Exodus 14:25

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויסר וַיָּ֗סַר

and he is turning off aside

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

סור

çûwr

Definition

to turn off (literal or figurative)

Root

or שור; (Hosea 9:12), a primitive root;

Exhaustive

or שור; (Hosea 9:12), a primitive root; to turn off (literal or figurative); be(-head), bring, call back, decline, depart, eschew, get (you), go (aside), [idiom] grievous, lay away (by), leave undone, be past, pluck away, put (away, down), rebel, remove (to and fro), revolt, [idiom] be sour, take (away, off), turn (aside, away, in), withdraw, be without.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5493

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

סוּר

verb • Root סור • Strongs / High • Page 1013

I. intr. to turn off, to turn away, to go aside, to go away, to withdraw from a person or place.

סוּר

verb • Root סור • Strongs / High • Page 1014

(I. Qal Intransitive) To turn off, to turn aside, to depart, to abandon, to leave off, to separate from; in a mental sense, to apostatize; to turn to, to apply to, to approach.

סוּר

verb • Root סר • Strongs / High • Page 1014

II. (Intransitive, only 3 pers. סָר) To be bad, bad-smelling, stinking, corrupt, foetere; hence to be degenerate, to be disturbed, to be sad, fearful, terrible, to be corrupt.

סוּר

verb • Root סרר • Strongs / High • Page 1014

III. (Transitive) 1. To sting, to prick, to pierce (of thorns). 2. To cut in, cut out, pierce, deepen, to make a cleft. 3. Metaphorically, to strive against, to be obstinate, rebellious.

סוּר

adjective • Root סרר • Strongs / High • Page 1014

Obstinate, rebellious (derived from סוּר III).

סוּר

adjective / noun • Strongs / High • Page 1015

separated, removed, forsaken, solitary, of a person driven from his home (adj.). 2. subst. masc. one departing (from God), a rebellious one. 3. (from סִיר III.) a branch, twig, of a vine. 4. n. p. of a gate of the palaceyard.

סוּר

verb • Root שור • Strongs / High • Page 1011

(not used) trans. to veil, to bind about, to tie; to cover, with an upper garment or veil.

סוּר

verb • Root סרר • Strongs / High • Page 1038

I. intr. same as סָרַר I. (part. סוֹרֵר) to turn off from, to turn away from, hence to apostatise, from God, to turn away (i. e. to sin).

סוּר

verb • Root סרר • Strongs / High • Page 1038

II. (not used) intr. same as סָרַר II. (סוֹרֵר) to be bad, ill-smelling, degenerate, disturbed.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

סוּר

verb • Page 471

1. to turn away, to depart. Ex. 32: 8. Judg. 16: 17. Gen. 49: 10. 1 Sam. 18: 12. 2. to be gone, to pass away. 1 Sam. 15: 32. Hos. 4: 18. 3. to turn in or lodge with any one. Judg. 4: 18. 18: 3, 15. Gen. 19: 2, 3. 4. to approach to any thing. Ex. 3: 3. Ruth 4: 1.

סוּר

verb • Page 472

Hiph. 1. to turn away. Deut. 7:4. to take off, remove. 2. to let any thing be brought. 2 Sam. 6:10. Hoph. pass. Lev. 4:31. Pil. to cause to deviate, to turn aside. Once Lam. 3:11.

סוּר

particle • Page 472

1. driven out, exiled. Is. 49:21. 2. prob. the wild shoots or branches of the vine, liter. what degenerates. Jer. 2:21. 3. name of a gate of the temple. 2 K. 11:6.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5493

I. סוּר and [שׂוּד] (Hosea 9:12) (approximate number of occurrences: 300) verb — turn aside.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew Hiph`il (cause to turn aside, or apostatize)
• Tel Amarna sûru (noun masculine rebel)¹

— סוּר absolute; סָר masculine singular Exodus 3:4 +; סָ֫רָה feminine singular 1 Samuel 16:14 +; סָ֑רְתִּי 1 singular Psalm 119:102; סָרוּ 3 plural Deuteronomy 9:12 +; סַרְתֶּם 2 masculine plural Deuteronomy 9:16 + etc.; construct סוּר Isaiah 7:17 +; suffix שׂוּרִי Hosea 9:12.

1. Qal Meanings

a. Turn aside, out of one's course

• 1 Samuel 6:12
• Deuteronomy 2:27
• from following: (+ מֵאַחֲרֵי) 2 Samuel 2:21–22, 2 Samuel 2:23
• from attacking: (+ מֵעַל) 2 Chronicles 20:10
• turn in unto (for shelter, refuge): (+ אֶלֿ) Genesis 19:2, 3 (Jehovist Source); Judges 4:18; (+ לְ) Judges 20:8; (+ שָׁם) Judges 18:3; Judges 19:15; 2 Kings 4:8
• figurative turn in: (+ הֵ֫נָּה) Proverbs 9:4, 16
• figurative turn aside from right path, from God: (+ מִן) Judges 2:17 (Jehovist Source); Deuteronomy 9:12; Proverbs 13:14; (+ מֵאַחֲרֵי) 1 Samuel 12:20
• turn aside from sins: (+ מִן) 2 Kings 3:3; 2 Kings 14:24; depart from evil: סָר מֵרָע Job 1:1, 8; Proverbs 3:7; Psalm 34:16

b. Depart

• of frogs: Exodus 8:7 (Jehovist Source); flies: Exodus 8:25 (Jehovist Source)
• of sword: 2 Samuel 12:10; sceptre: Genesis 49:10 (Jehovist Source)
• of God or His Spirit departing: (+ מִן) Hosea 9:12; (+ מֵעַל) Judges 16:20; 1 Samuel 28:16; (+ מֵעִם) 1 Samuel 16:14
• absolute (depart): Isaiah 52:11; Lamentations 4:15

c. Of lifeless things = be removed

• yoke: (+ מֵעַל) Isaiah 14:25; staves from ark: Exodus 25:16
• high places (בָּמוֺת): 1 Kings 15:14; 2 Kings 12:4; 2 Kings 15:4

d. Come to an end

• Amos 6:7
• Isaiah 11:13

2. Pô`lel

— סוֺרֵר Perfect 3 masculine singular Lamentations 3:11 he turned aside my ways.

3. Hiph`il

— הֵסִיר Perfect 3 masculine singular 2 Kings 18:4 +; וַהֲסִרֹ֫תָ 2 masculine singular 1 Kings 3:31; הֲסִירֹ֫תִי 1 singular 2 Kings 23:27 +; יָסִיר Imperfect 3 masculine singular Isaiah 3:18 +; הָסֵר Imperative masculine singular 1 Kings 20:24 +; הָסִיר construct 2 Kings 6:32 +.

a. Cause to depart, remove, take away

• with מִן: Exodus 8:4, 27 (Jehovist Source); Exodus 23:25 (Elohist Source); Deuteronomy 7:15; 1 Samuel 28:3; Joshua 7:13 (Jehovist Source)
• with מֵעַל (take off): ring Genesis 41:42 (Elohist Source); garments Genesis 38:14, 19 (Jehovist Source); head 1 Samuel 17:46; plagues Exodus 8:4 (Jehovist Source)
• with מֵעִם (remove kindness/presence): 1 Samuel 18:13; 1 Chronicles 16:13
• remove idols/high places: 2 Kings 18:4; 2 Kings 23:19; Genesis 35:2 (Elohist Source); Joshua 24:14 (Elohist Source)

b. Rare uses

• put aside (leave undone): Joshua 11:15 (Deuteronomist)
• retract words: Isaiah 31:2
• reject prayer: Psalm 66:20
• abolish sacrifice: Daniel 11:31

4. Hoph`al

— הוּסַר Perfect 3 masculine singular Leviticus 4:31; Daniel 12:11; יוּסַר Imperfect 3 masculine singular Leviticus 4:35 — be taken away, removed.

¹ Hugo Winckler, Glossar (Wkl Gloss).

² Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

³ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

conjunctive, Verb Hiphil sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀπέστη ἐξέκλινεν ἐξέκλιναν περιελεῖ ἀπέστησεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5493:

ἀπέστη 17× (5.8%)

ἐξέκλινεν 11× (3.6%)

ἐξέκλιναν 9× (2.8%)

περιελεῖ 8× (2.7%)

ἀπέστησεν 8× (2.5%)

ἐξῆρεν 7× (2.4%)

ἀφελῶ 7× (2.0%)

περιεῖλεν 6× (1.9%)

ἀπόστητε 6× (2.1%)

ἀπέστησα 5× (1.7%)

את אֵ֚ת

את-self eternal

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

את

ʼêth

Definition

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

Root

apparent contracted from H226 (אות) in the demonstrative sense of entity;

Exhaustive

apparent contracted from אות in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely); (as such unrepresented in English).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H853

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֵת

particle • Strongs_Numbers • Page 87

Particle used as a sign of the accusative, indicating the definite object of a verb; also used reflexively, or in designations of time and place. Occasionally interchangeable with other prepositions.

אֵת

substantive • Root אות • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

I. Proper substance, being, essence, body, self, essential. It is used as the sign of an accusative, or to give prominence to a noun as subject.

אֵת

preposition • Root אנה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 208

II. With; expressing fellowship or accompaniment. Properly side, support, lean upon.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Mattock, coulter of a plough, hoe, prop. anything cutting into.

אֵת

noun masculine • Root אתה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 209

Equivalent to אֵת III., of which it is merely a collateral form.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹת or אֶת

sign of accusative case • Page 35

A sign of the accusative case.

אֶת

com. gen. chald. • Page 81

Equivalent to the Hebrew אוֹת (sign, miracle). Synonymous with תְּמַהּ. References: Dan. 3: 32, 33; 6: 28.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (masc.). Equivalent to אַתָּה. Note: Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2.

אַתְּ

pronoun • Page 81

Thou (fem.). In pause אָתְּ. Found in Judg. 17: 2; 1 K. 14: 2. Also sometimes appears as a masculine form (Num. 11: 15; Ezek. 28: 14).

אֵת

ii. particle • Page 81

A primitive particle and sign of the accusative case (with Makk. -אֶת; with suffixes אֹתִי, אֹתָנוּ, etc.). Often denotes the definite direct object but can appear in circumstances where other languages employ the nominative (with passive verbs, neuter verbs, or before a nominative subject). References: Gen. 17: 5; Ex. 10: 8; 1 Sam. 17: 34.

