξαποστεῖλαι 19× (2.1%)

ἀπέστειλέν 18× (2.1%)

ἀποστελῶ 17× (1.9%)

את אֶת־

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

את

ʼêth

Definition

a hoe or other digging implement

Root

of uncertain derivation;

Exhaustive

of uncertain derivation; a hoe or other digging implement; coulter, plowshare.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H855

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

H855

III. [אֵת] noun [masculine] a cutting instrument of iron usually translated as ploughshare.

— singular suffix אֵתוֹ 1 Samuel 13:20; plural אֵתִּים 1 Samuel 13:21, אִתִּים Isaiah 2:4 = Micah 4:3; suffix אִתֵּיכֶם Joel 4:10; according to Klo¹ and others also 2 Kings 6:5 אֵת הַבַּרְזֶל, that is, the axe of iron.

¹ A. Klostermann.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

H0855:

No stats available

בעירה בְּעִירֹה

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

בעיר

bᵉʻîyr

Definition

cattle

Root

from H1197 (בער) (in the sense of eating);

Exhaustive

from בער (in the sense of eating); cattle; beast, cattle.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1165

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עִירָם

noun proper • Root עיר • Consonantal / Low • Page 1085

(city-district, from עִיר with the formative syllable ם-) n. p. of a locality in the territory of Edom.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

עֵירֹם

adjective • Root עור • Consonantal / Low • Page 797

Naked (example of -m adjective termination).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

עֵירֹם

adjective • Consonantal / Low • Page 1085

adj. m. same as עָרֹם (pl. עֵרֻמִּים), prop. taken off, stripped off, clothes; generally bare, naked.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

עֵירֹם

adjective • Root ערם • Consonantal / Low • Page 1133

naked, bare, undressed, i. e. with the upper garment cast off; badly dressed; hence naked, bare; also used of captives.

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּעִיר

m. verbal • Root בער • Page 107

cattle. (Gen. 45:17; Ex. 22:5; Num. 20:4, 8, 11).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1165

I. בְּעִיר (connection with √ obscure) noun masculine^{Exodus 22:4} — beasts, cattle, collective.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic id., ܒܥܝܪܐ
• Ethiopic ብዕራ
• Sabean בער (DHM¹)
• Arabic بعير (of camel; also ass, etc., compare Lane²)

— suffix בְּעִירֹה Exodus 22:4; suffix בְּעִירֵנוּ Numbers 20:4; suffix בְּעִירְכָם Genesis 45:17; suffix בְּעִירָם Numbers 20:8 (6 times in total).

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Beasts of burden

• Genesis 45:17 (i.e. asses, compare Genesis 44:3, 13)

b. General, cattle

• Exodus 22:4
• Numbers 20:4, 8, 11
• Psalm 78:48

¹ D. H. Müller, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG), 1876, 674; 1883, 329.

² Edward William Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon, 227a.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: κτήνη

LXX Usage Statistics

H1165:

κτήνη 3× (57.0%)

ובער וּבִעֵר

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

בער

bâʻar

Definition

to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish

Root

a primitive root; also as denominative from H1198 (בער)

Exhaustive

a primitive root; also as denominative from בער; to kindle, i.e. consume (by fire or by eating); to be(-come) brutish; be brutish, bring (put, take) away, burn, (cause to) eat (up), feed, heat, kindle, set (on fire), waste.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1197

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בָּעֵר

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

a taking away, a removing (prop. infin. Pihel).

Matched via consonantal key only

בַּעַר

noun masculine • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

field, wood, generally what is not built upon; Metaphor. wildness, roughness; hence fig. want of cultivation, silliness, stupidity.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 266

1. To kindle, set fire to, to burn, to consume (tr.); to burn, to blaze, to glow, to sparkle (intr.). 2. (Piel) To kindle, to take away, to root out, to remove, to annihilate. 3. (Pual) To be kindled. 4. (Hiphil) To cause to burn, to kindle; to root out thoroughly, to destroy; to feed upon.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

(not used) intr. to be wild, rough, not built upon, spoken of land, a field, a district.

Matched via consonantal key only

בָּעַר

verb • Root בער • Consonantal / Medium • Page 267

intr. to be stupid, foolish, metaphor. to be bad; Nif. to be infatuated.

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בֹּעֵר

verb • Root בער • Page 109

Burning. Is. 4:4.

בַּעַר

m. denom. • Root בער • Page 109

Brutish, stupid, like cattle. Ps. 49:11, 73:22, 92:7.

בָּעַר

verb • Page 109

1. to feed, graze, consume by grazing (Pi. no. 1, Hiph. no. 1). 2. to burn up, consume, kindle (Ps. 83:15, Job 1:16, Ex. 3:3, Is. 1:31). 3. to be dumb, brutish (Jer. 10:8, Ps. 94:8). Includes Niph. נִבְעַר, Pi. בִּעֵר, Pu. to burn, and Hiph. to feed upon/kindle.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1197

I. בָּעַר verb — burn, consume.

Cognates:

• Aramaic בְּעַר burn
• Arabic بَعَرَ seek out, collect, glean (apparently earlier meaning)

— Qal Perfect 3 feminine singular בָּֽעֲרָה Numbers 11:3 (2 times), וּבָֽעֲרָה consecutive Isaiah 10:17 (3 times), בָּֽעֲרוּ Judges 15:14 (2 times) + 2 Samuel 22:13 (but compare De¹ on Psalm 18), וּבָֽעֲרוּ consecutive Isaiah 1:31; Imperfect יִבְעַר Exodus 3:3; Psalm 2:12, etc.; Participle בֹּעֵר Exodus 3:2 (6 times), בֹּעֵרָ֑ה Isaiah 34:9, בּוֺעֵ֫רָה Hosea 7:4, בֹּעֲרָ֫ה Isaiah 30:33, בֹּעֶ֫רֶת Jeremiah 20:9, בֹּעֲרוֺות Ezekiel 1:13.

