Exodus 14:19

Paleo Hebrew Niqqud

RBT Hebrew Interlinear:

ויסע וַיִּסַּ֞ע

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נסע

nâçaʻ

Definition

properly, to pull up, especially the tent-pins, i.e. start on ajourney

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to pull up, especially the tent-pins, i.e. start on ajourney; cause to blow, bring, get, (make to) go (away, forth, forward, onward, out), (take) journey, march, remove, set aside (forward), [idiom] still, be on his (go their) way.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5265

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָסַע

verb • Root נסע • Strongs / High • Page 975

Properly to push away, to tear away, to pluck away. Hence to tear out (e.g., a tent-pin).

נָסַע

verb • Root נסע • Strongs / High • Page 976

to break up, a nomadic tent, metaphor. to move on, of men, warlike armies, pillar of fire, sacred tent, ark of the covenant; to migrate; to break up or depart, of shepherds with their flock. In derivatives also, to break off, to loosen, stones; to draw, to bend a bow; to rush on, to rush away.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָסַע

verb • Root נסע • Page 447

1. to tear out, to pluck up; e. g. the door-posts, Judg. 16:3, 14. 2. to break up, to remove, spoken of a nomadic horde. Gen. 35:16. 3. to march, journey, spoken of nomadic people, Gen. 12:9. Niph. to be broken up or removed. Is. 38:12. Hiph. to tear up, as a tree, Job 19:10; to let or cause to remove, Ex. 15:22; to lead, guide, Ps. 78:52.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5265

I. נָסַע (approximate number of occurrences: 147) verb — pull out or up, set out, journey.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem, move, march
• Assyrian nisû, set out, withdraw¹
• Arabic نزع
• Ethiopic ነዝዐ pull up, away^{2, 3}

— נָסַע Perfect 3 masculine singular Genesis 33:17 +; 3 masculine plural נָָֽסְעוּ Deuteronomy 10:6, נָסָ֑עוּ Numbers 2:34 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִסַּע Isaiah 33:20, וַיִּסַּע Genesis 12:9 +, suffix וַיִּסָּעֵם Judges 16:3; 3 masculine plural יִסְעוּ Exodus 40:36 +, יִסָּ֑עוּ Numbers 2:9 +; 2 masculine plural תִּסְעוּ Joshua 3:3; 1 plural נִסְעָה cohortative Genesis 33:12, וַנִּסַּע Deuteronomy 1:19, Deuteronomy 2:1, וַנִּסְעָה Ezra 8:31; Imperative סְעוּ Deuteronomy 2:24 +; Infinitive absolute Genesis 12:9; construct נְסֹעַ Joshua 3:14 +; suffix נָסְעָם Genesis 11:2, Numbers 10:34; Participle נֹסֵעַ Exodus 14:10, Numbers 10:33, plural נֹסְעִים Numbers 10:29.

1. Meanings and Uses (Qal)

a. Pull out or up

• City-gate and gate-posts Judges 16:3
• Loom Judges 16:14 (on text compare Moore⁴)
• Tent-pegs Isaiah 33:20 (figurative of Jerusalem; compare also Niphal)

b. Set out (from pulling up tent-pegs)

• Genesis 35:5; Numbers 12:15 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 4:7 (+ יָצָא מִמְּקוֺמוֺ)
• Of lifeless things, e.g. the ark Numbers 10:35 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Often in Priests' Code: Exodus 14:15; Exodus 40:37; Numbers 1:51; Numbers 4:5, 15; Numbers 9:17 (8 times in Numbers 9); Numbers 10:5, 6, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25; so probably Numbers 2:8 (6 times in Numbers 2; of lifeless things, דֶּגֶל Numbers 10:18, 12; מִשְׁכָּן Numbers 1:51; אֹהֶל מוֺעֵד Numbers 2:17); Numbers 33:3
• וַיִּסַּע וַיָּבֹא Genesis 46:1 (Elohist Source), Exodus 16:1, Exodus 19:2, Numbers 20:22, Joshua 9:17 (all Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 1:7; נִסְעָה וְנֵלֵ֑כָה Deuteronomy 33:12 (Yahwist Source)
• וַיִּסְעוּ וַיַּעֲלוּ Judges 18:11; סְעוּ וְעִבְרוּ Deuteronomy 2:24
• With מִן: Genesis 35:16 (Elohist Source), Numbers 10:34 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); נָסַע מֵאָהֳלֵיהֶם לַעֲבֹר Joshua 3:14 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• With מִן + וַיָּבֹא: Joshua 3:1, Numbers 33:9; + וַיֵּלֶךְ Numbers 33:3 (Deuteronomist Source), Deuteronomy 1:19; + וַיַּעֲבְרוּ Numbers 33:8

c. Depart

• With מִן: Genesis 37:17 (Yahwist Source), 2 Kings 3:27, 2 Kings 19:8, 36 = Isaiah 37:8, 37
• Of עַמּוּד הֶעָנָן Exodus 14:19 (Yahwist Source); of angel Exodus 14:19 (Elohist Source)

2. Journey, march (by stages)

• Genesis 12:9, Genesis 35:21 (Yahwist Source), Numbers 10:13, 14, 28 (Priests' Code)
• (+ לְמַסְעֵיהֶם) by stages Exodus 17:1, Numbers 10:12 (+ מִן), Exodus 40:36 (all Priests' Code)
• Followed by ה locative: Genesis 12:9, Genesis 33:17, Deuteronomy 1:40, 2:1; סְעוּ לָכֶם הַמִּדְבָּר Numbers 14:25 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Followed by מִקֶּדֶם eastward: Genesis 11:2, Genesis 13:11, Exodus 14:10, Numbers 10:29, Numbers 10:33 (all Yahwist Source)
• Especially וַיִּסְעוּ מִן וַיַּחֲנוּ Numbers 21:12, 13, Exodus 13:20, Numbers 33:5 (37 times in Numbers 33)
• Of shepherds Jeremiah 31:24
• נָָֽסְעוּ כְמוֺ צאֹן Zechariah 10:2 is dubious (Wellhausen⁵ reads נָעוּ or יָנֻעוּ; so also Nowack⁶)

3. Of wind

רוּחַ מֵאֵת י׳ נָסַע Numbers 11:31 there set forth (sprang up) a wind from יהוה.

4. Niphal: Be pulled up, removed

Perfect 3 masculine singular דּוֺרִי נִסַּע Isaiah 38:12; of tent-peg הֲלֹא נִסַּע Job 4:21 (reading יְתֵדָם for יִתְרָם).

5. Hiphil: Cause to set out, remove

Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַסַּע Psalm 78:26, וַיַּסַּע Exodus 15:22; 2 masculine singular תַּסִּיעַ Psalm 80:9; 3 feminine singular תַּסִּיעִי 2 Kings 4:4; 3 masculine plural וַּיַּסִּ֫עוּ 1 Kings 5:31; Participle מַסִּיעַ Ecclesiastes 10:9.

a. Cause to set out, lead out

• With accusative of person Exodus 15:22 (Yahwist Source; + מִן, וַיֵּצְאוּ)
• Psalm 78:52 (כַּצּאֹן; "" וַיְנַהֲגֵם), Psalm 80:9 (figurative of vine)
• Of a wind, cause to spring up Psalm 78:26 (compare Qal 3)

b. Remove, quarry

• 2 Kings 4:4; וַיַּסַּע כָּעֵץ תִּקְוָתִי Job 19:10
• Specifically, remove from quarry, quarry: 1 Kings 5:31 and they quarried great stones, compare Ecclesiastes 10:9

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB 470).

² Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG xl (1886), 723).

³ Jakob Barth, Etymologische Studien zum semitischen insbesondere zum hebräischen Lexicon (Ba ES 51).

⁴ George Foot Moore, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges (GFM).

⁵ Julius Wellhausen (We).

⁶ Wilhelm Nowack (Now).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀπῆραν ἐξῆρεν ἀπῆρεν ἐξαροῦσιν ἀπάραντεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5265:

ἀπῆραν 52× (34.0%)

ἐξῆρεν 8× (5.9%)

ἀπῆρεν 8× (5.3%)

ἐξαροῦσιν 8× (5.2%)

ἀπάραντεσ 7× (4.8%)

ἐξῆραν 6× (3.8%)

--- 5× (3.8%)

ἀπαροῦσιν 4× (2.9%)

ἐξαίρειν 4× (2.0%)

ἀπάρατε 3× (1.9%)

מלאך מַלְאַךְ

an angel

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מלאך

mălʼâk

Definition

a messenger; specifically, of God, i.e. an angel (also a prophet, priest or teacher)

Root

from an unused root meaning to despatch as a deputy;

Exhaustive

from an unused root meaning to despatch as a deputy; a messenger; specifically, of God, i.e. an angel (also a prophet, priest or teacher); ambassador, angel, king, messenger.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4397

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מַלְאָךְ

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 853

Properly abstract, execution, service, performance, sending; usually concrete: 1. A messenger, one sent, chiefly human, a herald, a royal messenger. 2. Metaphorically, an angel (ἄγγελος), i.e. a messenger or representative of God; sometimes referring to the Deity Himself; also an interceding angel or angel of destruction; also a prophet or priest.

Matched via consonantal key only

מַלְאָךְ

noun masculine • Consonantal / Medium • Page 853

The same (Aramaic form, used in Dan. 3, 28; 6, 23).

Matched via consonantal key only

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מַלְאָךְ

m. verbal • Root לאך • Page 378

1. a messenger. Job 1:14. 1 Sam. 11:3. 2. particularly a messenger of God; an angel. Gen. 16:7. 21:17. 22:11,15. (2.) a prophet, or a priest. Hag. 1:13. Mal. 2:7. 3:1. Ecc. 5:5. (3.) the Israelitish people. Is. 42:19.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4397

I. מַלְאָךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 214) noun masculine — messenger.

— מַלְאָךְ Exodus 23:20 (48 times); construct מַלְאַךְ Genesis 16:7 (69 times); suffix מַלְאָכִי Exodus 23:23 (3 times); מַלְאָכוֹ Genesis 24:7, 40; plural מַלְאָכִים Genesis 32:4 (63 times) + מלאכים 2 Samuel 11:1 Kt (Qr מלכים); construct מַלְאֲכֵי Genesis 28:12 (11 times); מַלְאָכֶיךָ Numbers 24:12; 2 Kings 19:23; מַלְאָכֵכֵה Nahum 2:14 (error for מַלְאָכֵכִי = מַלְאָכַיְכִי GKC¹ § 91. 2. rem. 2 or < for מַלְאָכֵךְ by dittograph from following הוֺי König² ii. 1. 571); מַלְאָכָיו 2 Chronicles 36:15 (8 times).

1. Messenger

a. One sent with a message

• Genesis 32:4 (8 times, Jehovist Source)
• Deuteronomy 2:26 (not in Priests' Code)
• Judges 6:35 (8 times)
• 1 Samuel 6:21 (51 times in Samuel and Kings)
• 1 Chronicles 14:1; 1 Chronicles 19:2, 16
• 2 Chronicles 18:12; 35:21
• Nehemiah 6:3
• Job 1:14
• Proverbs 13:17; 17:11
• Isaiah 14:32; 18:2; 30:4; 37:9, 14
• Jeremiah 27:3
• Ezekiel 17:15; 23:16, 40; 30:9
• Nahum 2:14
• מַלְאֲכֵי שָׁלוֹם messengers of peace Isaiah 33:7

b. A prophet

• Isaiah 42:19; 44:26
• 2 Chronicles 36:15–16
• Haggai 1:13
• the herald of the advent מַלְאָכִי Malachi 3:1

c. Priest

• Malachi 2:7
• probably Ecclesiastes 5:5 (RV angel)

d. Messenger from God as interpreter

• parallel with מֵלִיץ Job 33:23, declaring what is right (angel of RV too specific)

e. Figurative

• מַלְאֲכֵי רָעִים messengers of evil Psalm 78:49
• מַלְאֲכֵי מָוֶת messenger of death Proverbs 16:14
• parallel with רוחות winds his messengers Psalm 104:4

2. Angel, as messenger of God

מַלְאָכִים with God in theophanies Genesis 19:1, 15; Genesis 28:12; Genesis 32:2 (Jehovist Source), praising him; Psalm 103:20; Psalm 148:2; in his sight not without error Job 4:18; charged with the care of the pious Psalm 91:11; elsewhere singular sent to a prophet 1 Kings 13:18; 1 Kings 19:5, 7; 2 Kings 1:3, 15; Zechariah 1:9 (18 times in Zechariah 1–6); excellent, wise, powerful 1 Samuel 29:9; 2 Samuel 14:17, 20; 2 Samuel 19:28; Zechariah 12:8; encamping about the faithful Psalm 34:8; chasing his enemies Psalm 35:5–6; destroying by judgment of Yahweh 2 Samuel 24:16–17 = 1 Chronicles 21:12–30; 2 Kings 19:35 = Isaiah 37:36; 2 Chronicles 32:21.

3. The theophanic angel

• מַלְאַךְ הָאֱלֹהִים in the story of Elohist Source: Genesis 21:17; Genesis 31:11; Exodus 14:19, also in Judges 6:20; Judges 13:6, 9.
• מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה in the story of Yahwist Source: Genesis 16:7, 9, 10, 11; Genesis 22:11, 15; Exodus 3:2; Numbers 22:22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 35 and in Judges 2:1, 4; Judges 5:23; Judges 6:11, 12, 21 (twice), 22 (twice); Judges 13:3, 13, 15, 16 (twice), 17, 18, 20 (twice), 21.
• הַמַּלְאָךְ Genesis 48:16 (Elohist Source); מַלְאָךְ Exodus 23:20 (Elohist Source), Exodus 33:2; Numbers 20:16 (Prophetic Narrative), Hosea 12:5.
• מַלְאָכִי Exodus 23:23 (Elohist Source), Exodus 32:34 (Yahwist Source).
• מַלְאָכוֹ Genesis 24:7, 40 (Yahwist Source).
• מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו Malachi 3:1 (referring to the ancient מַלְאָךְ); מַלְאַךְ הַבְּרִית Malachi 3:1 (referring to the advent of יהוה for judgment).

The theophanic angel is not mentioned in Deuteronomist (D) and Priests' Code (P).

Root לאך (Biblical Hebrew לאך, מַלְאָח).

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881–1897).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: ἄγγελοσ ἀγγέλουσ ἄγγελον ἄγγελοι ἀγγέλων

LXX Usage Statistics

H4397:

ἄγγελοσ 77× (34.0%)

ἀγγέλουσ 46× (22.7%)

ἄγγελον 23× (10.1%)

ἄγγελοι 18× (8.1%)

ἀγγέλων 9× (4.0%)

ἀγγέλου 6× (3.0%)

ἀγγέλῳ 6× (2.6%)

--- 5× (2.5%)

ἀγγέλοισ 4× (1.7%)

πρέσβεισ 3× (1.5%)

האלהים הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים

the Gods

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אלהים

ʼĕlôhîym

Definition

gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative

Root

plural of H433 (אלוה);

Exhaustive

plural of אלוה; gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative; angels, [idiom] exceeding, God (gods) (-dess, -ly), [idiom] (very) great, judges, [idiom] mighty.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H430

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אֱלֹהִים

noun masculine plural • Root אלוה • Strongs_Numbers • Page 134

God, the Deity; used most frequently as a plural of majesty for the true and most high God (Jehovah); also used for national gods or guardian deities.

אֱלֹהִים

noun masculine plural • Strongs_Numbers • Page 135

Plural in form but often used as singular. 1. The supreme and universal God, God of humanity (distinct from the national name YHWH). 2. Applied to heathen gods. 3. Applied to judges (as representatives of God's judgment). 4. Applied to angels (disputed). 5. Applied to kings or ghosts. 6. Used with other nouns to express the superlative or highest degree (e.g., 'mountain of God' for a great mountain).