אֵת

preposition • Page 82

1. with, together with (Gen. 4:1); 2. with, near by (Gen. 39:6); 3. in or on a place (1 Sam. 7:16); 4. besides (1 K. 11:25); 5. towards, erga (Ruth 2:20, 2 Sam. 16:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H853

I. אֵת — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite idem, Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.); Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f., Samaritan ܢܡ; Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189. [Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been ʾiwyaṯ, originally a substantive with following Genitive, Ol p. 432; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוּת sign from √ אוָה is uncertain: Ol W AG i. § 188 Lag M i. 226 affirm, Nö ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is אוּת; the forms with אֵת, אֶת being abbreviated. In post-Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוּתוֹ הַיּוֹם = Biblical Hebrew בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא, בְּאוּתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוּתוֹ הָאִישׁ = Biblical Hebrew הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd p. 213 f.)
• Aramaic יָת frequently in Targum Onkelos
• Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. ܐܠܗܐ per se, reapse, ܐܠܗܐ sibi ipsi, PS 1640f.
• Samaritan ܢܡ
• Arabic لله, only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W AG i. § 189
• Ethiopic uses ܐܠܗܐ k£y¹ similarly, Di § 150 a; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כָּל), or by a Genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names

• a. With transitive verbs:
  • Genesis 1:1, 16, 29, 30; Genesis 2:11; Genesis 4:1, 2; Genesis 9:3 (אֶת־כָּל) etc.
  • Similarly אֶת־מִי whom (in particular), Joshua 24:15; 1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 28:11; Isaiah 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶת־מָה); also with זֶה Genesis 29:33; Genesis 44:29; 1 Samuel 21:16; 1 Kings 22:27 +, זֹאת Genesis 29:27; 2 Samuel 13:27 +, אַחֲלֶה Genesis 46:18; Leviticus 11:18; Isaiah 49:21 +.
  • So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry אֵת is commonly dispensed with.
  • By the use of אֵת with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 37:4; Leviticus 10:17; Leviticus 11:33; Numbers 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deuteronomy 4:14; Deuteronomy 6:13, 23; Deuteronomy 13:5; Judges 14:3 אוּתָהּ קַח־לִי take for me her, 1 Samuel 14:35; 1 Samuel 15:1; 1 Samuel 18:17; 1 Samuel 21:10 אִם־אֶת־הָהִיא תִּקַּח־לְךָ קַח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1 Kings 1:35; 1 Kings 14:9; Isaiah 43:22; Isaiah 57:11; Jeremiah 9:2.
  • So הָאוּתִי Jeremiah 5:22; Jeremiah 7:19.
  • It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jeremiah 7:19; Ezekiel 34:2.
  • Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew § 277 d 2 Ges § 117, 1, R. 2), as Exodus 21:28; Numbers 21:9; Leviticus 20:14; 1 Samuel 24:6 (but see Dr) 2 Samuel 4:11; 2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Samuel 23:21; or which, though definite, is without the article, Genesis 21:30; 2 Samuel 15:16; Leviticus 26:5; 1 Samuel 9:3 (so Numbers 16:15) Isaiah 33:19; Isaiah 41:7; Ezekiel 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.).
• b. With a passive verb (Ges § 121. 1 Ew § 295 b) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Genesis 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֹךְ אֶת־עִירָד, Genesis 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת־שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Genesis 21:5 (E), Genesis 27:42; 2 Samuel 21:11; 1 Kings 18:13; Hosea 10:6 etc., to Jeremiah 35:18; Jeremiah 38:4; Jeremiah 50:20; Ezekiel 16:4, 5; Esther 2:13 (compare Dr JPh xi. 227 f.): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew § 281 b), as Exodus 1:7 +.
• c. With neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατά σύνεσιν (rare): Joshua 22:17; 2 Samuel 11:25; Nehemiah 9:32 (compare 1 Samuel 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Haggai 2:17; אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֲלֵי.
• d. Poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force: Habakkuk 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isaiah 13:19; Jeremiah 50:40 מַהֲפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W AG i. § 196, 43]; and Numbers 10:2; Ezekiel 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׁאוֹת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew § 239 a).

2. אֵת marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb

• a. With verbs of motion (very rare): Numbers 13:17; Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judges 19:18; Ezekiel 21:25 (Ew § 281 d, n., 282 a 1).
• b. Denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exodus 13:7; Leviticus 25:22; Deuteronomy 9:25.
• c. Expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Genesis 17:11, 14; 1 Kings 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατά σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition

• Thus (α): Exodus 1:14; Numbers 3:26, 46; Numbers 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezekiel 35:10) Numbers 18:21 b Deuteronomy 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deuteronomy 14:13; Joshua 17:11; Judges 20:44, 46 (contr. Judges 20:25; Judges 20:35) 1 Samuel 17:34 (see Dr) 1 Samuel 26:16; 2 Samuel 21:22; 2 Kings 6:5; Isaiah 53:8 (probably), Isaiah 57:12; Jeremiah 23:33 (but read rather with LXX Targum אֶתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22; Jeremiah 38:16 Kt, Jeremiah 45:4 b Ezekiel 16:22; Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 20:16; Ezekiel 29:4; b Ezekiel 43:7 (LXX Co prefix הָרְאִיתָ) Ezekiel 44:3; Zechariah 8:17; Ecclesiastes 4:3; Daniel 9:13; Nehemiah 9:19, 34; 1 Chronicles 2:9; 2 Chronicles 31:17.
• In 1 Samuel 30:23; Haggai 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood.
• (β): Jeremiah 38:9; Ezekiel 14:22; b Ezekiel 37:19 b Zechariah 12:10; סָבִיב אֵת 1 Kings 6:5; Ezekiel 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings LXX omits the clause: so Sta ZAW 1883, 135).
• — In 1 Kings 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); 1 Kings 11:25 is corrupt (read with LXX זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדַד); Ezekiel 47:17, 18, 19 read similarly for וְאֵת, זֹאת: see Ezekiel 47:20.

— For some particulars as to the use of אֵת, see A. M. Wilson Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff. (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, אֵת with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie ZAW 1881, 258 f.), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli Had. 28 with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתו (Lzb 263 Cooke 170; compare RÉS 468); Targum Onkelos Samaritan יָת; Syriac ܒܪ (rare)); — Daniel 3:12 דִּי מְנִיּתָ יָתְהוֹן whom thou hast appointed.

¹ Schröd: Paul Schröder, Die phönizische Sprache, Halle, 1869.

² Lag: Paul de Lagarde, works on Semitic languages.

³ Nö: Theodor Nöldeke, Orientalische Skizzen, Berlin, 1892.

⁴ Ol: Julius Olshausen, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Braunschweig, 1861.

⁵ W AG: Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus Linguae Hebraeae, ed. by E. Rödiger, Leipzig, 1835-1858.

⁶ Di: August Dillmann, Ethiopic Grammar, Leipzig, 1857.

⁷ Targ: Targum.

⁸ PS: Payne Smith, Syriac Dictionary.

⁹ Qor: Quran.

¹⁰ Ew: Heinrich Ewald, Ausführliches Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache, Göttingen, 1870.

¹¹ Ges: Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Dr: Samuel Rolles Driver, works on Hebrew.

¹³ JPh: Journal of Philology.

¹⁴ LXX: Septuagint.

¹⁵ Targum: Targum.

¹⁶ Sta: Bernhard Stade, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, Berlin, 1887.

¹⁷ ZAW: Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.

¹⁸ Gie: Friedrich Giesebrecht, works on Hebrew.

¹⁹ Lzb: Mark Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik, Weimar, 1898.

²⁰ Cooke: George Albert Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions, Oxford, 1903.

²¹ RÉS: Revue des Études Sémitiques.

Direct object eternal self

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0853:

No stats available

אפן אֹפַן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

אופן

ʼôwphân

Definition

a wheel

Root

or (shortened) אפן; from an unused root meaning to revolve;

Exhaustive

or (shortened) אפן; from an unused root meaning to revolve; a wheel; wheel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H212

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אוֹפָן

noun masculine • Strongs_Numbers • Page 81

Properly circle, hence a wheel, a usual chariot wheel. Also applied to the wheels under the ten bases in Solomon's temple, the wheels of a threshing machine, and in prophetic vision to the wheels of the divine throne.

אוֹפָן

noun • Root אפן • Strongs_Numbers • Page 175

See אֹפֶן.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אוֹפָן

noun masculine • Page 33

wheel. (Ex. 14:25; Prov. 20:26). Threshing waggon or sledge.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H212

I. אוֹפַן noun masculine Ezekiel 1:20 — wheel.

— אוֹפַן absolute 1 Kings 7:32 +; אוֹפָן Exodus 1:16 +; construct אוֹפַן 1 Kings 7:33; Isaiah 28:27 אוֹפָן Exodus 14:25; plural אוֹפַנִּים 1 Kings 7:32 +; construct אוֹפַנֵי 1 Kings 7:30; אוֹפַנֵיהֶם Ezekiel 10:12, etc.

1. wheel of chariot (מֶרְכָּבָה) Exodus 14:25; 1 Kings 7:33; Nahum 3:2; of (threshing) cart (עֲגָלָה) Isaiah 28:27 compare Proverbs 20:26 (as instrument of punishment).
2. wheels in Ezekiel's vision Ezekiel 1:15, Ezekiel 1:16 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 1:19; Ezekiel 1:19, Ezekiel 1:20 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 1:21; Ezekiel 3:13; Ezekiel 10:6, Ezekiel 10:9 (3 times in verse); Ezekiel 10:10 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 10:12 (3 times in verse); Ezekiel 10:13, Ezekiel 10:16 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 10:19; Ezekiel 11:22.
3. wheels of the ten bases beneath the lavers in Solomon's temple 1 Kings 7:30, 1 Kings 7:32 (3 times in verse); 1 Kings 7:33.

¹ "t." stands for "times" (following a number), indicating the number of occurrences.

² "Co" refers to C. H. Cornill, a scholar; the instruction "(strike out Co)" means to omit any reference to Cornill.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0212:

No stats available

מרכבתיו מַרְכְּבֹתָיו

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מרכבה

merkâbâh

Definition

a chariot

Root

feminine of H4817 (מרכב);

Exhaustive

feminine of מרכב; a chariot; chariot. See also בית המרכבות.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4818

הו

Definition

his, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9023

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

רִכְבָּה

noun feminine • Root רכב • Consonantal / Low • Page 1338

A riding, perhaps a chariot (fem.).

Matched after stripping common prefixes

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מֶרְכָּבָה

noun feminine • Root רכב • Page 408

A chariot, waggon. (2 Sam. 15:1; 1 K. 7:33; Gen. 41:43; Gen. 46:29; 1 Sam. 8:11). Plur. מֶרְכָּבוֹת.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4818

I. מֶרְכָּבָה (approximate number of occurrences: 44) noun feminine — chariot.

— מֶרְכָּבָה absolute Judges 4:13 +; construct מִרְכֶּ֫בֶת Genesis 41:43; suffix מֶרְכַּבְתּוֹ Genesis 46:29 +; plural מַרְכָּבוֹת Zechariah 6:1 +; construct מַרְכְּבוֹת 2 Kings 23:11 +, מַרְכְּבֹת- Exodus 15:4; suffix מַרְכְּבֹתֶיךָ Micah 5:10; Habakkuk 3:8, etc.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Especially war-chariot

(Often parallel with סוּס, 1 Samuel 8:11 or פָרָשִׁים):

• Egyptian: Exodus 14:25 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 15:4 (song), 2 Chronicles 14:8
• From North Syria: 1 Kings 10:29, 2 Chronicles 1:17
• Canaanite: Joshua 11:6, 9 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), Judges 4:15 (+ רֶכֶב), Judges 5:28 (+ idem)
• Assyrian: Isaiah 2:7; Nahum 3:2
• Foe from the north: Jeremiah 4:13
• Nations in general: Haggai 2:22
• Israel and Judah: 1 Kings 20:33; 1 Kings 22:35; 2 Chronicles 18:34; 2 Kings 9:27; 2 Kings 10:15; 2 Chronicles 35:24; Micah 5:10

b. For dignity and display

• Genesis 41:43 (Elohist Source)
• Genesis 46:29 (Jehovist Source)
• 1 Samuel 8:11 (twice in verse)
• 2 Samuel 15:1
• 2 Kings 5:21, 26
• מַרְכְּבוֹת כְּבוֹדֶךָ Isaiah 22:18 (ironical)
• Used in flight: 2 Kings 23:11 (idolatrous)

2. Figurative and Specialized Usages

a. Chariots of God

• figurative of Jehovah's chariots: Isaiah 66:15; Habakkuk 3:8
• In vision: Zechariah 6:1, 2 (twice in verse), 3 (twice in verse)

b. Liturgical and Similes

• Chariot of the cherubim: הַמֶּרְכָּבָה הַכְּרוּבִים (read מִרְכֶּבֶת הַכְּרוּבִים, ᵐ5 Benzinger¹) 1 Chronicles 28:18
• In similes: כְּמַעֲשֵׂה אוֹפַן הַמֶּרְכָּבָה 1 Kings 7:33; בְּקוֹל מַרְכָּבוֹת Joel 2:5
• Obscure passage: מַרְכְּבוֹת עַמִּי נָדִיב Song of Songs 6:12 (see Budde²)

¹ Immanuel Benzinger, Die Bücher der Könige (1899).