1. Qal Meanings and Uses

a. Intransitive, specifically begin to burn, be kindled

• Psalm 18:8 followed by מִן (subject גֶּחָלִים) = 2 Samuel 22:9
• Psalm 106:18 (subject אֵשׁ)
• figurative Psalm 2:12 (subject אַמּוֺ) compare Jeremiah 44:6 (subject חֵמָה)
• Isaiah 30:33 (with בְּ, subject נִשְׁמַת י׳)
• Psalm 39:4 (subject אֵשׁ figurative of grief) compare Jeremiah 20:9

b. Be burning, burn

• Judges 15:14 (subject מִּשְׁתִּים, with בָּאֵשׁ)
• Exodus 3:2 (+ הַסְּנֶה, with בָּאֵשׁ), Exodus 3:3 (subject id.)
• Deuteronomy 4:11; 5:23; 9:15 (all subject הַר, with בָּאֵשׁ)
• Isaiah 34:9 (זֶפֶת בֹּעֵרָה)
• figurative of destruction Isaiah 1:31 (subject חָסֹן and מֹּעֲלוֺ)
• Of torch לַמִּיד Isaiah 62:1; of oven תַּנּוּר Hosea 7:4, 6

c. Transitive: burn, consume

• (subject אֵשׁ, לֶהָבָה etc., followed by בְּ) Numbers 11:1, 3 (אֵשׁ י׳), Job 1:16 (אֵשׁ אֱלֹהִים)
• In simile Ezekiel 1:13 (גַּחֲלֵי אֵשׁ י׳), Psalm 83:15 (only here transitive with accusative; should it be Pi`el?)
• figurative (subject wrath of י׳) Isaiah 42:25 compare Lamentations 2:3 (subject fire = fiery trial) Isaiah 43:2

d. Active but absolute, figurative, subject wrath of י׳

• Jeremiah 4:4; 7:20; 21:12; Psalm 89:47
• Compare Isaiah 10:17; Psalm 79:5; Isaiah 30:27 (שֵׁם י׳ בֹּעֵר אַמּוֺ)
• Malachi 3:19 (הַיּוֹם בָּא); of human anger Esther 1:12; subject wickedness Isaiah 9:17

2. Pi`el Meanings and Uses

— Pi`el Perfect בִּעֵר 1 Kings 22:47; 2 Kings 23:24, וּבִעֵר consecutive Leviticus 6:5, בִּעַרְתָּ 2 Chronicles 19:3, וּבִעַרְתָּ consecutive Deuteronomy 13:6 (9 times in Deuteronomy); וּבִעֲרוּ consecutive Ezekiel 39:9, etc.; Imperfect יְבַעֵר 1 Kings 14:10; תְּבַעֵר Deuteronomy 21:9, יְבַעֲרוּ Ezekiel 39:10; תְּבַעֲרוּ Exodus 35:3; Participle מְבַעֲרִים Jeremiah 7:18.

a. Kindle, literal with accusative אֵשׁ

• Exodus 35:3; Jeremiah 7:18; Ezekiel 39:9–10
• figurative of י׳ sending destruction Ezekiel 21:4; of human schemes Isaiah 50:11
• Light, object lamps in temple 2 Chronicles 4:20; 13:11

b. Burn, literal with accusative עֵצִים

• Leviticus 6:5, גָּלָל dung 1 Kings 14:10
• absolute Isaiah 44:15; compare Isaiah 40:16; Nehemiah 10:35

c. Figurative: consume, utterly remove

• Particularly of evil and guilt, especially in Deuteronomic phrase וּבִעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּךָ Deuteronomy 13:6; 17:7, 12; 19:13, 19; 21:21; 22:21, 22, 24; 24:7; Judges 20:13
• Of devoted (tabooed) things Deuteronomy 26:13–14
• Of persons (exterminate) 2 Samuel 4:11; followed by אַחֲרֵי pregnantly 1 Kings 14:10; 1 Kings 21:21
• = devour, devastate, enjoy fruits of, Isaiah 3:14
• absolute הָיָה לְבָעֵר be for destruction Numbers 24:22; Isaiah 5:5; Isaiah 6:13; compare רוּחַ בָּעֵר Isaiah 4:4

3. Pu`al and Hiph`il

— Pu`al Participle מְבֹעָ֑רֶת Jeremiah 36:22 — burn (be supplied with fire), of fire-jar הָאָח.

— Hiph`il Perfect וְהִבְעַרְתִּי Nahum 2:14; Imperfect וַיַּבְעֵר Judges 15:5; 2 Chronicles 28:3; תַּבְעִיר Ezekiel 5:2; Participle מַבְעִיר 1 Kings 16:3, Exodus 22:5.

1. kindle Exodus 22:5, compare Judges 15:5 וַיַּבְעֵר אֵשׁ בַּלַּפִּידִים caused fire to burn among the brands.
2. burn up, with accusative Judges 15:5; 2 Chronicles 28:3 (sacrifice of children בָּאֵשׁ); Ezekiel 5:2; Nahum 2:14.
3. consume = destroy (compare Pi`el) 1 Kings 16:3 (followed by אַחֲרֵי).