אֱלֹהִים

proper name • Strongs_Numbers • Page 591

God. The vowels of this word are assigned to the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) when it is preceded by אֲדֹנָי, resulting in the form יֱהֹוִה.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אֱלֹהִים

plur. • Root אלוה • Page 51

1. gods, in the plural number (Ex. 20:3). 2. as a pluralis excellentiae: God in the singular (Gen. 1:1, etc.). 3. בֶּן-אֱלֹהִים (son of God), applied to kings, angels, or worshippers (Ps. 2:7, Gen. 6:2, Job 1:6). 4. אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים (man of God), applied to prophets and servants of God (Judg. 13:6, 1 Sam. 2:27, Deut. 33:1). 5. Used superlatively: 'great before God' (Jon. 3:3, Gen. 23:6).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H430

I. אֱלֹהִים (approximate number of occurrences: 2570) noun masculine plural (feminine 1 Kings 11:33; on number of occurrences of אֵל, אֱלוֹהַּ, אֱלֹהִים compare also Nes l. c.,) 1 plural in number.

1. a. rulers, judges, either as divine representatives at sacred places or as reflecting divine majesty and power: הָאֱלֹהִים Exodus 21:6 (Targum of Onkelos¹; but τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ θεοῦ LXX; but gods, LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint Josephus Philo Authorized Version; God, Dillmann Revised Version; all Covenant code of Elohist) Exodus 22:7; Exodus 22:8; אֱלֹהִים Exodus 22:8; Exodus 22:27 (Targum of Onkelos¹ Rashi² Aben Ezra³ Ewald Revised Version margin; but gods, LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint Josephus Philo Authorized Version; God, Dillmann Revised Version; all Covenant code of Elohist) compare 1 Samuel 2:25 see Driver; Judges 5:8 (Ewald, but gods LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint; God LXX Alexandrine MS. of Septuagint Bar Hebraeus; יְהוָה LXX Lucianic recension of Septuagint Be) Psalm 82:1; Psalm 82:6 (Delitzsch Ewald Peake; but angels Bleek Hupfeld) Psalm 138:1 (LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint LXX Alexandrine MS. of Septuagint Rabbinic Kimchi Delitzsch; but angels LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint Calvin; God, Ewald; gods, Hupfeld Peake Cheyne).
2. b. divine ones, superhuman beings including God and angels Psalm 8:6 (Delitzsch Cheyne Briggs; but angels LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint LXX Alexandrine MS. of Septuagint LXX Lucianic recension of Septuagint Ewald; God, Revised Version and most moderns) Genesis 1:27 (if with Philo LXX Alexandrine MS. of Septuagint Jerome Delitzsch Cheyne we interpret נַעֲשָׂה as God's consultation with angels; compare Job 38:7).
3. c. angels Psalm 97:7 (LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint LXX Alexandrine MS. of Septuagint Calvin; but gods, Hupfeld Delitzsch Peake Cheyne); compare בְּנֵי (הָ)אֱלֹהִים = (the) sons of God, or sons of gods = angels Job 1:6; Job 2:1; Job 38:7; Genesis 6:2,4 (Jehovist; so LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint Books of Enoch & Jubilees Philo Jude Jude 1:6 2 Peter 2:4 Jos Ant. i. 3. 1, most ancient fathers and modern critics; against usage are sons of princes, mighty men, Targum of Onkelos and Rabbinic; sons of God, the pious, Theodotion Chrysostom Jerome Augustine Luther Calvin Hengstenberg; LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint L read οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ), compare בְּנֵי אֵלִים.
4. d. gods הָאֱלֹהִים Exodus 18:11; Exodus 22:19 (Elohist) 1 Samuel 4:8; 2 Chronicles 2:4; Psalm 86:8; אֱלֹהֵי הָאֱלֹהִים the God of gods, supreme God Deuteronomy 10:17; Psalm 136:2; אֱלֹהִים Exodus 32:1,23 (Jehovist Elohist) Judges 9:13; אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים other gods Exodus 20:3; Exodus 23:13; Joshua 24:2,16 (Elohist) Deuteronomy 31:18,20 (Jehovist Elohist) Deuteronomy 5:7 + (17 times in Deuteronomy, not Priests' Code) Judges 2:12,17,19; Judges 10:13; 1 Samuel 8:8; 1 Samuel 26:19; 1 Kings 9:6,9 (= 2 Chronicles 7:19,22) 2 Chronicles 11:4,10; 2 Chronicles 14:9; 2 Kings 5:17; 2 Kings 17:35,37,38; 2 Kings 22:17 (= 2 Chronicles 34:25) 2 Chronicles 28:25; Jeremiah 1:16 + (18 times Jeremiah) Hosea 3:1; אֱלֹהֵי (הָ)נֵכָר foreign gods Genesis 35:2,4; Joshua 24:20,23 (Elohist) Deuteronomy 31:16 (Jehovist Elohist) Judges 10:16; 1 Samuel 7:3; 2 Chronicles 33:15; Jeremiah 5:19; נְחוּר אֵל Genesis 31:53 (Elohist); מִצְרַיִּם אֵל Exodus 12:12 (Priests' Code) Jeremiah 43:12,13; הָאֱמָרִים אֵל Joshua 24:15 (Elohist) Judges 6:10; אָרֶם אֵל etc. Judges 10:6; אֱלֹהִים מַעֲשֵׂה יָדֵי Deuteronomy 4:28; הַגּוֹיִם אֵל gods of the nations 2 Kings 18:33; 2 Kings 19:12; Deuteronomy 29:17; 2 Chronicles 32:17,19; Isaiah 36:18; Isaiah 37:12; הָעַמִּים אֵל Deuteronomy 6:14; Deuteronomy 13:8; Judges 2:12; Psalm 96:5; 1 Chronicles 5:25; 1 Chronicles 16:26; 2 Chronicles 32:13,14; כֶּסֶף אֵל Exodus 20:23 (Elohist); זָהָב אֵל Exodus 20:23 (Elohist) Exodus 32:31 (Jehovist Elohist); מַסֵּכָה אֵל Exodus 34:17 (Jehovist) Leviticus 19:4 (Holiness Code).

2 Plural intensive.

1. a. god or goddess, always with suffix 1 Samuel 5:7 (Dagon), Judges 11:24 (Chemosh), 1 Kings 18:24 (Baal), Judges 9:27; Daniel 1:2 (twice in verse); or construct לַעַשְׁתֹּרֶת מְלֶכֶת צִדֹּנִים לְכְמוֹשׁ אֱלֹהֵי מוֹאָב to Ashtoreth goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh god of Moab, etc. 1 Kings 11:33; הָאָרֶץ אֵל god of the land 2 Kings 17:26 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 17:27, and so the Syrians suppose that Yahweh is a mountain-god and not a god of valleys 1 Kings 20:28.
2. b. godlike one Exodus 4:16 (Jehovist; Moses in relation to Aaron), Exodus 7:1 (Priests' Code; in relation to Pharaoh), 1 Samuel 28:13 (the shade of Samuel), Psalm 45:7 (the Messianic king, O God, LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint LXX Alexandrine MS. of Septuagint Jerome, most scholars ancient and modern, but thy throne is God's = God's throne Aben Ezra Kimchi Theodoret Ewald Hupfeld, compare 1 Chronicles 28:5).
3. c. works of God, or things specially belonging to him (see אֵל 5) הַר אֱלֹהִים Psalm 68:16; Ezekiel 28:14,16; אֵשׁ אֱלֹהִים Job 1:16; גַּן (הָ)אֱלֹהִים Ezekiel 28:13; Ezekiel 31:8,9.
4. d. God (see 3 & 4).

3 הָאֱלֹהִים the (TRUE) God, הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים אֵל יַהְוֶה Yahweh is (the) God Deuteronomy 4:35,39; Deuteronomy 7:9; 1 Kings 8:60; 1 Kings 18:39 (twice in verse); 2 Chronicles 33:13; הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים Isaiah 45:18; הָאֱלֹהִים אֵל יַהְוֶה Joshua 22:34 (Priests' Code?) 1 Kings 18:21,24; 2 Chronicles 32:16; אַתָּה הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים 2 Samuel 7:28; 1 Kings 18:37; 2 Kings 19:15; 1 Chronicles 17:26; Isaiah 37:16; Nehemiah 9:7; אֲדֹנַי הָאֱלֹהִים Daniel 9:3; in many phrases, as אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים the man of God, acting under divine authority and influence: = (a) angel Judges 13:6,8, (b) prophet (the term coming into use in the Northern kingdom in the age of Elijah 1 Samuel 9:9-10, compare אִיִּשׁ הָרוּחַ Hosea 9:7): of Moses Deuteronomy 33:1; Joshua 14:6 (Elohist) 1 Chronicles 23:14; 2 Chronicles 30:16; Ezra 3:2; Psalm 90:1; of Samuel 1 Samuel 9:6-10; of David 2 Chronicles 8:14; Nehemiah 12:24,36; Shemaiah 1 Kings 12:22 (= 2 Chronicles 11:2); Elijah, Elisha, and others of their time 1 Kings 13:1-31; 1 Kings 17:18-24; 1 Kings 20:28; 2 Kings 1:9-13; 2 Kings 4:7-42; 2 Kings 5:8-20; 2 Kings 6:6-15; 2 Kings 7:2-9; 2 Kings 8:2-11; 2 Kings 13:19; 2 Kings 23:16-17 (Ephraim) 2 Chronicles 25:7,9; unnamed prophet 1 Samuel 2:27; Hanan Jeremiah 35:4; a later title of prophet was עֶבֶד הָאֱלֹהִים the servant of God, used of Moses 1 Chronicles 6:34; 2 Chronicles 24:9; Nehemiah 10:30; Daniel 9:11. בֵּית הָאֱלֹהִים the house of God, Judges 18:31, especially late, Chronicles (52 times) Ecclesiastes 4:17; Daniel 1:2; בֵּית יַהְוֶה הָאֱלֹהִים 1 Chronicles 22:1; אֲרוֹן (בְּרִית) הָאֱלֹהִים the ark (of the covenant) of God Judges 20:27; 1 Samuel 4:1-5:12; 1 Samuel 14; 2 Samuel 6:1-7:29; 15(23 times); 1 Chronicles 13; 1 Chronicles 15; 1 Chronicles 16; 2 Chronicles 1:4 (13 times); מַטֶּה הָאֱלֹהִים the rod of God Exodus 4:20; Exodus 17:9 (Elohist); הַר הָאֱלֹהִים the mount of God (Horeb) Exodus 3:1; Exodus 4:27; Exodus 18:5; Exodus 24:13 (Elohist) 1 Kings 19:8 (Ephraim); מַלְאַךְ הָאֱלֹהִים the (theophanic) angel of God Genesis 31:11; Exodus 14:19 (Elohist) Judges 6:20; Judges 13:6,9; 2 Samuel 14:17,20; 2 Samuel 19:28; in other combinations Exodus 18:16; Numbers 23:27 (Elohist) Judges 20:2; 1 Samuel 4:8; 1 Samuel 5:11; 1 Samuel 10:5; 2 Samuel 16:23; 1 Kings 12:22; 1 Chronicles 21:7 + (14 times) Psalm 87:3; Ecclesiastes 9:1.