² Karl Budde, Das Hohelied (1898).

Noun common feminine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἅρματα ἅρματοσ ἅρμα ἁρμάτων ἅρματι

LXX Usage Statistics

H4818:

ἅρματα 11× (26.5%)

ἅρματοσ 9× (20.3%)

ἅρμα 8× (18.0%)

ἁρμάτων 6× (15.0%)

ἅρματι 5× (8.7%)

ἅρμασιν 2× (4.6%)

וינהגהו וַיְנַהֲגֵהוּ

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נהג

nâhag

Definition

to drive forth (a person, an animal or chariot), i.e. lead, carry away; reflexively, to proceed (i.e. impel or guide oneself); also (from the panting induced by effort), to sigh

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to drive forth (a person, an animal or chariot), i.e. lead, carry away; reflexively, to proceed (i.e. impel or guide oneself); also (from the panting induced by effort), to sigh; acquaint, bring (away), carry away, drive (away), lead (away, forth), (be) guide, lead (away, forth).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5090

ו

Definition

him, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine singular

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine singular

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9033

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Strongs / High • Page 949

I. (Kal not used) intr. to sigh, to groan, prop. to utter dull sounds, like the cooing of doves. Pih. (נִדָּה part. f. pl. מְנַדּוֹת) to sigh, to lament, to coo.

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Strongs / High • Page 949

to make go, to drive, a chariot; to conduct or lead, a people; to bring upon; to lead off.

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Strongs / High • Page 949

II. (part. נֹהֵג, imp. נַהֵג, fut. יְנַהֵג) tr. to drive forward, to impel, to lead; to lead forth; to lead away, as captives; to drive; to drive forward; to lead; to drive off.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Page 430

1. to guide, lead (Gen. 31:18, Ex. 3:1). 2. to drive a beast of burden (2 K. 4:24, 2 Sam. 6:3). 3. to lead away, e.g. prisoners (1 Sam. 30:2, Is. 20:4). 4. as in Chald. to be accustomed to any thing (Ecc. 2:3). Pi. נִהֵג: 1. to lead (Deut. 4:27); 2. to cause to drive heavily (Ex. 14:25); 3. to take away (Gen. 31:26).

נָהַג

verb • Root נהג • Page 430

i. q. נָהַק ,הָגָה, to sigh, pant, gasp. Only in Pi. (Nah. 2:8).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5090

I. נָהַג verb — drive, conduct.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew נָהַג conduct oneself, behave, be accustomed
• Arabic نهج go along the road, keep to the road
• Aramaic נְהַג lead

— נָהַג Perfect Lamentations 3:2; נָָֽהֲגוּ 1 Samuel 30:20; Imperfect יִנְהַג Isaiah 20:4, etc.; Imperative נְהַג 2 Kings 4:24; Participle active נֹהֵג Isaiah 11:6 2t., etc.; passive נְהוּגִים Isaiah 60:11.

1. Meanings and Uses

a. Drive flocks or animals

• Exodus 3:1
• Isaiah 11:6 (followed by בְּ)
• Drive an ass for riding 2 Kings 4:24 (+ הָלַךְ)
• Drive a cart (עֲגָלָה) 2 Samuel 6:3 = 1 Chronicles 13:7
• Absolute of driving a chariot 2 Kings 9:20

b. Lead or guide

• figurative, object Joseph Psalm 80:2 (simile of flock)
• Lead on a human being Song of Solomon 8:2 (+ הֵבִיא אֶל)
• figurative, subject י׳ Lamentations 3:2 (+ הוֺלִיךְ)
• Lead out an army to battle (late) 1 Chronicles 20:1; 1 Chronicles 25:11
• Passive participle of kings led in procession Isaiah 60:11 (Dillmann¹; rather than as captives, Cheyne²)

c. Drive away or off (booty/captives)

• Object livestock (מִקְנֶה) Genesis 31:18
• As booty (flocks and herds) 1 Samuel 23:5
• Unjustly taking an ass Job 24:3
• 1 Samuel 30:2 (twice); 1 Samuel 30:22 (+ הָלַךְ)
• Isaiah 20:4

2. Figurative usage

וְלִבִּי נֹהֵג בַּחָכְמָה Ecclesiastes 2:3 my heart behaving itself in wisdom.

3. Pi‘el

a. Drive away, lead off

• Daughters of Laban Genesis 31:26 (+ גָּנַב)
• Subject י׳, leading people into exile Deuteronomy 4:27 (+ הֵפִיץ), Deuteronomy 28:37 (+ הוֺלִיךְ)

b. Lead on, guide

• Subject י׳ Psalm 78:52 (+ הִסִּיעַ כַּצּאֹן)
• Isaiah 49:10 (+ נִהֵל); Isaiah 63:14; Isaiah 48:17
• Guide a wind Exodus 10:13; Psalm 78:26 (+ הִסִּיעַ)

c. Cause to drive

• Subject י׳ Exodus 14:25 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)

---

II. [נָהַג] verb Pi‘el — moan, lament.

Cognates:

• Arabic نهق be out of breath, pant, breathe heavily
• Aramaic נְהַג sigh, groan

— Pi‘el Participle feminine plural מְנַהֲגוֹת Nahum 2:8 (כְּקוֹל יוֹנִים).

¹ A. Dillmann, Commentary on Isaiah.

² T. K. Cheyne, The Prophecies of Isaiah (1880–81).

³ We Dr Kit Bu = Wellhausen, Driver, Kittel, Budde.

conjunctive, Verb Piel sequential imperfect third person masculine singular, Suffix pronominal third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀπήγαγεν ἤγαγεν ἦγον ἄξει ἐπήγαγεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H5090a:

ἀπήγαγεν 3× (7.7%)

ἤγαγεν 3× (7.7%)

ἦγον 2× (6.0%)

ἄξει 2× (6.0%)

ἐπήγαγεν 2× (5.6%)

αὐτοὺσ 2× (4.2%)

בכבדת בִּכְבֵדֻת

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

כבדת

kᵉbêduth

Definition

difficulty

Root

feminine of H3515 (כבד);

Exhaustive

feminine of כבד; difficulty; [idiom] heavily.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3517

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

בֵּד

abbreviation • Root עבד • Consonantal / Low • Page 220

abridged from עֶבֶד, and still more בַּד, in proper names compounded with it

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

בַּד

noun masculine • Root בדד • Consonantal / Low • Page 219

I. 1. dismembered, singled out, separated; hence separation, part. 2. solitude, emptiness. Used as a preposition/adverb (לְבַד) meaning: alone, only, besides, except.

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

בַּד

noun masculine • Root בדד • Consonantal / Low • Page 219

II. 1. yarn, thread, yarn-web; particularly white linen garments of priests. 2. branches of a tree, poles, bars, staves; members of the body.

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

בַּד

noun masculine • Root בדד • Consonantal / Low • Page 219

III. speech, talk, chatter; hence lies, brag; liars/astrologers.

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

בַּד

unknown • Consonantal / Low • Page 220

see בַּדּ

Matched via prefix/suffix stripped stem

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

בְּ

preposition • Page 84

A preposition with various meanings: 4. by (swearing, Gen. 22:16); 5. through (Num. 12:2); 6. upon (Num. 14:10); 7. to a place or thing (Judg. 6:35); 8. against (Gen. 16:12); 9. concerning (after 'to speak'); 10. out of, from (Gen. 44:5); 11. among; 12. before (Gen. 23:18); 13. for (Deut. 19:21); 14. on account of (Gen. 18:28); 15. after, according to (Gen. 1:26); 16. as (Job 34:36); 17. used with verbs of sense; 18. Beth essentiae (Jehovah is among my helpers, Ps. 118:7); 19. before an infinitive: when, while, after, since (Gen. 2:4).

בּ

prefix • Page 83

A prefix preposition with various meanings: 1. In or into a place/subject. 2. With, denoting an instrument, aid, or concomitance. 3. On, at, or near.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3517

כְּבֵדֻת (approximate number of occurrences: 1) noun feminine — heaviness.

— כְּבֵדֻת absolute Exodus 14:25.

1. Meanings and Uses

• Exodus 14:25 (וַיְנַהֲגֵהוּ בִּכְבֵדֻת and they drave them with heaviness, i.e. difficulty; Jehovist Source)

¹ Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

Preposition, Noun common feminine singular absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H3517:

No stats available

ויאמר וַיֹּאמֶר

and he is saying

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אמר

ʼâmar

Definition

to say (used with great latitude)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to say (used with great latitude); answer, appoint, avouch, bid, boast self, call, certify, challenge, charge, [phrase] (at the, give) command(-ment), commune, consider, declare, demand, [idiom] desire, determine, [idiom] expressly, [idiom] indeed, [idiom] intend, name, [idiom] plainly, promise, publish, report, require, say, speak (against, of), [idiom] still, [idiom] suppose, talk, tell, term, [idiom] that is, [idiom] think, use (speech), utter, [idiom] verily, [idiom] yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H559

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 155

1. (not used) to stand prominently upwards, to project upwards, hence to be elevated. 2. to say, to speak, to command; to press out sounds from within.

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 755

to say, speak

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 58

1. to say (dico). Differs from דבר (to speak) in that אָמַר is almost uniformly followed by the words spoken (Lev. 1:2; Gen. 44:16). 2. to think. (Speaking and thinking).

אָמַר

verb • Root אמר • Page 59

To command (Est 1:17, 1 Chr 21:17); to praise (Ps 40:11). Niph.: to be said, to be called holy (Is 4:3). Hiph.: to declare solemnly, to promise (Deut 26:17, 18). Hithpa.: to boast one's self (Ps 94:4), or to exercise dominion.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H559

I. אָמַר (5287) verb utter, say (Egyptian mr command; Phoenician אמר; Aramaic אֲמַר; Ethiopic ሀሁሂሃ I. 2 shew, declare; Arabic أمر command; perhaps √ אמר originally = be or make prominent, hence Hithpael below, אָמִיר; Sabaean אמר lofty, epithet of king idem Mordtmann ZMG 1876, 37; compare Dl Pr 28 who thinks original meaning hell, sichtbar sein, whence Assyrian amāru, see, & shew, declare, say).