II. בָּעַר verb denominative — be brutish.

— Qal Imperfect יִבְעֲרוּ Jeremiah 10:8 (parallel יִכְסָלוּ) — be stupid, dull-hearted, unreceptive; compare Participle בֹּעֲרִים Psalm 94:8 (parallel כְּסִילִים); of inhuman, cruel men Ezekiel 21:36.

— Niph`al Perfect נִבְעַר Jeremiah 10:14; 51:17, נִבְעֲרוּ Jeremiah 10:21; Participle נִבְעָרָ֑ה Isaiah 19:11 — brutish, stupid Isaiah 19:11 (subject עֵצָה); dull-hearted, ignorant of God Jeremiah 10:14, 21; Jeremiah 51:17 (rather stupefied by spectacle).

— Pi`el Perfect וּבִעֵר consecutive Exodus 22:4 — feed, graze (בְּשָׂדֶה אַחֵר).

— Hiph`il Imperfect יַבְעֶר Exodus 22:4 — cause to be grazed over, followed by שָׂדֶה.

¹ Franz Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Psalms (English trans. 1871).

² C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

conjunctive, Verb Piel sequential perfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐξαρεῖσ ἐκκαυθήσεται ἐξεκαύθη καιομένη ἐκαίετο

LXX Usage Statistics

H1197b:

ἐξαρεῖσ 9× (8.6%)

ἐκκαυθήσεται 4× (4.3%)

ἐξεκαύθη 4× (3.9%)

καιομένη 3× (3.3%)

ἐκαίετο 3× (3.3%)

καυθήσεται 3× (3.0%)

'' 3× (2.8%)

καιόμενοσ 2× (2.2%)

ἐξεκαύθησαν 2× (2.2%)

--- 2× (2.2%)

בשדה בִּשְׂדֵה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

שדה

sâdeh

Definition

a field (as flat)

Root

or שדי; from an unused root meaning to spread out;

Exhaustive

or שדי; from an unused root meaning to spread out; a field (as flat); country, field, ground, land, soil, [idiom] wild.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7704

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Root שדד • Strongs / High • Page 1384

(from שָׂדַד II.; only pl. שָׂדִים) m. a wide-stretching plain, a tract of land, prop. an extension; hence the pl. שָׂדִים (open fields, plains).

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1386

1. A field, opposed to a city, village, or camp; the open field, belonging to the land; of animals, wild, untamed. 2. Metaphorically, the field surrounding a city, district, or territory belonging to a city; open country, in opposition to the metropolis.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁדָה

chald. ithpa. • Page 657

to exert one's self, construed with לְ. Dan. 6: 15.

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Root שדה • Page 634

1. a field, cultivated ground. Gen. 23:17. 2. a field generally, e.g. beasts of the field. Is. 43:20. 3. a country, territory. Gen. 14:7. 4. plain, e.g. שְׂדֵה-אֲרָם plain of Syria. Hos. 12:13.

שִׁדָּה

noun feminine • Root שד • Page 656

Literally a lady, princess; whence a wife or concubine. Found in Ecc. 2: 8.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7704

I. שָׂדַי (rare original form of שָׂדֶה, only in poetry) noun masculine Psalm 96:12 — field, land.

— שׂ absolute Jeremiah 4:17, שָׂדָ֑י Hosea 10:4 + etc.

1. Cultivated field

• Hosea 12:12
• Hosea 10:4 (but see Nowack)
• yielding food Deuteronomy 32:13; Lamentations 4:9
• שֹׁמְרֵי שׂ Jeremiah 4:17 keepers, watchmen of a field

2. Home of wild beasts

• בְּהֵמוֺת שׂ Psalm 8:8; Joel 2:22
• חַיְתוֺ שׂ Isaiah 56:9; Psalm 104:11
• זִזִ שׂ Psalm 50:11; Psalm 80:14

3. Plain, opposite mountain

• Jeremiah 18:14 (but dubious, Cornill and Duhm suggest שִׂרְיֹן)

4. Land, opposed to sea

• Psalm 96:12 (compare שָׂדֶה 3; parallel תֵּבֵל Psalm 98:7)

---

II. שָׂדֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 318) noun masculine Leviticus 27:24 id. (ordinary contracted form¹).

— שׂ absolute Genesis 2:5 +; construct שְׂדֵה Genesis 14:7 +; suffix שָׂדִי Jeremiah 32:7, 8, שָֽׂדְךָ Deuteronomy 11:15 +, שָׂדֶ֑ךָ Deuteronomy 24:19; Leviticus 25:3, etc.; plural שָׂדוֺת 1 Samuel 22:7 +, construct שְׂדוֺת Nehemiah 12:29; also שְׂדֵי 2 Samuel 1:21; Isaiah 32:12; Ruth 1:1 (some might be singular = שְׂדֵה²; but see Kö³); suffix שְׂדֹתֶיהָ Nehemiah 11:30, etc.; also שָׂדֶיךָ 1 Kings 2:26, שָׂדֵינוּ Micah 2:4.