4 אֱלֹהִים = God אֱלֹהִים אֱמֶת אֵל יַהְוֶה = Yahweh is God in truth Jeremiah 10:10. a. אֱלֹהִים (as subject object direct or indirect) is used by Priests' Code (50 times in story of creation and deluge, elsewhere 28 times), by Elohist (91 times), Jehovist chiefly in poetic sources Genesis 3:1,3,5 (twice in verse); Genesis 9:27; Genesis 39:9; Deuteronomy 32:17,39, by Deuteronomy (11 times) Judges (21 times) Samuel (50 times) Kings (29 times) Chronicles (45 times); in Psalm 42-86 (180 times often by editorial change for an original יְהוָה), elsewhere Psalm 3:3; Psalm 5:11; Psalm 7:11; Psalm 7:12; Psalm 9:18; Psalm 10:4; Psalm 10:13; Psalm 14:1; Psalm 14:2; Psalm 14:5; Psalm 25:22; Psalm 36:2; Psalm 36:8; Psalm 77:14; Psalm 100:3; Psalm 108:2; Psalm 108:6; Psalm 108:8; Psalm 108:12 (twice in verse); Psalm 149:9; Job 5:8; Job 20:29; Job 28:23; Job 32:2; Job 34:9 (& in Prologue 6 times) Proverbs 2:5; Proverbs 3:4; Proverbs 25:2; Ecclesiastes (7 times) Hosea (5 times); Amos 4:11 (כְּמַהְפֵּכַת אֱלֹהִים אֶת סְדֹם as God overthrew Sodom = Jeremiah 50:40 = Isaiah 13:19) Zechariah 8:23; Zechariah 12:8; Micah 3:7 (but אֱלִיהִים LXX Vatican MS. of Septuagint LXX Alexandrine MS. of Septuagint) Isaiah 35:4; Isaiah 2 (9 times); Jeremiah 10:10; Ezekiel (13 times); Malachi (5 times); Jonah (4 times); the phrase לְאֱלֹהִים אֵל הַיָּה לְ Genesis 28:21 (Elohist Redactor) Genesis 17:7,8; Exodus 6:7; Exodus 29:45; Leviticus 11:45; Leviticus 22:33; Leviticus 25:38; Leviticus 26:12,45; Numbers 15:41 (Priests' Code); Deuteronomy 26:17; Deuteronomy 29:13; 2 Samuel 7:24 (= 1 Chronicles 17:22); Zechariah 8:8; Jeremiah (6 times); Ezekiel (6 times); אֱלֹהִים צַדִּיק righteous God Psalm 7:10; קְדֹשִׁים אֵל holy God Joshua 24:19 (Elohist); חַיִּים אֵל living God Deuteronomy 5:23; 1 Samuel 17:26,36; Jeremiah 10:10; Jeremiah 23:36; חַי אֵל 2 Kings 19:4,16 (= Isaiah 37:4,17). For the phrases אֵל יְהוָה, צְבָאוֹת אֵל יְהוָה, צְבָאוֹת אֵל, אֵל יְהוָה אֵל, אֵל יְהוָה, אֵל צְבָאוֹת, אֲדֹנַי אֱלֹהִים see יְהוָה, יָה, צְבָאוֹת & אֲדֹנַי. b. construct אֱלֹהֵי (α) with persons אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם = God of Abraham, a phrase of Jehovist, Genesis 26:24; Genesis 28:13; Genesis 31:53, elsewhere Psalm 47:10; 1 Kings 18:36; 1 Chronicles 29:18; 2 Chronicles 30:6; אֲדֹנַי אַבְרָהָם אֵל Genesis 24:12,27,42,48 (Jehovist); אֱלֹהֵי אָב father's God (various suffix & names), a phrase of Elohist, Genesis 31:5,29,42; Genesis 46:3; Genesis 50:17; Exodus 3:6,13,15,16; Exodus 15:2; Exodus 18:4; Joshua 18:3, elsewhere Genesis 32:10; Genesis 43:23 (Jehovist) Exodus 4:5 (Jehovist?) Deuteronomy 8 (8 times); Judges 2:12; 2 Kings 21:22; Chronicles (31 times); Daniel 11:37; אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel's God, phrase of Elohist, Genesis 33:20; Exodus 5:1; Exodus 24:10; Exodus 32:27; Joshua 8:30; Joshua 14:14; Joshua 22:16,24, elsewhere Exodus 34:23; Joshua 7:13,19,20 (Jehovist Elohist) Numbers 16:9; Joshua 9:18,19; Joshua 22:24; Joshua 10:40,42; Joshua 13:14,33 (Redactor see Dillmann Joshua 7:13) Judges 4:6; Judges 5:3,5; Judges 6:8; Judges 11:21,23; Judges 21:3; 1 Samuel 1:17 + (20 times) Kings (26 times) Chronicles (45 times); Psalm 41:14; Psalm 106:48 (doxology) Psalm 59:6; Psalm 69:7; Isaiah 17:6; Isaiah 21:10,17; Isaiah 29:23; Isaiah 3, Isaiah 24:15; Isaiah 37:16,21; Isaiah 2, Isaiah 41:17 + (6 times); Jeremiah 35:17 + (48 times); Ezekiel 8:4 + (7 times); Zephaniah 2:9; Malachi 2:16; Ruth 2:12; מַעַרְכוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵל God of the battle array of Israel 1 Samuel 17:45; אֵל יַעֲקֹב 2 Samuel 23:1 (poetry) Psalm 20:2; Psalm 46:8; Psalm 46:12; Psalm 75:10; Psalm 76:7; Psalm 81:2; Psalm 81:5; Psalm 84:9; Psalm 94:7; Isaiah 2:3 (= Micah 4:2); אֵל הָעִבְרִיִּים God of the Hebrews Exodus 3:18; Exodus 5:3; Exodus 7:16; Exodus 9:1,13 (Jehovist Elohist); it is used with other proper names, Nahor Genesis 31:53 (Elohist), Shem Genesis 9:26 (Jehovist), David 2 Kings 20:5; 2 Chronicles 21:12; 34:3; Isaiah 38:5, Hezekiah 2 Chronicles 32:17, Elijah 2 Kings 2:14; אֱלֹהֵי אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ the God of my lord the king 1 Kings 1:36. (β) with nouns of attributes or relationships, קֶרֶם אֵל ancient God Deuteronomy 33:27; עוֹלָם אֵל everlasting God Isaiah 40:28; אֱמֶת אֵל true God 2 Chronicles 15:3; אָמֵן אֵל Isaiah 65:16 (see אָמֵן); מִשְׁפָּט אֵל Isaiah 30:18; Malachi 2:17; מָרוֹם אֵל Micah 6:6; compare אֵל הָרוּחוֹת לְכָל בָּשָׂר Numbers 16:22; Numbers 27:16 (Priests' Code); אֵל כָּל הָאָרֶץ Isaiah 54:5; compare בֵּית יַהְוֶה אֵל אֵל הָאָרֶץ Genesis 24:3 (Jehovist Redactor); אֵל הַשָּׁמַיִם God of heaven Genesis 24:7 (Jehovist Redactor) 2 Chronicles 36:23; Ezra 1:2; Nehemiah 1:4,5; Nehemiah 2:4,20; compare כָּל בָּשָׂר אֵל Jeremiah 32:27; מִקָּרֹב אֵל a God at hand opposed to מֵרָחֹק אֵל Jeremiah 23:23, מִישְׁעִי אֵל, מִשְׁעִי אֵל God of my salvation Psalm 18:47 (= 2 Samuel 22:47) Psalm 24:5; Psalm 25:5; Psalm 27:9; Psalm 65:6; Psalm 79:9; Psalm 85:5; Isaiah 17:10; Micah 7:7; Habakkuk 3:18; 1 Chronicles 16:35; מִשְׁעִי אֵל Psalm 88:2; תְּשׁוּעָתִי אֵל Psalm 51:16; צִדְקִי אֵל God of righteousness Psalm 4:2; חַסְדִּי אֵל Psalm 59:11; Psalm 59:18; צוּרִי אֵל God who is my rock 2 Samuel 22:3 (compare Psalm 18:3); מָעֻזִּי אֵל God who is my stronghold Psalm 43:2; תְּהִלָּתִי אֵל God who is my praise Psalm 109:1. c. with suffix in Priests' Code (22 times including phrase וַיִּרְאָה מֵאֱלֹהָיו) Leviticus 19:14,32; Leviticus 25:17,36,43 (Holiness Code) Exodus 8:21; Joshua 24:27 (Elohist) Deuteronomy 32:37 (poetry) Joshua 9:23 (Jehovist Elohist) Deuteronomy 10:21; Deuteronomy 31:17; Judges 10:10; Judges 16:23,24; 1 Samuel 10:19; 2 Samuel 10:12; 2 Samuel 22:32 + (4 times poetry) 1 Kings 12:28; 1 Kings 20:23; 2 Kings 19:10; Chronicles (83 times); Psalms (62 times); Proverbs 2:17; Proverbs 30:9; Ruth 1:15,16 (twice in verse); Isaiah 1:10; Isaiah 7:13; Isaiah 8:19,21; Isaiah 2 (29 times); Jeremiah 5:4,5; Jeremiah 23:36; Jeremiah 51:5; Ezekiel 34:31; Daniel 5 (5 times); Hosea 12 (12 times); Amos 2:8; Amos 4:12; Joel 1:13 (twice in verse); Joel 1:16; Joel 2:17; Micah 6:8; Micah 7:7; Jonah 1:5,6; Zephaniah 3:2; Nahum 1:14; Zechariah 9:7; Zechariah 12:5; אֱלֹהִים with suffix is also used with יְהוָה several hundred times (see יְהוָה).

¹ Targum of Onkelos.

² Rashi.

³ Aben Ezra.

Particle definite article, Noun common masculine plural absolute

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0430:

No stats available

ההלך הָהֹלֵךְ

the One who walks

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הלך

hâlak

Definition

to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)

Root

akin to H3212 (ילך); a primitive root;

Exhaustive

akin to ילך; a primitive root; to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively); (all) along, apace, behave (self), come, (on) continually, be conversant, depart, [phrase] be eased, enter, exercise (self), [phrase] follow, forth, forward, get, go (about, abroad, along, away, forward, on, out, up and down), [phrase] greater, grow, be wont to haunt, lead, march, [idiom] more and more, move (self), needs, on, pass (away), be at the point, quite, run (along), [phrase] send, speedily, spread, still, surely, [phrase] tale-bearer, [phrase] travel(-ler), walk (abroad, on, to and fro, up and down, to places), wander, wax, (way-) faring man, [idiom] be weak, whirl.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1980

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָלַךְ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 401

An intransitive verb meaning to go, to walk, or to move forward in the widest sense. It applies to people, animals, and inanimate objects (e.g., a border extending, a report spreading, a ship sailing, the moon walking). The fundamental signification is varied by numerous prepositions indicating direction or manner, such as to go to/against (אֶל), to go with/accompany (עִם), to go after/follow (אַחֲרֵי), and to go before (לִפְנֵי).

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Strongs / High • Page 402

To go, to walk; to disappear, pass, retire; to stalk; also used as an auxiliary verb.

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Strongs / High • Page 755

to go to

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Page 186

To go, in whatever manner; applied to things animate and inanimate (e.g., ark floating, boundary extending, report circulating). Various constructions include: (1) with accusative 'to go through' (Deut. 1:19); (2) with 'ב' 'to go with' (Ex. 10:9); (3) with 'עם' or 'את' 'to be conversant with' (Job 34:8); (4) with 'אַחֲרֵי' 'to go after, follow' (Gen. 24:5, 37:17).

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Page 187

To go, walk. (Continued senses on this page): 2. To walk, figuratively for to live. Ps. 15:2, Is. 33:15, Mic. 2:11. 3. To depart, to die. Gen. 15:2, Ps. 39:14. 4. To pass away, to perish. Ps. 78:39, Job 19:10, 14:20. 5. To run, flow (spoken of water). Is. 8:8, Joel 4:18, Ezek. 7:17, 21:12. 6. To go on, continue, last. Gen. 26:13, Judg. 4:24, 1 Sam. 14:19, 2 Sam. 5:10, 18:25, Gen. 8:3.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1980

I. הָלַךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 1545) verb — go, come, walk.

Cognates:

• Moabite ואהלך, לך
• Siloam Inscription וילכו
• Late Hebrew הִלֵּךְ (rare)
• Aramaic הֲלַךְ, הַךְ, Pa`el הַלֵּיךְ
• Palmyrene אתילכא
• Assyrian alâku
• Arabic هلك perish

— הָלַךְ Perfect 3masculine singular הָלַךְ Genesis 26:26 +; הָלָ֑ךְ 2 Samuel 8:6 +; 3 plural הָֽלְכוּ Genesis 14:24 +; (הֶ)הָֽלְכוּא Joshua 10:24; Imperfect rarely 3masculine singular יִהֲלֹךְ Jeremiah 9:3; 3feminine singular תִּהֲלַךְ Psalm 73:9; usually (629 times) as if from ילך: יֵלֵךְ Exodus 10:24 +; וַיֵּלֶךְ Genesis 12:4 +; Imperative rarely הֲלוֺךְ Proverbs 13:20; usually לֵךְ Genesis 26:16 +; לְכָה Genesis 19:32 +; Infinitive absolute הָלוֺךְ Genesis 8:3 +; construct לֶ֫כֶת Micah 6:8 +; Participle הֹלֵךְ Genesis 18:16 +; feminine הֹלְכָה Jeremiah 3:6.

I. Literal Meanings

1. Of persons

• a. Go, proceed, move, walk Genesis 22:6, 8; Exodus 17:5; Amos 3:3; opposed to sitting (ישׁב) Deuteronomy 6:7; Deuteronomy 11:19.
• b. Depart, go away Genesis 18:33 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 34:17 (Priests' Code); 1 Samuel 14:3; figurative of exile 1 Chronicles 5:41.
• c. Come, approach, arrive 1 Samuel 17:44; in prayer to Yahweh Psalm 80:3; Isaiah 55:1.
• d. With modifiers of space traversed Deuteronomy 1:19; with accusative דֶּרֶךְ Genesis 35:3; of time Deuteronomy 2:14; with preposition אֶל Genesis 22:3; with לְ idem 1 Kings 10:13.

2. Of animals

• Nahum 2:12 (prowling lions); 1 Samuel 6:12 (cows); Leviticus 11:20 (swarming things); of serpent Genesis 3:14.

3. Of inanimate things

• Of the ark Genesis 7:18; ships 1 Kings 22:49; streams (flowing) Ecclesiastes 1:7; figurative of knees Ezekiel 7:17; of fire Exodus 9:23; of pestilence Psalm 91:6; of fame Esther 9:4.

4. Infinitive absolute uses

• To emphasize duration: הָלוֺךְ וּבָכוֺ Jeremiah 50:4 (continually weeping); הָלוֺךְ וְגָעוֺ 1 Samuel 6:12; הָלוֺךְ וְגָדֵל Genesis 26:13 (growing greater and greater).

II. Figurative Meanings

1. Pass away, die

• Joshua 23:14 (Deuteronomic Source); 1 Kings 2:2; Ecclesiastes 1:4; Psalm 39:14.

2. Live, walk (in a general sense)

• Psalm 23:4 (walk in the valley of deep darkness); Psalm 84:8 (from strength to strength).

3. Of moral and religious life

• a. Walk in ways, counsels, or statutes: in a good sense Deuteronomy 8:6; 1 Kings 8:36; in his law Exodus 16:4. In a bad sense 2 Kings 21:21; Leviticus 18:3.
• b. Walk with: i.e., associate with God Malachi 2:6; Micah 6:8; or with the wicked Job 34:8.
• c. Walk before Yahweh: 1 Kings 2:4; 1 Kings 8:23.
• d. Walk after (follow): after Yahweh Deuteronomy 13:5; after other gods Deuteronomy 6:14; Jeremiah 7:6.

Niph`al

Perfect 1 singular נֶהֱלָ֑כְתִּי Psalm 109:23 — be gone.

Pi`el

— walk, go about, prowl: Perfect הִלַּכְּתִּי Job 30:28; Imperfect יְהַלֵךְ Ezekiel 18:9; Participle מְהַלֵךְ Proverbs 6:11.

Hithpa`el

— walk to and fro, traverse, live: Perfect הִתְהַלָּךְֿ Genesis 6:9; Imperative הִתְהַלַּךְ Genesis 17:1; Participle מִתְהַלֵּךְ Genesis 3:8.

Hiph`il

(treated as from ילך) — lead, bring, cause to flow: Perfect הוֺלִיךְ 2 Kings 24:15; Imperfect יוֺלִיךְ Ecclesiastes 10:20; Participle מוֺלִיךְ Jeremiah 2:6.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896).

³ Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache.

Particle definite article, Verb Qal participle active masculine singular absolute

LXX: ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθησαν δεῦρο πορεύεσθαι ἀπῆλθεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1980:

ἐπορεύθη 192× (11.4%)

ἐπορεύθησαν 77× (4.7%)

δεῦρο 53× (3.5%)

πορεύεσθαι 52× (3.0%)

ἀπῆλθεν 50× (3.0%)

πορευθῆναι 39× (2.3%)

πορεύου 35× (2.3%)

πορεύσονται 35× (2.2%)

πορεύσομαι 34× (2.2%)

ἐπορεύετο 33× (2.1%)

לפני לִפְנֵי

to the faces

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ל

lə

Definition

to, for

Root

A primitive particle; a prefix

Exhaustive

(lamed) — to / toward / for

Core value: orientation, directionality, belonging
ל is often mistranslated as purpose (“in order to”), but that smuggles in future-time. In reality, ל marks:
- movement toward,
- dedication unto,
- reference with respect to.
Aonically, ל is vectorial, not teleological.
not “for the sake of a future outcome”
but “oriented toward a locus or pole.”
This is why possession (“belongs to”) and motion (“toward”) use the same preposition: both indicate relational alignment, not time.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Preposition, Noun common masculine plural construct

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

מחנה מַחֲנֵה

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מחנה

machăneh

Definition

an encampment (of travellers or troops); hence, an army, whether literal (of soldiers) or figurative (of dancers, angels, cattle, locusts, stars; or even the sacred courts)

Root

from H2583 (חנה);

Exhaustive

from חנה; an encampment (of travellers or troops); hence, an army, whether literal (of soldiers) or figurative (of dancers, angels, cattle, locusts, stars; or even the sacred courts); army, band, battle, camp, company, drove, host, tents.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H4264

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

מַחֲנֶה

noun masculine • Root חנה • Strongs / High • Page 837

1. A place where persons encamp, an encampment, a military camp, a camp of nomads. 2. What encamps: an army, a host, a line of warriors or non-warriors, of locusts; a division. 3. Used in the proper name מַחֲנֵה־דָן (Dan's camp).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

מַחֲנֶה

noun masculine • Root חנה • Page 369

1. An encampment of an army or nomadic tribe (Gen. 32:8; Ex. 16:13). 2. A host, army, or company of men (Ex. 14:24; Gen. 50:9; Joel 2:11). Dual: מַחֲנַיִם. Plur: מַחֲנוֹת.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H4264

I. מַחֲנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 214) noun masculine (Genesis 33:8 16 times) and feminine (Psalm 27:3; 1 Chronicles 11:15) (on Genesis 32:9 a see Di²) — encampment, camp.

— מַחֲנֶה absolute Genesis 32:9 (126 times) (including Ezekiel 1:24, strike out Co³); construct מַחֲנֵה Genesis 32:3 (56 times); suffix מַחֲנֵהוּ Numbers 1:52 +, מַחֲנֶיךָ Deuteronomy 23:15, Deuteronomy 29:10, מַחֲנֶךָ Deuteronomy 23:15, מַחֲנֵיכֶם Amos 4:10, מַהֲנֵיהֶם Numbers 5:3, Judges 8:10 (on form see GKC¹ § 93. 3, R 3); plural absolute מִחֲנות Genesis 32:8; construct 1 Chronicles 9:18, מַחֲנִים Numbers 13:19; suffix מַחֲנֵיהֶם Joshua 10:4 + etc.; — on dual see מַחֲנַיִם proper name below.