Cognates:

• Egyptian mr command
• Phoenician אמר
• Aramaic אֲמַר
• Ethiopic ሀሁሂሃ I. 2 shew, declare
• Arabic أمر command
• Sabaean אמר lofty, epithet of king
• Assyrian amāru see, & shew, declare, say

Qal

Perfect 3 masculine singular אָמַר Genesis 3:1 +; Imperfect יֹאמַר Genesis 31:8 +; וַיֹּאמֶר Genesis 1:3 +; וַיֹּאמַר Genesis 14:19 +; in Job always וַיֹּאמַר Job 3:2 +; 3 feminine singular תֹּאמַר Genesis 21:12 +; תֹּאמַר Proverbs 1:21; 1 singular אֹמַר Genesis 22:2 +; אוֹמְרָה Psalm 42:10; וָאֹמַר Genesis 20:13 +; וָאוֹמַר Nehemiah 2:7,17,20; 3 masculine plural יֹאמְרוּ Exodus 4:1 + etc.; suffix יֹמְרוּךָ Psalm 139:20; 2 masculine plural תֹּמְרוּ 2 Samuel 19:14 (compare Kö i. p. 385); Imperative אֱמֹר Genesis 45:17 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָמוֹר Exodus 21:5 +; construct אֱמֹר Ezekiel 25:8 +; הָאֱמֹר Job 34:18 but read הָאֹמַר idem Di, or better הֵאָמֹר Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative compare Ew § 328 d; suffix אָמְרִי Joshua 6:10 +; אֲמָרְכֶם Jeremiah 23:38; אֱמָרְכֶם Malachi 1:7 +; לֵאמֹר Genesis 1:22 +, etc.; Participle active אֹמֵר Genesis 32:10 +, etc.; passive הָאָמֻר Micah 2:7, but this grammatically indefensible, read הֵאָמֹר, Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative, see Dr Expositor, April, 1887, 263.

Say (subject God Genesis 3:1 Genesis 32:5, serpent Genesis 3:1, ass Numbers 22:28, horse יֹאמַר הָאָח Job 39:25 etc.; inanimate things, personified Job 28:14 compare Job 28:22 etc.; so in allegory or fable Judges 9:8; 2 Kings 14:9 etc.; especially in narration, וַיֹּאמֶר etc., Genesis 4:6 + very often): mostly followed by thing said, either substantive Jeremiah 14:17 (with clause app.) Deuteronomy 27:16 f.; Judges 12:6; pronoun Genesis 44:16; 2 Kings 20:14 +; or (usually) clause Genesis 1:3; Genesis 3:1; Genesis 37:20 + often (oratio recta [direct speech]); with adverb thus, so Genesis 32:5; Numbers 20:14; 1 Kings 20:3,5 + often; especially כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה Exodus 5:1; Exodus 7:17; Exodus 8:1; Exodus 8:20; 1 Chronicles 17:4 + often; the person addressed usually introduced by אֵל Genesis 3:1; Genesis 15:7; Genesis 22:7; Leviticus 21:1; 2 Samuel 3:7; 1 Kings 12:5,23, or לְ Genesis 3:13; Genesis 4:15; 1 Samuel 20:2; 2 Samuel 2:21; 1 Kings 14:2 + often; rarer combinations are, בְּאָזְנֵי כֹה אָמַר Isaiah 49:20 (compare Isaiah 5:9 & see דָּבַר); לִפְנֵי כֹה אָמַר Ezekiel 28:9; לְעֵינֵי כֹה אָמַר Deuteronomy 31:7; Joshua 10:12; Jeremiah 28:11; בְּ כֹה אָמַר Joel 2:17; Psalm 126:2, where בְּ local; in all cases usually followed by direct object of words said, Exodus 19:25 being very singular; Genesis 4:8 the object-clause has probably fallen out, compare Vrss Di; = mention, name, designate Genesis 22:2,3; Genesis 43:27,29; Exodus 32:13; Numbers 14:40; 1 Samuel 10:16; 1 Samuel 16:3; 2 Samuel 6:22; Nehemiah 6:19; compare Psalm 139:20 יֹמְרוּךָ לִמְזִמָּה speak of thee for falsehood (but many, as Hup Pe Dy Che, read יַמְרוּךָ); = tell, declare, proclaim, (followed by direct object only) Psalm 40:11; Ezekiel 13:7; in reply to question = answer Exodus 12:27; Joshua 4:7; 1 Kings 9:9; Jeremiah 5:19; Jeremiah 22:9. The object spoken of may be referred to by אֵל 2 Kings 19:32; Jeremiah 22:18; Jeremiah 27:19, or לְ Genesis 20:13 אִמְרִי לִי say of me, etc. Deuteronomy 33:9; Judges 9:54; Isaiah 5:20; Psalm 3:3; Psalm 71:10, very rarely by a simple accusative Isaiah 3:10 (where read probably for אִמְרוּ, אַשְׁרֵי), except after אֲשֶׁר where the words used follow (compare אֲשֶׁר 4d) Genesis 3:17; Numbers 10:29; Numbers 14:31; Deuteronomy 28:68; Judges 7:4; 1 Samuel 9:17,23b 1 Kings 8:29; Lamentations 4:20; compare Numbers 21:16; 2 Kings 17:12; 2 Kings 21:4, & (two extreme cases) Isaiah 8:12; Lamentations 2:15 (see Dr Sm i. 24, 5); הָאָמֻר Micah 2:7 read infinitive absolute with ה interrogative הֵאָמֹר (see above) shall one say? shall it be said? After another verb of saying, introducing thing said: Deuteronomy 21:7; Deuteronomy 25:9; Deuteronomy 27:15; Song of Solomon 2:10 +, even after אָמַר Genesis 22:7; Leviticus 21:1; Jeremiah 34:2; Esther 7:5 +; especially infinitive לֵאמֹר, after דָּבַר Genesis 8:15, צָוָה Genesis 2:16, עָנָה Genesis 44:16, בָּרַךְ Genesis 1:22, נָשַׁבַע Genesis 24:7, נָּדַר Genesis 28:20, etc.; after אָמַר 2 Samuel 3:18; 1 Kings 12:23; Ruth 4:4; 1 Chronicles 21:18 +; after שָׁלַח 2 Chronicles 35:21, שׁוּב Genesis 32:7; compare also Genesis 28:6; Exodus 5:13; Exodus 9:5; Exodus 13:8; Exodus 17:4; Numbers 11:20; Deuteronomy 1:28; Deuteronomy 13:7; Judges 8:15; 1 Samuel 23:2; 1 Kings 13:3; Jeremiah 32:3; Jeremiah 37:9 +; also when subject of לֵאמֹר differs from that of preceding clause Genesis 31:1; Genesis 38:13,24 etc.; after שָׁמַע Isaiah 37:9 = 2 Kings 19:9.

1. Say in the heart (= think)

• בְּלֵב כֹּה אָמַר Deuteronomy 8:17 compare 1 Kings 12:26; Psalm 10:6; Psalm 10:11; Psalm 10:13; Psalm 14:1; Psalm 35:25; Isaiah 14:13; Isaiah 47:8,10; Isaiah 49:21; Ecclesiastes 2:1,15; Ecclesiastes 3:17,18; לִלְבָבוֹ כֹּה אָמַר Hosea 7:2; אֵל לִבּוֹ כֹּה אָמַר Genesis 8:21 said unto his heart (to himself), subject כֹּה יְהוָה, compare 1 Samuel 27:1; אָמְרָה נַפְשִׁי Lamentations 3:24; thence כֹּה אָמַר alone Genesis 20:11; Genesis 26:9; Numbers 24:11; Ruth 4:4; 1 Samuel 20:26; 2 Samuel 5:6; 2 Kings 5:11; followed by clause with כִּי Judges 15:2; in particular = desire מַה תֹּאמַר נַפְשֶׁךָ 1 Samuel 20:4 compare Esther 2:13; followed by infinitive = purpose, Exodus 2:14 thinkest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian? Joshua 22:33; 1 Samuel 30:6; 1 Kings 5:19; 2 Chronicles 28:10,13; expect 2 Samuel 21:16 he expected to slay David 2 Chronicles 13:8; 2 Chronicles 32:1.

2. Promise

• (followed by infinitive) 1 Chronicles 27:23; 2 Chronicles 21:7; Esther 4:7; (idem + לְ of person) 2 Kings 8:19; Nehemiah 9:15; (followed by accusative of direct object + לְ of person + infinitive of purpose) Nehemiah 9:23.

3. Command

• (especially late) followed by אֵל of person addressed, Numbers 15:38; 1 Chronicles 21:18; followed by לְ Joshua 11:9; 2 Samuel 16:11; 2 Kings 4:24; Job 9:7; Psalm 106:34 (see below אֲשֶׁר 8e); followed by infinitive 1 Samuel 24:11; 1 Chronicles 21:17; 2 Chronicles 1:18; 2 Chronicles 29:27,30; 2 Chronicles 31:11; Esther 1:17; Esther 4:13,15; Esther 6:1; followed by infinitive + לְ of pers, 2 Chronicles 14:3; 2 Chronicles 29:21; 2 Chronicles 31:4; Esther 1:10; followed by accusative direct object 2 Chronicles 29:24 the king commanded the burnt-offering and the sin-offering, compare 1 Kings 5:20; Esther 2:15; followed by clause with אֲשֶׁר = that Nehemiah 13:19; idem + לְ of person Nehemiah 13:22; followed by clause with כִּי Job 36:10; absolute 1 Samuel 16:16 (read however probably יֹאמְרוּ for יֹאמַר, compare Dr); also Psalm 105:31; Psalm 105:34; Psalm 107:25; 1 Chronicles 14:12; 2 Chronicles 24:8; Nehemiah 13:9,19 (all followed by verb consecutive); command by letter עִם הַסֵּפֶר כֹּה אָמַר Esther 9:25 (followed by imperfect); appoint, assign לוֹ לְלֶחֶם כֹּה אָמַר 1 Kings 11:18 = threaten followed by infinitive Deuteronomy 9:25; Psalm 106:23.

Niphal

Perfect נֶאֱמַר Daniel 8:26; Imperfect יֵאָמֵר Genesis 22:14 +; יֵאָמַר לוֹ Isaiah 4:3; יֵאָמַר Genesis 10:9 +; וַיֵּאָמַר Joshua 2:2; be said, told Genesis 10:9; Genesis 22:14; Psalm 87:5; Jeremiah 4:11; Jeremiah 16:14 (all absolute, indefinite subject, of current saying); so said in a book Numbers 21:14; be related, told, of vision Daniel 8:26; said, told to (followed by לְ indirect object) Joshua 2:2; Hosea 2:1 (twice in verse); Zephaniah 3:16; either so, or told concerning Numbers 23:23; Ezekiel 13:12 (אֵל); יֵאָמֵר לָכֶם = ye shall be called (it shall be said to you) Isaiah 61:6 ("" תִּקָּרְאוּ לָכֶם), compare Isaiah 4:3; Isaiah 19:18; Isaiah 32:5 ("" יִקָּרֵא לְ) Isaiah 62:4 (twice in verse); hence be called, of Tophet לֹא יֵאָמֵר עוֹד הַתֹּפֶת Jeremiah 7:32; subject שֵׁם Genesis 32:29; Job 34:31 כִּי אֵל אֵל יֵאָמֵר, Rabb (compare AV) treat יֵאָמֵר as Niph`al Infinitive for לֵאָמֵר, but against grammar; the form as it stands is Qal Perfect, אֵל אֵל being prefixed to the interrogative for emphasis (compare Jeremiah 22:15; Jeremiah 23:26; Nehemiah 13:27), see Dr § 9 Di and others; Hoffm., however, reads יֵאָמֵר infinitive absolute = imperative 'so must one speak (it be spoken) to God.'

Hiphil

Perfect הֵאֱמִיר Deuteronomy 26:17 הֵאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לְךָ לֵאלֹהִים; Deuteronomy 26:18 הֵאֱמִיר יְהוָה הַיּוֹם לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְעַם (literally cause to declare, i.e. through agency of Moses; on this & other interpretations see Di).

Hithpael

Imperfect יִתְאַמֵּר Psalm 94:4 subject כָּל מְעֹלֵל אָוֶן act proudly, boast ("" יַבִּיעוּ יְדַבְּרוּ עָתָק probably also 2 masculine plural תִּתְאַמֵּרוּ Isaiah 61:6 (in good sense, followed by בְּ of thing gloried in) Ges Comm. so De Che Kö i. 457 f. (from [ יָמַר ] exchange Thes Hi Kn Ew Di; but see יָמַר, מוֹר).