1. Open field, country

a. Pasture-land

• Genesis 29:2; Genesis 30:16; Exodus 9:3 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 11:15; 1 Samuel 11:5

b. Unfrequented / Exposed

• Genesis 24:63, 65
• exposed to violence Genesis 4:8 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:6; Deuteronomy 22:25–27
• exposed to wild beasts Exodus 22:30 (Elohist Source); Ezekiel 33:27

c. Specifically home of beasts

• 2 Samuel 17:8; Jeremiah 14:5
• phrase חַיַּת הַשּׂ Genesis 2:19, 20; Genesis 3:1, 14 (Jehovist Source)
• wild beasts Exodus 23:11, 29 (Elohist Source); Hosea 2:14; Leviticus 26:22 (Holiness Code)
• hunting-ground Genesis 25:29; Genesis 27:3 (+ אִישׁ שׂ Genesis 25:27)

d. Yielding plants and trees

• Genesis 30:14; Exodus 10:5; 2 Kings 4:39
• phrase עֵשֶׂב הַשּׂ Genesis 2:5; Genesis 3:18; עֵץ הַשּׂ Exodus 9:25

e. Stony

• אַבְנֵי הַשּׂ Job 5:23

f. Outside of walled city

• Judges 9:32; 1 Samuel 20:5; Micah 4:10
• battle-ground Joshua 8:24 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 10:8
• opposed to city 1 Kings 14:11; Jeremiah 14:18
• nearly = outdoors Exodus 1:14 (Priests' Code); Judges 13:9
• phrase לְפָנֵי הַשּׂ 2 Kings 9:37; Ezekiel 29:5

g. Expanse of country, opposed to mountain

• מְרוֺמֵי שׂ Judges 5:18
• הֲרָרִי בַּשּׂ Jeremiah 17:3 (of Jerusalem, dubious)

2. Definite portion of ground, field, land

a. Cultivated ground

• Genesis 37:7 (Elohist Source); Genesis 47:24 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 22:4; Leviticus 27:16 (Priests' Code)
• שָׂדֶה טוֺב Ezekiel 17:8 good soil

b. As private property

• Micah 5:2; Isaiah 5:8
• Genesis 23:9, 11, 13 (Priests' Code)

c. City-land, adjacent to town

• Genesis 41:48 (Elohist Source); Leviticus 25:34 (Priests' Code)
• specifically of Zoan Psalm 78:12, 43

d. Territory of nation or tribe

• Genesis 32:4; Numbers 21:20 (Jehovist/Elohist Sources)
• Judges 5:4; Ruth 1:1, 2

e. Territory of king

• 2 Samuel 9:7; 2 Samuel 13:30

3. Land, opposed to sea

• 1 Chronicles 16:32 (opposed to הַיָּם; = שָׂדַי Psalm 96:12)
• perhaps mainland Ezekiel 26:6, 8

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910, § 84 a f (GKC).

² Compare J. Barth, ZMG xlii (1888), 351; SS; Buhl.

³ E. König, Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache, ii. 1, 77.

Preposition, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ἀγροῦ ἀγρῷ ἀγρὸν πεδίῳ πεδίου

LXX Usage Statistics

H7704b:

ἀγροῦ 79× (23.4%)

ἀγρῷ 44× (11.4%)

ἀγρὸν 32× (9.5%)

πεδίῳ 29× (7.1%)

πεδίου 23× (6.6%)

πεδίον 15× (4.0%)

ἀγρόν 13× (3.7%)

pεἰσ 11× (3.7%)

ἀγροὶ 9× (2.7%)

ἀγροὺσ 8× (2.4%)

אחר אַחֵר

behind/after

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אחר

ʼachêr

Definition

properly, hinder; generally, next, other, etc.

Root

from H309 (אחר);

Exhaustive

from אחר; properly, hinder; generally, next, other, etc.; (an-) other man, following, next, strange.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H312

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַחֵר

adjective • Root אחר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 102

Properly tarrying, delaying, retarding; hence following, when something has gone before; another, other, a second; foreign, strange.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַחֵר

adjective • Page 40

other (fem. אַחֶרֶת, plur. אֲחֵרִים). אֵל אַחֵר another or strange God, i.e. an idol. Is. 42: 8. Deut. 6: 14. 7: 4. 8: 19.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H312

I. אַחֵר adjective masculine another (properly one coming behind), feminine אַחֶרֶת (with daghesh forte implicit); plural אֲחֵרִים (as if from singular אָחֵר), once Job 31:10 אֲחֵרִין, אֲחֵרוֹת (= Arabic بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ, Sabean אאחר, Assyrian a—ru future feminine plural as substantive a—rat ûmê future of days).

Cognates:

• Arabic بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
• Sabean אאחר
• Assyrian a—ru future feminine plural as substantive a—rat ûmê future of days

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Another (basic sense)

• Genesis 4:25 זֶרַע אַחֵר another seed
• Genesis 8:10 שִׁבְעַת יָמִים אֲחֵרִים seven other days
• Exodus 22:4 בִּשְׂדֵה אַחֵר in the field of another + often
• אִישׁ אַחֵר another man (husband) Genesis 29:19; Deuteronomy 24:2; Jeremiah 3:1
• חָצֵר הָאַחֶרֶת 1 Kings 7:8 the other court, see חָצֵר
• הַחֹמָה הָאַחֶרֶת 2 Chronicles 32:5 the other wall, see חֹמָה
• Appended to a proper name for distinction Ezra 2:31 = Nehemiah 7:34 (see Nehemiah 7:7 = Nehemiah 7:12) Nehemiah 7:33 (probably here textual error, see Bertholet¹ Ryssel² 18: not in Ezra 2:29)

b. Different

• בְּגָדִים אֲחֵרִים other garments Leviticus 6:4; 1 Samuel 28:8; Ezekiel 42:14; Ezekiel 44:19
• עָפָר אֲחֵרִים Leviticus 14:42
• ר֫וּחַ אַחֵר Numbers 14:24
• וְנֶהֶפְכְתֶּם לְאִישׁ אַחֵר 1 Samuel 10:6
• לֵב אַחֵר 1 Samuel 10:9
• לֵב חָדָשׁ Ezekiel 11:19 (compare Hi³ Smend⁴)
• שֵׁם חָדָשׁ Isaiah 65:15 (compare Isaiah 62:2 חָדָשׁ)