1. Camp, place of encampment

a. Of caravan of travelers

• Genesis 32:22 (Jehovist Source)
• Especially of Israel at Exodus and in wilderness: Exodus 16:13; Exodus 19:16–17 (all Priestly Code; distinguished from עַם)
• שַׁעַר הַמַּחֲנֶה gate of camp Exodus 32:26 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה outside the camp (of uncleanness) Exodus 29:14; Leviticus 4:12 (Priestly Code) + often
• Of position of tent of meeting: Exodus 33:7 (Jehovist-Elohist Source), contra Numbers 2:17 (Priestly Code)
• Encampments of tribes: Numbers 1:52; Numbers 2:3; Numbers 10:2, 5, 6, 25 etc. (all Priestly Code)
• Specifically of camp of Levites: אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד מַחֲנֵה הַלְוִיִם Numbers 2:17
• Of the Temple: הַשֹּׁעֲרִים לְמַחֲנוֺת בְּנֵי לֵוִי 1 Chronicles 9:18; שַׁעֲרֵי מַחֲנוֺת יהוה 2 Chronicles 31:2
• Plural (opposed to מִבְצָרִים fortresses) Numbers 13:19

2. Camp of armed host

• Joshua 6:11, 14 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• 1 Samuel 4:3, 5, 6, 7
• 1 Samuel 17:53
• 2 Kings 7:16 etc.

3. Companies and Hosts

a. Those who encamp

• Numbers 10:5–6
• 1 Chronicles 11:15
• Psalm 27:3 (with verb חנה)
• (probably) Isaiah 37:36 = 2 Kings 19:35

b. Company, body of people

• People and beasts: Genesis 32:8, 9, 11; Genesis 33:8
• Funeral company of Jacob: Genesis 50:9
• Israel on march: Exodus 14:19–20, compare Numbers 10:5–6

c. Army, host

• Joshua 8:13; Joshua 10:5; Joshua 11:4
• Judges 4:15–16; Judges 7:1, 8; Judges 8:10–12
• 1 Samuel 17:1, 46
• 2 Kings 3:9 (even in thick of fight)
• 1 Kings 22:34; 2 Chronicles 18:33 etc.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² August Dillmann (Di).

³ Carl Heinrich Cornill (Co).

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: παρεμβολῆσ παρεμβολὴν παρεμβολῇ παρεμβολήν παρεμβολὴ

LXX Usage Statistics

H4264:

παρεμβολῆσ 74× (35.6%)

παρεμβολὴν 30× (14.2%)

παρεμβολῇ 28× (11.6%)

παρεμβολήν 17× (7.9%)

παρεμβολὴ 14× (6.2%)

παρεμβολὰσ 6× (2.9%)

'' 5× (2.4%)

παρεμβολῶν 5× (2.4%)

--- 4× (2.2%)

παρεμβολάσ 3× (1.6%)

ישראל יִשְׂרָאֵל

God-Contends

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ישראל

Yisrâʼêl

Definition

Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity

Root

from H8280 (שרה) and H410 (אל); he will rule as God;

Exhaustive

from שרה and אל; he will rule as God; Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity; Israel.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H3478

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

יִשְׂרָאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root שרה • Strongs / High • Page 662

A proper name with multiple meanings: the patriarch Jacob; the Israelite people; an honorary title for the pious; the northern kingdom of Israel; the whole kingdom after the exile.

יִשְׂרָאֵל

noun proper masculine • Root ישר • Strongs / High • Page 662

A proper name, meaning 'El is a true, honest one.' Described as a ground-form to יְשַׂרְאֵלָה.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H3478

I. יִשְׂרָאֵל (approximate number of occurrences: 2507) proper name masculine and of a people — Israel (El persisteth, persevereth (or jussive Let El persist) [usually contendeth¹ or Let El contend², but see Dr³]; on vocalization see Lag⁴, Kit⁵; see derivatives under I. שׂרה).

Comparative:

• Moabite ישראל (MI⁶)
• Egyptian Y-si-r-’l⁷
• Assyrian Sir-’-lai (= יִשְׂרְאֵלִי)⁸
• Greek Ισραηλ

— On a possible relation to proper name שָׂרַי, שָׂרָה see RS⁹; compare שְׂרָיָה, שְׂרָיָהוּ.

1. Proper name, masculine

Second name of Jacob:

• Genesis 32:29 (28 times Genesis, Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Exodus 32:13 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Hosea 12:13
• Judges 18:29
• Exodus 6:14; Numbers 1:20; Numbers 26:5 (all Priests' Code)
• 2 Kings 17:34
• 1 Chronicles 1:34 (8 times Chronicles)
• Psalm 105:23
• בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל Ruth 4:11
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (literal) Genesis 42:5 (3 times Elohist Source, 2 times Priests' Code) + Exodus 1:7 (Priests' Code; transition to wider use)
• 1 Kings 18:31; 1 Chronicles 2:1 +
• = 12 tribes Exodus 28:9 (7 times Priests' Code)
• אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Kings 18:36; 1 Chronicles 29:18; 2 Chronicles 30:6

2. Proper name, of a people

(usually masculine Judges 11:17 f. but feminine 1 Samuel 17:21; 2 Samuel 24:9). Name of Hebrew nation; usually derived from 1, but יִשְׂרָאֵל more common in early usage than בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל:

a. Israel

• (1) undivided kingdom; יִשְׂרָאֵל Genesis 47:27 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 49:7 (poem in Jehovist Source) + 108 times Jehovist-Elohist Source, Deuteronomy 1:1; Deuteronomy 18:6; Deuteronomy 33:10 (poem) + 76 times Deuteronomic Source, Genesis 34:7; Exodus 12:15 (42 times Priests' Code); Judges 5:2, 7 (twice) + 104 times Judges; often 1 and 2 Samuel; 1 Kings 1–12; כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל of whole people 2 Samuel 8:15 +, of whole army 2 Samuel 11:1 +, opposed to Judah 2 Samuel 2:9 +.
• (2) יִשְׂרָאֵל = Northern tribes, distinguished from Judah, even before disruption, 2 Samuel 2:9, compare 2:10; 3:10; 4:1; 5:5; 12:7; 20:1; 1 Kings 1:35; 4:20; 5:5 +; so at disruption 1 Kings 12:16 (3 times), 12:18, 19; then usually of Northern kingdom, till its fall, 1 Kings 12:28; 14:7; 10 + very often Kings, Amos 1:1; 2:6; 3:14 +, Hosea 1:5; 4:15 (twice); 5:3 (twice); 5:5 +, Micah 1:13, etc.
• (3) יִשְׂרָאֵל of Southern kingdom, Judah, rarely before fall of Samaria Isaiah 1:3; 8:18; Micah 1:14, 15, so בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל 1 Kings 12:17; after fall of Samaria, יִשְׂרָאֵל (less often בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל) occurs of entire people, in reference to past or future 2 Kings 21:8; 23:22; Isaiah 17:9; Psalm 103:7; Jeremiah 2:3; 50:17, 19 +; יִשְׂרָאֵל also = Judah Jeremiah 2:14, 31; 4:1 +, Ezekiel 13:2, 4, 16; 14:1, 7, 9 +, Isaiah 40:27; 41:8; 42:24 +, Ezra 2:59 = Nehemiah 7:61; Ezra 2:70; Ezra 3:11 +, Nehemiah 10:34; 10:3 +, Psalm 14:7 (twice) = Psalm 53:7 (twice), Psalm 147:2; Psalm 149:2 +, etc.
• (4) usage in Chronicles: יִשְׂרָאֵל of whole people 1 Chronicles 2:7 (110 times), of Northern kingdom 2 Chronicles 11:1 (16 times), of Judah 2 Chronicles 12:6; 19:8 (9 times).
• (5) יִשְׂרָאֵל personified as עֶבֶד יהוה, Isaiah 44:1, 21; Isaiah 49:3.

b. בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל

• (1) of undivided people Exodus 1:12 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 3:9 (Elohist Source) + 72 times Jehovist-Elohist Source, Deuteronomy 3:18; Deuteronomy 10:6 (25 times Deuteronomic Source), Genesis 32:33 (327 times Priests' Code); Judges 1:1 (60 times Judges); seldom 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 Kings 1–12; in 1 Kings 13–2 Kings 25 passive in reference to older history (rarely otherwise).
• (2) seldom of Northern kingdom Amos 2:11 (9 times Amos, Hosea); 2 Chronicles 13:12 (7 times Chronicles).
• (3) of Judah (late) Ezekiel 2:3; Nehemiah 1:6 (twice); Ezra 3:1; Joel 4:16 +, 2 Chronicles 31:5.

c. בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל

• Exodus 16:31; Exodus 40:38 (142 times); 81 times Ezekiel, where = Judah (see especially Exodus 37:16); שְׁנֵי בָֽתֵּי יִשְׂרָאֵל Isaiah 8:14.

d. Other phrases

See sub אִישׁ, אֶרֶץ, בַּת, בְּתוּלָה, גְּבוּל, הַר, כִּסֵּא, מֶלֶךְ, מַטֶּה, עֵדָה, עַם, שֵׁבֶט; also (in epithet of יהוה) below אָבִיר, אוֺר, אֱלֹחִים, גָּוֺאל, מֶלֶךְ, מִקְוֶה, צוּר, קָדוֺשׁ, רָעָה.

e. The laity

Opposed to priests, etc. (late):

• Ezra 10:25; Nehemiah 11:3; 1 Chronicles 9:2
• כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 2:70; Ezra 10:5
• הָעָם יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 9:1
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Nehemiah 10:40, compare שְׁאָר יִשְׂרָאֵל Nehemiah 11:20

---

Aramaic

I. יִשְׂרָאֵל proper name of a people Israel (Biblical Hebrew id., √ שָׂרָה).

• אֱלַהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 5:1; Ezra 6:14; Ezra 7:15
• מֶלֶךְ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 5:11
• בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 6:16
• עַמָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל Ezra 7:13

¹ Eberhard Nestle, *Die israelitischen Eigennamen* (1876), 60 ff.

² G. B. Gray, *Studies in Hebrew Proper Names* (1896), 218.

³ S. R. Driver in Hastings' *Dictionary of the Bible*, article "Jacob," 530.

⁴ Paul de Lagarde, *Uebersicht über die Bildung der Nomina* (1889), 131 f.

⁵ Rudolf Kittel, *The Books of the Chronicles* (1895), on 1 Chronicles 4:16.

⁶ Mesha Inscription (Moabite Stone), line 5.

⁷ Georg Steindorff, *Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft* xvi (1896), 331.

⁸ Eberhard Schrader, *Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung*, 356 ff.

⁹ W. Robertson Smith, *Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia*, 257 (2nd ed. 34).

Noun proper name

LXX: ισραηλ '' --- ιακωβ

LXX Usage Statistics

H3478:

ισραηλ 2245× (92.9%)

'' 57× (2.1%)

--- 50× (2.2%)

ισραηλ 8× (0.3%)

ιακωβ 4× (0.2%)

t? 4× (0.1%)

ιερουσαλημ 4× (0.2%)

[b] 3× (0.1%)

ισραηλίτου 3× (0.1%)

ισραηλίτιδοσ 3× (0.1%)

וילך וַיֵּלֶךְ

and he is walking

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

הלך

hâlak

Definition

to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)

Root

akin to H3212 (ילך); a primitive root;

Exhaustive

akin to ילך; a primitive root; to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively); (all) along, apace, behave (self), come, (on) continually, be conversant, depart, [phrase] be eased, enter, exercise (self), [phrase] follow, forth, forward, get, go (about, abroad, along, away, forward, on, out, up and down), [phrase] greater, grow, be wont to haunt, lead, march, [idiom] more and more, move (self), needs, on, pass (away), be at the point, quite, run (along), [phrase] send, speedily, spread, still, surely, [phrase] tale-bearer, [phrase] travel(-ler), walk (abroad, on, to and fro, up and down, to places), wander, wax, (way-) faring man, [idiom] be weak, whirl.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H1980

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

הָלַךְ

verb • Strongs / High • Page 401

An intransitive verb meaning to go, to walk, or to move forward in the widest sense. It applies to people, animals, and inanimate objects (e.g., a border extending, a report spreading, a ship sailing, the moon walking). The fundamental signification is varied by numerous prepositions indicating direction or manner, such as to go to/against (אֶל), to go with/accompany (עִם), to go after/follow (אַחֲרֵי), and to go before (לִפְנֵי).

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Strongs / High • Page 402

To go, to walk; to disappear, pass, retire; to stalk; also used as an auxiliary verb.

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Strongs / High • Page 755

to go to

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Page 186

To go, in whatever manner; applied to things animate and inanimate (e.g., ark floating, boundary extending, report circulating). Various constructions include: (1) with accusative 'to go through' (Deut. 1:19); (2) with 'ב' 'to go with' (Ex. 10:9); (3) with 'עם' or 'את' 'to be conversant with' (Job 34:8); (4) with 'אַחֲרֵי' 'to go after, follow' (Gen. 24:5, 37:17).

הָלַךְ

verb • Root הלך • Page 187

To go, walk. (Continued senses on this page): 2. To walk, figuratively for to live. Ps. 15:2, Is. 33:15, Mic. 2:11. 3. To depart, to die. Gen. 15:2, Ps. 39:14. 4. To pass away, to perish. Ps. 78:39, Job 19:10, 14:20. 5. To run, flow (spoken of water). Is. 8:8, Joel 4:18, Ezek. 7:17, 21:12. 6. To go on, continue, last. Gen. 26:13, Judg. 4:24, 1 Sam. 14:19, 2 Sam. 5:10, 18:25, Gen. 8:3.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H1980

I. הָלַךְ (approximate number of occurrences: 1545) verb — go, come, walk.

Cognates:

• Moabite ואהלך, לך
• Siloam Inscription וילכו
• Late Hebrew הִלֵּךְ (rare)
• Aramaic הֲלַךְ, הַךְ, Pa`el הַלֵּיךְ
• Palmyrene אתילכא
• Assyrian alâku
• Arabic هلك perish

— הָלַךְ Perfect 3masculine singular הָלַךְ Genesis 26:26 +; הָלָ֑ךְ 2 Samuel 8:6 +; 3 plural הָֽלְכוּ Genesis 14:24 +; (הֶ)הָֽלְכוּא Joshua 10:24; Imperfect rarely 3masculine singular יִהֲלֹךְ Jeremiah 9:3; 3feminine singular תִּהֲלַךְ Psalm 73:9; usually (629 times) as if from ילך: יֵלֵךְ Exodus 10:24 +; וַיֵּלֶךְ Genesis 12:4 +; Imperative rarely הֲלוֺךְ Proverbs 13:20; usually לֵךְ Genesis 26:16 +; לְכָה Genesis 19:32 +; Infinitive absolute הָלוֺךְ Genesis 8:3 +; construct לֶ֫כֶת Micah 6:8 +; Participle הֹלֵךְ Genesis 18:16 +; feminine הֹלְכָה Jeremiah 3:6.