¹ [] Indicates that the form enclosed is not actually found (assumed/reconstructed) or that the Hebrew offers no positive proof (e.g., gender).

² √ Root or stem.

³ || Parallel of words (synonymous or contrasted); also of passages; sometimes 'see parallel' or 'so also in parallel'.

⁴ = Equivalent / equals.

⁵ + Prefixed or added, indicates 'All passages cited'. Also used as 'plus', denoting often that other passages might be cited.

⁶ J Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ ? Sign of doubt.

⁸ t. times (following a number).

⁹ * Assumed form (not actually found).

¹⁰ ° Additions / glosses.

¹¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

¹² Mordtmann ZMG 1876, 37.

¹³ Dl Pr 28.

¹⁴ Ew § 328 d.

¹⁵ Kö i. p. 385.

¹⁶ Dr Expositor, April, 1887, 263.

¹⁷ Dr Sm i. 24, 5.

¹⁸ Vrss Versions.

¹⁹ Di Dillmann.

²⁰ Hup Hupfeld.

²¹ Pe Perowne.

²² Dy Delitzsch.

²³ Che Cheyne.

²⁴ AV Authorized Version.

²⁵ Rabb Rabbinic.

²⁶ Dr § 9.

²⁷ Hoffm Hoffmann.

²⁸ Ges Gesenius.

²⁹ De Delitzsch.

³⁰ Kö König.

³¹ Thes Thesaurus.

³² Hi Hitzig.

³³ Kn Knobel.

³⁴ Ew Ewald.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0559:

No stats available

מצרים מִצְרַ֗יִם

of Dual-Siege

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מצרים

Mitsrayim

Definition

Mitsrajim, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt

Root

dual of H4693 (מצור);

Exhaustive

dual of מצור; Mitsrajim, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt; Egypt, Egyptians, Mizraim.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4714

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִצְרַיִם

dual proper noun • Root מצר • Strongs / High • Page 897

1. A son of Ham, then the name of the race of the Egyptians descended from him; collectively the Egyptians. 2. The land of Egypt, often denoting both upper and lower Egypt. The dual form is thought to refer to the two parts of the country.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִצְרַיִם

fem. dual • Page 400

Egypt, the name of a country. Construed with a verb in the singular, Hos. 9:6. The gentile noun is מִצְרִי, plur. מִצְרִים, an Egyptian; fem. מִצְרִית an Egyptian woman.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4714

I. מִצְרַ֫יִם (approximate number of occurrences: 681) proper name, of a territory and people, feminine Exodus 10:7, masculine Exodus 12:33, masculine plural Genesis 41:55 etc. (see below 2) — Egypt, Egyptians.

Cognates:

• Phoenician מצרם
• Assyrian Miṣir(u), Muṣru, Miṣir
• Tel Amarna Miṣrî, Mašrî
• Arabic مصر Cairo, Egypt
• Minean Miṣru
• Greek Αιγυπτος

— מִצְרַ֫יִם Genesis 13:1 +; מִצְרָ֑יִם Genesis 37:36 +; מִצְרַיְמָה Genesis 12:10 (12 times); מִצְרָ֑יְמָה Genesis 12:11 (14 times); derivatives and form dubious; יִַ֯ם usually regarded as dual term (Upper and Lower Egypt? compare Di¹), but as locative ending EMey² Ba³; Jen⁴ thinks מִצְרַיִם absolute formed by analogy of מַיִם, שָׁמַיִם from Miṣrî.

1. Of land, Egypt

a. Usage

• Genesis 13:1 (approximately 500 times), in all periods, including אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם Genesis 13:10 + (approximately 220 times; feminine Genesis 47:6, 13).
• אַדְמַת מִצְרַיִם (the soil of Egypt) Genesis 47:20, 26.
• מֵימֵי מִצְרַיִם Exodus 7:19; Exodus 8:2.
• נְהַר מִצְרַיִם Genesis 15:18.
• יְאֹר מִצְרַיִם Amos 8:8; Amos 9:5.
• יְאֹרֵי מִצְרַיִם Isaiah 7:18.
• שִׁיחוֺר מִצְרַיִם 1 Chronicles 13:5.
• לְשׁוֺן יָם־מִצְרַיִם Isaiah 11:15.
• נַחַל מִצְרַיִם Joshua 15:4 + 6 times.
• Land as productive: Genesis 45:20; Genesis 49:23; compare שֵׁשׁ בְּרִקְמָה מִמִּצְרַיִם Ezekiel 27:7, אֵטוּן מִצְרַיִם Proverbs 7:16.
• Often parallel with כּוּשׁ: Isaiah 20:3–5; Isaiah 45:14; Ezekiel 30:4, 9.
• Parallel with אַשּׁוּר: Hosea 11:11; Hosea 12:1; Isaiah 7:18; Jeremiah 2:18.
• Including Upper Egypt (פַּתְרוֺס), as well as Lower: Jeremiah 44:1; compare Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:6; distinguished from Upper Egypt Isaiah 11:11; Jeremiah 44:15.

2. Of people

a. In table of nations

• Personified as second son of Ham Genesis 10:6 = 1 Chronicles 1:8; compare Genesis 10:13 = 1 Chronicles 1:11.

b. Egyptians (as a people)

• Genesis 41:56 + approximately 134 times, including use as Egyptian Kingdom or political power.
• With verb feminine singular: אָֽבְדָה מִצְרַיִם Exodus 10:7; Hosea 9:6; Joel 4:19; and pronoun feminine singular Ezekiel 30:18.
• With verb masculine singular: Exodus 12:33; Exodus 14:25; Isaiah 19:16, 23, 25; Jeremiah 46:8.
• With verb masculine plural: Genesis 41:55; Isaiah 19:21, 23 (+ 22 times).
• Phrases: בְּנֵי מִצְרַיִם Ezekiel 16:26; בְּתוּלַת בַּת מִצְרַיִם Jeremiah 46:11, 19, 24.
• In 1 Kings 10:28; 2 Chronicles 1:16–17; 2 Kings 7:6, Winckler thinks of Assyrian Muṣri in North Syria or North Arabia.

¹ August Dillmann, Commentary on Genesis (1892).

² Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, I. § 42.

³ Jakob Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (NB), p. 319.

⁴ Peter Jensen, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (ZA), iv (1889), 268 ff.

Noun proper name

LXX: αἰγύπτου αἰγύπτῳ αἴγυπτον αἰγυπτίων pεἰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4714:

αἰγύπτου 328× (45.8%)

αἰγύπτῳ 101× (13.6%)

αἴγυπτον 79× (10.3%)

αἰγυπτίων 26× (3.3%)

pεἰσ 22× (3.2%)

αἰγύπτιοι 20× (2.4%)

αἰγύπτιοι 15× (1.9%)

αἰγυπτίοισ 14× (1.7%)

'' 14× (1.7%)

αἰγυπτίουσ 12× (1.5%)

אנוסה אָנוּסָה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

נוס

nûwç

Definition

to flit, i.e. vanish away (subside, escape; causatively, chase, impel, deliver)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to flit, i.e. vanish away (subside, escape; causatively, chase, impel, deliver); [idiom] abate, away, be displayed, (make to) flee (away, -ing), put to flight, [idiom] hide, lift up a standard.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5127

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נוּס

verb • Root נוס • Strongs / High • Page 755

to flee to

נוּס

verb • Root נוס • Strongs / High • Page 955

To flee, to fly, to move on quickly, hence to ride along; to escape; to disappear. Metaphorically, to vanish, to haste away.

נוּס

verb • Root נוס • Strongs / High • Page 974

intransitive verb to give way, to retreat, to draw back, hence to fall away from following God.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נוּס

verb • Root נוס • Page 433

To flee before any person or thing; construed with מִן (Is. 24:18), לִפְנֵי (Deut. 28:25), or מִפְּנֵי (2 Sam. 23:11). Spoken of inanimate objects like waves (Ps. 104:7) or shadows (Cant. 2:17). Pil. נִוֹסֵס: to chase, drive (Is. 59:19). Hiph. הֵנִיס: to put to flight (Deut. 32:30), or remove secretly (Ex. 9:20). Hithpal. הִתְנוֹסֵס: to flee (Ps. 60:6).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5127

I. נוּס (approximate number of occurrences: 160) verb — flee, escape.

Cognates:

• Syriac ܢܘܣ tremble (rare) (compare Brockelmann¹)
• Arabic ناص move to and fro, be in commotion, dangle (Lane²⁸⁶⁶)

— Qal Perfect נָס Numbers 35:25 +; נַ֫סְתָּה 2 Kings 9:3; נַ֫סְתִּי 1 Samuel 4:16, etc.; Imperfect יָנוּס Exodus 21:13 +; וַיָּנָ֫ס Genesis 39:12 +; יְנוּס֑וּן Psalm 104:7, etc.; Imperative masculine plural נֻ֫סוּ Jeremiah 48:6 (4 times; Jeremiah, Zechariah); Infinitive absolute נוֺס 2 Samuel 18:3; construct לָנוּס (לָנֻס) Genesis 19:20 +; Participle נָס Amos 9:1 +; נָסִים Exodus 14:27 +; —

1. Meanings and Uses in Qal

a. Flee

• absolute Genesis 39:12, 15; Numbers 16:34 (Jehovist Source); Joshua 10:16 (Jehovist / Elohist Source); Leviticus 26:17, 36 (Holiness Code)
• figurative of sea Psalm 114:3, 5; compare Psalm 104:7
• followed by accusative of cognate meaning מָנוֺס Jeremiah 46:5
• followed by דֶּרֶךְ Joshua 8:15 (Jehovist Source), 2 Kings 9:27; followed by בְּדֶרֶךְ Deuteronomy 28:7, 25
• נ׳ אֶל־נַפְשָׁם 2 Kings 7:7 flee for their life
• נ׳ בְּרַגְלָיו Judges 4:15 flee on foot
• followed by אֶל־ location Deuteronomy 4:42; Deuteronomy 19:5, 11 (Deuteronomic Source), Numbers 35:32; Joshua 20:4 (both Priestly Code), Judges 4:17; 1 Kings 2:28, 29; Isaiah 13:14
• followed by לְ 1 Samuel 4:10 (6 times); followed by לִקְרָאתוֺ Exodus 14:27 (Elohist Source)
• followed by עַד Judges 7:22; Proverbs 28:17 (+ עַד־בּוֺר)
• followed by עַל־ Isaiah 10:3
• followed by הָ locative Genesis 14:10 (4 times; Jehovist / Elohist Source), Numbers 35:6 (6 times; Priestly Code), Deuteronomy 4:42; Deuteronomy 19:3, 4 (Deuteronomic Source)
• followed by שָׁם Isaiah 20:6; followed by accusative of location Joshua 8:20 (Jehovist Source)
• followed by מִמֶּרְחָק Isaiah 17:13 (far away)
• followed by מִן from Joshua 20:6 (Priestly Code), 1 Samuel 4:16; מִתּוֺךְ Jeremiah 51:6
• especially מִמְּנֵי from before Exodus 4:3; Exodus 14:25; Numbers 10:35; Joshua 10:11 (all Jehovist / Elohist Source), 1 Samuel 17:24; Jeremiah 48:44 (Qr הַנָּס)
• followed by לִפְנֵי Joshua 7:4; Joshua 8:5–6 (Jehovist Source), 1 Samuel 4:17; 2 Samuel 24:13; מִלִּפְנֵי 1 Chronicles 19:18

b. Escape

• Amos 9:1 ("" נמלט); Jeremiah 46:6

c. Take flight, depart, disappear (figurative)

• Deuteronomy 34:7 (Jehovist / Elohist Source) his freshness (לֵחֹה vigour) was not gone ("" לֹא כָֽהֲתָה עֵינוֹ)
• of shadows Songs 2:17; Songs 4:6
• of sorrow Isaiah 35:10; Isaiah 51:11

d. Fly (to the attack) on horseback

• נ׳ עַל־סוּס Isaiah 30:16

2. Poʿlel

Perfect Isaiah 59:19 רוּחַ י׳ נֹסֲסָה בּוֺ the breath of Yahweh driveth at it, driveth it on (compare Hiphʿil 2).