c. Strange, alien

• אִישׁ אַחֵר Deuteronomy 20:5, Deuteronomy 20:6, Deuteronomy 20:7 (so אַחֵר, אֲחֵרִים alone Psalm 109:8; Job 31:8, Job 31:10; Isaiah 65:22; Jeremiah 6:12; Jeremiah 8:10 and elsewhere)
• עַם אַחֵר Deuteronomy 28:32
• אֶרֶץ אַחֶרֶת Deuteronomy 29:27; Jeremiah 22:26
• אִשָּׁה אַחֶרֶת Judges 11:2
• לָשׁוֹן אַחֶרֶת Isaiah 28:11 (parallel בִּלְעַגֵי שָׂפָה)
• Especially in the phrase אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים other gods (63 times) Exodus 20:3 (= Deuteronomy 5:7) Deuteronomy 23:13 (both J⁵ E⁶) Joshua 24:2, Joshua 24:16 (E) 1 Samuel 26:19; Hosea 3:1, & particularly in Deuteronomy (6:14; 8:19 15 times) & Deuteronomic writers, as Joshua 23:16; Judges 2:12, Judges 2:17, Judges 2:19 Jeremiah (18 times) & compiler of Kings
• אֵל אַחֵר once Exodus 34:14 (JE)
• So אַחֵר alone Isaiah 42:8; Psalm 16:4

d. Of time, following, next (rare)

• בַּשָּׁנָה הָאַחֶרֶת Genesis 17:21 (P) in the next year
• בַּיּוֹם הָאַחֵר 2 Kings 6:29
• דּוֹר אַחֵר Joel 1:3
• דּוֹר אַחֵר Psalm 109:13 in poetry the next generation (Judges 2:10 in prose = another generation)

¹ A. Bertholet, Die Stellung der Israeliten und der Juden zu den Fremden, Freiburg, 1896.

² V. Ryssel, Untersuchungen über die Reden Hiobs, Leipzig, 1889.

³ Hi (Hiphil) - causative stem in Hebrew verbs.

⁴ R. Smend, Lehrbuch der alttestamentlichen Religionsgeschichte, Freiburg, 1893.

⁵ J (Jehovist) - Yahwist source in the Pentateuch.

⁶ E (Elohist) - Elohist source in the Pentateuch.

Adjective adjective both singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0312:

No stats available

מיטב מֵיטַב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מיטב

mêyṭâb

Definition

the best part

Root

from H3190 (יטב);

Exhaustive

from יטב; the best part; best.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4315

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מֵיטָב

noun masculine • Root יטב • Strongs / High • Page 844

the good, the excellent; in construct state, the best.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מֵיטָב

m. verbal • Root יטב • Page 372

The best of any thing. (1 Sam. 15:9; Gen. 47:6).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4315

I. מֵיטָב noun masculine — the best.

— only construct מֵיטַב; used as superlative, the best of a thing:

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Of produce and land

• מֵיטַב שָׂדֵהוּ וּמֵיטַב כָּרְמוֺ Exodus 22:4 (Jehovist Source) the best of his field and the best of his vineyard (choicest fruit).
• בְּמֵיטַב הָאָרֶץ Genesis 47:6, 11 (Priests' Code).

b. Of animals

• מֵיטַב הַצּאֹן 1 Samuel 15:9, 15 the best of the sheep.

¹ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

² Priests' Code.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: βέλτιστα βελτίστῃ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4315:

βέλτιστα 2× (36.9%)

βελτίστῃ 2× (33.3%)

שדהו שָׂדֵהוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שדה

sâdeh

Definition

a field (as flat)

Root

or שדי; from an unused root meaning to spread out;

Exhaustive

or שדי; from an unused root meaning to spread out; a field (as flat); country, field, ground, land, soil, [idiom] wild.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7704

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Root שדד • Strongs / High • Page 1384

(from שָׂדַד II.; only pl. שָׂדִים) m. a wide-stretching plain, a tract of land, prop. an extension; hence the pl. שָׂדִים (open fields, plains).

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1386

1. A field, opposed to a city, village, or camp; the open field, belonging to the land; of animals, wild, untamed. 2. Metaphorically, the field surrounding a city, district, or territory belonging to a city; open country, in opposition to the metropolis.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

שְׁדָה

chald. ithpa. • Page 657

to exert one's self, construed with לְ. Dan. 6: 15.

שָׂדֶה

noun masculine • Root שדה • Page 634

1. a field, cultivated ground. Gen. 23:17. 2. a field generally, e.g. beasts of the field. Is. 43:20. 3. a country, territory. Gen. 14:7. 4. plain, e.g. שְׂדֵה-אֲרָם plain of Syria. Hos. 12:13.

שִׁדָּה

noun feminine • Root שד • Page 656

Literally a lady, princess; whence a wife or concubine. Found in Ecc. 2: 8.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7704

I. שָׂדַי (rare original form of שָׂדֶה, only in poetry) noun masculine Psalm 96:12 — field, land.

— שׂ absolute Jeremiah 4:17, שָׂדָ֑י Hosea 10:4 + etc.