I. Literal Meanings

1. Of persons

• a. Go, proceed, move, walk Genesis 22:6, 8; Exodus 17:5; Amos 3:3; opposed to sitting (ישׁב) Deuteronomy 6:7; Deuteronomy 11:19.
• b. Depart, go away Genesis 18:33 (Jehovist Source); Genesis 34:17 (Priests' Code); 1 Samuel 14:3; figurative of exile 1 Chronicles 5:41.
• c. Come, approach, arrive 1 Samuel 17:44; in prayer to Yahweh Psalm 80:3; Isaiah 55:1.
• d. With modifiers of space traversed Deuteronomy 1:19; with accusative דֶּרֶךְ Genesis 35:3; of time Deuteronomy 2:14; with preposition אֶל Genesis 22:3; with לְ idem 1 Kings 10:13.

2. Of animals

• Nahum 2:12 (prowling lions); 1 Samuel 6:12 (cows); Leviticus 11:20 (swarming things); of serpent Genesis 3:14.

3. Of inanimate things

• Of the ark Genesis 7:18; ships 1 Kings 22:49; streams (flowing) Ecclesiastes 1:7; figurative of knees Ezekiel 7:17; of fire Exodus 9:23; of pestilence Psalm 91:6; of fame Esther 9:4.

4. Infinitive absolute uses

• To emphasize duration: הָלוֺךְ וּבָכוֺ Jeremiah 50:4 (continually weeping); הָלוֺךְ וְגָעוֺ 1 Samuel 6:12; הָלוֺךְ וְגָדֵל Genesis 26:13 (growing greater and greater).

II. Figurative Meanings

1. Pass away, die

• Joshua 23:14 (Deuteronomic Source); 1 Kings 2:2; Ecclesiastes 1:4; Psalm 39:14.

2. Live, walk (in a general sense)

• Psalm 23:4 (walk in the valley of deep darkness); Psalm 84:8 (from strength to strength).

3. Of moral and religious life

• a. Walk in ways, counsels, or statutes: in a good sense Deuteronomy 8:6; 1 Kings 8:36; in his law Exodus 16:4. In a bad sense 2 Kings 21:21; Leviticus 18:3.
• b. Walk with: i.e., associate with God Malachi 2:6; Micah 6:8; or with the wicked Job 34:8.
• c. Walk before Yahweh: 1 Kings 2:4; 1 Kings 8:23.
• d. Walk after (follow): after Yahweh Deuteronomy 13:5; after other gods Deuteronomy 6:14; Jeremiah 7:6.

Niph`al

Perfect 1 singular נֶהֱלָ֑כְתִּי Psalm 109:23 — be gone.

Pi`el

— walk, go about, prowl: Perfect הִלַּכְּתִּי Job 30:28; Imperfect יְהַלֵךְ Ezekiel 18:9; Participle מְהַלֵךְ Proverbs 6:11.

Hithpa`el

— walk to and fro, traverse, live: Perfect הִתְהַלָּךְֿ Genesis 6:9; Imperative הִתְהַלַּךְ Genesis 17:1; Participle מִתְהַלֵּךְ Genesis 3:8.

Hiph`il

(treated as from ילך) — lead, bring, cause to flow: Perfect הוֺלִיךְ 2 Kings 24:15; Imperfect יוֺלִיךְ Ecclesiastes 10:20; Participle מוֺלִיךְ Jeremiah 2:6.

¹ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

² Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (1896).

³ Heinrich Ewald, Lehrbuch der hebräischen Sprache.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἐπορεύθη ἐπορεύθησαν δεῦρο πορεύεσθαι ἀπῆλθεν

LXX Usage Statistics

H1980:

ἐπορεύθη 192× (11.4%)

ἐπορεύθησαν 77× (4.7%)

δεῦρο 53× (3.5%)

πορεύεσθαι 52× (3.0%)

ἀπῆλθεν 50× (3.0%)

πορευθῆναι 39× (2.3%)

πορεύου 35× (2.3%)

πορεύσονται 35× (2.2%)

πορεύσομαι 34× (2.2%)

ἐπορεύετο 33× (2.1%)

מאחריהם מֵאַחֲרֵיהֶם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אחר

ʼachar

Definition

properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses)

Root

from H309 (אחר);

Exhaustive

from אחר; properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses); after (that, -ward), again, at, away from, back (from, -side), behind, beside, by, follow (after, -ing), forasmuch, from, hereafter, hinder end, [phrase] out (over) live, [phrase] persecute, posterity, pursuing, remnant, seeing, since, thence(-forth), when, with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H310

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַחַר

noun masculine / adv. / preposition • Root אחר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 103

Properly hinder, later, after. Commonly used as: 1. An adverb of time (after, then, thereupon) or place (behind). 2. A preposition (after, behind). The construct state plural אַחֲרֵי (acharei) is frequently used as an adverb of time (afterward), an adverb of place/preposition (after, behind), or in a substantive meaning (hinder part, e.g., of a spear).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַחֲרֵי

preposition • Root אחר • Page 41

after, as in Heb. Dan. 2:29.

אַחֲרֵי

adjective • Page 41

another. Dan. 2:39. 7:5, 6.

אַחַר

substantive / adv. / preposition • Page 40

1. originally a subst. the hinder part. 2 Sam. 2: 23. 2. adv. behind (Gen. 22: 13) or more frequently afterwards (Gen. 18: 5). 3. prep. (Plur. אַחֲרֵי) after, behind. Ex. 3: 1.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H310

I. אַחַר noun masculine — the hinder or following part (compare the plural).

Adverb

1. Of place: behind, twice Genesis 22:13 (many manuscripts read אַחַד, see idem); Psalm 68:26.
2. Of time: afterwards Genesis 10:18; Genesis 18:5; Genesis 24:55; Genesis 30:21; Judges 19:5 +; וְאַחַר in laws of P, as Leviticus 14:8, Leviticus 14:19; Leviticus 15:28; Leviticus 22:7; Numbers 5:26 and elsewhere.

Preposition

1. Of place: behind, after Exodus 3:1; Exodus 11:5; 2 Kings 11:6; Song of Solomon 2:9; Isaiah 57:8; הָלַךְ אַחַר to go after, follow Genesis 37:17; 2 Kings 13:2; 2 Kings 23:3; Isaiah 65:2; Ezekiel 13:3; Job 31:7; חָיָה אַחַר 1 Samuel 12:14; מֵאַחַר from after 2 Samuel 7:8; Psalm 78:71; Isaiah 59:13.
2. Of time: after Genesis 9:28; Leviticus 25:15 and elsewhere; הָאֵלֶּה אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים after these things Genesis 15:1; Genesis 22:1; Genesis 39:7; Genesis 40:1; 1 Kings 17:17; 1 Kings 21:1; Ezra 7:1; Esther 2:1; Esther 3:1; אַחַר כֵּן Leviticus 14:36; Deuteronomy 21:13; 1 Samuel 10:5; אַחַר זֶה (late) 2 Chronicles 32:9; followed by infinitive Numbers 6:19; Jeremiah 40:1; 1 Chronicles 2:24; Job 21:3; עַד אַחַר till after Nehemiah 13:19.
3. Nehemiah 5:15 strangely: besides; but text probably corrupt, see Be Ry.

Conjunction

אַחַר אֲשֶׁר after that Ezekiel 40:1; and without אֲשֶׁר Leviticus 14:43; Jeremiah 41:16; Job 42:7.

As preposition & conjunction the plural אַחֲרֵי is much more frequently, which in any case must be used before suffixes. Plural only construct אַחֲרֵי with suffix אַחֲרַי, אַחֲרֶיךָ, etc.

Substantive

Hinder part 2 Samuel 2:23 בְּאַחֲרֵי הַחֲנִית with the hinder end of the spear.

Preposition (Plural)

1. Of place: behind, after Genesis 18:10 וְהוּא אַחֲרָיו and it behind him; Deuteronomy 11:30; Judges 5:14; 1 Samuel 14:13; 1 Samuel 21:10; Hosea 5:8 אַחֲרֶיךָ Behind thee! (sc. Look or The foe is); with a verb as הִבִּיט to look Genesis 19:17; 1 Samuel 24:9, הֲנִיעַ רֹאשׁ to shake the head 2 Kings 19:21 (= Isaiah 37:22), especially verbs expressing or implying motion, as בָּא to enter in (see Dr 2 Samuel 20:14) בִּעֵר, דָּבַק, דָּלַק, הָיָה, הָלַךְ, מִלֵּא, מָנָה, רָדַף, הִשְׁלִיךְ (see these words).
2. Of time: after Genesis 9:9 זַרְעֲכֶם אַחֲרֵיכֶם your seed after you; similarly Genesis 17:7-10, 19; Genesis 35:12; Genesis 48:4; Exodus 28:43; Numbers 25:13 all P (also Deuteronomy 1:8; Deuteronomy 4:37; Deuteronomy 10:15; 1 Samuel 24:22; 2 Samuel 7:12); & with בָּנָיו Genesis 18:19 J (+ בֵּיתוֹ) Exodus 29:29 P Leviticus 25:46 H Deuteronomy 4:40; Deuteronomy 12:25, 28; Jeremiah 32:18, 39; 1 Chronicles 28:8; Proverbs 20:7, דּוֹרוֹתֵינוּ Joshua 22:27, בֵּיתוֹ Job 21:21; Exodus 10:14; Judges 10:3 etc.; with infinitive Genesis 5:4 אַחֲרֵי הוֹלִידוֹ after his begetting Sheth, Genesis 13:14; Genesis 14:17; Genesis 18:12; Genesis 25:11 + often; אַחֲרֵיכֶן afterwards Genesis 6:4 (אַחֲרֵי כֵן אֲשֶׁר = afterwards, when, compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 15:14; Genesis 23:18; Genesis 25:26; Genesis 32:21; Genesis 41:31; Genesis 45:15 etc.; וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵיכֶן as a formula of transition chiefly in 2 Samuel (2 Samuel 2:1; 8:1; 10:1; 13:1; 21:18) compare 1 Samuel 24:6; Judges 16:4; 2 Kings 6:24; 2 Chronicles 20:1; 24:4; in late Hebrew אַחֲרֵי זֹאת Job 42:16; Ezra 9:10; 2 Chronicles 21:18 (+ כָּל 2 Chronicles 35:20 do.); compare Aramaic אַחֲרֵי דְּנָה Daniel 2:29, 45, and בָּאֲתַר דְּנָה Daniel 7:6, 7. — The local (metaphorical) and temporal senses blend Psalm 49:14 וְאַחֲרֵיהֶם בְּפִיהֶם יִרְצוּ & after them (i.e. following, imitating them) men applaud their speech, compare Job 21:33.

Conjunction (Plural)

אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר after that, with the finite verb Deuteronomy 24:4; Joshua 7:8; Joshua 9:16; Joshua 23:1; Joshua 24:20 +; without אֲשֶׁר Leviticus 25:48; 1 Samuel 5:9. (The most common construction of אַחֲרֵי is as a preposition with the infinitive construct) Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר יָצְאוּ must be an error, either for אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר or for כַּאֲשֶׁר alone (notice אַחֲרֵיהֶם twice in the same verse); 2 Samuel 24:10 read אַחֲרֵי סָפַר see Dr.

With Other Prepositions

1. מֵאַחֲרֵי 1 Chronicles 17:7 מִן־אַחֲרֵי (= 2 Samuel 7:8 מֵאַחַר); (α) from behind Genesis 19:26; 2 Samuel 2:23; from after i.e. from following after, usually with שׁוּב or סוּר 1 Samuel 24:2; 2 Samuel 2:22, 26, 30; 2 Samuel 11:15; Joshua 22:16, 18, 23, 29; 1 Samuel 15:11 +; with other verbs of motion, as עָלָה 1 Samuel 14:46; 2 Samuel 20:2, נַעֲלָה 2 Samuel 2:27, לָקַח Amos 7:15; 1 Chronicles 17:7, זָנָה Hosea 1:2; pregnantly Isaiah 30:21 thy ears shall hear a word מֵאַחֲרֶיךָ coming from behind thee, Jeremiah 9:21 (that is נָפַל, see v a) 1 Samuel 13:7 אַחֲרֵי אַחֲרֵי L We Dr חָרְדוּ מֵאַחֲרָיו (β) denoting position (מִן = off, on the side of; see מִן behind Exodus 14:19 (twice in verse); Joshua 8:2, 4, 14; 1 Kings 10:19; Nehemiah 4:7 (מֵאַחֲרֵי לְ) 2 Chronicles 13:13 b, (γ) of time (rare) Deuteronomy 29:21; Ecclesiastes 10:14; מֵאַחֲרֵי כֵן 2 Samuel 3:28; 2 Samuel 15:1; 2 Chronicles 32:23.
2. אֵלָּא אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18 סֹב אֵלָּא אַחֲרַי 2 Kings 9:19; Zechariah 6:6.
3. עַל אַחֲרֵי Ezekiel 41:15 beside, at the back of.

אַחֲרַי adjective Proverbs 28:23 (si vera lectio) אָדָם אַחֲרַי a man that turneth backwards (compare Jeremiah 7:24) so Jos Ki De Ol p. 429 (doubtfully) Now Sta § 301 b: according to Ew § 220 a Hi an abnormal adverb = afterwards, Lag Pr conjectures בְּאָרְחוֹ compare אַחֲרֵי אַחֲרֵי.

(וְ)יִיחַר Kt 2 Samuel 20:5 (Qr וַיִּוָחֵר) see אַחַר above and Dr sm.

¹ Di = A. Dillmann.

² Ol = J. Olshausen.

³ Ew = H. Ewald.

⁴ Be = F. Bleek.

⁵ Ry = V. Ryssel.

⁶ J = Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ P = Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁸ H = Holiness Code.

⁹ Jos = Flavius Josephus.

¹⁰ Ki = David Kimchi (Qamchi).

¹¹ De = Franz Delitzsch.

¹² Now = W. Nowack.

¹³ Sta = B. Stade.

¹⁴ Ew = H. Ewald, Grammar.

¹⁵ Hi = ? (possibly a scholar abbreviation not in key).

¹⁶ Lag = P. de Lagarde.

¹⁷ Pr = ? (possibly a scholar abbreviation not in key).

¹⁸ L = ? (possibly a scholar abbreviation not in key).

¹⁹ We = J. Wellhausen.

²⁰ Dr = S. R. Driver.

²¹ sm = ? (possibly sub voce or similar).

Prep-M, Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0310a:

No stats available

ויסע וַיִּסַּ֞ע

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

נסע

nâçaʻ

Definition

properly, to pull up, especially the tent-pins, i.e. start on ajourney

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; properly, to pull up, especially the tent-pins, i.e. start on ajourney; cause to blow, bring, get, (make to) go (away, forth, forward, onward, out), (take) journey, march, remove, set aside (forward), [idiom] still, be on his (go their) way.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5265

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

נָסַע

verb • Root נסע • Strongs / High • Page 975

Properly to push away, to tear away, to pluck away. Hence to tear out (e.g., a tent-pin).