3. Hithpoʿlel

Infinitive construct לְהִתְנוֺסֵס מִמְּנֵי Psalm 60:6 in order to take flight before the bow (so Versions, Hupfeld, Nowack, Cheyne, Baethgen and others³).

4. Hiphʿil

a. Meanings and Uses

Perfect הֵנִיס Exodus 9:20; Imperfect יָנִיסוּ Deuteronomy 32:30 + Judges 7:21 Kt (Qr וַיָּנוּסוּ Qal); Infinitive construct לְתָנִיס Judges 6:11.

• 1. Put to flight: followed by accusative Deuteronomy 32:30 ("" רדף)
• 2. Drive hastily: to a safe place Exodus 9:20, followed by accusative + אֶל־
• 3. Cause to disappear, hide: Judges 6:11 (no object) followed by מִמְּנֵי

¹ Brockelmann, Carl, Lexicon syriacum (1895).

² Lane, Edward William, An Arabic-English Lexicon (1863).

³ Hupfeld-Nowack, Die Psalmen (1888); T. K. Cheyne, The Book of Psalms (1888); F. Baethgen, Die Psalmen (1892).

Verb Qal imperfect first person common singular

LXX: ἔφυγεν ἔφυγον φυγεῖν '' φεύξονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H5127:

ἔφυγεν 34× (21.0%)

ἔφυγον 26× (15.7%)

φυγεῖν 8× (5.0%)

'' 6× (3.5%)

φεύξονται 4× (2.6%)

φεύξεται 4× (2.5%)

φεύγετε 4× (2.7%)

φεύγειν 4× (2.1%)

ἀπέδρα 3× (1.9%)

φύγωμεν 3× (2.1%)

מפני מִפְּנֵי

from the faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Prep-M, Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

ישראל יִשְׂרָאֵל

God-Contends

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישראל

Yisrâʼêl

Definition

Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

Root

from H8280 (שרה) and H410 (אל); he will rule as God;

Exhaustive

from שרה and אל; he will rule as God; Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity; Israel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3478

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יִשְׂרָאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root שרה • Strongs / High • Page 662

A proper name with multiple meanings: the patriarch Jacob; the Israelite people; an honorary title for the pious; the northern kingdom of Israel; the whole kingdom after the exile.

יִשְׂרָאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root ישר • Strongs / High • Page 662

A proper name, meaning 'El is a true, honest one.' Described as a ground-form to יְשַׂרְאֵלָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3478

I. יִשְׂרָאֵל (approximate number of occurrences: 2507) proper name masculine and of a people — Israel (El persisteth, persevereth (or jussive Let El persist) [usually contendeth¹ or Let El contend², but see Dr³]; on vocalization see Lag⁴, Kit⁵; see derivatives under I. שׂרה).

Comparative:

• Moabite ישראל (MI⁶)
• Egyptian Y-si-r-’l⁷
• Assyrian Sir-’-lai (= יִשְׂרְאֵלִי)⁸
• Greek Ισραηλ

— On a possible relation to proper name שָׂרַי, שָׂרָה see RS⁹; compare שְׂרָיָה, שְׂרָיָהוּ.

1. Proper name, masculine

Second name of Jacob:

• Genesis 32:29 (28 times Genesis, Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Exodus 32:13 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Hosea 12:13
• Judges 18:29
• Exodus 6:14; Numbers 1:20; Numbers 26:5 (all Priests' Code)
• 2 Kings 17:34
• 1 Chronicles 1:34 (8 times Chronicles)
• Psalm 105:23
• בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל Ruth 4:11
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (literal) Genesis 42:5 (3 times Elohist Source, 2 times Priests' Code) + Exodus 1:7 (Priests' Code; transition to wider use)
• 1 Kings 18:31; 1 Chronicles 2:1 +
• = 12 tribes Exodus 28:9 (7 times Priests' Code)
• אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Kings 18:36; 1 Chronicles 29:18; 2 Chronicles 30:6

2. Proper name, of a people

(usually masculine Judges 11:17 f. but feminine 1 Samuel 17:21; 2 Samuel 24:9). Name of Hebrew nation; usually derived from 1, but יִשְׂרָאֵל more common in early usage than בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל:

a. Israel

• (1) undivided kingdom; יִשְׂרָאֵל Genesis 47:27 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 49:7 (poem in Jehovist Source) + 108 times Jehovist-Elohist Source, Deuteronomy 1:1; Deuteronomy 18:6; Deuteronomy 33:10 (poem) + 76 times Deuteronomic Source, Genesis 34:7; Exodus 12:15 (42 times Priests' Code); Judges 5:2, 7 (twice) + 104 times Judges; often 1 and 2 Samuel; 1 Kings 1–12; כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל of whole people 2 Samuel 8:15 +, of whole army 2 Samuel 11:1 +, opposed to Judah 2 Samuel 2:9 +.
• (2) יִשְׂרָאֵל = Northern tribes, distinguished from Judah, even before disruption, 2 Samuel 2:9, compare 2:10; 3:10; 4:1; 5:5; 12:7; 20:1; 1 Kings 1:35; 4:20; 5:5 +; so at disruption 1 Kings 12:16 (3 times), 12:18, 19; then usually of Northern kingdom, till its fall, 1 Kings 12:28; 14:7; 10 + very often Kings, Amos 1:1; 2:6; 3:14 +, Hosea 1:5; 4:15 (twice); 5:3 (twice); 5:5 +, Micah 1:13, etc.
• (3) יִשְׂרָאֵל of Southern kingdom, Judah, rarely before fall of Samaria Isaiah 1:3; 8:18; Micah 1:14, 15, so בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Kings 12:17; after fall of Samaria, יִשְׂרָאֵל (less often בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל) occurs of entire people, in reference to past or future 2 Kings 21:8; 23:22; Isaiah 17:9; Psalm 103:7; Jeremiah 2:3; 50:17, 19 +; יִשְׂרָאֵל also = Judah Jeremiah 2:14, 31; 4:1 +, Ezekiel 13:2, 4, 16; 14:1, 7, 9 +, Isaiah 40:27; 41:8; 42:24 +, Ezra 2:59 = Nehemiah 7:61; Ezra 2:70; Ezra 3:11 +, Nehemiah 10:34; 10:3 +, Psalm 14:7 (twice) = Psalm 53:7 (twice), Psalm 147:2; Psalm 149:2 +, etc.
• (4) usage in Chronicles: יִשְׂרָאֵל of whole people 1 Chronicles 2:7 (110 times), of Northern kingdom 2 Chronicles 11:1 (16 times), of Judah 2 Chronicles 12:6; 19:8 (9 times).
• (5) יִשְׂרָאֵל personified as עֶבֶד יהוה, Isaiah 44:1, 21; Isaiah 49:3.

b. בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל

• (1) of undivided people Exodus 1:12 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 3:9 (Elohist Source) + 72 times Jehovist-Elohist Source, Deuteronomy 3:18; Deuteronomy 10:6 (25 times Deuteronomic Source), Genesis 32:33 (327 times Priests' Code); Judges 1:1 (60 times Judges); seldom 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 Kings 1–12; in 1 Kings 13–2 Kings 25 passive in reference to older history (rarely otherwise).
• (2) seldom of Northern kingdom Amos 2:11 (9 times Amos, Hosea); 2 Chronicles 13:12 (7 times Chronicles).
• (3) of Judah (late) Ezekiel 2:3; Nehemiah 1:6 (twice); Ezra 3:1; Joel 4:16 +, 2 Chronicles 31:5.

c. בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל

• Exodus 16:31; Exodus 40:38 (142 times); 81 times Ezekiel, where = Judah (see especially Exodus 37:16); שְׁנֵי בָֽתֵּי יִשְׂרָאֵל Isaiah 8:14.

d. Other phrases

See sub אִישׁ, אֶרֶץ, בַּת, בְּתוּלָה, גְּבוּל, הַר, כִּסֵּא, מֶלֶךְ, מַטֶּה, עֵדָה, עַם, שֵׁבֶט; also (in epithet of יהוה) below אָבִיר, אוֺר, אֱלֹחִים, גָּוֺאל, מֶלֶךְ, מִקְוֶה, צוּר, קָדוֺשׁ, רָעָה.

e. The laity

Opposed to priests, etc. (late):

• Ezra 10:25; Nehemiah 11:3; 1 Chronicles 9:2
• כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 2:70; Ezra 10:5
• הָעָם יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 9:1
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Nehemiah 10:40, compare שְׁאָר יִשְׂרָאֵל Nehemiah 11:20

---

Aramaic

I. יִשְׂרָאֵל proper name of a people Israel (Biblical Hebrew id., √ שָׂרָה).

• אֱלַהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 5:1; Ezra 6:14; Ezra 7:15
• מֶלֶךְ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 5:11
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 6:16
• עַמָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 7:13

¹ Eberhard Nestle, *Die israelitischen Eigennamen* (1876), 60 ff.

² G. B. Gray, *Studies in Hebrew Proper Names* (1896), 218.

³ S. R. Driver in Hastings' *Dictionary of the Bible*, article "Jacob," 530.

⁴ Paul de Lagarde, *Uebersicht über die Bildung der Nomina* (1889), 131 f.

⁵ Rudolf Kittel, *The Books of the Chronicles* (1895), on 1 Chronicles 4:16.

⁶ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone), line 5.

⁷ Georg Steindorff, *Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft* xvi (1896), 331.

⁸ Eberhard Schrader, *Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung*, 356 ff.

⁹ W. Robertson Smith, *Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia*, 257 (2nd ed. 34).

Noun proper name

LXX: ισραηλ '' --- ιακωβ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3478:

ισραηλ 2245× (92.9%)

'' 57× (2.1%)

--- 50× (2.2%)

ισραηλ 8× (0.3%)

ιακωβ 4× (0.2%)

t? 4× (0.1%)

ιερουσαλημ 4× (0.2%)

[b] 3× (0.1%)

ισραηλίτου 3× (0.1%)

ισραηλίτιδοσ 3× (0.1%)

כי כִּי

for

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

כי

kîy

Definition

(by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed

Root

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent;

Exhaustive

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed; and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch, where-) as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else, even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, + nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then, therefore, + (al-) though, + till, truly, + until, when, whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3588

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

כִּי

masculine noun • Root כוה • Strongs / High • Page 690

A prick, mark, stigma; a brand.

כִּי

relative conjunction • Root כי • Strongs / High • Page 690

A pronominal root used as a relative conjunction. 1. usually a relative particle, that, quod, to denote the relation of the preceding to the following clause, such as in indirect and direct speech.

כִּי

particle / conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 691

A versatile particle with several primary meanings. 1. As a conjunction, it can introduce an exclamation, a question, or an emphatic confirmation, and is sometimes translated as 'that'. 2. As a relative particle of time, it means 'when', 'if', 'since', 'as', 'as often as'. 3. As a causal particle, it means 'because' or 'for'. 4. As a particle of consequence, it can mean 'so' or 'then'.