1. Cultivated field

• Hosea 12:12
• Hosea 10:4 (but see Nowack)
• yielding food Deuteronomy 32:13; Lamentations 4:9
• שֹׁמְרֵי שׂ Jeremiah 4:17 keepers, watchmen of a field

2. Home of wild beasts

• בְּהֵמוֺת שׂ Psalm 8:8; Joel 2:22
• חַיְתוֺ שׂ Isaiah 56:9; Psalm 104:11
• זִזִ שׂ Psalm 50:11; Psalm 80:14

3. Plain, opposite mountain

• Jeremiah 18:14 (but dubious, Cornill and Duhm suggest שִׂרְיֹן)

4. Land, opposed to sea

• Psalm 96:12 (compare שָׂדֶה 3; parallel תֵּבֵל Psalm 98:7)

---

II. שָׂדֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 318) noun masculine Leviticus 27:24 id. (ordinary contracted form¹).

— שׂ absolute Genesis 2:5 +; construct שְׂדֵה Genesis 14:7 +; suffix שָׂדִי Jeremiah 32:7, 8, שָֽׂדְךָ Deuteronomy 11:15 +, שָׂדֶ֑ךָ Deuteronomy 24:19; Leviticus 25:3, etc.; plural שָׂדוֺת 1 Samuel 22:7 +, construct שְׂדוֺת Nehemiah 12:29; also שְׂדֵי 2 Samuel 1:21; Isaiah 32:12; Ruth 1:1 (some might be singular = שְׂדֵה²; but see Kö³); suffix שְׂדֹתֶיהָ Nehemiah 11:30, etc.; also שָׂדֶיךָ 1 Kings 2:26, שָׂדֵינוּ Micah 2:4.

1. Open field, country

a. Pasture-land

• Genesis 29:2; Genesis 30:16; Exodus 9:3 (Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 11:15; 1 Samuel 11:5

b. Unfrequented / Exposed

• Genesis 24:63, 65
• exposed to violence Genesis 4:8 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:6; Deuteronomy 22:25–27
• exposed to wild beasts Exodus 22:30 (Elohist Source); Ezekiel 33:27

c. Specifically home of beasts

• 2 Samuel 17:8; Jeremiah 14:5
• phrase חַיַּת הַשּׂ Genesis 2:19, 20; Genesis 3:1, 14 (Jehovist Source)
• wild beasts Exodus 23:11, 29 (Elohist Source); Hosea 2:14; Leviticus 26:22 (Holiness Code)
• hunting-ground Genesis 25:29; Genesis 27:3 (+ אִישׁ שׂ Genesis 25:27)

d. Yielding plants and trees

• Genesis 30:14; Exodus 10:5; 2 Kings 4:39
• phrase עֵשֶׂב הַשּׂ Genesis 2:5; Genesis 3:18; עֵץ הַשּׂ Exodus 9:25

e. Stony

• אַבְנֵי הַשּׂ Job 5:23

f. Outside of walled city

• Judges 9:32; 1 Samuel 20:5; Micah 4:10
• battle-ground Joshua 8:24 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 10:8
• opposed to city 1 Kings 14:11; Jeremiah 14:18
• nearly = outdoors Exodus 1:14 (Priests' Code); Judges 13:9
• phrase לְפָנֵי הַשּׂ 2 Kings 9:37; Ezekiel 29:5

g. Expanse of country, opposed to mountain

• מְרוֺמֵי שׂ Judges 5:18
• הֲרָרִי בַּשּׂ Jeremiah 17:3 (of Jerusalem, dubious)

2. Definite portion of ground, field, land

a. Cultivated ground

• Genesis 37:7 (Elohist Source); Genesis 47:24 (Jehovist Source)
• Exodus 22:4; Leviticus 27:16 (Priests' Code)
• שָׂדֶה טוֺב Ezekiel 17:8 good soil

b. As private property

• Micah 5:2; Isaiah 5:8
• Genesis 23:9, 11, 13 (Priests' Code)

c. City-land, adjacent to town

• Genesis 41:48 (Elohist Source); Leviticus 25:34 (Priests' Code)
• specifically of Zoan Psalm 78:12, 43

d. Territory of nation or tribe

• Genesis 32:4; Numbers 21:20 (Jehovist/Elohist Sources)
• Judges 5:4; Ruth 1:1, 2

e. Territory of king

• 2 Samuel 9:7; 2 Samuel 13:30

3. Land, opposed to sea

• 1 Chronicles 16:32 (opposed to הַיָּם; = שָׂדַי Psalm 96:12)
• perhaps mainland Ezekiel 26:6, 8

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910, § 84 a f (GKC).

² Compare J. Barth, ZMG xlii (1888), 351; SS; Buhl.

³ E. König, Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache, ii. 1, 77.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀγροῦ ἀγρῷ ἀγρὸν πεδίῳ πεδίου

LXX Usage Statistics

H7704b:

ἀγροῦ 79× (23.4%)

ἀγρῷ 44× (11.4%)

ἀγρὸν 32× (9.5%)

πεδίῳ 29× (7.1%)

πεδίου 23× (6.6%)

πεδίον 15× (4.0%)

ἀγρόν 13× (3.7%)

pεἰσ 11× (3.7%)

ἀγροὶ 9× (2.7%)

ἀγροὺσ 8× (2.4%)

ומיטב וּמֵיטַב

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wə

Definition

and

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

The conjunctive ו is not merely a fixed coordinator with a stable semantic value (“and/but/or/then”). Its core function is linkage, not meaning. It binds units into a single discourse field—phrases, clauses, or whole scenes—while leaving the logical relation to be inferred from aspect, word order, genre, and context.

So the variability in translation (“and / but / or / even / then”) is not polyvalence in the particle; it is underspecification by design. The language expects the reader/hearer to perceive the relation rather than have it encoded.