נָסַע

verb • Root נסע • Strongs / High • Page 976

to break up, a nomadic tent, metaphor. to move on, of men, warlike armies, pillar of fire, sacred tent, ark of the covenant; to migrate; to break up or depart, of shepherds with their flock. In derivatives also, to break off, to loosen, stones; to draw, to bend a bow; to rush on, to rush away.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

נָסַע

verb • Root נסע • Page 447

1. to tear out, to pluck up; e. g. the door-posts, Judg. 16:3, 14. 2. to break up, to remove, spoken of a nomadic horde. Gen. 35:16. 3. to march, journey, spoken of nomadic people, Gen. 12:9. Niph. to be broken up or removed. Is. 38:12. Hiph. to tear up, as a tree, Job 19:10; to let or cause to remove, Ex. 15:22; to lead, guide, Ps. 78:52.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5265

I. נָסַע (approximate number of occurrences: 147) verb — pull out or up, set out, journey.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem, move, march
• Assyrian nisû, set out, withdraw¹
• Arabic نزع
• Ethiopic ነዝዐ pull up, away^{2, 3}

— נָסַע Perfect 3 masculine singular Genesis 33:17 +; 3 masculine plural נָָֽסְעוּ Deuteronomy 10:6, נָסָ֑עוּ Numbers 2:34 +; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִסַּע Isaiah 33:20, וַיִּסַּע Genesis 12:9 +, suffix וַיִּסָּעֵם Judges 16:3; 3 masculine plural יִסְעוּ Exodus 40:36 +, יִסָּ֑עוּ Numbers 2:9 +; 2 masculine plural תִּסְעוּ Joshua 3:3; 1 plural נִסְעָה cohortative Genesis 33:12, וַנִּסַּע Deuteronomy 1:19, Deuteronomy 2:1, וַנִּסְעָה Ezra 8:31; Imperative סְעוּ Deuteronomy 2:24 +; Infinitive absolute Genesis 12:9; construct נְסֹעַ Joshua 3:14 +; suffix נָסְעָם Genesis 11:2, Numbers 10:34; Participle נֹסֵעַ Exodus 14:10, Numbers 10:33, plural נֹסְעִים Numbers 10:29.

1. Meanings and Uses (Qal)

a. Pull out or up

• City-gate and gate-posts Judges 16:3
• Loom Judges 16:14 (on text compare Moore⁴)
• Tent-pegs Isaiah 33:20 (figurative of Jerusalem; compare also Niphal)

b. Set out (from pulling up tent-pegs)

• Genesis 35:5; Numbers 12:15 (Elohist Source)
• Jeremiah 4:7 (+ יָצָא מִמְּקוֺמוֺ)
• Of lifeless things, e.g. the ark Numbers 10:35 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Often in Priests' Code: Exodus 14:15; Exodus 40:37; Numbers 1:51; Numbers 4:5, 15; Numbers 9:17 (8 times in Numbers 9); Numbers 10:5, 6, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25; so probably Numbers 2:8 (6 times in Numbers 2; of lifeless things, דֶּגֶל Numbers 10:18, 12; מִשְׁכָּן Numbers 1:51; אֹהֶל מוֺעֵד Numbers 2:17); Numbers 33:3
• וַיִּסַּע וַיָּבֹא Genesis 46:1 (Elohist Source), Exodus 16:1, Exodus 19:2, Numbers 20:22, Joshua 9:17 (all Priests' Code)
• Deuteronomy 1:7; נִסְעָה וְנֵלֵ֑כָה Deuteronomy 33:12 (Yahwist Source)
• וַיִּסְעוּ וַיַּעֲלוּ Judges 18:11; סְעוּ וְעִבְרוּ Deuteronomy 2:24
• With מִן: Genesis 35:16 (Elohist Source), Numbers 10:34 (Jehovist-Elohist Source); נָסַע מֵאָהֳלֵיהֶם לַעֲבֹר Joshua 3:14 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• With מִן + וַיָּבֹא: Joshua 3:1, Numbers 33:9; + וַיֵּלֶךְ Numbers 33:3 (Deuteronomist Source), Deuteronomy 1:19; + וַיַּעֲבְרוּ Numbers 33:8

c. Depart

• With מִן: Genesis 37:17 (Yahwist Source), 2 Kings 3:27, 2 Kings 19:8, 36 = Isaiah 37:8, 37
• Of עַמּוּד הֶעָנָן Exodus 14:19 (Yahwist Source); of angel Exodus 14:19 (Elohist Source)

2. Journey, march (by stages)

• Genesis 12:9, Genesis 35:21 (Yahwist Source), Numbers 10:13, 14, 28 (Priests' Code)
• (+ לְמַסְעֵיהֶם) by stages Exodus 17:1, Numbers 10:12 (+ מִן), Exodus 40:36 (all Priests' Code)
• Followed by ה locative: Genesis 12:9, Genesis 33:17, Deuteronomy 1:40, 2:1; סְעוּ לָכֶם הַמִּדְבָּר Numbers 14:25 (Jehovist-Elohist Source)
• Followed by מִקֶּדֶם eastward: Genesis 11:2, Genesis 13:11, Exodus 14:10, Numbers 10:29, Numbers 10:33 (all Yahwist Source)
• Especially וַיִּסְעוּ מִן וַיַּחֲנוּ Numbers 21:12, 13, Exodus 13:20, Numbers 33:5 (37 times in Numbers 33)
• Of shepherds Jeremiah 31:24
• נָָֽסְעוּ כְמוֺ צאֹן Zechariah 10:2 is dubious (Wellhausen⁵ reads נָעוּ or יָנֻעוּ; so also Nowack⁶)

3. Of wind

רוּחַ מֵאֵת י׳ נָסַע Numbers 11:31 there set forth (sprang up) a wind from יהוה.

4. Niphal: Be pulled up, removed

Perfect 3 masculine singular דּוֺרִי נִסַּע Isaiah 38:12; of tent-peg הֲלֹא נִסַּע Job 4:21 (reading יְתֵדָם for יִתְרָם).

5. Hiphil: Cause to set out, remove

Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַסַּע Psalm 78:26, וַיַּסַּע Exodus 15:22; 2 masculine singular תַּסִּיעַ Psalm 80:9; 3 feminine singular תַּסִּיעִי 2 Kings 4:4; 3 masculine plural וַּיַּסִּ֫עוּ 1 Kings 5:31; Participle מַסִּיעַ Ecclesiastes 10:9.

a. Cause to set out, lead out

• With accusative of person Exodus 15:22 (Yahwist Source; + מִן, וַיֵּצְאוּ)
• Psalm 78:52 (כַּצּאֹן; "" וַיְנַהֲגֵם), Psalm 80:9 (figurative of vine)
• Of a wind, cause to spring up Psalm 78:26 (compare Qal 3)

b. Remove, quarry

• 2 Kings 4:4; וַיַּסַּע כָּעֵץ תִּקְוָתִי Job 19:10
• Specifically, remove from quarry, quarry: 1 Kings 5:31 and they quarried great stones, compare Ecclesiastes 10:9

¹ Friedrich Delitzsch, Assyrisches Handwörterbuch (Dl HWB 470).

² Theodor Nöldeke, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (ZMG xl (1886), 723).

³ Jakob Barth, Etymologische Studien zum semitischen insbesondere zum hebräischen Lexicon (Ba ES 51).

⁴ George Foot Moore, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges (GFM).

⁵ Julius Wellhausen (We).

⁶ Wilhelm Nowack (Now).

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἀπῆραν ἐξῆρεν ἀπῆρεν ἐξαροῦσιν ἀπάραντεσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H5265:

ἀπῆραν 52× (34.0%)

ἐξῆρεν 8× (5.9%)

ἀπῆρεν 8× (5.3%)

ἐξαροῦσιν 8× (5.2%)

ἀπάραντεσ 7× (4.8%)

ἐξῆραν 6× (3.8%)

--- 5× (3.8%)

ἀπαροῦσιν 4× (2.9%)

ἐξαίρειν 4× (2.0%)

ἀπάρατε 3× (1.9%)

עמוד עַמּוּד

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

עמוד

ʻammûwd

Definition

a column (as standing); also a stand, i.e. platform

Root

or עמד; from H5975 (עמד);

Exhaustive

or עמד; from עמד; a column (as standing); also a stand, i.e. platform; [idiom] apiece, pillar.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5982

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עַמּוּד

m. prop. • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1104

Prop. what is extended, set up; hence 1. a pillar (figure of strength); 2. an elevated platform; mod. Hebrew a column.

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עַמּוּד

m. verbal noun • Root עמד • Page 514

1. A pillar, such as the pillar of cloud or fire (Judg. 16:25, 26; Ex. 33:9, 10). 2. A stage or pulpit (2 K. 11:14).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5982

I. עַמּוּד, עַמֻּד (approximate number of occurrences: 110) noun masculine — pillar, column.

— עַמּוּד absolute 1 Kings 7:15 +; construct Exodus 13:21 +; עַמֻּד absolute Jeremiah 52:21, construct Numbers 14:14; suffix עַמּוּדוֹ 2 Chronicles 23:13; plural עַמּוּדִים 1 Kings 7:16 +, less often עַמֻּדִים 1 Kings 7:21 +; construct עַמּוּדֵי Exodus 26:32 +, less often עַמֻּדֵי Exodus 38:17 +; suffix עַמּוּדָיו Exodus 36:38 +, עַמֻּדָיו Exodus 27:10 +, etc.

1. General uses as pillar

a. Supporting house or in tabernacle

• Judges 16:25, 26, 29
• Exodus 27:10, 11, 17; Exodus 36:38; Numbers 3:37 (27 times in Exodus, Numbers, Priests' Code)
• (+ עַמּוּדֵי שִׁטִּים) pillars of acacia wood Exodus 26:32, 37; Exodus 36:36
• In Solomon's palace 1 Kings 7:2, 3, 6, אוּלָם הָעַמּוּדִים 1 Kings 7:6, עַמּוּדֵי אֲרָזִים 1 Kings 7:2 pillars of cedar (Priests' Code)
• In Ezekiel's temple Ezekiel 42:6 (twice in verse)
• עַמּוּדֵי שֵׁשׁ Esther 1:6 (in palace), Song of Solomon 5:15 (simile)

2. Two bronze pillars

In front of the temple:

• 1 Kings 7:15; 2 Kings 25:13 = Jeremiah 52:17
• 1 Kings 7:15 (twice in verse) + 14 times in 1 Kings 7
• 2 Kings 25:16, 17 (twice in verse) = Jeremiah 52:20, 21 (twice in verse)
• Jeremiah 27:19; 1 Chronicles 18:8; 2 Chronicles 3:15, 17 (and 5 times in Chronicles)
• Perhaps the הָעַמּוּד by which the king stood in the temple 2 Kings 11:14, 2 Chronicles 23:13, 2 Kings 23:3; but many take עַמּוּד here as = standing-place, platform (so Thesaurus and others)
• Two pillars before Ezekiel's temple Ezekiel 40:49

3. Columns or uprights

• Of silver Song of Solomon 3:10 (of a litter)

4. Column of smoke, cloud, or fire

• עַמּוּד עָשָׁן Judges 20:40 column of smoke
• עַמּוּד הֶעָנָן Exodus 13:21, 22 (Yahwist Source) + 6 times in Yahwist/Elohist Sources; hence Nehemiah 9:12, 19; Psalm 99:7
• Parallel with עַמּוּד הָאֵשׁ Exodus 13:21, 22 (Yahwist Source), Numbers 14:14 (Yahwist-Elohist Source), Nehemiah 9:12, 19
• עַמּוּד אֵשׁ וְעָנָן Exodus 14:24 (Yahwist Source), of theophanies at the time of the Exodus

5. Figurative and poetic uses

a. Of a prophet

• עַמּוּד בַּרְזֶל Jeremiah 1:18 (figurative of the prophet)

b. Of pillars of earth or heaven

• Poetic of the pillars of the earth Job 9:6, Psalm 75:4
• Of heaven Job 26:11

c. Of wisdom's house

• Proverbs 9:1

¹ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae Hebraeae et Chaldaeae veteris Testamenti (1829–1858).

² Priestly Source.

³ Yahwist (Jehovist) Source.

⁴ Yahwist-Elohist Source.

Noun common both singular construct

LXX: στύλουσ στῦλοι στύλων στύλῳ στῦλον

LXX Usage Statistics

H5982:

στύλουσ 28× (24.9%)

στῦλοι 21× (18.2%)

στύλων 17× (15.5%)

στύλῳ 11× (9.2%)

στῦλον 6× (5.1%)

στῦλοσ 6× (5.4%)

στύλου 5× (4.5%)

αὐτῆσ 5× (3.0%)

στύλοισ 4× (3.6%)

'' 4× (3.6%)

הענן הֶעָנָן

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ה

Definition

the

Root

Demonstrative primitive

Exhaustive

definite article, the, used for all numbers and genders; originally a pronoun demonstrative, this. interrogative particle in direct and indirect questions; in disjunctive questions: whether--or.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

ענן

ʻânân

Definition

a cloud (as covering the sky), i.e. the nimbus or thunder-cloud

Root

from H6049 (ענן);

Exhaustive

from ענן; a cloud (as covering the sky), i.e. the nimbus or thunder-cloud; cloud(-y).

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6051

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָנָן

noun masculine • Root ענן • Strongs / High • Page 1114

1. A cloud, so called from veiling, covering; a figure of darkness and obscurity or quick disappearance; a sign of divine protection. 2. N. p. m. (A Protector, Defender, viz. Jah is).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עָנָן

m. const. • Page 518

a cloud (Gen. 9:14, Ex. 13:21, 22, 14:19).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6051

I. עָנָן (approximate number of occurrences: 87) noun masculine^{Exodus 19:16} — cloud-mass, cloud.

— הֶעָנָן, עָנָן absolute Exodus 19:9 +; construct עֲנַן Hosea 6:4 +; suffix עֲנָֽנְךָ Numbers 14:14, עֲנָנוֺ Job 26:9; Job 37:15; plural עֲנָנִים Jeremiah 4:13.

1. Cloud-mass

a. Especially of theophanic cloud

• (58 times), chiefly at Exodus in JE (less often Priests' Code), usually עַמּוּד הֶעָנָן Exodus 13:21, 22 + (see עַמּוּד)
• עָנָן alone Exodus 34:5; compare Exodus 14:20 (Jehovist Source), Numbers 10:34; Numbers 11:35; Numbers 14:14 (all JE)
• עַב הֶעָנָן Exodus 19:9, עָנָן כָּבֵד Exodus 19:16 (Elohist Source)
• עָנָן in Priests' Code Exodus 16:10; Exodus 24:15 23 times; also Deuteronomy 1:33; Deuteronomy 4:11; Deuteronomy 5:19; Psalm 78:14; Psalm 105:39
• In temple 1 Kings 8:10, 11, 2 Chronicles 5:13, 14, compare Ezekiel 1:4; Ezekiel 10:3, 4
• In general Psalm 97:2, as symbol of protection Isaiah 4:5; as a barrier Lamentations 3:44; compare וְעָנָן אֲבַק רַגְלָיו Nahum 1:3

b. Of rain-bow cloud

• Genesis 9:13, 14 (twice in verse); Genesis 9:16 (Priests' Code), Ezekiel 1:28 (simile).

c. Transitoriness and invasion

• עֲנַן בֹּקֶר Hosea 6:4; Hosea 13:3 (simile of transitoriness; on phenomenon in Palestine see Chaplin¹), compare Isaiah 44:22; Job 7:9 (both id.)
• Simile of invasion Ezekiel 38:9, 16, plural Jeremiah 4:13

d. Poetic in various connections

• Job 26:8, 9; Job 38:9; with אוֺר as thunder-cloud Job 37:11, 15.

e. Symbolic of gloom

• Ezekiel 30:18; Ezekiel 32:7; יוֹם עָנָן וַעֲרָפֶל Zephaniah 1:15; Ezekiel 34:12; Joel 2:2, compare Ezekiel 30:3 (all of day of יהוה).

2. Cloud of incense

עֲנַן קְטֹרֶת Leviticus 16:13 (Priests' Code) cloud of incense, so Ezekiel 8:11 (strike out עָנָן ᵐ5² Co³ Berthol⁴, not Toy⁵).

¹ T. Chaplin, Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement (PEQ), 1883, 19.

² Septuagint.

³ C. H. Cornill, Das Buch des Propheten Ezechiel (1886).

⁴ A. Bertholet, Das Buch Hesekiel (1897).

⁵ C. H. Toy, Ezekiel in Sacred Books of the Old Testament (1899).