כִּי

conjunction • Strongs / High • Page 692

A relative conjunction with a wide range of meanings depending on context. Causal: 'for', 'because'. Adversative: 'but', 'nay but', 'nay for', 'no', 'but yes', 'but indeed', 'but yet'. Comparative: 'but now'. Concessive: 'although'. Consequential: 'for which reason'.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

כִּי

m. subst. • Root כוה • Page 314

I. a mark burnt in, a brand, stigma. Is. 3: 24.

כִּי

primitive particle • Page 314

II. Probably a relative pronoun, i. q. אֲשֶׁר (Gen. 4:25). Used as a conj.: 1. that (Gen. 1:4). 2. for, because (Gen. 3:14). 3. if (Ex. 3:21). 4. when (Hos. 11:1). 5. yet, although (Ps. 116:10). 6. but (Gen. 45:8). 7. yea rather (Ps. 44:23). 8. often used at the beginning of a proposition (Zech. 3:8). 9. at the beginning of the apodosis (Gen. 22:17).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3588

I. כִּי conjunction — that, for, when.

Cognates:

• Moabite idem
• Phoenician כ
• Aramaic דֵּךְ this¹
• Latin nam

1. That

a. Prefixed to sentences depending on an active verb

Occupying the place of an accusative; after verbs of seeing, knowing, telling, etc.:

• Genesis 1:10 וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי טוֹב (God saw that it was good)
• Genesis 3:6, Genesis 6:2, Genesis 6:5, Genesis 12:14
• Genesis 14:14, Genesis 22:12 (knowing)
• Genesis 12:18, Genesis 6:6–7 (repenting)
• Genesis 22:16 (swearing)
• Job 36:10, 24 (commanding)
• Psalm 41:12 (after a pronoun)

b. Introducing direct narration

Like the Greek ὅτι recitativum:

• Genesis 21:30
• Genesis 29:33 and she said, כִּי שָׁמַע יְהוָה Yahweh hath heard, etc.
• Exodus 3:12
• Joshua 2:24
• 1 Samuel 10:19 and ye have said to him, כִּי מֶלֶךְ תָּשִׂים עָלֵינוּ

c. Especially after an oath

Introducing the fact sworn to:

• Genesis 42:16 by the life of Pharaoh, כִּי מְרַגְּלִים אַתֶּם
• Numbers 14:22
• 1 Samuel 20:3 as יְהוָה liveth, כִּי כְפֶשַׂע בֵּינִי וּבֵין הַמָּוֶת
• 1 Samuel 14:44 כֹּה יַעֲשֶׂה אֱלֹהִים וְכֹה יוֹסִיף כִּי מוֹת תָּמוּת

d. With adverbs and interjections

• אַף כִּי (see אַף)
• הֲכִי is it that...? 2 Samuel 9:1, Genesis 29:15
• אִם לֹא כִּי Deuteronomy 32:30 were it not that...
• כִּי עַתָּה (apodosis) Genesis 31:42, Genesis 43:10

e. Intensive force

Introducing a statement with emphasis: yea, surely, certainly:

• Exodus 18:11
• 1 Samuel 17:25
• Isaiah 32:13
• Lamentations 3:22 (the mercies of יְהוָה, surely they are not consumed)

f. That, expressing consecution

Especially after a question implying surprise or deprecation:

• Genesis 20:9 what have I sinned against thee כִּי הֵבֵאתָ עָלַי that thou hast brought upon me?
• Exodus 3:11 who am I כִּי אֵלֵךְ that I should go?
• Psalm 8:5 what is man כִּי תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ?
• Genesis 40:15 (after a negative)

2. Of time

a. When

• Of the past: Genesis 6:1, Genesis 26:8, 2 Samuel 6:13
• Of the present: Exodus 18:16 כִּי יִהְיֶה לָהֶם דָּבָר when they have a matter
• Of the future: Genesis 4:12 כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת הָאֲדָמָה, Exodus 7:9

b. Approximating to "if"

Representing a case likely to occur (mostly with imperfect):

• Genesis 38:16
• Often in laws: Exodus 21:14, 21:33; Leviticus 1:2

c. Concessive force (though)

• Jeremiah 49:16 כִּי תַגְבִּיהַּ כַּנֶּשֶׁר קִנֶּךָ though thou make high like the vulture thy nest
• Micah 7:8 כִּי נָפַלְתִּי קָמְתִּי though I have fallen, I rise

3. Because, since

a. General causal

• Genesis 3:14 because thou hast done this, cursed art thou
• Genesis 18:20
• In answer to a question: Genesis 27:20, Exodus 1:19

b. Following the causal sentence (for)

• Genesis 2:3 כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת because on it he rested
• Psalm 6:3 heal me כִּי נִבְהֲלוּ עֲצָמָי for my bones are vexed
• Ironical: 1 Kings 18:27 for he is a god

c. Subtle or explicative causal

Justifying a statement by unfolding particulars:

• Isaiah 3:8, Job 6:21
• 2 Samuel 23:5, Isaiah 5:7

d. After a negative (but / sondern)

• Genesis 17:15 not Sarai, כִּי שָׂרָה שְׁמָהּ but Sarah shall be her name
• Exodus 16:8 not against us... כִּי עַל יְהוָה but against Yahweh
• לֹא כִּי nay, but: Genesis 18:15 לֹא כִּי צָחָקְתְּ

4. Combined with Other Particles

a. כִּי אִם (except, but rather, surely)

• Except: Genesis 32:27 כִּי אִם בֵּרַכְתָּנִי except thou bless me
• But rather: Genesis 15:4, Genesis 32:29
• Surely (after oath): 2 Kings 5:20 כִּי אִם רַצְתִּי surely I will run

b. כִּי עַל כֵּן (forasmuch as / for therefore)

• Genesis 18:5 כִּי עַל כֵּן עֲבַרְתֶּם for therefore are ye come
• Numbers 14:43, Judges 6:22

¹ William Wright, Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (W. SG 110 f.).

² S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (Dr).

³ Ewald's Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Ew).

Particle

LXX: ὅτι γὰρ ἐὰν διότι ---

LXX Usage Statistics

H3588a:

ὅτι 2030× (53.1%)

γὰρ 394× (10.3%)

ἐὰν 276× (7.0%)

διότι 259× (6.8%)

--- 158× (4.1%)

ἀλλ' 114× (2.9%)

'' 76× (1.7%)

ὅταν 55× (1.4%)

καὶ 49× (1.3%)

γάρ 44× (1.2%)

יהוה יְהוָה

He Is

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

יהוה

Yᵉhôvâh

Definition

Jehovah, Jewish national name of God

Root

from H1961 (היה); (the) self-Existent or Eternal;

Exhaustive

from היה; (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God; Jehovah, the Lord. Compare יה, יהוה.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3068

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

noun masculine • Root יהה • Strongs / High • Page 590

A pre-Mosaic old Semitic name of the supreme God, which was specially revealed for the older אֵל at the establishment of the Mosaic religion, as an abstract of all divine greatness and holiness.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

יְהֹוָה

proper name • Page 275

The proper name of the deity among the ancient Hebrews. Interpreted as 'the eternal, unchangeable, true' or 'he who is as he shall be.' The text discusses various ancient pronunciations (IAΩ, IABE, IETΩ) and its derivation from the future of הָיָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3068

I. יהוה (approximate number of occurrences: 6823) i.e. יַהְוֶה proper name, of deity — Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel.

Cognates and Origins:

• Babylonian יהו (claimed by Delitzsch^{Dl Pa 162 ff.}, disputed by Kuenen and Jastrow)
• Egyptian etymology (proposed by Spiegelberg^{ZMG liii 633 ff.}, considered improbable)
• Moabite Stone יהוה as the name of Israel's God (MI¹⁸)

— יהוה Masoretic Text יְהוָֺה (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהוִֺה (Qr אֱלֹהִים) in combinations אדני יהוה; with prepositions בַּיהוָֺה, לַיהוָֺה, מֵיהוָֺה. Pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520 (Galatinus). The traditional Ἰαβέ (Theodoret) and contracted form יָהּ favour the pronunciation יַהְוֶה (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Psalm 74:6).

1. Etymology and Meaning

a. Hiphil theories (The Giver of Being)

• The one bringing into being, life-giver (Schrader)
• Giver of existence, creator (Kuenen, Tiele)
• He who causes to fall, i.e., rain or lightning (Robertson Smith)

b. Qal theories (The Existing One)

• The absolute and unchangeable one (Riehm)
• The existing, ever living (Dillmann)
• The one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption (Delitzsch)

2. Source Analysis and Usage

a. In the Hexateuch

• Elohist Source (E): Not used in Genesis; revealed at Horeb (Exodus 3:12–15) and explained as אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה "I shall be the one who will be with thee."
• Priests' Code (P): Abstains from use until the revelation to Moses (Exodus 6:3).
• Yahwist Source (J): Uses the name from the beginning of the narrative (Genesis 2:4).

b. In later literature

• Common in pre-exilic writers; falls into disuse post-exile, supplanted by אלהים and אדני.
• Job: Used in prose parts and once in the poem (Job 12:9).
• Ecclesiastes: Not used at all.

3. Syntactic Combinations

a. With אלהים and suffixes

• With אֱלֹהֶיךָ: Exodus 20:2–12 (Ten Words); Deuteronomy 5:6–16; in Deuteronomy (234 times).
• With אֱלֹהֵיכֶם: In Deuteronomy (46 times); Holiness Code (15 times); Joel 2:13.
• With אֱלֹהֵינוּ: Exodus 3:18; Psalm 20:8; Daniel 9:10, 13, 14.
• With אלהים (later editors): Genesis 2:4b; Jonah 4:6.

b. The phrase אֲנִי יהוה ("I am Yahweh")

• As a formula of revelation or authority: Exodus 6:2, 29 (Priests' Code).
• In the recognition formula ("that ye may know"): Exodus 7:5; Ezekiel 6:7 (and 48 times in Ezekiel).
• In the Holiness Code as an emphatic close: Leviticus 18:5, 6, 21; Leviticus 19:12, 14, 16.

c. In compound place names

• יהוה יראה (Yahweh-jireh): Genesis 22:14 (Yahwist Source).
• יהוה נסי (Yahweh-nissi): Exodus 17:15 (Elohist Source).
• יהוה שׁלים (Yahweh-shalom): Judges 6:24.
• יהוה שָׁ֑מָּה (Yahweh-shammah): Ezekiel 48:35.

¹ Philo, de Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529.

² Friedrich Böttcher, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache (Bö § 88).

³ Paul de Lagarde, Symmicta (Lag Sym i.14).

⁴ Samuel Rolles Driver, Studia Biblica (Dr Stud.Bib.i.1 ff.).

⁵ Eberhard Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (COT).

Noun proper name

LXX: κύριοσ κυρίου κυρίῳ κύριον κύριε

LXX Usage Statistics

H3068:

κύριοσ 2605× (41.8%)

κυρίου 1742× (27.8%)

κυρίῳ 598× (8.8%)

κύριον 473× (7.1%)

κύριε 336× (5.4%)

--- 129× (2.1%)

'' 95× (1.3%)

θεὸσ 76× (1.0%)

θεοῦ 69× (0.9%)

θεῷ 28× (0.4%)

נלחם נִלְחָם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

לחם

lâcham

Definition

to feed on; figuratively, to consume; by implication, to battle (as destruction)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to feed on; figuratively, to consume; by implication, to battle (as destruction); devour, eat, [idiom] ever, fight(-ing), overcome, prevail, (make) war(-ring).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3898

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

לָחַם

verb • Root לחם • Strongs / High • Page 782

1. To take food, to eat, to consume. 2. Figuratively, to destroy, to fight, to war.

לָחַם

verb • Root לחם • Strongs / High • Page 783

(Not used) intransitive verb meaning to be thick, full, swelling, as in the fullness of the body or flesh.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

לָחַם

verb • Page 344

fut. יִלְחַם. (Entry continues on following page).