Crucially, conjunctive ו does not imply temporal sequence. It implies continuity of attention. Think of it as:
- “this belongs with what precedes,”
- “remain within the same frame,”
“do not reset the discourse.”
This is why Hebrew can chain dozens of clauses with ו without subordination or explicit logic markers. The text advances by accumulation, not by branching syntactic trees. Meaning arises from the interaction:
- Aspect (qatal / yiqtol / participle),
- Position (fronted elements, resumptive nouns),
- Genre (law, narrative, oracle),
- Context (who speaks, to whom).
The ו simply keeps the circuit closed so these cues can operate together. Remove tense assumptions, and the system becomes coherent.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מיטב

mêyṭâb

Definition

the best part

Root

from H3190 (יטב);

Exhaustive

from יטב; the best part; best.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4315

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מֵיטָב

noun masculine • Root יטב • Strongs / High • Page 844

the good, the excellent; in construct state, the best.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מֵיטָב

m. verbal • Root יטב • Page 372

The best of any thing. (1 Sam. 15:9; Gen. 47:6).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4315

I. מֵיטָב noun masculine — the best.

— only construct מֵיטַב; used as superlative, the best of a thing:

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Of produce and land

• מֵיטַב שָׂדֵהוּ וּמֵיטַב כָּרְמוֺ Exodus 22:4 (Jehovist Source) the best of his field and the best of his vineyard (choicest fruit).
• בְּמֵיטַב הָאָרֶץ Genesis 47:6, 11 (Priests' Code).

b. Of animals

• מֵיטַב הַצּאֹן 1 Samuel 15:9, 15 the best of the sheep.

¹ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

² Priests' Code.

Conjunction, Noun common both singular construct

LXX: βέλτιστα βελτίστῃ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4315:

βέλτιστα 2× (36.9%)

βελτίστῃ 2× (33.3%)

כרמו כַּרְמוֹ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כרם

kerem

Definition

a garden or vineyard

Root

from an unused root of uncertain meaning;

Exhaustive

from an unused root of uncertain meaning; a garden or vineyard; vines, (increase of the) vineyard(-s), vintage. See also בית הכרם.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3754

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כֶּרֶם

noun / masculine • Root כרם • Strongs / High • Page 738

1. fruit-land, garden-land, generally well-cultivated, fruitful land. 2. a vine-yard. Figuratively, the Israelite people; a beloved possession.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כֶּרֶם

m. prim. dec. vi. a. • Page 329

A vineyard; an olive-yard. References: Ex. 22:4; Deut. 20:6; 28:30; Judg. 15:5; Job 24:18.

כֶּרֶם

noun masculine • Root כרם • Page 330

A vine dresser. (Verse references: Joel 1:11, Is. 61:5).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3754

I. כֶּרֶם (approximate number of occurrences: 92) noun masculine (feminine Isaiah 27:2) — vineyard.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew id.
• Aramaic כַּרְמָא
• Zinjirli כרם
• Arabic كَرْم vine
• Ethiopic ከረም vine
• Assyrian Karânu vine

— כֶּרֶם absolute Exodus 22:4 +, כָּ֑רֶם Genesis 9:20 +; construct כֶּרֶם 1 Kings 21:7 +; suffix כַּרְמִי Isaiah 5:3 +, כַּרְמְךָ Exodus 23:11 +; plural כְּרָמִים Joshua 24:13 +; construct כַּרְמֵי Amos 5:11; suffix כְּרָמֵנוּ Nehemiah 5:3; כַרְמֵיכֶם Amos 4:9, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Vineyard

• Genesis 9:20 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Kings 21:1
• Songs 2:15
• + זַּיִת Exodus 23:11 (Elohist Source)
• + שָׂדֶה Exodus 22:4–5 (Elohist Source)

b. Figurative usage

• Of Israel under Yahweh's care: Isaiah 5:1ff, Isaiah 3:14, Jeremiah 12:10
• Of Shulamite's complexion: Songs 1:6
• Of her heart: Songs 8:12

2. Verbs governing כֶּרֶם

• נָטַע plant Genesis 9:20, Amos 5:11, Micah 1:6
• זָרַע sow Deuteronomy 22:9
• חִלֵּל begin to use fruit of Deuteronomy 20:6, Deuteronomy 28:30
• זָמַר prune Leviticus 25:3–4
• בָּצַר gather, harvest Leviticus 25:5, Deuteronomy 24:21, Judges 9:27
• עוֺלֵל glean Leviticus 19:10, Deuteronomy 24:21
• אָכַל eat Joshua 24:13, Isaiah 65:21

3. Proper Names of locations

• אָבֵל כְּרָמִים (see II. אָבֵל 4)
• בֵּית הַכֶּרֶם

¹ David Heinrich Müller, Sendschriften (DHM).

² Peter Jensen, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie (Jen ZA).

³ George Foot Moore (GFM).

⁴ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁵ Elohist Source.

Noun common both singular construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀμπελῶνασ ἀμπελῶνα ἀμπελὼν ἀμπελῶνά ἀμπελώνων

LXX Usage Statistics

H3754:

ἀμπελῶνασ 23× (26.1%)

ἀμπελῶνα 15× (16.8%)

ἀμπελὼν 8× (9.2%)

ἀμπελῶνά 8× (8.1%)

ἀμπελώνων 5× (5.2%)

ἀμπελῶνεσ 4× (4.1%)

ἀμπελῶνοσ 3× (3.5%)

ἀμπελῶνί 3× (3.1%)

ἀμπελῶσιν 3× (2.9%)

ἀμπελῶνόσ 2× (2.1%)

ישלםס יְשַׁלֵּם׃ס

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

שלם

shâlam

Definition

to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed; by implication, to be friendly; by extension, to reciprocate (in various applications)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to be safe (in mind, body or estate); figuratively, to be (causatively, make) completed; by implication, to be friendly; by extension, to reciprocate (in various applications); make amends, (make an) end, finish, full, give again, make good, (re-) pay (again), (make) (to) (be at) peace(-able), that is perfect, perform, (make) prosper(-ous), recompense, render, requite, make restitution, restore, reward, [idiom] surely.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H7999

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

שָׁלַם

verb • Root שלם • Strongs / High • Page 1436

I. (Qal, intr.) To be whole, untouched, entire (opposite חָסֵר); hence to be completed, finished; to be at an end; to remain uninjured, i.e., unpunished; to remain in peace, well-disposed, friendly, peaceful.