Particle definite article, Noun common both singular absolute

LXX: νεφέλη νεφέλησ νεφέλῃ ὡσ νέφοσ

LXX Usage Statistics

H6051:

νεφέλη 35× (34.7%)

νεφέλησ 22× (23.7%)

νεφέλῃ 11× (10.1%)

ὡσ 6× (6.9%)

νέφοσ 5× (5.7%)

---% 3× (2.8%)

--- 2× (2.3%)

νεφέλην 2× (2.3%)

γνόφοσ 2× (2.3%)

ἀτμὶσ 2× (1.8%)

מפניהם מִפְּנֵיהם

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

פנים

pânîym

Definition

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

Root

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from H6437 (פנה));

Exhaustive

plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פנה; from פנה); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.); [phrase] accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, [idiom] as (long as), at, [phrase] battle, [phrase] because (of), [phrase] beseech, countenance, edge, [phrase] employ, endure, [phrase] enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, [idiom] him(-self), [phrase] honourable, [phrase] impudent, [phrase] in, it, look(-eth) (-s), [idiom] me, [phrase] meet, [idiom] more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), [idiom] on, open, [phrase] out of, over against, the partial, person, [phrase] please, presence, propect, was purposed, by reason of, [phrase] regard, right forth, [phrase] serve, [idiom] shewbread, sight, state, straight, [phrase] street, [idiom] thee, [idiom] them(-selves), through ([phrase] -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), [phrase] upon, upside ([phrase] down), with(-in, [phrase] -stand), [idiom] ye, [idiom] you.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H6440

הם

Definition

their, personal posessive - noun suffix: 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal posessive pronoun - suffix for nouns, adjectives and passive participles: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9028

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

פָּנִים

m. pl. • Root פנה • Strongs / High • Page 1177

Properly the visible, external side. 1. The upper surface, superficies (of earth, water, covering); outside, aspect. 2. The face (the visible part, often as a collective idea).

פָּנִים

noun masculine • Strongs / High • Page 1178

Face, countenances, presence, visibility. Used idiomatically for proximity (without delay), the front (of a thing), direction, look, mien (serenity, sadness); also used reflexively for the personal pronoun ('I myself').

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

פָּנִים

noun masculine plural • Page 546

1. A face, countenance (Ezek. 1:6, Gen. 32:31). 2. Appearance, looks (1 Sam. 1:18, Job 9:27). 3. Surface, facies, superficies (Gen. 2:6, Is. 14:21, Job 38:30). 4. The front or forepart, as in an army (Joel 2:20, Ezek. 2:10, Deut. 2:10). 5. Equivalent to פֶּה a mouth or edge (Ecc. 10:10). 6. A person, personal presence (Ex. 33:14, 2 Sam. 17:11, Lam. 4:16). 7. Combined with prepositions, especially לִפְנֵי (before, in space or time, east of, or against).

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H6440

I. מָּנֶה (approximate number of occurrences: 2123) noun masculine¹ and feminine — face, also faces (as turned toward one).

— plural absolute מָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct מְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular מָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular מָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, מָּנֵי֑מוֺ Psalm 11:7 (König²); 2 masculine plural מְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, GKC³ § 146a).

1. Face, faces

a. Literally, of man

• Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +
• Pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; flushed Isaiah 13:8; tearful Isaiah 25:8
• Sad רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7; רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8
• Fallen (in displeasure) נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ Genesis 4:5, 6

b. Of God

• Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23

c. Face to face (seeing God)

• מָּנִים אֶל־מָּֿנִים Genesis 32:31; Judges 6:22
• בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים (meet in battle) 2 Kings 14:8, 11

d. Relations with God

• הֵרִים פ׳ (in worship) Ezra 9:6
• Spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; מָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים Jeremiah 32:33
• קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4

2. Presence, person

a. Of God

• Exodus 33:14, 15; בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37; מַלְאַךְ מָּנָיו Isaiah 63:9
• לֶחֶם הַמָּנִים (showbread)

b. Appear before, in one’s presence

• King: Exodus 10:28–29 (Jehovist Source); 2 Samuel 14:24, 28, 32
• God: Job 33:26; Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15

3. Celestial and animal faces

• Seraphim Isaiah 6:2; Cherubim Exodus 25:20; Ezekiel 1:8, 11
• Animals: מְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Genesis 30:40; Ezekiel 1:10; מִּתְחֵי פ׳ (of crocodile) Job 41:6

4. Surface or Front

• Of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Psalm 104:30
• Of earth (הָאָרֶץ) Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 11:4
• Of water Genesis 1:2; Genesis 7:18
• Of house / gate Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1; Ezekiel 40:6
• Battle-front מְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה 2 Samuel 10:9
• Edge (front) of sword Ezekiel 21:21; of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10

5. Adverbial uses

• Location: מִמָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר (before and behind) 2 Samuel 10:9
• Temporal: לְפָנִים (formerly) Deuteronomy 2:12; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10
• From beforetime מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26

6. With Prepositions

1. אֶל־מְּנֵי
   • To the presence of Exodus 23:17; 2 Chronicles 19:2
   • To the front of Leviticus 6:7; Numbers 17:8
   • On to the surface of Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5
2. אֶת־מְּנֵי
   • Presence of 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 12:6
   • Specifically of God Genesis 19:13; Exodus 34:23–24
   • In front of Genesis 33:18; Leviticus 4:6
3. בִּפְנֵי
   • In the face of (hostile) Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 7:24; Joshua 10:8
   • Against (evidence) Hosea 5:5; Job 16:8
4. לִפְנֵי (The most general word for before)
   • Under the eye of Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1
   • In view of Genesis 6:13; Lamentations 1:22
   • At disposal of Genesis 13:9; Genesis 47:6
   • In estimation of Genesis 7:1; Proverbs 14:12
   • Of time Amos 1:1; Genesis 29:26
5. מִלִּפְנֵי
   • From the presence of Genesis 41:46; Genesis 4:6
   • Source or cause (chiefly late) 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14
6. מִמְּנֵי
   • Because of, for fear of Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 23:26; Genesis 3:8
   • At the presence of Exodus 9:30; Psalm 68:3
7. עַל־מְּנֵי
   • In front of Psalm 18:43; Genesis 32:22
   • To one's face (defiantly) Job 1:11; Job 6:28
   • Localities (East of) 1 Kings 11:7; Genesis 16:12
   • Surface Genesis 1:2; Exodus 16:14
8. מֵעַל־מְּנֵי
   • From before the face of Genesis 23:3; 1 Kings 9:7
   • From off the surface of Genesis 4:14; Amos 9:8

¹ Proverbs 25:23.

² Friedrich Eduard König, Historisch-kritisches Lehrgebäude der hebräischen Sprache (1881-1897).

³ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, ed. E. Kautzsch, trans. A. E. Cowley, 2nd English ed., Oxford, 1910 (GKC).

⁴ Wilhelm Gesenius, Thesaurus philologicus criticus linguae hebraeae et chaldaeae Veteris Testamenti (1829-1858).

Prep-M, Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX: προσώπου πρόσωπον ἐναντίον ἐνώπιον ἔναντι

LXX Usage Statistics

H6440:

προσώπου 450× (19.3%)

πρόσωπον 321× (14.0%)

ἐναντίον 190× (9.5%)

ἐνώπιον 176× (8.9%)

ἔναντι 157× (7.9%)

πρόσωπόν 105× (4.6%)

ἔμπροσθεν 82× (4.0%)

ἐνώπιόν 48× (2.4%)

--- 45× (2.3%)

'' 43× (1.8%)

ויעמד וַיַּעֲמֹד

And he is standing by

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

ו

wāw

Definition

sequential 'and'

Root

From H8505; a prefix

Exhaustive

Vav Conversive/Consecutive: The category “vav conversive / vav consecutive” is not an ancient grammatical datum; it is a modern explanatory construct, developed by early Hebraists to force Biblical Hebrew into a Latin/chronological tense model that it simply does not share.

The notion arose in early modern grammar (17th–19th c.) when scholars assumed:
- verbs must encode tense,
- narratives must advance by past → present → future,
- therefore Hebrew forms that “don’t behave” must be converted.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

עמד

ʻâmad

Definition

to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive)

Root

a primitive root;

Exhaustive

a primitive root; to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive); abide (behind), appoint, arise, cease, confirm, continue, dwell, be employed, endure, establish, leave, make, ordain, be (over), place, (be) present (self), raise up, remain, repair, [phrase] serve, set (forth, over, -tle, up), (make to, make to be at a, with-) stand (by, fast, firm, still, up), (be at a) stay (up), tarry.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H5975

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1102

(Intransitive) To stand upright, be set up (of a pillar); to stand still, stop; to stand before (in service), serve, wait upon; to assist, protect. (Figurative) To stand firm, endure, persist, persevere; to hold good; to continue to live.

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1103

To stand, stand up, stand still, stop, endure, continue, abide, be calm, stay, remain (Kal); To be established, preserved, set (Niph.); To be placed, continue to stand upright (Hoph.); To set up, to erect, place, make firm, appoint, constitute, establish, impart, set forth for a law, to make stand (Hif.).

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Strongs / High • Page 1103

Intransitive: to waver (Kal not used); causative (Hif. הֶעֱמִיר): to make waver, to cause to shake; to make rigid, to lame. (Transposed from עָמַק.)

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

עִמָּד

preposition • Root עם • Page 513

Equivalent to עִם; a preposition found only with the suffix עִמָּדִי, meaning 'with'.

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Page 513

I. 1. To stand, stay (1 Sam. 20:38); to stand before someone as a servant (Gen. 41:46). 2. To stand firm, to abide (Ps. 33:11, 102:27). 3. To continue, stay (Ex. 9:28, Lev. 13:5). 4. To keep (a covenant) (Ezek. 17:14); to stand up, arise (Dan. 12:1, 8:23). 5. Passive of Hiphil: to be set, placed, appointed (Ezra 10:14).

עָמַד

verb • Root עמד • Page 513

Found only in Hiphil (Ezek. 29:7), by transposition for הַמְעַדְתָּ meaning 'thou causedst their loins to shake.'

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H5975

I. עָמַד (approximate number of occurrences: 520) — take one’s stand, stand.

Cognates:

• Late Hebrew idem
• Phoenician עמד
• Assyrian emêdu stand, set up
• Arabic عمد prop up, support
• Ethiopic ዐመደ pillar
• Targum עַמּוּדָא pillar
• Syriac ܥܡܘܕܐ
• Palmyrene עמודא
• Sabean עמד pillar¹, plural אעמדן²

— עָמַד Perfect Genesis 19:27 +; 3 feminine singular עָֽמְדָה 2 Kings 13:6 +; Imperfect יַעֲמֹד Exodus 21:21, יַעֲמוֺד Nahum 1:6 +, יַעֲמָדֿ 1 Samuel 16:22 +; 1 singular אֶעֱמֹ֑דָה Habakkuk 2:1, וָאֶעֱמֹד 2 Samuel 1:10; 3 masculine plural יַעַמְדוּ Jeremiah 32:14 +, יַעֲמֹ֑דוּ Ezekiel 1:21 +, 2 masculine plural וַתַּעַמְדוּן Deuteronomy 4:11; Imperative עֲמֹד 1 Samuel 9:27 +, עֲמָדֿ 2 Samuel 1:9; feminine singular עִמְדִי Isaiah 47:12, Jeremiah 48:19; Infinitive absolute עָמֹד Esther 9:16; construct עֲמֹד Exodus 18:23 +, suffix עָמְדִי Jeremiah 18:20, עֲמָדְךָ Obadiah 11; Participle עֹמֵד Isaiah 3:13 +, feminine עֹמֶ֫דֶת Haggai 2:5 +.

Qal

1. a. take one’s stand, and (especially participle) stand, be in a standing attitude

• with עַל by, 1 Samuel 26:13; 2 Samuel 2:25; 2 Kings 2:7; participle Genesis 18:8 (Jehovist Source), Genesis 41:1, 17 (Elohist Source)
• with עַל on, Exodus 3:5 (Elohist Source), Deuteronomy 27:12
• with ב location, Exodus 32:26; Numbers 22:24, 26 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)
• with אֶל location, 1 Kings 20:38 (+ לְ person), Jeremiah 48:19; Ezekiel 21:26; Ezekiel 27:29
• with אֶל person, 1 Samuel 17:51; 2 Kings 5:25
• with אֵצֶל, Genesis 41:3 (Elohist Source), Ezekiel 9:2; Ezekiel 10:6; Nehemiah 8:4
• with לִפְנֵי, Genesis 18:22; 1 Kings 3:16; 1 Kings 8:22
• before Yahweh, for intercession, Genesis 19:27 (Jehovist Source), Deuteronomy 4:10; Jeremiah 15:1; Jeremiah 18:20
• take one's stand and do a thing, 1 Samuel 17:8; 1 Kings 8:55; 2 Kings 18:28 = Isaiah 36:13

b. stand forth (to speak, etc.)

• 2 Kings 10:9

c. take a stand against (עַל), in opposition to

• Judges 6:31; Ezra 10:15 (but stand over, = have charge of³); Leviticus 19:16 (Holiness Code) עַל־דַּֿם against the blood of, i.e. seek one's blood; with יָ֑חַד Isaiah 50:8 together, i.e. against each other

d. present oneself before (לִפְנֵי)

• Genesis 43:15 (Jehovist Source), Exodus 9:10 (Elohist Source), Numbers 27:2, 21 (Priests' Code), 1 Samuel 16:21; before Yahweh (in sanctuary) Deuteronomy 19:17; Jeremiah 7:10; Leviticus 9:5 (Priests' Code); in heaven 1 Kings 22:21

e. attend upon, be(come) servant of

• with לִפְנֵי, 1 Samuel 16:22 (see Driver), 1 Kings 1:2; servant of Yahweh 1 Kings 17:1; Jeremiah 15:19; priests לִפְנֵי י׳ (לְשָֽׁרְתוֺׅ Deuteronomy 10:8; Judges 20:28; Ezekiel 44:15; of Levites, stand before congregation for menial duties Ezekiel 44:11; Numbers 16:9 (Priests' Code)

f. stand afar

• מֵרָחוֺק Exodus 20:18, 21 (Elohist Source), Isaiah 59:14; Psalm 38:12, בְּר׳ Psalm 10:1; stand aloof מִנֶֹּגֶד Obadiah 11

g. stand (silent)

• Job 32:16

h. stand (appealingly)

• Job 30:20 (but read עָמַדְתָּ, of God)

i. stand, subject רֶגֶל

• Zechariah 14:4 (on עַל); Psalm 122:2 (in ב); Psalm 26:12 (figurative)

j. stand, of water

• עַל־הָֿרִים Psalm 104:6

2. a. stand still, stop, cease moving

• of moon Joshua 10:13 (Jehovist/Elohist Source), sun Joshua 10:13, both Habakkuk 3:11; of person 1 Samuel 9:27; stop flowing (oil) 2 Kings 4:6; of eruption in skin = remain unchanged Leviticus 13:23, 28 (Priests' Code)

b. be inactive

• 2 Chronicles 20:17 (opposed to לְהִלָּחֵם)

c. be attentive

• Job 37:14

d. stop, cease doing a thing

• 2 Kings 13:18; with מִן, Genesis 29:35, Genesis 30:9 (Jehovist Source)

3. a. tarry, delay

• Genesis 45:9 (Elohist Source), Joshua 10:19 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)

b. remain

• with ב location, 2 Kings 15:20; Deuteronomy 10:10; with עִמָּדִי Deuteronomy 5:28

c. continue, abide

• Jeremiah 32:14; Isaiah 66:22; Psalm 102:27; dwell Exodus 8:18 (Jehovist Source); לָעַד Psalm 19:10; Ecclesiastes 1:4; of plan = be established Psalm 33:11; maintain itself Ecclesiastes 2:9

d. endure

• Exodus 18:23 (Elohist Source), Ezekiel 22:14

e. be steadfast

• Deuteronomy 25:8; Ruth 2:7

4. make a stand, hold one's ground

• Amos 2:15; 2 Kings 10:4; with לִפְנֵי, Judges 2:14; with עַל for one's life, Esther 8:11

5. a. remain upright

• 2 Kings 13:6; of house (endurance) Job 8:15; Proverbs 12:7

b. stand up (opposed to sit or prostrate)

• Nehemiah 8:5; Job 29:8; Ezekiel 2:1 (עַל־רַגְלֶיךָ); of revival after death Daniel 12:13

c. stand up, rise (water)

• Joshua 3:13 (Jehovist/Elohist Source)

d. be erect, upright (of boards)

• Exodus 26:15; Exodus 36:20 (Priests' Code)

6. a. arise, appear, come on the scene

• Ezra 2:63 = Nehemiah 7:65; Daniel 8:22; Daniel 11:2; of war 1 Chronicles 20:4

b. stand forth, appear = come into being

• Isaiah 48:13; Psalm 33:9

c. rise up as foe

• with עַל against, 1 Chronicles 21:1; Daniel 8:25; Daniel 11:14

Hiphil

— הֶעֱמִיד Perfect 1 Kings 12:32 +; 2 masculine singular הֶעֱמַדְתָּה Psalm 30:8, וְהַעֲמַדְתָּ֫ Numbers 3:6 +; Imperfect יַעֲמִיד Proverbs 29:4 +, וַיַּעֲמֵד 2 Kings 8:1; Imperative הַעֲמֵד Isaiah 21:6; Infinitive construct הַעֲמִיד 1 Kings 15:4.