לָחַם

verb • Page 345

1. to eat, consume (Prov. 4:17). 2. to war, fight (Num. 14:9). Niph. לִלְחָם to fight, contend (1 Sam. 17:10).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3898

I. לָחַם (approximate number of occurrences: 171) verb — fight, do battle.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew Hithpa`el
• Moabite ואלתחם (MI<sup>1</sup>) perhaps = order the battle
• Arabic لحم fit close together
• Late Hebrew לחם Pi`el
• Syriac ܠܚܡ Pa`el unite, fit, also threaten
• Gerber² thinks verb in Hebrew denominative from מִלְחָמָה battle-line

1. Qal

(Poetry) only imperative masculine singular and participle active — fight, do battle with, rare, only Psalms, apparently later usage:

• לְחַם אֶת־לֹחֲמָ֑י Psalm 35:1 do battle with those battling with me (+ רִיבָה אֶת־יְרִיבַי)
• לֹחֲמִים לִי Psalm 56:3 doing battle against me
• לֹחֵם Psalm 56:2 as substantive fighter

2. Niph`al

167 occurrences. Perfect נִלְחַם Judges 9:17 +, וְנִלְחַמְתָּ֫ Judges 11:8; וְנִלְחַמְנוּ Deuteronomy 1:41; Imperfect יִלָּהֵם Exodus 14:14, וַיִּלָּ֫חֶם Exodus 17:8; suffix וַיִּלָּֽחֲמוּנִי Psalm 109:3; Imperative הִלָּחֵם Exodus 17:9; Infinitive absolute נִלְחֹם Judges 11:25, construct הִלָּחֵם Judges 1:9; Participle נִלְחָם Exodus 14:24, plural נִלְחָמִים Joshua 10:25.

a. Engage in battle or wage war

• Joshua 10:5; Judges 11:5; 1 Kings 14:19
• With בְּ of enemy (60 times): Exodus 1:10; Exodus 17:9–10 (Elohist Source); Numbers 21:23, 26 (Elohist Source)
• With בְּ of city or tower: Judges 9:45; 1 Samuel 23:1; Isaiah 20:1
• With עִם of enemy (26 times): Judges 5:20; Joshua 11:5 (Jehovist Source); 1 Samuel 17:32–33 (single combat)
• With אֶת = with, of enemy: Joshua 24:8 (Elohist Source); 1 Samuel 17:9; Jeremiah 21:5
• With עַל against: Jeremiah 21:2; of city: Deuteronomy 20:10, 19 (Deuteronomic Source); Jeremiah 32:24
• With עַל for, in behalf of: Judges 9:17; 2 Kings 10:3
• With לְ = id.: Exodus 14:14 (Jehovist Source); Deuteronomy 1:30; Joshua 10:14 (Deuteronomic Source)

b. Ability and success

• יָכֹל לְהִלָּחֵם be able to fight: 1 Samuel 17:9; Numbers 22:11
• Prevail against: Isaiah 7:1; 2 Kings 16:5

II. לָחַם verb — use as food, eat.

Notes: Poetic, verb rare and chiefly late.

1. Qal

Perfect 3 plural לָֽחֲמוּ Proverbs 4:17; Imperfect 2 masculine singular תִּלְחַם Proverbs 23:6, 1 singular אֶלְחַם Psalm 141:4; Imperative masculine plural לַחֲמוּ Proverbs 9:5; Infinitive construct לְחוֺם Proverbs 23:1; Passive participle plural construct לְחֻמֵי Deuteronomy 32:24.

a. Meanings and usages

• eat (mostly Proverbs), absolute: Proverbs 23:1
• Followed by accusative לֶחֶם: Proverbs 4:17; Proverbs 23:6
• Followed by בְּ: Proverbs 9:5 (+ בְּלַחְמִי); Psalm 141:4 (+ בְּמַנְעַמֵּיהֶם) eat of their dainties
• Figurative of pestilence: Deuteronomy 32:24 (לְחֻמֵי רֶשֶׁף) eaten up with the Fire-bolt

¹ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone).

² Gerber, Die hebräischen Verba denominativa (1896).

Verb Niphal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: ἐπολέμησεν πολεμεῖν ἐπολέμησαν πολεμῆσαι πολεμήσει

LXX Usage Statistics

H3898a:

ἐπολέμησεν 19× (10.7%)

πολεμεῖν 17× (9.1%)

ἐπολέμησαν 14× (7.7%)

πολεμῆσαι 13× (7.6%)

πολεμήσει 7× (3.9%)

ἐπολέμει 6× (3.3%)

ἐπολέμουν 5× (3.0%)

'' 5× (2.6%)

ἐκπολεμῆσαι 4× (2.4%)

πολεμήσετε 4× (2.4%)

להם לָהֶם

to themselves

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Preposition, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

במצריםפ בְּמִצְרָיִם׃פ

in the hand

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ב

bə

Definition

in, by

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(beth) — in / within / by means of

Core value: interiority, enclosure, participation

ב does not primarily mean “in time” (“when”) or even “in space.” It marks being inside a domain, whether that domain is:
- spatial (house, land),
- conceptual (wisdom, covenant),
- modal (strength, fear),
- instrumental (by means of).
Aonically, ב marks immersion.
not “when X happened” but “within the state or field of X.”
This is why ב־יום does not need to mean “on the day (chronological)” but “within the day-realm / condition”.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

מצרים

Mitsrayim

Definition

Mitsrajim, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt

Root

dual of H4693 (מצור);

Exhaustive

dual of מצור; Mitsrajim, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt; Egypt, Egyptians, Mizraim.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4714

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מִצְרַיִם

dual proper noun • Root מצר • Strongs / High • Page 897

1. A son of Ham, then the name of the race of the Egyptians descended from him; collectively the Egyptians. 2. The land of Egypt, often denoting both upper and lower Egypt. The dual form is thought to refer to the two parts of the country.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מִצְרַיִם

fem. dual • Page 400

Egypt, the name of a country. Construed with a verb in the singular, Hos. 9:6. The gentile noun is מִצְרִי, plur. מִצְרִים, an Egyptian; fem. מִצְרִית an Egyptian woman.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4714

I. מִצְרַ֫יִם (approximate number of occurrences: 681) proper name, of a territory and people, feminine Exodus 10:7, masculine Exodus 12:33, masculine plural Genesis 41:55 etc. (see below 2) — Egypt, Egyptians.

Cognates:

• Phoenician מצרם
• Assyrian Miṣir(u), Muṣru, Miṣir
• Tel Amarna Miṣrî, Mašrî
• Arabic مصر Cairo, Egypt
• Minean Miṣru
• Greek Αιγυπτος

— מִצְרַ֫יִם Genesis 13:1 +; מִצְרָ֑יִם Genesis 37:36 +; מִצְרַיְמָה Genesis 12:10 (12 times); מִצְרָ֑יְמָה Genesis 12:11 (14 times); derivatives and form dubious; יִַ֯ם usually regarded as dual term (Upper and Lower Egypt? compare Di¹), but as locative ending EMey² Ba³; Jen⁴ thinks מִצְרַיִם absolute formed by analogy of מַיִם, שָׁמַיִם from Miṣrî.

1. Of land, Egypt

a. Usage

• Genesis 13:1 (approximately 500 times), in all periods, including אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם Genesis 13:10 + (approximately 220 times; feminine Genesis 47:6, 13).
• אַדְמַת מִצְרַיִם (the soil of Egypt) Genesis 47:20, 26.
• מֵימֵי מִצְרַיִם Exodus 7:19; Exodus 8:2.
• נְהַר מִצְרַיִם Genesis 15:18.
• יְאֹר מִצְרַיִם Amos 8:8; Amos 9:5.
• יְאֹרֵי מִצְרַיִם Isaiah 7:18.
• שִׁיחוֺר מִצְרַיִם 1 Chronicles 13:5.
• לְשׁוֺן יָם־מִצְרַיִם Isaiah 11:15.
• נַחַל מִצְרַיִם Joshua 15:4 + 6 times.
• Land as productive: Genesis 45:20; Genesis 49:23; compare שֵׁשׁ בְּרִקְמָה מִמִּצְרַיִם Ezekiel 27:7, אֵטוּן מִצְרַיִם Proverbs 7:16.
• Often parallel with כּוּשׁ: Isaiah 20:3–5; Isaiah 45:14; Ezekiel 30:4, 9.
• Parallel with אַשּׁוּר: Hosea 11:11; Hosea 12:1; Isaiah 7:18; Jeremiah 2:18.
• Including Upper Egypt (פַּתְרוֺס), as well as Lower: Jeremiah 44:1; compare Ezekiel 29:10; Ezekiel 30:6; distinguished from Upper Egypt Isaiah 11:11; Jeremiah 44:15.

2. Of people

a. In table of nations

• Personified as second son of Ham Genesis 10:6 = 1 Chronicles 1:8; compare Genesis 10:13 = 1 Chronicles 1:11.

b. Egyptians (as a people)

• Genesis 41:56 + approximately 134 times, including use as Egyptian Kingdom or political power.
• With verb feminine singular: אָֽבְדָה מִצְרַיִם Exodus 10:7; Hosea 9:6; Joel 4:19; and pronoun feminine singular Ezekiel 30:18.
• With verb masculine singular: Exodus 12:33; Exodus 14:25; Isaiah 19:16, 23, 25; Jeremiah 46:8.
• With verb masculine plural: Genesis 41:55; Isaiah 19:21, 23 (+ 22 times).
• Phrases: בְּנֵי מִצְרַיִם Ezekiel 16:26; בְּתוּלַת בַּת מִצְרַיִם Jeremiah 46:11, 19, 24.
• In 1 Kings 10:28; 2 Chronicles 1:16–17; 2 Kings 7:6, Winckler thinks of Assyrian Muṣri in North Syria or North Arabia.

¹ August Dillmann, Commentary on Genesis (1892).

² Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, I. § 42.

³ Jakob Barth, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen Sprachen (NB), p. 319.

⁴ Peter Jensen, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie (ZA), iv (1889), 268 ff.

Preposition, Noun proper name

LXX: αἰγύπτου αἰγύπτῳ αἴγυπτον αἰγυπτίων pεἰσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4714:

αἰγύπτου 328× (45.8%)

αἰγύπτῳ 101× (13.6%)

αἴγυπτον 79× (10.3%)

αἰγυπτίων 26× (3.3%)

pεἰσ 22× (3.2%)

αἰγύπτιοι 20× (2.4%)

αἰγύπτιοι 15× (1.9%)

αἰγυπτίοισ 14× (1.7%)

'' 14× (1.7%)

αἰγυπτίουσ 12× (1.5%)

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And he will remove the wheel of their chariots, and they will drive in heaviness; and Egypt will say, I will flee from the face of Israel; for Jehovah waged war for them against Egypt.

LITV Translation:
And He took off the wheels of their chariots, and made them drive with difficulty. And the Egyptians said, I will flee from the face of Israel, for Jehovah is fighting for them against the Egyptians.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
and bound the axletrees of their chariots, and caused them to go with difficulty; and the Egyptians said, Let us flee from the face of Israel, for the Lord fights for them against the Egyptians.