שָׁלַם

verb • Root שלם • Strongs / High • Page 1437

II. (not used) intr. to be high, rough, of a camel's hump or a district.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H7999

I. שָׁלֵם (approximate number of occurrences: 103) verb — be complete, sound.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew שָׁלֵם
• Phoenician שלם
• Arabic سَلِمَ be safe, secure, free from fault
• Assyrian šalâmu be complete, unharmed, be paid
• Aramaic שְׁלֵים, שלים be complete, safe
• Sabean סלם peace
• Ethiopic ሰለሙ security, peace

— שָׁלֵם Qal Perfect 3 plural שָֽׁלְמוּ Isaiah 60:20; Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיִּשְׁלָ֑ם Job 9:4; feminine תַּשְׁלַם 1 Kings 7:51, 2 Chronicles 5:1, Nehemiah 6:15.

1. Qal: Be complete or sound

• be complete, finished, ended: of the temple 1 Kings 7:51, 2 Chronicles 5:1; of city walls Nehemiah 6:15; of time Isaiah 60:20.
• be sound, uninjured, Job 9:4.

2. Pi`el: Complete, make good, requite

— שִׁלַּם Pi`el Perfect 3 masculine singular Leviticus 5:24; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יְשַׁלֵּם Exodus 21:34; Imperative שַׁלֵּם Ecclesiastes 5:3; Infinitive שַׁלֵּם Exodus 21:36; Participle מְשַׁלֵּם Deuteronomy 7:10.

a. Complete or finish

• The temple 1 Kings 9:25.

b. Make safe

• With accusative Job 8:6.

c. Restore or make compensation

• Restore thing lost Joel 2:25; or stolen Exodus 21:37 (Elohist Source).
• Pay a debt 2 Kings 4:7; Psalm 37:21; Job 41:3.
• Compensation for injury Leviticus 24:18, 21 (Priests' Code); for trespass in sacred things Leviticus 5:16 (Priests' Code).

d. Pay vows

• With נֶדֶר Deuteronomy 23:22; 2 Samuel 15:7.
• With ל to God Psalm 50:14; Psalm 66:13; Psalm 116:14, 18.

e. Requite, recompense, reward

• Good 1 Samuel 24:20; Ruth 2:12.
• Evil Isaiah 65:6; Jeremiah 51:56.
• Reward according to works 2 Samuel 3:39; Psalm 31:24.
• Requite evil for good (+ רעה תחת טובה) Genesis 44:4 (Jehovist Source).

3. Pu`al: Be performed or repaid

• be performed, of a vow Psalm 65:2.
• be repaid, requited Jeremiah 18:20; Proverbs 11:31; Proverbs 13:13.

4. Denominative: Be in covenant of peace

a. Qal and Pu`al forms

• Qal Imperative שְׁלָ֑ם Job 22:21 be at peace.
• Qal Participle שׁוֺלְמִי Psalm 7:5 my ally, friend.
• Pu`al Participle מְשֻׁלָּם Isaiah 42:19 one in covenant of peace (with God).

b. Hiph`il: Make peace

• make peace with (+ אֶת or עִם) Joshua 10:1, 4; 2 Samuel 10:19; 1 Kings 22:45.
• cause to be at peace Proverbs 16:7.

c. Hoph`al: Live in peace with

• Job 5:23 (+ ל).

Aramaic

I. שְׁלֵם verb be complete (Biblical Hebrew שָׁלֵם).

1. Pe`al: finished
   • Of the temple Ezra 5:16.
2. Haph`el: finish, render in full
   • suffix הַשְׁלְמַהּ Daniel 5:26 God has finished it (the kingdom).
   • הַשְׁלֵם Ezra 7:19 render in full.

¹ Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik (Lzb).

² G.A. Cooke, A Text-Book of North-Semitic Inscriptions (GACooke).

³ W. Robertson Smith, Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (RS).

Verb Piel imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀποτείσει ἀνταποδώσω ἀποδώσω ἀνταποδώσει ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H7999a:

ἀποτείσει 18× (14.8%)

ἀνταποδώσω 6× (4.4%)

ἀποδώσω 5× (4.2%)

ἀνταποδώσει 5× (4.0%)

--- 4× (3.3%)

ἀποδοῦναι 4× (2.8%)

ἀπόδοσ 3× (2.4%)

ἀνταποδίδωσιν 3× (2.4%)

'' 3× (2.1%)

---% 3× (2.0%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
If finding, the theft shall be found in his hand, from an ox to an ass, to a sheep; living, he shall recompense two.

LITV Translation:
If the stolen thing is surely found in his hand alive, from ox to ass to flock animal, he shall pay double.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And if anyone should feed down a field or a vineyard, and should send in his beast to feed down another field, he shall make compensation of his own field according to his produce; and if he shall have fed down the whole field, he shall pay for compensation the best of his own field and the best of his vineyard.