1. station, set

• Judges 16:25 (with בֵּין); for duty Numbers 11:24 (Elohist Source); Nehemiah 13:11; with עַל against Nehemiah 4:3

2. cause to stand firm, maintain

• Psalm 18:34; Exodus 9:16 (Jehovist Source); 1 Kings 15:4

3. cause to stand up, set up, erect

• with עַל־רַגְלַי Ezekiel 2:2; temple Ezra 2:68; doors Nehemiah 3:1

4. present before (לִפְנֵי)

• Genesis 47:7 (Priests' Code); in sanctuary Leviticus 14:11 (Priests' Code); (goat) Leviticus 16:7

5. appoint, ordain, establish

• Nehemiah 7:3; with עַל over Nehemiah 13:9; establish covenant Psalm 105:10; fulfill vision Daniel 11:14

Hophal

— Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָעֳמַדֿ Leviticus 16:10 be presented; Participle הָיָה מָעֳמָד 1 Kings 22:35 he was propped up in his chariot.

¹ Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (CIS), iv. 91.

² D. H. Müller, Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Abessinien, 80.

³ Abraham Kuenen, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Kue Ges. Abh.), 247 f.

⁴ S. R. Driver, Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament.

conjunctive, Verb Qal sequential imperfect third person masculine singular

LXX: ἔστη ἔστησαν εἱστήκει στήσεται στήσονται

LXX Usage Statistics

H5975:

ἔστη 65× (11.6%)

ἔστησαν 56× (10.2%)

εἱστήκει 21× (4.2%)

στήσεται 18× (3.5%)

στήσονται 14× (2.7%)

ἔστησεν 14× (2.5%)

στῆθι 12× (2.4%)

--- 10× (2.0%)

στήσει 9× (1.6%)

στῆναι 9× (1.7%)

מאחריהם מֵאַחֲרֵיהֶם׃

None

STRONGS

Strong's Lexicon

מ

mi / min

Definition

from

Root

Abbreviated from H4480

Exhaustive

(mem) — from / out of

Core value: emergence, separation, derivation
מ does not merely indicate origin in time (“after”). It marks boundary-crossing:
- source,
- differentiation,
- contrast,
- extraction.
Aonically, מ indicates transition between states.
not “after X” but “out from within X.”
This is why מ can signal both cause and contrast: both involve standing on the far side of a boundary.

Source: The Aonic Nature of Biblical Hebrew Prepositions

אחר

ʼachar

Definition

properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses)

Root

from H309 (אחר);

Exhaustive

from אחר; properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses); after (that, -ward), again, at, away from, back (from, -side), behind, beside, by, follow (after, -ing), forasmuch, from, hereafter, hinder end, [phrase] out (over) live, [phrase] persecute, posterity, pursuing, remnant, seeing, since, thence(-forth), when, with.

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H310

הם

Definition

them, personal pronoun - verb/prep. 3rd person masculine plural

Root

Exhaustive

Personal object pronoun - suffix for propositions and verbs without an object: 3rd person masculine plural

Source: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance — H9038

Fürst

Fürst Lexicon

אַחַר

noun masculine / adv. / preposition • Root אחר • Strongs_Numbers • Page 103

Properly hinder, later, after. Commonly used as: 1. An adverb of time (after, then, thereupon) or place (behind). 2. A preposition (after, behind). The construct state plural אַחֲרֵי (acharei) is frequently used as an adverb of time (afterward), an adverb of place/preposition (after, behind), or in a substantive meaning (hinder part, e.g., of a spear).

Gesenius

Gesenius Lexicon

אַחֲרֵי

preposition • Root אחר • Page 41

after, as in Heb. Dan. 2:29.

אַחֲרֵי

adjective • Page 41

another. Dan. 2:39. 7:5, 6.

אַחַר

substantive / adv. / preposition • Page 40

1. originally a subst. the hinder part. 2 Sam. 2: 23. 2. adv. behind (Gen. 22: 13) or more frequently afterwards (Gen. 18: 5). 3. prep. (Plur. אַחֲרֵי) after, behind. Ex. 3: 1.

BDB

Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon

H310

I. אַחַר noun masculine — the hinder or following part (compare the plural).

Adverb

1. Of place: behind, twice Genesis 22:13 (many manuscripts read אַחַד, see idem); Psalm 68:26.
2. Of time: afterwards Genesis 10:18; Genesis 18:5; Genesis 24:55; Genesis 30:21; Judges 19:5 +; וְאַחַר in laws of P, as Leviticus 14:8, Leviticus 14:19; Leviticus 15:28; Leviticus 22:7; Numbers 5:26 and elsewhere.

Preposition

1. Of place: behind, after Exodus 3:1; Exodus 11:5; 2 Kings 11:6; Song of Solomon 2:9; Isaiah 57:8; הָלַךְ אַחַר to go after, follow Genesis 37:17; 2 Kings 13:2; 2 Kings 23:3; Isaiah 65:2; Ezekiel 13:3; Job 31:7; חָיָה אַחַר 1 Samuel 12:14; מֵאַחַר from after 2 Samuel 7:8; Psalm 78:71; Isaiah 59:13.
2. Of time: after Genesis 9:28; Leviticus 25:15 and elsewhere; הָאֵלֶּה אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים after these things Genesis 15:1; Genesis 22:1; Genesis 39:7; Genesis 40:1; 1 Kings 17:17; 1 Kings 21:1; Ezra 7:1; Esther 2:1; Esther 3:1; אַחַר כֵּן Leviticus 14:36; Deuteronomy 21:13; 1 Samuel 10:5; אַחַר זֶה (late) 2 Chronicles 32:9; followed by infinitive Numbers 6:19; Jeremiah 40:1; 1 Chronicles 2:24; Job 21:3; עַד אַחַר till after Nehemiah 13:19.
3. Nehemiah 5:15 strangely: besides; but text probably corrupt, see Be Ry.

Conjunction

אַחַר אֲשֶׁר after that Ezekiel 40:1; and without אֲשֶׁר Leviticus 14:43; Jeremiah 41:16; Job 42:7.

As preposition & conjunction the plural אַחֲרֵי is much more frequently, which in any case must be used before suffixes. Plural only construct אַחֲרֵי with suffix אַחֲרַי, אַחֲרֶיךָ, etc.

Substantive

Hinder part 2 Samuel 2:23 בְּאַחֲרֵי הַחֲנִית with the hinder end of the spear.

Preposition (Plural)

1. Of place: behind, after Genesis 18:10 וְהוּא אַחֲרָיו and it behind him; Deuteronomy 11:30; Judges 5:14; 1 Samuel 14:13; 1 Samuel 21:10; Hosea 5:8 אַחֲרֶיךָ Behind thee! (sc. Look or The foe is); with a verb as הִבִּיט to look Genesis 19:17; 1 Samuel 24:9, הֲנִיעַ רֹאשׁ to shake the head 2 Kings 19:21 (= Isaiah 37:22), especially verbs expressing or implying motion, as בָּא to enter in (see Dr 2 Samuel 20:14) בִּעֵר, דָּבַק, דָּלַק, הָיָה, הָלַךְ, מִלֵּא, מָנָה, רָדַף, הִשְׁלִיךְ (see these words).
2. Of time: after Genesis 9:9 זַרְעֲכֶם אַחֲרֵיכֶם your seed after you; similarly Genesis 17:7-10, 19; Genesis 35:12; Genesis 48:4; Exodus 28:43; Numbers 25:13 all P (also Deuteronomy 1:8; Deuteronomy 4:37; Deuteronomy 10:15; 1 Samuel 24:22; 2 Samuel 7:12); & with בָּנָיו Genesis 18:19 J (+ בֵּיתוֹ) Exodus 29:29 P Leviticus 25:46 H Deuteronomy 4:40; Deuteronomy 12:25, 28; Jeremiah 32:18, 39; 1 Chronicles 28:8; Proverbs 20:7, דּוֹרוֹתֵינוּ Joshua 22:27, בֵּיתוֹ Job 21:21; Exodus 10:14; Judges 10:3 etc.; with infinitive Genesis 5:4 אַחֲרֵי הוֹלִידוֹ after his begetting Sheth, Genesis 13:14; Genesis 14:17; Genesis 18:12; Genesis 25:11 + often; אַחֲרֵיכֶן afterwards Genesis 6:4 (אַחֲרֵי כֵן אֲשֶׁר = afterwards, when, compare 2 Chronicles 35:20) Genesis 15:14; Genesis 23:18; Genesis 25:26; Genesis 32:21; Genesis 41:31; Genesis 45:15 etc.; וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵיכֶן as a formula of transition chiefly in 2 Samuel (2 Samuel 2:1; 8:1; 10:1; 13:1; 21:18) compare 1 Samuel 24:6; Judges 16:4; 2 Kings 6:24; 2 Chronicles 20:1; 24:4; in late Hebrew אַחֲרֵי זֹאת Job 42:16; Ezra 9:10; 2 Chronicles 21:18 (+ כָּל 2 Chronicles 35:20 do.); compare Aramaic אַחֲרֵי דְּנָה Daniel 2:29, 45, and בָּאֲתַר דְּנָה Daniel 7:6, 7. — The local (metaphorical) and temporal senses blend Psalm 49:14 וְאַחֲרֵיהֶם בְּפִיהֶם יִרְצוּ & after them (i.e. following, imitating them) men applaud their speech, compare Job 21:33.

Conjunction (Plural)

אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר after that, with the finite verb Deuteronomy 24:4; Joshua 7:8; Joshua 9:16; Joshua 23:1; Joshua 24:20 +; without אֲשֶׁר Leviticus 25:48; 1 Samuel 5:9. (The most common construction of אַחֲרֵי is as a preposition with the infinitive construct) Joshua 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר יָצְאוּ must be an error, either for אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר or for כַּאֲשֶׁר alone (notice אַחֲרֵיהֶם twice in the same verse); 2 Samuel 24:10 read אַחֲרֵי סָפַר see Dr.

With Other Prepositions

1. מֵאַחֲרֵי 1 Chronicles 17:7 מִן־אַחֲרֵי (= 2 Samuel 7:8 מֵאַחַר); (α) from behind Genesis 19:26; 2 Samuel 2:23; from after i.e. from following after, usually with שׁוּב or סוּר 1 Samuel 24:2; 2 Samuel 2:22, 26, 30; 2 Samuel 11:15; Joshua 22:16, 18, 23, 29; 1 Samuel 15:11 +; with other verbs of motion, as עָלָה 1 Samuel 14:46; 2 Samuel 20:2, נַעֲלָה 2 Samuel 2:27, לָקַח Amos 7:15; 1 Chronicles 17:7, זָנָה Hosea 1:2; pregnantly Isaiah 30:21 thy ears shall hear a word מֵאַחֲרֶיךָ coming from behind thee, Jeremiah 9:21 (that is נָפַל, see v a) 1 Samuel 13:7 אַחֲרֵי אַחֲרֵי L We Dr חָרְדוּ מֵאַחֲרָיו (β) denoting position (מִן = off, on the side of; see מִן behind Exodus 14:19 (twice in verse); Joshua 8:2, 4, 14; 1 Kings 10:19; Nehemiah 4:7 (מֵאַחֲרֵי לְ) 2 Chronicles 13:13 b, (γ) of time (rare) Deuteronomy 29:21; Ecclesiastes 10:14; מֵאַחֲרֵי כֵן 2 Samuel 3:28; 2 Samuel 15:1; 2 Chronicles 32:23.
2. אֵלָּא אַחֲרֵי 2 Samuel 5:23; 2 Kings 9:18 סֹב אֵלָּא אַחֲרַי 2 Kings 9:19; Zechariah 6:6.
3. עַל אַחֲרֵי Ezekiel 41:15 beside, at the back of.

אַחֲרַי adjective Proverbs 28:23 (si vera lectio) אָדָם אַחֲרַי a man that turneth backwards (compare Jeremiah 7:24) so Jos Ki De Ol p. 429 (doubtfully) Now Sta § 301 b: according to Ew § 220 a Hi an abnormal adverb = afterwards, Lag Pr conjectures בְּאָרְחוֹ compare אַחֲרֵי אַחֲרֵי.

(וְ)יִיחַר Kt 2 Samuel 20:5 (Qr וַיִּוָחֵר) see אַחַר above and Dr sm.

¹ Di = A. Dillmann.

² Ol = J. Olshausen.

³ Ew = H. Ewald.

⁴ Be = F. Bleek.

⁵ Ry = V. Ryssel.

⁶ J = Jehovist (Yahwist) Source.

⁷ P = Priests' Code / Narrative.

⁸ H = Holiness Code.

⁹ Jos = Flavius Josephus.

¹⁰ Ki = David Kimchi (Qamchi).

¹¹ De = Franz Delitzsch.

¹² Now = W. Nowack.

¹³ Sta = B. Stade.

¹⁴ Ew = H. Ewald, Grammar.

¹⁵ Hi = ? (possibly a scholar abbreviation not in key).

¹⁶ Lag = P. de Lagarde.

¹⁷ Pr = ? (possibly a scholar abbreviation not in key).

¹⁸ L = ? (possibly a scholar abbreviation not in key).

¹⁹ We = J. Wellhausen.

²⁰ Dr = S. R. Driver.

²¹ sm = ? (possibly sub voce or similar).

Prep-M, Noun common masculine plural construct, Suffix pronominal third person masculine plural

LXX:

LXX Usage Statistics

H0310a:

No stats available

RBT Translation:

No verse found

RBT Paraphrase:
No verse found

Julia Smith Literal 1876 Translation:
And the messenger of God going before the camp of Israel will remove, and will go from behind them; and the pillar of the cloud will remove from before them, and will stand from behind them,

LITV Translation:
And the Angel of God withdrew, the One going before the camp of Israel. And He went behind them. And the pillar of cloud withdrew from before them, and it stood behind them.

Brenton Septuagint Translation:
And the angel of God that went before the camp of the children of Israel removed and went behind, and the pillar of the cloud also removed from before them and stood behind them.